environmental impact assessment may - 2 0 1 6 esia- e… · · 2016-05-16environmental impact...

DRAFT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

MAY - 2 0 1 6

EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES

AUTHORITY

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR THE DESIGN,

PREPARATION OF BID DOCUMENTS AND CONSTRUCTION

SUPERVISION OF PHASE TWO (2) OF THE EXPORT

PROCESSING ZONES AUTHORITY (EPZA) WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANT

SHAH TECHNICAL CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD., INDIA

JOINT VENTURE WITH

INTEGRATED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROJECTS LTD., KENYA

VOLUME IV: PROJECT REPORT

Consultancy Services for the Design, Preparation of Bid Documents and Construction Supervision of Phase Two (2) of the Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) Wastewater Treatment Plant

ESIA Report Page-i

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... v LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................................ v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Project background and rationale of EIA investigations .................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives and scope of the project .................................................................................. 1

1.2.1 Objectives of the project ............................................................................................. 1 1.2.2 Scope of the project ................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Justification of the Project ................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Significance of the project ................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Objectives of EIA investigations ........................................................................................ 2

1.5.1 General Objective ...................................................................................................... 2 1.5.2 Specific Objectives of EIA investigations .................................................................... 2

1.6 Scope of the EIA study ..................................................................................................... 3 1.7 Overall Approach .............................................................................................................. 3 1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Outputs ..................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOY .................................................................................................... 4 2.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Impact Assessment Criteria .............................................................................................. 4 2.2 Impact Assessment methodology ..................................................................................... 4

2.2.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Identification of environmental aspects and impacts ................................................... 4

2.3 Description of aspects and impacts .................................................................................. 5 2.3.1 Spatial scope ............................................................................................................. 5 2.3.2 Duration ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.3 Severity ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.3.4 Frequency of the impact ............................................................................................. 6

2.4 Assessment of significance of impacts ............................................................................. 6 2.4.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Significance determination ......................................................................................... 6

2.5 Description of Feasible Alternatives .................................................................................. 8 2.6 Mitigation .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Methodology for Data Collection ....................................................................................... 8

2.7.1 Hydrology and Water Quality...................................................................................... 8 2.7.2 Vegetation .................................................................................................................. 9 2.7.3 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat ........................................................................................ 9 2.7.4 Fish ...........................................................................................................................10 2.7.5 Land Use ..................................................................................................................10 2.7.6 Traffic ........................................................................................................................10 2.7.7 Noise, Vibration and Lighting ....................................................................................11 2.7.8 Human Health ...........................................................................................................11 2.7.9 Visual Aesthetics .......................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESIGN .............................................................................................12 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................12 3.2 Preliminary Treatment .....................................................................................................12 3.3 Primary Treatment ...........................................................................................................12


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3.4 Secondary Treatment ......................................................................................................12 3.5 Tertiary Treatment ...........................................................................................................14 3.6 Sludge Management .......................................................................................................17

3.6.1 Sludge from Chemical Precipitation...........................................................................17 3.6.2 Biological Sludge.......................................................................................................17

3.7 Reuse of Water and By-product Recovery .......................................................................17 3.8 Design of Reticulation System for Leather Industrial Park ...............................................18 3.9 Electrical System .............................................................................................................19

3.9.1 Power Management & Connection ............................................................................19 3.9.2 Sub Stations ..............................................................................................................19 3.9.3 Metering ....................................................................................................................19 3.9.4 Ring Main Unit (RMU) ...............................................................................................20 3.9.5 Diesel Generating Set ...............................................................................................20 3.9.6 Illumination and ventilation system ............................................................................20 3.9.7 External illumination ..................................................................................................20 3.9.8 Internal illumination ...................................................................................................20 3.9.9 Emergency lighting ....................................................................................................21 3.9.10 Ventilation for Pump House .....................................................................................21 3.9.11 Electrical equipment in pumping station ..................................................................21

CHAPTER 4: BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ....................................................21 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................21 4.2 Athi River Export Processing Zone ..................................................................................22 4.3 Location ...........................................................................................................................22 4.4 Climate ............................................................................................................................23 4.5 Geology of the Study Area ...............................................................................................23 4.6 Soils ................................................................................................................................24 4.7 Drainage Pattern and Hydrogeology ................................................................................24 4.8 Topography .....................................................................................................................26 4.9 Ecological Context ...........................................................................................................26 4.10 Air Quality ......................................................................................................................27 4.11 Socio-economic set up ..................................................................................................27

4.11.1 Demography and Settlement ...................................................................................27 4.11.2 Land use and Livelihoods ........................................................................................28 4.11.3 Energy Resources ...................................................................................................28 4.11.4 Road and Transport network ...................................................................................29 4.11.5 Public Health and Safety .........................................................................................29

4.12 Existing infrastructure ....................................................................................................30 4.12.1 General ...................................................................................................................30 4.12.2 Water Supply to EPZ and surrounding area ............................................................30 4.12.3 Water supply system ...............................................................................................30

4.13 Wastewater Generation and Management .....................................................................30 4.13.1 Existing wastewater treatment plant ........................................................................30 4.13.2 Sewerage System ...................................................................................................31 4.13.3 Categories / Type of Effluent Generating Industries in the Project Area (EPZA Campus & Mombasa Road Zone) ......................................................................................31 4.13.4 Wastewater generation by major industries .............................................................31 4.13.5 Water consumption by various zone where EPZA supplies water ...........................32 4.13.6 Estimation of Wastewater Generation from EPZA Campus .....................................32 4.13.7 Wastewater Generation from Surrounding Areas ....................................................33


ESIA Report Page-iii

4.13.8 Domestic wastewater from areas not connected .....................................................33 4.13.9 Wastewater Generation from the Proposed Kinanie Industrial Leather Park ...........34 4.13.10 Storm water drainage System ...............................................................................35

CHAPTER 5: POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...................................36 5.1 General ........................................................................................................................36 5.2 Constitution of Kenya 2010 and the Relevant National Policies....................................36 5.2 Legal Framework .........................................................................................................37 5.3 Regulatory Framework .................................................................................................42 5.3.1 The Water Sector Regulations ..................................................................................42 5.3.2 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) ..............................................43

5.4 World Bank Guidelines ....................................................................................................43 5.4.1 OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment (January 1999) ...........................................43 5.4.2 OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats (June 2001) .................................................................43 5.4.3 OP 15.50 Disclosures ...............................................................................................43

CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................45 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................45 6.2 Identification of Key Impacts .......................................................................................45 6.3 Impact analysis and proposed mitigation measures .........................................................45 6.5 Negative Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ..............................................46

6.5.1 Environmental impacts as a result of construction and earth moving operations .......46 6.5.2 Environmental impacts during operation phase of the treatment plant .......................47 6.5.3 Impacts on biological, physical, social and economic environment ............................48

CHAPTER 7: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................52 7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................52

7.2 Alternatives to site. .......................................................................................................52 7.3 Alternative technologies ..................................................................................................52

7.3.1 General .....................................................................................................................52 7.3.2 Treatment technologies .............................................................................................53

7.3 Sludge Management .......................................................................................................60 7.3.1 Sludge from Chemical Precipitation...........................................................................60 7.3.2 Biological Sludge.......................................................................................................60

7.3 Wastewater management ................................................................................................60 7.3.1 Reuse of Wastewater ...................................................................................................60 7.4 No project alternative .......................................................................................................60

CHAPTER 8: PUBLIC CONSULTATION/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT .............................62 8.1 Informing potentially affected stakeholders about the Proposed Project ..........................62 8.2 Determination of who should be involved in the ESIA ......................................................62 8.3 Methods used to consult various stakeholders ................................................................62

8.3.1 Focused Group Discussions (FGD) ...........................................................................62 8.3.2 Key informant interviews ...........................................................................................63 8.3.3 Questionnaire Administration ....................................................................................63 8.3.4 Community consultative meetings .............................................................................63

8.4 Organisation and communication of potential impacts and concerns to stakeholders ......63 8.5 Values held by stakeholders about the quality of the environment ...................................64

CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN .........................66 9.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................66

9.1.1 General .....................................................................................................................66 9.1.2 Scope and Objectives of the EMP .............................................................................66 9.1.3 Applicable Legislation ...............................................................................................66


