ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON

CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN KOREA

t.. Dae H. Chang

ultimate goal of criminology is t o develop a single intellectual scheme which will explain the causes of crime and also enable the applied scientist to utilize theory in correctional administration. Criminology, however, is a long way from this goal, in both the East and the West. Regarding the current status of criminological inquiry, C h a r d (et al., 1961 : 509) observed:

Much sociological writing has been devoted to revealing theoret- ical and methodological errors in psychiatrically and psychoana- lytically oriented research. Psychiatrists and psychoanalysts, on the other hand, seldom refer to sociological research, either because they are unfamiliar with it or because they choose to ignore it.

Since the time of Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), who stimulated the development of scientific criminology, many new disciplines and subdisciplines of the behavioral sciences have been established, here and abroad, to study criminal- behavior. Anthropology, biology, medicine, endocrinology,

DAE H. CHANG is Chairman of the Department of Sociology-Anthro- pology at Wisconsin State University-Whitewater. His areas of interest are criminology, juvenile delinquency, penology, and law enforcement.

I3381

Chang / C R I M I N A L ACTIVITY IN KOREA

eugenics, physiology, chemistry, psychiatry, and psychology have all contributed to criminology. These disciplines have investigated physical and mental aspects of the consciousness and learning processes of the individual. Environmental scientists, who searched for clues in the broad social area other than the domains of psychology and physiology of the individual, form the sociological school of criminology. The functional sociological theory was first advanced by Emile Durkheim, and later elaborated and expanded by Robert Merton (1957). Known as the anomie theory, it stresses crime as a symptom of the dissociation in a society between the culturally prescribed aspirations and the socially con- stricted avenues for realizing these aspirations.

The anomie theory was further refined and applied by Cohen (1955), Cloward (1959), and Cloward and Ohlin ( 1 960). Other significant criminological theories of the past three decades have been advanced, among others, by Edwin Sutherland (Cohen et al., 1956: 13-19, and Sutherland and Cressey, 1 960: 77-80); “differential association” and “dif- ferential identification,” by Reckless e t al. (1 956: 744-746), “containment” also by Reckless ( 1967: 469-483), “cultural conflict” by Sellin ( 1 938: 42-44), “economic determinism” by Bonger ( 191 6), “status aspiration” and “subcultural” theories by Short (1968: 1 1) and others.

A somewhat different approach is the ecological, seeking links between the natural (including social) environment and criminality. Studies have focused on rural-urban comparisons, regional configurations, temperature (thermal theory), slum- neighborhood, concentric circle city organization (Boggs, 1965: 899; Shaw and McKay, 1942; Park et al., 1925; Lander, 1954; Zorbaugh, 1929), and so on. In the-early 1 900s some scholars correlated criminality with geography, climate, seasons, and weekly and hourly cycles (Parmelee, 1924). Some noted a relationship between the weather and the use of alcohol as a determinant of behavior (Dexter, 1904). The suicide rate was compared for different climatic or seasonal cycles (Gibbs, 1968: 35).

(3401 CRIMINOLOGY /NOVEMBER 1972

Recently Jeffery (1969) published an article in which he indicated that, among others, there is a positive correlation between environment (i.e., community structure, urban development, residential configuration, and so on) and crime rate, and said that “if we engineer the environment in such a way as to make the cost factor in the commission of a crime greater than the potential gain, the behavior will not O C C U ~ . ’ ~

In his recent book (Jeffery, 1971 ), he spelled out in detail the above argument. In a similar fashion, BOBS (1965) advanced the thesis that there is an association between criminal residential area rates and crime rates. All of these studies have tried to demonstrate conclusively the fact that there is a positive relationship between crime and the environment.