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9.2 Principles of Environmental Management Plan ................................................................66 9.3 Recommendations/Commitments of the ESIA .................................................................67 9.4 Environmental Awareness ...............................................................................................67 9.5 Mitigation .........................................................................................................................67 9.6 Monitoring ........................................................................................................................67 9.7 Responsibilities in Environmental Management ...............................................................68

9.7.1 General .....................................................................................................................68 9.7.2 Responsibility of EPZA ..............................................................................................68 9.7.3 Responsibility of Leather industries ...........................................................................69 9.7.4 Responsibility of Contractors .....................................................................................69 9.7.5 Responsibilities of Regulatory Agencies ....................................................................70

9.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring ...............................................................................79 9.6.1 General .....................................................................................................................79 9.6.2 Impact monitoring: water quality ................................................................................82 9.6.3 Impact monitoring: sewage sludge ............................................................................83

9.7 Monitoring Indicators .......................................................................................................84

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2. 1: Significance Assessment Matrix ............................................................................... 7 Table 2. 2: Positive and Negative Mitigation Ratings .................................................................. 7 Table 2. 3: Framework for assessing environmental impacts ..................................................... 7 Table 3. 1: Capacity of collection well along with kW of pumping machinery .............................19 Table 4. 1: Proposed Sectoral Contribution of Industries into the EPZA Campus ......................31 Table 4. 2: Wastewater Generation by Major Industries of EPZA ..............................................31 Table 4. 3: Water Consumption by various zone where EPZA supplies water ...........................32 Table 4. 4: Area of Phase I and II of EPZA Campus .................................................................32 Table 4. 5: Collection of wastewater generation from EPZA Campus ........................................32 Table 4. 6: Wastewater generation from EPZA campus ............................................................33 Table 4. 7: Total EPZA Campus industrial wastewater generation ............................................33 Table 4. 8: Wastewater generation from Athi River, Kitengela and Mombasa Road Zone .........33 Table 4. 9: Wastewater generation from various zones of Industrial Leather Park, Kinanie .......34 Table 4. 10: Total Wastewater Generation from Project Area and Industrial Leather Park ........35 Table 5. 1: Relevant National Policies .......................................................................................36 Table 5. 2: Relevant Legal Framework ......................................................................................37 Table 7. 1: Technology proposed for treatment of wastewater ..................................................52 Table 7. 2: Estimated Treatment Efficiency for various Biological Treatment Processes ...........55 Table 9. 1: Environmental management Plan during construction period ..................................72 Table 9. 2: Environmental management Plan during operation period ......................................77 Table 9. 3: Compliance monitoring for construction and operation stages .................................79 Table 9. 4: Effluent monitoring ..................................................................................................82 Table 9. 5: Sewage sludge monitoring ......................................................................................83 Table 9. 6: Monitoring indicators ...............................................................................................84 Table 9. 7: Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................................84


ESIA Report Page-v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4. 1: The location of WWTP site .....................................................................................23 Figure 4. 2: The Athi River catchment .......................................................................................25

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Untreated effluent within the vicinity of project site .......................................................26 Plate 2: Acacia mellifera tree species within the project area ....................................................27 Plate 4: Moderate human settlement within the project area .....................................................28 Plate 5: Poor road network to the project site ............................................................................29

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ASP Activated sludge Process BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant COD Chemical Oxygen Demand


ESIA Report Page-vi

EA Environmental Audit EA Extended Aeration EPZ Export Processing Zone EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act EMP Environmental Monitoring Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment HT High Tension KeNHA Kenya National highways Authority NEMA National Environment Management Authority MBR Membrane Bio Reactor NEAP National Environment Action Plan O&M Operation and Maintenance OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Act PAPs Project Affected Person PPE Personal Protective Equipment RAP Resettlement action Plan RAS Return Activated Sludge RMU Ring Main Unit RO Reverse Osmosis SAS Surplus Activated Sludge STP Sewerage Treatment Plant SBR Sequential Batch Reactor TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor WWTP Wastewater treatment Plant WRMA Water Resources Management Authority ZLD Zero Liquid Discharge


Feasibility Report Preface Page-1

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background and rationale of EIA investigations

Athi River Export Processing Zones (EPZ) was gazetted on the 23rd November 1990 and covers 454 hectares of land. In addition to this, the Authority owns 301 hactares piece of land in Kinanie, Mavoko Sub-County part of which supports the WWTP. It is located in Athi River, Machakos County approximately 30 km from Nairobi City Centre and is 15 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA). The main objective of EPZA is to among others create employment through facilitation of setting up export oriented enterprises; attract new technologies and skills through new investments; export diversification i.e. facilitation of non-traditional exports and/ or value added exports; attracting and facilitation of increamental (new) productive investments; and promotion of backward linkages between the EPZ and domestic economy. Industries found within the EPZ campus include Pharmaceutical, Textile, Distillery and Tannery. About 30-40% of the land is occupied by industries under phase I and EPZA has planned for upcoming industries in phase II. The existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is situated about 19 km North-East of Athi River Export Processing Zone at Kinanie village. The current WWTP for EPZA which was constructed in the early 1990’s has a design capacity of 12,956 m3/ day. However there has been rapid development in terms of housing and industries within the catchment area which has outstripped the capacity of the EPZA WWTP. The WWTP is designed and constructed to treat the industrial and domestic wastewater from EPZA and adjoining areas. A box drain of 1.2x1.2 m size is laid from EPZA to the Kinanie WWTP site to convey the effluent for treatment. The existing industrial units of EPZ (phase 1) covers 93 hectares of land and balance area is proposed to be covered under phase II and for which WWTP of 20,000 m³ capacity is proposed to be designed and constructed. This WWTP will take care of the proposed Leather Industrial Park.

1.2 Objectives and scope of the project

1.2.1 Objectives of the project

Export Processing Zone Authority has wastewater treatment plant of designed capacity of about 6500 m³/day. However new industrial activities are proposed to be developed in EPZ under phase II. Further there is rapid development of housing and other industrial activities in the adjoining area of conveyance system (Box drain) which joins to Kinanie WWTP. The existing capacity of WWTP is inadequate and thus it is proposed to augment the capacity by providing new WWTP of 20,000 m³/day capacity. The effluent from proposed leather industrial park near the proposed WWTP site is also to be pretreated in a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) to meet standards of discharge into public sewer (i.e. into the newly designed WWTP).

1.2.2 Scope of the project

The project will involve construction of wastewater treatment facility and associated infrastructure.



1.3 Justification of the Project

The current wastewater treatment plant for EPZA which was constructed in the early 90s has a design capacity of 12,956m3 per day. Due to increase in industries and residential developments along Mombasa Road and Mavoko Sub-County (most of these developments have been connected to the trunk sewer line, the plant has exceeded its capacity. This notwithstanding, EPZA has also serviced phase 2 of Athi River zone with the sewer. It is expected that the plots in this area will be developed and connected to the sewer. This will significantly increase the flow to the treatment plant. To accommodate the anticipated increased discharge, EPZA intends to construct two of wastewater treatment plant with an additional design capacity of 20,000m3 per day, to run in tandem with the existing one. The new phase will also service a new leather industrial park proposed for location in a site adjacent to the existing wastewater treatment plant at Kinanie and will include design and construction of an onsite wastewater reticulation system within the park

1.4 Significance of the project

The project will contribute towards solving the wastewater related problems within Athi River area and this will go far in reducing cases of water related diseases.

1.5 Objectives of EIA investigations

1.5.1 General Objective

The general objective of the EIA investigations is to carry out a systematic examination of the present environmental situation within the project area to determine whether the proposed project will impact adversely on the physical and biological elements of the environment within the project area. This is in line with Section 58 (1) of EMCA 1999 that requires proponents to carry out EIA on projects that appear in the Second Schedule of the Act.

1.5.2 Specific Objectives of EIA investigations

(i) To highlight environmental issues of the proposed project with a view to guiding policy

makers, planners, stakeholders and government agencies to help them in understanding the implications of the proposed project on environmental elements within the project area;

(ii) To review existing legal, institutional and policy framework relevant to the proposed project; (iii) To find out impacts associated with the proposed project with an objective of suggesting

mitigation measures for the adverse impacts; (iv) To assess the relative importance of the impacts of alternative plans, design and sites; (v) To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the proposed mitigation

measures are being implemented during the project operation period; (vi) To develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to guide in decision making and for

future auditing; (vii) To raise stakeholder awareness on the impact of the project on the environment with a view

to making them understand the implication of the project in their environment; and (viii) To develop an EIA report in conformity with the EMCA 1999 and Environmental (Impact

Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003.



1.6 Scope of the EIA study

The study covers the following issues and matters: (i) Description of the proposed project components and activities in each phase including pre-

construction, construction, operation and decommission phases. The project description has included location, project design, the technology, procedures and processes, materials to be used, project cost, products, by-products, and waste generated;

(ii) Description of policy, legal, and institutional framework that are relevant to the environmental management and the proposed project;

(iii) Gathering baseline information/existing environmental data and any other relevant information related to the project area including physical, biological and socio - economic conditions;

(iv) Identification and assessment of the potentially affected environment including the physical, biological, socio - economic and socio - cultural environment;

(v) Identification and assessment of environmental and social impacts that may result from activities of the proposed project including direct, indirect, cumulative and, irreversible, short - term and long- term anticipated impacts.

(vi) Description of the different project alternatives that have been examined during project planning including project site, design, technologies and reasons for preferring the proposed site, design and technologies.

(vii) Preparation of an Environmental Management Plan proposing the measures for eliminating, minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment. The EMP has specified responsibilities for implementing mitigation measures, costs involved and time schedules.

(viii) Preparation of an action plan for the prevention and management of foreseeable accidents and hazardous activities in the cause of carrying out project activities.

(ix) Identification and consultation of all relevant stakeholders in order to obtain their views regarding the proposed project.

(x) Compilation of an EIA report in accordance with the provisions of EMCA 1999, EMCA Amendment Act 2015 and EIA/EA regulations of 2003 for submission to NEMA.

1.7 Overall Approach

The study team's overall approach to the assignment included a comprehensive EIA study in accordance with both international and Kenyan standards. Impact assessment is a well-established process with standardised terminology and methods. Within this overall framework, key features of the Consultant's approach were the use of a multidisciplinary team of experienced Kenyan professionals, stakeholder consultations, use of qualitative methods and learning from previous experience in Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in the world. The purpose of the study is to assist the client in decision-making. This requires that issues are presented in a clear, objective and accurate manner.

1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Outputs

The output from this environmental impact assessment exercise is a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment report outlining environmental impacts and mitigation measures. A comprehensive environmental management Plan has also been prepared as part of this report.



CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOY

2.0 METHODOLOGY

This section of the ESIA report outlines the data collection and assessment methods used by the study team.

2.1 Impact Assessment Criteria

The criteria applied in this study are based on industry standards for impact assessment, adapted for use in the assessment of the proposed wastewater treatment plant. The purpose of impact assessment is to assign relative significance to predicted impacts associated with the project, and to determine the manner in which impacts are to be avoided, mitigated or managed. The rating of impacts assumes that standard construction and operating procedures present in the project description will be implemented. The impact assessment criteria include the spatial context of project impacts, temporal context, reversibility, magnitude and significance of potential impacts of project construction and operation. The potentially significant environmental impacts have been identified based on the nature of the receiving environment, a review of the proposed activities, and the issues raised in the public participation process.

2.2 Impact Assessment methodology

2.2.1 General

In the impact assessment stage of an EIA, identified issues are analysed and expected impacts are defined. This analysis identifies:

The types of impact;

Predicts the magnitude;

Probability of occurrence;

Extent of the impact; and

Determines the overall significance of the impact.

2.2.2 Identification of environmental aspects and impacts

The outstanding environmental issues identified as having significance have been assessed using the following methodology. First, the issues raised have been described giving consideration to the associated activity and the aspect of that activity that is likely to result in an impact. The nature of the impact has also been described. Once this was undertaken, the significance of the impact was determined. The following definitions apply to the study:

An activity is a distinct process or task undertaken by an organisation for which a responsibility can be assigned. Activities also include facilities or pieces of infrastructure that are possessed by an organisation.

An environmental aspect is an “element of an organisations activities, products and services which can interact with the environment”. The interaction of an aspect with the environment may result in an impact.



Environmental impacts are the consequences of these aspects on environmental resources or receptors of particular value or sensitivity, for example, disturbance due to noise and health effects due to poorer air quality. Receptors can comprise, but are not limited to, people or human-made systems, such as local residents, communities and social infrastructure, as well as components of the biophysical environment such as aquifers, flora and palaeontology. Impacts on the environment can lead to changes in existing conditions; the impacts can be direct, indirect or cumulative. Direct impacts refer to changes in environmental components that result from direct cause-effect consequences of interactions between the environment and project activities. Indirect impacts result from cause-effect consequences of interactions between the environment and direct impacts. Cumulative impacts refer to the accumulation of changes to the environment caused by human activities.

Aspects and impacts associated with the proposed development have been differentiated into construction and operation phases of the project.

2.3 Description of aspects and impacts

The accumulated knowledge and the findings of the environmental investigations form the basis for the prediction of impacts. Once a potential impact has been determined during screening and scoping process, it is necessary to identify which project activity will cause the impact, the probability of occurrence of the impact, and its magnitude and extent (spatial and temporal). This information is important for evaluating the significance of the impact, and for defining mitigation and monitoring strategies and has been used in this study. The aspects and impacts identified have been described based on the following criteria.

2.3.1 Spatial scope

The spatial scope for each aspect, receptor and impact has been defined. The geographical coverage (spatial scope) description has taken account of the following factors:

The physical extent/distribution of the aspect, receptor and the anticipated impact; and

The nature of the baseline environment within the area of impact. The spatial scope of the impact has been rated on the following scale:

Activity specific

1 Area specific

2 Whole site

3 Regional/ neighbouring areas

4 National 5

2.3.2 Duration

Duration refers to the length of time that the aspect may cause a change either positively or negatively on the environment. The environmental assessment has distinguished between different time periods by assigning a rating to duration based on the following scale:

One day to one month

1 One month to one year

2 One year to ten years

3 Life of operation

4 Post closure

5



2.3.3 Severity

The severity of environmental aspect has been determined by the degree of change to the baseline environment, and has included consideration of the following factors:

The reversibility of the impact;

The sensitivity of the receptor to the stressor;

The impact duration, its permanency and whether it increases or decreases with time;

Whether the aspect is controversial or would set a precedent; and

The threat to environmental and health standards and objectives. The following ratings have been used

Insignificant/ non-harmful

1 Small/ potentially harmful

2 Significant/ slightly harmful

3 Great/ harmful

4 Disastrous/ extremely harmful

5

2.3.4 Frequency of the impact

The frequency of the impact occurring refers to how often the aspect impacts or may impact either positively or negatively on the environment. After describing the frequency the findings have been indicated on the following scale:

Almost never/ almost impossible

1 Very seldom/ highly unlikely

2 Infrequent/ unlikely/ seldom

3 Often/ regularly/ likely/ possible

4 Daily/highly likely/ definitely

5

2.4 Assessment of significance of impacts

2.4.1 General

The purpose of impact evaluation is to assign relative significance to predicted impacts associated with the project, and to determine the manner in which impacts are to be avoided, mitigated or managed. The information presented above in terms of identifying and describing the aspects and impacts have been summarised in a tabular form and significance has been assigned with supporting rational. Significance has been determined before and after mitigation, taking into consideration all the factors described above. A definition of a „significant impact‟ for the purposes of the study is: “An impact which, either in isolation or in combination with others, could, in the opinion of the specialist, have a material influence on the decision-making process, including the specification of mitigating measures.”