This study is primarily concerned with criminal activities in Korea in terms of ( 1 ) the hour of the day; (2) climate and weather conditions; (3) the day of the week; and (4) the seasonal cycle.’ It is generally understood that human conduct, both criminal and noncriminal, is somewhat influ- enced by the above. -For example, a high temperature will affect the behavior of children in school, soldiers in a combat zone, drivers on the highway, and workers in a factory-it will affect food consumption, the sexual drive, and the general pattern of social behavior. In the United States, it has been demonstrated statistically that during the summer months there are consistently more cases of vagrancy, rape, assault, and murder (U.S. Department of Justice, 1969: 20-21). During the winter months there are more crimes against property. Such crimes may be less in summer because the food supply is more abundant, and there is less need for heavy clothing, fuel for the home, and so on. I n the summer, people move around more: visiting, vacationing. engaging in recreational activities. There is much more activity or just “sitting around” outdoors in the summer than in the winter. The seasonal changes bring a difference in length of daylight. position of the moon, and amount of rain o r snow. These

Chang / CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN KOREA [3411

factors do influence the social structure (Cohen, 1914: 30; Falk, 1952: 204-207; Morrison, 1891: 1-231). And, of course, the social structure (particularly in “advanced,” complex, industrial societies) dominantly influences man’s behavior.

With these introductory remarks in mind, let us examine criminal activities in Korea as related t o some environmental factors.

THE TIME OF DAY AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITY

With Table 1 , we see how the changes of daylight relate t o such crimes as burglary and other special violations: 3 1.8% (44,81 1 cases) of larceny-theft occurs in the daytime; 14.8% (20,835 cases) in the evening; 13% (18,369 cases) at daybreak; 12.9% ( 1 8,22 1 cases) a t midnight; and only 9.7% ( 13,607 cases) in the early evening. Rearranging the data, it is seen that 20.2% occurs in the forenoon, 34.2% in the afternoon, and 23.9% during the hours of the evening, midnight, and daybreak. The majority of such crimes occur in the afternoom2

There were 108,655 cases of indoor larceny-theft. The largest amount (1 8,949) occurred in the afternoon; 16,3 12 at daybreak; 16,186 at midnight; 15,910 in the evening; and 10,428 in the late evening. The majority of the cases occurred in darkness. Thirty percent (32,498 cases) occurred during or before curfew hours ( 1 1 :00 p.m.), daybreak, twilight, and midnight. The violators exploit darkness, when most people are sleeping, and there is less surveillance. Of the 27,926 cases of outdoor pilferage, 55% (15,326 cases) occurred in the daytime and early evening.

Of the 4,213 pickpocket cases, 63.6% (2,681 cases) occurred in the daytime. One can safely state that pick- pockets would be most aggressive in the afternoon, when the greatest number of pedestrians are abroad. There were 10.8%

TAB

LE 1

C

RIM

E O

CC

UR

RE

NC

E A

ND

HO

UR

LY

CY

CLE

0

- W

La

rcan

y.Th

eft

I fr

h) -

Tota

l i!

Gri

nd

Tot

al

105

1,15

9 2.

414

21

- 20

33

2

61

320

1 67

7 1,

600

11

253

725

4 42

4 87

5 7

128

186

1 76

61

2

28

35

1 16

9 17

9 3

-- -

a=

.-

>

Pick

oock

ec

I

Tota

l

i! 39 11 28

11

4 10

1 3

-

Janu

ary

Th

rou

gh

D

ocam

bar

1964

a 5 -

28 2 3

13

5 8 2 3 2 3 -

x 100

10.1

7.

8 34

.8

12.6

22

.2

15.9

10

.1

10.6

10

.7

-

x 100

1 .8

10.8

63

.6

26.7

36

.9

9.0

4.1

2.0

8.7

-

n.

193,

958

19,5

45

15.1

87

67,4

14

24.3

66

43.0

48

30,8

83

19.5

82

20,5

37

20.8

1 0

n.

140.

81 5

18.3

69

10,9

74

44.8

1 1

17,5

14

27.2

97

20.8

35

13.6

07

18,2

21

13,9

90

27.9

26 1

4,21

3 T

OT

AL

3a.m

. .sun

rise

run

rire

.9a.

m.

tota

l d

ayli

gh

t h

ou

rs

9a.rn

.-12

noon

a.

b

.

d. Unk

now

n

C.

1.98

0 75

2.

654

455

10,7

83

2.68

1 3,

999

1,12

4 6.