2.4.2 Significance determination

The environmental significance rating is an attempt to evaluate the importance of a particular impact, the consequence and likelihood of which has already been assessed by the relevant



specialist. The description and assessment of the aspects and impacts undertaken is presented in a consolidated table (Table 4.1) with the significance of the impact assigned using the process and matrix detailed below. The sum of the first three criteria (spatial scope, duration and severity) provides a collective score for the CONSEQUENCE of each impact. The sum of the last two criteria (frequency of activity and frequency of impact) determines the LIKELIHOOD of the impact occurring. The product of CONSEQUENCE and LIKELIHOOD leads to the assessment of the SIGNIFICANCE of the impact, shown in the significance matrix below. Table 2. 1: Significance Assessment Matrix

CONSEQUENCE (Severity + Spatial Scope + Duration)

LIK

ELIH

OO

D (

Fre

quency o

f activity +

Fre

quen

cy o

f im

pact

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105

8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104

112

120

9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108

117

126

135

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

120

130

140

150

Table 2. 2: Positive and Negative Mitigation Ratings

Colour Code

Significance Rating

Value Negative Impact Management Recommendation

Negative Impact Management Recommendation

Very high 126-150

Improve current management

Maintain current management

High 101-125



Medium-high 76-100



Medium-low 51-75



Low 26-50



Very-low 1-25



The model outcome is then assessed in terms of impact certainty and consideration of available information. Where a particular variable rationally requires weighting or an additional variable requires consideration, the model outcome is adjusted accordingly. Arguments for such adjustments are presented in the text and associated table. Table 2. 3: Framework for assessing environmental impacts

SPATIAL SCOPE RATING DURATION RATING SEVERITY RATING



Activity specific 1

One day to one month

1 Insignificant/ non-harmful

1

Area specific 2

One month to one year

2 Small/ potentially harmful

2

Whole site / plant 3 One year to ten years

3 Significant/ slightly harmful

3

Regional (neighbouring areas)

4 Life of operation 4

Great/harmful 4

National 5

Permanent 5

Disastrous/ extremely harmful

5

FREQUENCY OF ACTIVITY RATING FREQUENCY OF IMPACT RATING

Annually or less 1 Almost never / almost impossible 1

6 monthly 2 Very seldom / highly unlikely 2

Monthly 3 Infrequent / unlikely / seldom 3

Weekly 4 Often / regularly / likely / possible 4

Daily 5 Daily / highly likely / definitely 5

SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT TIMING

Very Low (1-25) Low (26-50) Medium -Low (51-75) Medium-High (76-100) High (101-125) Very High (126-150)

Pre-construction Construction Operation

2.5 Description of Feasible Alternatives

Although alternatives were investigated in detail during Scoping, a review of the options based on the impact assessment and specialist studies have been undertaken in comparison with the preferred option.

2.6 Mitigation

Measures to avoid, reduce or manage impacts consistent with best practice have been proposed and the effectiveness of such measures assessed in terms of their ability to avoid, remove an impact entirely, render it insignificant or reduce its magnitude. In assessing the significance of the impact, natural and existing mitigation have been taken into account. Natural and existing mitigation measures are defined as natural conditions, conditions inherent in the project design and existing management measures that alleviate (control, moderate or curb) impacts. In addition, the significance of impacts has been assessed taking into account any mitigation measures that are proposed.

2.7 Methodology for Data Collection

2.7.1 Hydrology and Water Quality



The assessment of hydrologic and water quality conditions in the study area were based on review of topographic maps; review of relevant reports; and on-site field inspections. Field inspections included observation of slopes and drainage on the sites. Evidence of slope instability was sought. The potential relationship between drainage courses and adjacent trails was examined, as was the effect of vegetation on surface soil conditions and water quality. The locations of storm drains discharging into natural drainage courses were noted, as were the effects of these discharges on flows and erosion features.

2.7.2 Vegetation

The assessment of the potential effects of project construction on vegetation was considered in the within the proposed project site, buffer areas and regional area. The Project site includes areas that will be directly disturbed by project construction. Buffer areas (adjacent areas) include a 2 km wide area surrounding the project site. The regional area specified in this assessment includes areas outside the 2km buffer area. A review of publicly available data, existing information, literature and other data was completed before initiating fieldwork. This office-based review included the examination of maps to determine the extent of natural vegetation on the sites and the variability in vegetation composition. The review also included previously completed reports on the vegetation of the study areas and sensitive ecosystem inventory mapping of the sites. Information about rare and endangered plant species and plant communities was obtained from the State of Environment Report Information provided through interviews with knowledgeable people from the project area was incorporated into the baseline data. Field visits were conducted within the study area between March and April 2016 to confirm vegetation composition and distribution of the existing vegetation features of the sites, the workspace areas and the associated ancillary facilities. Vegetation specialists walked within site and adjacent area, noted the dominant plant communities, recorded identified species and searched for rare plants and uncommon habitat.

2.7.3 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

The assessment of the potential effects of project construction on wildlife considered wildlife use, habitat and habitat features. Assessments were completed for the site and associated ancillary facilities. A review of publicly available data, existing reports and literature was completed before initiating field work. Information collected during the office-based review was used to identify potential habitat for rare and at-risk wildlife. The following publicly available data sources were consulted:

State of the Environment Report

Machakos County Integrated Development Plan Field surveys were conducted at the project site, ancillary facility routes and temporary workspace areas. Wildlife specialists walked within the project and adjacent areas and documented topography and forest cover, observed wildlife, noted wildlife habitat and habitat features (e.g., wildlife trees, stick nests, and perch trees), and searched for signs of use by rare or at-risk wildlife. A “purposeful meander” technique was used to survey the areas and more detailed searches were performed at locations where potentially important habitat or habitat



features were observed. A Site Inventory and Conservation Evaluation was completed for the proposed site using standard “Develop with Care” checklists.

2.7.4 Fish

Most of the proposed wastewater treatment facility is located in terrestrial area, so few fish-bearing watercourses are in or adjacent to the treatment facility sites.

2.7.5 Land Use

The Land Use section of this ESIA builds on information collected for the siting analyses, which included a review of existing planning documents, site visits, and discussions with representatives of the client and government officials to understand existing and planned land uses and potential impacts of the wastewater treatment facilities. The preparation of this ESIA involved a review of the latest versions of relevant land use plans, including:

Athi River Land use Plan

Kinanie Land use plan News articles, media releases, letters to the editor, and information on other community initiatives were also reviewed to understand the regional and local context. Discussions were held with municipal planners, engineers, and representatives from the local community to understand development plans, concerns, potential impacts and appropriate mitigation measures. Visits to the sites were conducted by the report authors to confirm the use of the sites and adjacent land by property owners, local residents, and other users. These visits were conducted numerous times.

2.7.6 Traffic

The following tasks were completed as part of the traffic impact assessment.

Determination of the existing vehicular volumes on preferred routes for the facility sites, including accident history where available and bus service.

Identification of an order of magnitude of current pedestrian and bicycle traffic in the transportation corridors of the preferred routes.

Forecasting the type and amount of traffic that would be generated by the project for both the construction and operation time frames and identifying any relevant transportation and traffic related issues.

Assessment of the level of impact on affected neighbourhoods and road users.

Identification of potential mitigation measures to reduce or avoid traffic impacts. To conduct the aforementioned tasks, data were obtained using the following methods.

Reviewed relevant traffic flow data, plans, and reports;

Inspected the relevant routings and road system, and affected neighbourhoods during several site visits.

Acquired additional vehicular data, as required.



Used an assumed growth rate of 1% per annum to forecast traffic volumes to 2009 (if necessary) and Horizon Year 2016 when most of the facilities will be under construction.

2.7.7 Noise, Vibration and Lighting

The Noise, Vibration and Lighting section was prepared based on facility design information and adjacent land uses. Noise, vibration and lighting effects during facility construction are assumed to be the same as a typical construction project and to follow all applicable municipal bylaws. All facilities will be designed to adhere to municipal bylaws during facility operation. Based on the foregoing assumptions, potential effects of noise, vibration and lighting on surrounding areas were identified.

2.7.8 Human Health

The Human Health section has been prepared based on facility design information and adjacent land uses. Potential effects to human health during facility construction and operation are assumed to be the same as a typical construction project. All facilities will be designed to adhere to safety criteria established by OSHA 2007 during facility operation. Based on the foregoing assumptions, potential effects to human health were identified.