784

1,55

7 4.

543

381

3.00

5 17

2 1,

951

83

3,01

0 366

f I J 5 E

55

I I

11 6 ‘g

!!!L 28

5 3 15

1 39 75

64

44 6 4 14 -

s-

i?3

ox

77

1 32

39

218 78

14

0 17

7 15

9 67

79

-

Janu

ary

Th

rou

ph

T

ota

l

I n.

x D

oce

mb

ar 1

964

” - 4 18

.590

272

1,30

0 7.

746

2.17

7 5,

569

3.82

7 2,

441

700

2.30

4

TO

TA

L

3a.m

.-ru

nrt

re

run

rire

Oa.

rn.

tota

l d

aylig

ht

ho

urs

9a

.rn:lZ

no

on

b.

C. d. Unk

now

n

a.

1,61

8

~ 18

7 67

325

137

188

286

272

345

136

100

11.6

4.

1 20

.1

8.5

11.6

17

.7

16.8

21

.3

8.4

847

155

28

107 59

48

109

113

278 57

16,9

69

, 22

8 1,

179

7,47

9 2,

097

5.38

2 3.

432

1.57

2 57

1 2.

508

1,55

4 49

140

714

253

461

214

104 64

269

1.37

1 8.

692

40

238

158

1,13

7 71

5 4,

317

224

1,44

1 49

0 2.

876

169

1.18

9 11

6 73

6 38

216

135

859

8 75

1

5

105

98

627

38

242

60

385

28

669

15

44

7 5

148

54

234

197

a. I2

no

on

.ho

ur

bel

ore

Lun

SOt.

b.

ho

ur

be

fore

su

nse

t.h

ou

r af

ler

Sun

set.

c. h

ou

r af

ter

su

nre

t.ll

0.m

. (A

vrtl

.Seo

tern

ber

) to

10 p

.m.

(Oct

ob

er-M

arch

) (A

orl

l.SeP

tem

Der

) 100.m:41.m.

(0c

tob

er.

Ma

rch

).

1 Ip

.m.-

3a.m

.

Chang /CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN KOREA [3431

(455 cases) in the early morning, 9% (381 cases) in the early evening, occumng in the adventures of the “rush-hour” period.

Of the 1,613 cases of robbery and burglary, the greatest number occurred at midnight, with 21.3% (345 cases) reported; 17.7% (286 cases) occurred in early evening; 16.8 % (272 cases) in the late evening; 1 1.6% (1 88 cases) in the afternoon; and another 11.6% (187 cases) at twilight. Approximately two-thirds of these crimes, then, occurred in the silent and dark hours of the night.

Of the total 18,590 cases of assault, 62% ( 1 1,573 cases) occurred during daylight hours. Of the total 16,969 cases of physical injuries, 64% (10,911 cases) occurred in the day- time. Upon closer examination, we can see that the afternoon is preferable t o the forenoon for violent activities. This may be attributed to greater personal conflicts related t o increas- ing social friction as the day wears on. The violators become more fatigued and eventually more vulnerable to the suggesti- bility of anger and force. There were 2,441 cases of assault and 1,572 cases of physical injuries in the early evening. In addition, there were 700 cases of assault and 571 cases of physical injury attributed to intoxication and other artificial stimulants.

Of the total 285 kidnapping cases, 64% ( i 8 3 cases) occurred in daylight and early evening. Apparently, kidnap- ping of minors is most feasible when children have their play-hours outdoors.

CRIME AND WEATHER

It is apparent that there is a link between the type of weather and criminality. The human sensorium is affected by varying degrees of temperature, humidity, winds, and the like. In Korea, it has been traditionally believed that certain sentiments are related t o certain climates, at times “causing”

TA

BL

E 2

C

RIM

E A

ND

WE

ATH

ER

-

66,1

41

15,9

01

7.13

2 20

5 3

41

54

2 15

8 81

9 1,

670

23.5

23

24.3

83

Janu

ary

1 n. , Th

roug

h G

rin

d T

otal

To

tal

Dae

mlm

r

TO

TA

L 19

3,95

8 10

0 41

0.81

5 10

0

47.0

11

.1

5.1

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.6

1.2

16.7

17

.3 -

46

518

245 43

18

10

e7

107 $

<a

C

H f

239

879

18,5

88

124

342

9.92

5 22

71

1.

784

- 24

51

5 2

--

15

1

--

2

2-

2

53

-1

-

2 3

21

22

3

13

151

49

222

2,01

2 38

20

4 4,

107

-

4 !l

ox

27

.926

14,0

37

3.16

1 1,

043 35

35

11

5 34

80

28

6 3,

865

5.23

5

-

T

Larc

eny-

Thef

t -

$3

m; -

108.

655

49,4

91

2.31

3 5.

954

169

3J1

402

122

736

1,37

8 19

,479

18

,310

Pic

kocc

ket

-

i 5:

130

85

21 8 1 1 1 - - - 4 9 T

Tota

l

9 1(

61

10

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 19

-

-

n

4.21

3

2,60

2 42

7 13

5 1 5 25 2 3 6

176

831

-

Cle

ar

Ove

r car

t R

ain

Thun

ders

torm

S

torm

S

now

Fo

g W

indy

Fu

ll-M

oon

Dar

k ni

ght

Unk

now

n

94.5

92

20.5

92

8.58

9 23

9 40

3 74

1

188

905

2.05

7 29

,280

36

.343

48.8

10

.6

4.4

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.5

1.1

15.1

18

.7

1 3 2 76

542

Janu

ary

Thro

w&

D

ce

mb

w

0 .J a

a8

o

x

771

341 81

26

1 6 2 1 14

172

127 --

-

Tota

l

n%

0.9

0.2

.'a 32 -

84 7

288 97

34

4 1 9 1 5 30

274

104

TO

TA

L

Cle

ar

Ove

rcas

t R

ain

Sto

rm

Thun

ders

torm

S

now

Win

dy

Full

Mo

on

D

ark

nigh

t U

nkn

ow

n

Fog

16,9

71

1.56

4

9,40

8 76

2 1.

333

100

330 1

1 25

1

23

- 9

0

14

1,41

3 13

9 4.

335

497

2.20

5 1.

371

8,69

2

871

791

5.10

9 20

0 13

4 83

6 38

49

37

6 2

2 25

1

20

5 36

35

8

6 14

11

3

15

31

3 23

61

5 11

1 62

2

-

396

268

1.59

4

Chang I CRIMINAL ACTIVITY I N KOREA [ a 5 1

violence, for example. High temperatures causing drivers to be negligent, resulting in injuries, would be another example. This can be analyzed with reference to Table 2. Certainly, however, there exists an unavoidable degree of error in measuring the magnitude of the influence of weather conditions-due to meteorological inaccuracies, poor records of the exact time of the crime, or distortion of the police officer’s judgment of the weather.

According to the chart, of the total 193,958 crimes, 48.8% (94,592 cases) took place under clear skies. It is noteworthy that there are more clear than cloudy days, ordinarily, in the Korean climate. It is indicated that only 15.1% of the crimes fall under cloudy weather.

I f we examine the larceny-theft rate according to weather, it can be seen that 47% of the cases occurred in clear weather, 16.7% in high overcast days, and 11.3% in low overcast days; 61.8% of the pickpocket cases occurred in clear weather, and only 4.2% in inclement weather. This is because the incidence of outdoor activities and the number of pedestrians about are lessened when there are showers, high winds, snowstorms, and the like. It is also noteworthy that pickpockets thrive in countries where the masses of the people rely on public transportation, rather than in a country where most people travel by private conveyance.

Of the burglaries and robberies, the high proportion (38.9%) occurred in clear weather, 27.6% in high overcast, and 11% in low overcast.

Of the violence cases, 53% and 55% of the injuries occurred in clear weather. The rates were high in cloudy weather also. Possibly this is due to moodiness generated by indoor confinement in close physical proximity to one another or to intoxication and the like. The majority of gambling and adultery took place in bad weather.