2.7.9 Visual Aesthetics

The visual aesthetics assessment provides a subjective comparison of changes in the attractiveness of locations resulting from development or other changes to the landscape. The assessment considers the degree of landscape modification and the compatibility of new structures with surrounding landscape features. Modifications may include the removal of existing trees and shrubs, changes to slopes, and the addition of roads, buildings, lighting and other utility structures. These visual elements are considered in the assessment in comparison with present conditions. Visual aesthetics assessment is a subjective exercise. Aesthetic sensibilities and tastes are unique to each individual, though there are several common aesthetic preferences:

Natural landscapes tend to be favoured over built landscapes;

Complex natural landscapes are generally preferred over simple landscapes, for example, trees and mountains versus a prairie; and

Residential and similar urban landscapes are generally preferred over industrial landscapes. These general aesthetic preferences have been used in this study to support the assessment of positive and adverse visual impacts of development on a site.



CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

The wastewater will undergo various stages including Preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment as explained below.

3.2 Preliminary Treatment

Preliminary treatment will involve a number of unit processes to eliminate undesirable characteristics of wastewater. Processes include use of screen, grit chambers for removal of sand and large particles, communitors for grinding of coarse solids, pre-aeration for odour control and removal of oil and grease. All these pre-treatment units are designed for peak factor and may contribute to 10% BOD and 20% suspended solid reduction in wastewater. Two equalization tanks are proposed with floating aerators / diffusers to homogenize the effluent and oxidize the sulphides present in the raw effluent. From the equalization tank the wastewater will be pumped to the further treatment units.

3.3 Primary Treatment

It involves removal of settable solids prior to biological treatment. The general treatment units include: flash mixer + flocculator + sedimentation

3.4 Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment will involve purification of wastewater primarily with dissolved organic matter by microbial action. Anaerobic and /or aerobic treatment methods will be used. Aerobic suspended growth systems are of two basic types, one with sludge recirculation i.e. Activated Sludge Process & Extended Aeration and another without sludge recirculation i.e. aerated lagoon and Sequential Batch Reactor. In both the cases aeration is provided and 0.8 to 1.2 kg O2/kg of BOD5 removed is required. The various processes and methods to be used at the secondary treatment stage include the following: i) Conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) It consists of i) Aeration tank, ii) Sludge recirculation system, iii) Excess sludge wasting, iv) Secondary sedimentation tank and v) Sludge treatment including sludge digestion. ii) Extended Aeration Process The flow scheme of the extended aeration process and its mixing regime are similar to that of ASP except excess sludge does not require sludge digestion and can be directly dried on sand bed. The method is well suited for small and medium size flow. The overall air requirement is more than ASP due to larger size of aeration tank. The nitrification takes place in the tank. iii) Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)



The flow scheme of SBR is similar to extended aeration except secondary settling tank is not provided. It provides highest treatment efficiency possible in a single – step biological process. Primary treated Effluent shall be fed into the Cyclic Activated Sludge Process/SBR Process Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD and Suspended Solids. The primary treated Effluent shall be taken into C-Tech Basins. These C-Tech Basins shall work in sequence and influent flow is controlled using motorized Sluice Gates. The C-Tech Basins shall be complete with Single Stage Direct Drive Centrifugal Turbo Blowers, Diffusers, Grid Piping, Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Pumps, Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) Pumps, Stainless Steel Decanters, Auto Valves and PLC etc. All cycles will be automatically controlled using PLC. Excess sludge at a consistency level of 0.8% will be pumped intermittently with the help of SAS Pumps. This can be taken further for Sludge Dewatering or Drying as per process requirement. The treated Effluent from the C-Tech Basins shall be routed to the downstream Tertiary Treatment Units as per specifications i.e. chlorination. The C-Tech System is operated in a batch reactor mode and this eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous process. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment. Two modules shall be provided to ensure continuous treatment. The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take place sequentially. No additional Settling Unit, Secondary Clarifier is required. The complete biological treatment is divided into Cycles with each Cycle is of 3 – 4 hrs duration, during which all treatment steps take place. A basic Cycle comprises of the following phases which take place independently in sequence to constitute a Cycle and then gets repeated.

Fill / Aeration (F/A)

Settling (S)

Decanting (D) In Fill / Aeration phase of a Cycle, the Effluent is filled in the C-Tech Basin up to a set operating Water Level and Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the Effluent. During settling phase, the filling / aeration is stopped and the biomass is allowed to settle under perfect settling conditions during Settling phase. Once settled, the supernatant is removed from the top using a Decanter and excess sludge is wasted from during Decanting phase. iv) Aerobic Lagoon with solids recycle The Aerobic lagoon with solids recycle is essentially the same as extended aeration, activated sludge process; with the exception that earthen (typically lined) basin is used in place of reinforced concrete reactor basin. The aeration requirement for an aerobic lagoon with recycle unit will be higher than the values for an aerobic flow through the lagoon to maintain the solids in suspension. v) MBR It is a combination of biological treatment / processes and efficiency of membrane filtration and thus this system is suited for treatment of strong industrial wastewater and reclamation of water. MBR is one of the best available technologies in the field of wastewater treatment. External membrane bioreactor and submerged membrane bioreactors will be adopted. MBR plant



includes UF membranes which provide a physical barrier that prevents passage of bacterial organisms and solids in the water supply.

3.5 Tertiary Treatment

Tertiary treatment will mainly include physical and chemical treatment processes that will be used after the biological treatment to meet the treatment objectives. Reverse Osmosis and Chlorination will be used. The figure below gives a summary of treatment process proposed in this project. Two wastewater treatment plants have been designed as follows:

The Leather Industrial Park WWTP which will treat effluent from the tanneries upto Primary Level to meet discharge standards to the public sewer level as per 5th Schedule of the Legal Notice No.120 (EMCA) of 2006. This plant is dimensioned of capacity 2,500 m3/day.

The EPZA phase 2 Waste Water Treatment Plant that will treat all influent sewage from Athi River including the effluent from the Leather Industrial Park to discharge to environment as per 3rd Schedule of the Legal Notice No.120 (EMCA) of 2006. This plant is dimensioned of capacity 10,000 m3/day. This plant will treat upto tertiary level.

3.6 The Leather Industrial Park Common Effluent Treatment Plant.

At the CETP, the following functions will be performed:

1. Screening (bar, self-cleaning)1

2. Pumping/lifting

3. Fine screening

4. Equalization and sulphide oxidation

5. Chemical treatment (coagulation, flocculation)

6. Settling

7. Settling- primary sedimentation

8. Sludge dewatering

9. Sludge thickener

10. Centrifuge

It is very important to segregate streams of effluent from the tanneries’ process and to

pre-treat them separately according to their characteristics to avoid possible safety risks

(formation of deadly hydrogen sulphide) and to reduce the cost of treatment and sludge

disposal (to avoid contamination of sludge with Cr).

The mixing of liming and tanning streams gives rise not only to the obnoxious smell

typical of poorly managed tanneries; the resulting lethally poisonous gas, hydrogen

sulphide (H2S), is still by far the most frequent killer in tannery accidents, which occur

mainly in inadequately ventilated spaces, especially in pits and channels.



The key processes therefore to be managed will include but not limited to;

Sulphide oxidation (liming and rinsing liquors),

Chromium precipitation,

Mixing plus sedimentation,

Mixing plus chemical treatment plus sedimentation,

Mixing plus chemical treatment plus flotation,

Primary or chemical plus extended aeration with nitrification and de-nitrification

The parameters to be closely monitored include COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), SS (Suspended Solids), TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) and Chrome. 3.7 The EPZA 10MLD Wastewater Treatment Plant This plant has been designed with a capacity of 10,000 m3/day to carry out pre-treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment as well as tertiary treatment. The preliminary and primary treatment will be same as the 2,500 m3/day plant but the secondary treatment will be effected using the C-TECH process (Sequential Batch Reactor) as described above, following various technical and economic criteria comparisons on different processes.



Wastewater Treatment


ESIA Report PROJECT REPORT Page-17

3.6 Sludge Management

3.6.1 Sludge from Chemical Precipitation

Chemicals are used in the treatment process and these chemicals determine the properties of sludge. If heavy metals are present in industrial wastewater then those heavy metals precipitate along with the sludge. The sludge has 3% to 4% solid content. The sludge will be collected into the sludge sump and then pumped to thickener. Gravity thickness is proposed to increase the solid content. The sludge will then be dried on sludge drying bed or on centrifuge.

3.6.2 Biological Sludge

Biological sludge is reach in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous and also with valuable organic matters. Sludge conditioning may be proposed to reduce the water content. The sludge from extended aeration will be dried on sand bed or dewatered with centrifuge.

3.7 Reuse of Water and By-product Recovery

The calculation of Income from reuse of water and by-product recovery or activities related to wastewater treatment calls for careful selection of the right economics parameters. Partly treated organic wastewater should not be reused as process water in industries or as flushing water in the toilets. Reuse of wastewater means always some traces of organic matter or toxic substances present or even accumulating. Reuse having longer retention times in a closed system might facilitate anaerobic processes within pipes and tanks which will cause corrosion. There is also theoretical risk of bio-gas explosion. Thus the recirculation of parts of water to serve the production process is not recommended. The other reuses are i) Ground water recharge, ii) Irrigation. The methodology is presented below. 1) Ground Water Recharge Recharge of ground water by drilling of boreholes with suitable recharge pit will help to improve the ground water table. Organic pollution of ground water happens in cases where wastewater enters underground water streams directly. A crack free three meter thick soil layer above ground water is sufficient to prevent organic pollution. 2) Irrigation Treated domestic or mixed community wastewater is ideal for irrigation. Irrigation rate of 20000 m3/ha is normally required for semi-arid areas. It provides nitrogen (N), phosphorus and potassium salts as good fertilizers. 3) Bio-Gas Utilization All anaerobic system produces biogas 55 to 75% of methane (CH4), 25 to 45% of CO2 plus trees of H23, H, NH3 to form biogas. Theoretically, the rate of methane production is 200 l / kg removed COD. As a rule of thumb 1 m3 of bio-gas can substitute 0.61 liter of diesel fuel. The minimum requirement of bio-gas for a household kitchen is approximately 2 m3/day. The



additional investment to facilitate the use of bio-gas economically shall be justified. Storage, transportation and additional management cost shall be compared with total benefit. 4) Sludge Utilization The sludge should be composted or exposed to sunlight before use for killing of unwanted organisms. 5) By-Product Recovery Chromium recovery: Recovery can be affected by segregation of the chromo liquors.

3.8 Design of Reticulation System for Leather Industrial Park

3.8.1 Master Plan A total of 300 hectare of land is identified for Leather Industrial Park in the master plan prepared by EPZA. The proposed WWTP is located in the Leather Industrial Park for which 8 hectare of land is identified. The park would accommodate all industrial and commercial activities related to leather manufacturing and product of leather goods. Black contour survey of the proposed plot has been carried out with contour interval of 0.5 m. Based on the master plan and black contour survey, the layout of reticulation system survey, the layout of reticulation system has been proposed. 3.8.2 Preliminary Design The preliminary engineering design has been carried out under this feasibility report. The gist of the design is as below.

HDPE pipes are proposed

Length of reticulation system is 15 km

Minimum dia – 200 mm

Maximum dia – 500 mm

Effluent from various treatment processes will be admitted into manholes of main collection sewer system

Total nos. of manholes chamber will be 539

Collection wells will be 7 Nos. The size will be based on 20 minutes detention period for 5000 m3 flow (1W+1S) submersible pumps are proposed to lift the wastewater

Each collection well is equipped with one coarse screen

The pumping machinery is designed for peak flow of Phase I requirement

The working head range will be 7 to 11 m depending upon the ground profile 3.8.3 Collection Well and Pumping Machinery Summary of parameters of collection well and pumping machinery is given in Table 3.11 below



Table 3. 1: Capacity of collection well along with kW of pumping machinery

S. No. Name / No. of Pumping Station

Average Flow (l/s)

Capacity of Collection Well (m3)

Diameter (m)

Pumping Machinery kW rating for Phase-I

1 MHSPS-1 1.28 1.54 1.5 1W- (0.10 kW) Peak Flow 1S –(0.05 kW) Average Flow

2 MHSPS-2 9.14 10.96 3.0 1W- (0.70 kW) Peak Flow 1S – (0.35 kW) Average Flow

3 MHSPS-3 13.09 15.71 3.5 1W- (1.00kW) Peak Flow 1S – (0.50 kW) Average Flow


5 MHSPS-5 2.41 2.89 1.5 1W- (0.20kW) Peak Flow 1S – (0.10 kW) Average Flow


7 SPS-1 58.63 70.36 6.5 1W- (6.40 kW) Peak Flow 2S – (3.20 kW) Average Flow

Liquid depth in Collection Well -2.20 m (Assume)

Detention time Collection Well - 20 min Segregation of Chrome liquor at source is proposed however. In CETP, provision is made for the Chrome precipitation. Waste from the chrome liquor unit is to be brought to the CETP by individual Tannery owners by tankers. It is not to be discharged in the reticulation system.

3.9 Electrical System

3.9.1 Power Management & Connection

The power for CETP and WWTP shall be made available. The details of power management are as below:

3.9.2 Sub Stations

It is proposed to provide incoming power line, electrical substation, earthing, transformer suitable for electrical power demand for 20 MLD WWTP and CETP (Ultimate Stage including Phase –I and Phase-II).

3.9.3 Metering



Incoming 11kV Supply from Power Supply Company through Overhead ACSR / XLPE 11kV cable shall be connected to 11kVMetering Cubical in Metering Room with necessary CT, PT, Energy Meters, etc. as per Power Supply Company requirement.

3.9.4 Ring Main Unit (RMU)

11kV RMU Unit shall be of 01 Incomer of 11kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) of 630A and 02 NOS of 11kV VCB 630A; Feeders for Immediate Stage 02 NOS 1000kVA; Transformers with necessary metering, relay and protections as required. For Future additional Feeder of 630A shall be connected in Outgoing feeder for 01NOS 1000kVA Transformer during Ultimate Stage. Provision of 11 kV switchgear panel in sub-station with Metering Room shall be provided. The voltage rating of incoming power line is proposed at 11 kV. The High Tension (H T) electrical substation with power transformer 2 NOS of 1000kVA 11 kV/ 415 V with 100 % standby will be provided for 10MLD WWTP. The power available at outgoing side of transformer will be controlled from PMCC of each pumping station feeder including starters, power and control cables, instruments etc. as required. For Phase –II 1000kVA 11/0.415kV 01NOS shall be installed to cater load of 20MLD during Ultimate stage. In PMCC 415V Control Panel shall be design with 2NOS Incomer and 01No Buscoupler of 1600A FP 415 V ACB for Immediate Stage with Outgoing Feeders required in Immediate Stage. During Ultimate Stage 01 Incomer and 01NO Buscoupler of 1600A FP ACB 415V shall be Installed with Outgoing Feeders required at Ultimate Stage .i.e. 20MLD thus space requirement for 03NOS Transformers of 1000kVA and Feeders for future Load shall be considered at Substation and 415V PMCC Panel Room.

3.9.5 Diesel Generating Set

For WWTP and CETP Critical Load such as Area Lighting, Indoor, Outdoor and Control Circuit for Switchgear, Control Panel, diesel generating set of adequate capacity considering critical Loads will be provided to keep the pumping station working during power failure period. The adequate capacity diesel storage tanks are also proposed. The capacity of diesel generating set will be suitable to meet the demand of Critical Loads during failure of electrical supply from power Distribution Company.

3.9.6 Illumination and ventilation system

The internal and external illumination system is proposed to have good visibility in operation and maintenance of the pumping plant. The luminous fixtures will be energy efficient. Ventilation system for substation building and Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) building shall be provided as per National Building Code.

3.9.7 External illumination

The external illumination is proposed with flood light in substation area. The internal and approach road are provided with street light pole at a distance of 30 m. The 150 w HPSV flood light fixtures and 1x250 w sodium lamps are proposed as per requirement. Area lighting / street lighting work includes roads for phase-I.

3.9.8 Internal illumination



The internal illumination is proposed with 2x 36w compact fluorescent indoor type fixtures.

3.9.9 Emergency lighting

The battery operated emergency lamps are also proposed to meet the demand of illumination during the time of power failures till the receipt of power from diesel generating sets.

3.9.10 Ventilation for Pump House

For additional ventilation heavy duty, 450 mm diameter exhaust fans are proposed. Also two ceiling fans are also proposed near operators table.