Of manslaughter and injury by negligence, 59% of the cases occurred in clear weather, 22.9% in inclement weather, and 18.1% in times of unidentified conditions. It should be

TAB

LE 3

C

RIM

E A

ND

WEE

K

Janu

ary

Thro

ugh

Dec

embe

r T

otal

S

un.

Mon

. Tu

es.

Wed

. Th

urs.

Fr

i. Sa

t. U

nkno

wn

TO

TA

L

Larc

eny-

thef

t

Pet

ty t

heft

8

urg

lary

he

S

peci

al b

urgl

ary

Hab

itual

bur

glar

y

Mur

der

Ord

inar

y m

urde

r In

fant

icid

e M

urde

r o

f bl

ood-

kin

Oth

er m

urde

r

Rob

bery

Pet

ty r

obbe

ry

Spe

cial

rob

bery

K

idna

ppin

g-ro

bber

y R

obbe

ry-m

urde

r O

ther

rob

bery

219,

752

100%

14

0.81

5 10

0%

90,5

60

19,1

79

29,1

49

1,92

7

518

100%

32

1 46

28

123

1,61

8 10

0%

322

738 11

28

1 26

6

29,8

55

13.6

18

,678

13

.3

1 1,8

33

2.73

8 3,

873

234 64

12.4

41

4 6 13

250

15.5

48

11

5 2 39

46

31,2

04

14.2

20

,151

14

.3

13,1

81

2.71

6 4.

008

246 80

15

.4

49 8 6 17

225

13.9

48

10

6 1 35

35

30.1

66

13.7

19

,262

13

.1

12,5

30

3,83

2 21

1

77

14.9

49

10

3 15

231

14.3

41

11

0 1 40

39

2.68

9

30,8

56

14.0

19

,888

14

.1

12.7

97

2,69

6 4.

1 40

25

5 70

13.5

42

9 19

222

13.7

46

10

9 1 35

31 -

30,2

83

13.8

19

,314

13

.7

12.5

57

2,61

4 3,

925

218 78

15.1

49

7 5 17

224

13.8

41

98

5 42

38

30.000

13.7

19

,298

13

.7

12,4

75

2,62

0 3,

970

233 70

13.5

44

3 4 19

21 7

13

.4

55

93

35

34 -

29,9

91

7,39

7 13

.6

3.4

19,2

92

4,93

2 13

.7

3.5

12,4

84

2,70

3 2,

693

41 3

3.

877

1,62

4 23

8 29

2

68

11

14

.1

2.1

40

7 5

- 4

- 19

4

234

15

14.5

0.

9 38

5

104

3

50

5 41

2 -

1

TAB

LE 3

(C

ontin

ued)

Janu

ary

Thro

ugh

Dec

embe

r To

tal

Sun.

M

on.

Tues

. W

ad.

Thur

s.

Fri.

Sat.

Unk

now

n

Ass

ault

Sim

ple

assa

ult

Ass

ault

of b

lood

-kin

Sp

ecia

l ass

ault

Oth

er a

ssau

lt

Inju

ry

Sim

ple

inju

ry

Inju

ry-b

lood

-kin

O

ther

inj

ury

Gam

blin

g D

estr

uctio

n R

ape

Thre

at

Bla

ckm

ail

Sex-

crim

e N

eg. m

ansl

augh

ter

Man

slau

ghte

r-bu

s.

Ars

on

Fire

by

negl

igen

ce

18,5

90

100%

7.

386

389

3,38

1 7.

434

16,9

71

100%

16

,288

18

8 49

5

22,5

00

3,66

3 8 7

9 90

1 1,

554

456

1,37

1 8,

693

293

930

2,93

4 15

.0

1.09

8 57

541

1,23

8

2,52

3 14

.9

2,42

3 28

72

2.67

8 55

8 15

8 13

2 22

1 45

21 9

1,

218 44

133

2,59

1 13

.9

1,06

5 53

472

1.00

1

2.41

8

14.2

2.

31 0

21

87

3,08

1 49

6 11

6 11

6 21

4 61

190

1,28

8 55

122

2,54

3 13

.7

1.01

1

49

449

998

2.49

4 14

.7

2,40

3 25

66

3,02

9 49

1

118

115

203

41

197

1,20

5 38

122

2,60

2 14

.0

1.07

7 50

477

1,05

0

2;30

9 13

.6

2,22

7 18

64

3,19

7 48

4 10

8 12

6 23

9 58

192

1,19

2 46

12

3

2.62

4 14

.1

1.01

8 51

505

1,03

5

2,46

6 14

.5

2,36

9 31

66

2,92

9 49

9 97

124

197

61

192

1.28

0 4

2

156

2,59

3 13

.9

1 .ow

67

482

1,03

6

2,32

9 13

.7

2,22

5 36

68

2,98

4 50

8 12

2 97

20

8 52

180

1,19

5 26

121

2.54

4 31

.7

1,02

5 44

43

9 42

2,33

5 13

.8

2.24

0 26

69

2,86

5 49

4 12

3 12

3 20

4 60

19

0 1,

274 41

144

159

0.9

83

18

16

97

0.6

91 3 3

1,73

7 13

3 37

68

68

78

11

41

1 9

I3481 CRIMINOLOGY /NOVEMBER 1972

pointed out that it is uncertain just what proportion (percentage) of the yearly weather can be classified under clear, overcast, rain, and so on.

CRIME AND DAYS OF THE WEEK

In Western countries, crime is strongly related to “pay- day.” This produces a higher incidence of robberies because of the need to generate financial resources on weekends, which in turn generates the brawls and homicides that follow the Friday payday. Because many people d o not work on weekends and have more available money, more people move around engaging in activities that result in increased crime. Korean crime does not indicate such a great fluctuation for two reasons: payday is usually at the end of the month,’ and normally only Saturday afternoon and Sunday find many people enjoying leisure from work. Over 85% of the total work force in Korea is male. Americans, for example; are accustomed to shopping for groceries once a week by private autos in well-stocked supermarkets. Extended supplies of perishables can be maintained by relatively inexpensive refrigeration in the private home. In Korea, however, the situation is quite different. Shopping must be done daily for two reasons: fust, a lack of home refrigeration; second, lack of private transportation does not allow the individual to transport extended supplies of food to the home. In the typical Korean village, town, and city, there are large open-air markets, where thousands of people congregate daily. Thus, the marketing syndrome of Korea adds further to the crime rate, as is indicated in Table 3. Moreover, there are more crimes (robbery, assault, and injury) committed in Korea on Saturday night and Sunday, because people are moving about in public places on their “day or evening off’; there is more drinking; recreational activities increase; leisure allows medi- tation on personal problems that may become explosive; the

Chang /CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN KOREA I3491

police forces are spread more thinly due t o increased social movement, and so on.

CRIME AND THE SEASONS

Property crimes increase in winter, while acts of physical violence heighten in the summer; sexual crimes increase sharply in the summer (see Table 4).

Referring to larceny-theft, there were 43,501 cases in summer, 35,863 cases in winter, 35,332 cases in spring, and 26,l 19 in autumn. However, in July of 1964, there was an unusual increase of 80% in crime, due t o unknown o r unstated phenomena. Eliminating this, the highest rates are in the cold months o f spring and winter. Perhaps this is because poor people have less incentive to commit crimes in warmer weather: living costs are lower, less clothing and household fuel is required; job opportunities are higher in the summer. Winter is a harsher time for the poor.

Of the cases of assault. 6,619 o’ccurred in summer, 4,253 occurred in fall. 4,229 occurred in spring, and 3,487 occurred in winter. The highest rates were in July and August. the lowest in January and February. Of the physical injury cases. there were 6,130 in summer, 4,280 in fall, 3,747 in spring. and 2,814 in winter. I t can be seen that July and August have the highest rate; January and February, the lowest.

According t o Table 4, of the cases of “other assaults” (carrying dangcroits weapons, threatening o r endangering a group. public. o r crowd; attempting a criminal act that would produce personal injury if accomplished, causing rioting, and so on) . there were 2,050 in the summa-. 1.810 in autumn, 971 in winter. and 859 in spring. July. August. and September are highest, while January. February, and March are lowest.