3.9.11 Electrical equipment in pumping station

Main control panel with two incoming ACB outgoing ACB / MCCB for 415V system as per required shall be provided.

VSD / Soft starters/Star-Delta/DOL starters of capacity suitable to electrical motor coupled to pump set, blowers etc. shall be provided with necessary protections such as O/C,S/C,E/F, etc. as required.

Protection systems like single phasing preventer, over load relay, over current, earth fault relay etc. shall be provided for transformers and motors as per protection coordination system.

Three and half core PVC insulated, armoured, aluminium conductor cable from transformer, to main panel, capacitor, outdoor lighting etc. except submersible pumps shall be proposed

3 core power and control cable as required copper conductor, flat PVC submersible cable for starter to motor, shall be proposed

Special control panel for protection of submersible motor due to ingress of water, rise in temp. and automatic start / stop control system based on levels shall be provided

Earthing arrangement as per IS 3043. Lightning protection as required. 10 MLD WWTP Module: Complete electrical equipment’s, switch gear panels, power cables and control cables, earthing system, Lightning protection, ventilation system, internal and external lighting, building services etc. shall be provided under turnkey job as per requirements. Power supply to CETP Pumps shall be taken from feeders provided in PMCC.

CHAPTER 4: BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

4.1 Introduction

The Export Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) is a statutory body established in 1990 through an Act of Parliament (The EPZA Act cap 517, Law of Kenya) with the main objective of promoting and facilitating export oriented investments and developing an enabling environment for such investments. It is responsible for facilitating the implementation of new investment projects, providing core services for new and existing investments. The Athi River Export



Processing Zone is Kenya’s largest and leading industrial park designed to offer export oriented products. The zone offers world class infrastructure and services, generous tax incentives and a supportive business friendly system all within a spacious green, well maintained part environment.

4.2 Athi River Export Processing Zone

The Athi River Export Processing Zone was gazette on 23rd November, 1990 after the approval of the EPZ Act cap 517 the same year.. It was the first publicity developed zone and covers around 332 hectares of land including 292 hectares of the main site on LR No.18474 in Athi River (Mavoko). The zone was designed to provide infrastructure and services for export oriented industries within the zone and ancillary services to communities within Mavoko and Kitengela areas. This zone is easily accessible by two major highways (Nairobi-Mombasa and Nairobi Namanga) and is close to the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA). The zone is adjacent to the main Nairobi- Mombasa railway line, close enough to both Athi River town and Nairobi city. Phase I of the zone was completed in 1997 and covers 93 of the 292 hectares of the main site. The zone has two categories of industrial buildings one put up by the public and the other by private developers (Trans fleet EPZA Ltd. and 15 Capital industrial Park EPZA Ltd.). The public put up 12 industrial units with a total built-up area of 160,500 square feet which were being fully occupied by EPZA enterprises. Trans fleet EPZA Ltd. has constructed 18 industrial units with total built up area of about 290,628 square feet.

4.3 Location

The proposed site is located in Kwa Mboo sub location, Kinanie location in Athi River Sub County of Machakos County. The proposed project site is located approximately 12 kilometers off Mombasa Road.



Figure 4. 1: The location of WWTP site

4.4 Climate

The climatic conditions of the study area are semi-arid, with mean annual temperature varying from 15ºC to 25ºC and a total annual rainfall ranging between 400 mm and 800 mm. Depending on altitude and aspect, mean rainfall and temperature vary widely. Machakos County is generally hot and dry with a bimodal rainfall distribution. Machakos County is generally hot and dry with a bimodal rainfall distribution. The long rains are experienced between March and May and the short rains between October and December. There are significant spatial and temporal variations within the County and rainfall reliability is quite low. The high altitude areas of Matungulu, Kangundo, Kathiani, Central and Mwala divisions receive slightly higher rainfall than the lowland areas. The month of July is the coldest while October and February are the hottest. The highland areas, which receive higher rainfall, are more suitable for rain-fed agriculture than the lowland areas. The plains support ranching.

4.5 Geology of the Study Area

The project area is situated in an area geologically covered by Nairobi trachytes which are underlain by Nairobi phonolites. The Nairobi phonolites are underlain by Upper Athi series which are composed of tuffs and sediments. Nairobi Trachytes is dark, non-porphyritic lava with sporadic phenocryst of feldspar. In the project area, the Nairobi trachytes occurs as several thin flows with inter-bedded materials which are in most cases water-bearing. Nairobi phonolite is dark grey porphyritic lava with tabular insets of feldspar and biotite. The Nairobi phonolite, which consists of a number of flows, covers a large part of the Athi plains and extends from Nairobi National park northwards to Kiambu. It overlies the Athi series probably with disconformity, and the contact between the two formations is exposed in the prominent scarp which forms the



southern outcrop of the lava. Numerous quarries and stream sections show that the phonolite consists of a number of flows, generally between 30-46 metres thick. Maximum thickness can be expected in Jomo Kenyatta International Airport area, the lava thinning both to the north-west and towards the south east where it eventually solidifies near Athi River Township. Upper Athi Series consist mainly of sandy, sediments, tuffs and welded tuffs. The clays are presented but only in subordinate quantities. The thickness of the upper Athi Series is known to increase westwards but true extent is not known because of the confusion in correlation and mapping and distinction between these series and Kirichwa Valley series. These series forms very good aquifers with average to high yields except for the high fluoride concentration in water.

4.6 Soils

The soils in the study area are strongly related to the geology and geomorphology, with the mountains and plains/uplands as the determining landforms. The mountains consist of quartz rich granitoid gneisses that were most metamorphised during the folding. This parent material in combination with a mountainous topography has resulted in the formation of somewhat excessively drained, reddish brown, stony and rocky sandy clay loam soils (HQb) that vary in depth. The plains and uplands that surround the mountains consist of variety of less metamorphosed rock (mainly banded gneisses). The flat plains consist of ferromagnesian gneisses in which poorly drained, black cracking and swelling firm clay soils (UFd) are found. In the dissected uplands well drained dark reddish brown clay and sandy clay soils (Unr1) are formed in a gneiss parent material. Differences in the permeability or chemical characteristics of the rock have resulted in the formation of different soils.

4.7 Drainage Pattern and Hydrogeology

The proposed EPZA WWTS site is situated within the Mbagathi tributary of Athi River basin. Downstream of the project site Kinanie centre, Mbagathi joins Stony Athi to form Athi River which is later joined by Nairobi River upstream of Donyo Sabuk and later receives the Kaiti/ Thwake system and the Tsavo River upon which it continues into Galana River and eventually into the Indian Ocean. Mbagathi tributary is therefore among the major contributors of flow that sustains economic and ecological system in downstream area of Drainage Basin Three. Specifically, Athi River downstream of Donyo Sabuk traverses semi-arid country in Machakos, Kitui, Makueni and Kilifi Counties where it provides a critical lifeline as a source of water for domestic and agricultural use in addition to supporting wildlife and tourism in the Tsavo National Park while the Baricho well field supplies the bulk of water consumed in Malindi, Kilifi and parts of North Mombasa.



Figure 4. 2: The Athi River catchment

The Athi River flows from the southeast of Nairobi; north-eastward in the upstream reaches, and then turns its flow direction to the southeast in the north of OlDoinyo Sabuk National Park, and flows along the catchment area boundary with the Tana Catchment Area and pours into the Indian Ocean in the northern of Malindi. The drainage area of the Athi River is 37,750 km2, or 64.4% of Athi Catchment. The Lumi River, Lake Jipe, and Lake Chala flow into the territory of Tanzania and the Umba River reversely flows from Tanzania to Kenya. Other rivers such as the Rare, Kombeni, Mwache, Pemba, and Ramisi rivers flow into the Indian Ocean and the total drainage area comes to 19,493 km2. There are several major springs in Athi Catchement such as Mzima, Kikuyu, Njoro Kubwa, Nolturesh springs and Marere springs. The Athi catchment region is characterized by varying hydrogeological conditions which leads to different aquifers. The upper zone, which is predominately volcanic, has relatively good aquifers (over 10 m3/hour of borehole tested yields), of considerable value for domestic, community and commercial water supply. The middle zone where the project site falls has localized aquifers in the fractured and weathered zones of the Basement system, with alluvial aquifers being locally important; the Chyulu Hills host the source aquifer that supplies the Mzima Springs, as well as the spring units that flow from the eastern side of the range (from Kiboko in the north to Umani



further south). Volcanic aquifers on the northern flank of Kilimanjaro host a number of springs that are of good water supply, irrigation and tourism value (Nolturesh; Kimana; and Entonet respectively).