There are a host of reasons why summer has thc highest physical violcncc rate: the hot Suason is conducivc to

[ S O 1 CRIMINOLOGY /NOVEMBER 1972

TABLE 4 CRIME AND SEASON

Spring Summer Autumn Winter Offense Total (3.4.5) (6.7.8) (9.10.11) (12.1.2)

Larceny-theft

Stolen property

Fraud

Burglary

Assault

Injury

Other assault

Rape

Adultery

Marriage fraud

Gambling

140.81 5 100%

22,600 100%

15.500 100% 1,618 100%

18,588 100%

16,971 100%

5,690 100%

879 1 00%

632 100%

406 100% 2,205 100%

35,332 25.1

5,971 26.5

3.762 24.8

465 28.7

4,229 22.8

3.747 22.1

859 15.1

219 24.9 130

20.6 80

19.7 560

25.4

43,501 26.1 19 30.9 18.5

6.267 4.723 27.9 21 .o

4.328 3,847 28.5 25.3

345 342 21.3 21.1

6,619 4,253 35.6 22.9

6.1 30 4,280 36.1 25.2

2,050 1,810 36.0 31.8

282 207 32.1 23.5 193 178

30.5 28.2 1 40 115

34.5 28.3 20 1 196 9.1 8.9

35,963 25.5

5,539 24.6

3,251 21.4

466 28.9

3.487 18.7

2,814 16.6 97 1 17.1 171

19.5 131

20.7 71

17.5

1,248 56.6

~~

increased stimuli of all sorts, there is accelerated mobility, people are interacting more in outdoor activities, sexual malfeasance is easier to pursue and accomplish, increased interaction and increased summer excitement of all sorts are conducive to personal and social “explosions” such as rioting, juvenile gang activities, and so on.

Of the rape cases, there were 282 in summer, 219 in the spring, 209 in autumn, and 171 in winter. The upswing is from April, culminating in July and August. Adultery and illegal marriage are also at a maximum in the summer. The increased sexual violence in the summer, according to Table 4, would naturally result from the increased outdoor activ- ities of summer, along with increased sexual exhibitionism.

Chang /CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN KOREA [3511

Of the gambling cases, there were 1,248 in winter, 560 in spring, 201 in summer, and 196 in autumn. Well over half such violations took place in winter. The curve ascends from December to March. This is better understood when consider- ing time spent indoors, with more leisure, in the winter months. Violators are taken advantage of by professional gamblers from the city. In Korea, this type of gambling weakens the agrarian economy, jeopardizes the morale of the workers, and helps to break down the “character” of the farm victims. It does, in fact, help break down the work relationships between the gambling victims and the non- gambling farmers. To combat this seasonal gambling weak- ness, the government is recommending the initiation of supplementary winter work for the farmers, giving them added income and also keeping them busy.

NOTES

1. The data were compiled by the Supreme Public Procurators Office, Ministry of Justice, Republic of Korea, who issues its statistics in Bomjae Baekso, or White Paper on Crime, in Korean, 1965. The data appeared on pp. 3 1-37.

2. Duybreuk: from 3 am. td- sunrise from April-September, and from 4 a.m. to sunrise from October-March; morning: sunrise to 9 am.; noon: 9 am. to 12 noon; ufternoon: 12 noon to 1 hour before sunset; early evening: 1 hour after sunset to 11 p.m. from April-September, and 1 hour after sunset to 10 p.m. from October-March; lure evening: 1 hour after sunset to 11 p.m. from April-Septem- ber, and 1 hour after sunset to 10 p.m. from October-March; midnighr: 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. from AprilSeptember, and 10 p m . to 4 a.m. from October-March. There is an unknown category applying to criminal activities that have not had their time recorded. This should be noted, because the figures generally will not add up to 100% because of this unknown listing.

3. Public organizations and agencies (business as well) rarely pay by the week in Korea Salaried personnel are usually paid at the end of the month, and the laborers are paid hourly or daily.

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