4.8 Topography

The proposed project area and the surrounding areas is within a low lying semi-arid plains to the southeast of Nairobi City influenced by the Athi Plains of Machakos and Kajiado areas. The project area is characterized by mild undulating flat terrain with a general slope towards the southeast with a general drainage pattern influenced by Athi River basin. The average altitude of the area is about 1500m at the site located about 13 kilometers north east of Athi River Town. Athi River runs along the project area to the North West.

4.9 Ecological Context

Ecologically, the proposed project location is not in an area of special concern, such as areas designated as having national or international importance (e.g. world heritages, wetlands, biosphere reserve, wildlife refuge, or protected areas). The project will not lead to the extinction of endangered and endemic species, nor the degradation of critical ecosystems, and habitats. However, the project site can be considered as a sensitive spot, since River Athi is approximately 500 metres away from the proposed project site. The current WWTP empties its treated water into the river. However, it was noted that the system has broken down and untreated water is finding its way into the environment. The water could end into the river system through ground infiltration as well as through surface runoff during rainy seasons. This scenario can endanger aquatic lives and affect the health of livestock and people using the river water downstream.

Plate 1: Untreated effluent within the vicinity of project site



The project area, including the proposed site, has a moderately rich biodiversity. There is wild fauna in the scattered flora where acacia tree species dominate specifically. Other vegetation include dwarf shrubs and savannah grassland. Some trees will be cleared at the project site while doing the excavation work. As part of greening the area new trees will be planted around the project site.

Plate 2: Acacia mellifera tree species within the project area

The wildlife in the project site is quite diverse. Reptiles and insects are common in the shrubs and acacia trees. Small antelopes like gazelles and dik-dik, hedgehogs, jackals and others are the main mammals living in the project area. Many species of local and migrating birds are available in the project area. Even birds of prey like common buzzard and African hawks are also found in the area, which is a sign of existence of small animals such as rabbits and mice.

4.10 Air Quality

Ambient air quality remains pure as most of the ground surface is covered by grass, dwarf shrubs and scattered acacia trees. Fugitive dust is transient in nature and predominantly caused by private vehicles and waste water exhaust trucks and sometimes large herds of livestock on their way to watering points. Residents interviewed during the study indicated that occasionally strong odour emanating from the WWTP infiltrate the air in the neighbourhood causing great discomfort to the residents.

4.11 Socio-economic set up

4.11.1 Demography and Settlement

According to the 2009 KNBS figures Athi River Sub County had a population of 139,502 people which was projected to grow to 157,288 in 2015. Kinanie location which falls in Athi River County with an exception of Kinanie Trading Centre is moderately populated generally between



150 – 200 persons per square kilometer. Kwa Mboo sub-location where the proposed WWTP will be located is to have 5,000 people. Kinanie location was initially a ranch owned by Lukenya Ranching and Housing Cooperative Society that specialized in dairy, sisal farming and irrigation farming using the Mbagathi River. The land was later subdivided into between 5 – 40 acres parcels and allocated to members of the society. Some of the parcels have further been subdivided and sold to other people who have settled in the area. There are moderate settlements in the area with semi-permanent to permanent houses. Most of the residents in the area engage in subsistence agriculture that include irrigation farming using the Mbagathi River.

4.11.2 Land use and Livelihoods

The project area lies in Kwa Mboo sub-location which is largely a rural setup with little urban interference. The area has large tracts of idle land with moderate human settlements. The main economic activities in the area are subsistence agricultures, sand harvesting in river beds and quarries, livestock keeping as well as small scale trade and commerce. Currently there are no industrial activities in the area and the proposed Leather industrial park in the area will revolutionize the land use pattern in the entire location.

Plate 3: Moderate human settlement within the project area

4.11.3 Energy Resources

Different types of energy sources are in use in the project area and include electricity, firewood, charcoal, kerosene, gas and biogas. Electricity and gas are the most commonly utilized energy sources both for domestic and commercial purposes. The proposed project area is served by electricity and hence that will be the source of energy for the project. Other forms of energy available in Machakos County that are not yet exploited to their full potential include wind and solar energy.



4.11.4 Road and Transport network

The project area can be accessed using an earth road approximately 12 kilometers from Mombasa Road turn-off near Athi River Township. The earth road is in a poor state of repair and is not easily motorable during rainy season. There are no public transport vehicles in the project area.

Plate 4: Poor road network to the project site

4.11.5 Public Health and Safety

The project area is in a rural set up and therefore has little social amenity facilities. Kwa Mboo sub-location with a population estimated at 5000 people has no any health facilities. The residents rely on Kaninie health centre which is 6 kilometers from the proposed project site. The area is served by Athi River Police Station which is approximately 7 kilometers from the site. There is no fire station in the area. Residents in the area rely on borehole for potable water supply. Some residents downstream in Kangemi Village within Kwa Mboo sub-location use water from River Athi for domestic purposes. The river water is also used for livestock as well as for subsistence irrigation farming. Toilets are mainly pit latrines with very few dwellings appearing to have inside flush toilets. Due to the poor state of the access road some waste water exhauster truck empties their content in the bushes especially during rainy season or when the waste treatment plant is closed. The current WWTP works between 6 am – 6 pm daily. Residents also complained that some unscrupulous waste water exhauster truck drivers soil the road with waste water besides generating dust during dry season.



4.12 Existing infrastructure

4.12.1 General

Athi River Export Processing Zone is situated about 30 km South East of Nairobi town and off Nairobi-Mombasa highway. Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is located about 19 km North-East of Athi River Export Processing Zone. Conveyance of industrial and domestic wastewater is through R.C.C channel of 1.2x1.2 m size. Access manhole are provided on this channel at an interval of 300-500 m. Area adjacent to existing WWTP is owned by EPZA for further expansion of proposed WWTP and to accommodate proposed leather industrial park that will consist of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) to pre-treat wastewater from the park.

4.12.2 Water Supply to EPZ and surrounding area

Main bulk water supply to EPZA and surrounding area is from Nairobi Water Authority. There are five boreholes drilled in EPZ area which are also used for water supply. EPZ has dedicated 24x7 water reticulation system. Kitengela town is supplied with water from EPZA. The industrial and domestic wastewater from EPZ and surrounding area is conveyed to the existing WWTP through RCC box channel of 1.2 x 1.2 m size of 19 km length. Storm water from EPZ is conveyed through the storm water channel to Athi River.

4.12.3 Water supply system

EPZ is supplied with about 4000 to 6000 m3/day of water from Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company through 300 mm dia MS gravity main. There are 7 nos of tapping to supply water to the surrounding area. The water is collected at GLSR of 8500 m3 capacity. The GLSR is of size approximately 36x54x4.5 m located at Mlolongo about 29 km from Nairobi. Water is conveyed through 400mm to 600mm dia transmission (Gravity and pumping) mains to the various nodes of the distribution system having 6.2 km length. 1000 m3/day water is pumped from 5 Nos. of boreholes drilled in the EPZ premises. Additional supply from storage dam located at about 12.9 km from EPZ. The water is collected in 2000 m3 storage reservoir through 250 mm diameter gravity main. For Mavoko and Kitengela villages water supply is from EPZA system

4.13 Wastewater Generation and Management

4.13.1 Existing wastewater treatment plant

The main units of existing WWTP includes the division chamber, course screen, channels, distribution chambers and channels to convey wastewater to the four anaerobic ponds. It is observed that only one of the four anaerobic ponds is in use. The 1st facultative pond is put out of service and sludge removal work is being carried out using two poclains and one dumper truck. The dumper truck was collecting the sludge and disposing it to the left side of the treatment plant looking down to the river. The R.C.C channels carrying wastewater between the treatment plant was broken down at places thereby letting wastewater to natural channels and is collected into the channel downstream. The effluent in the 3rd facultative and maturation ponds is dark pink in color. Due to sulphide build up concrete corrosion of conveying R.C.C channel of WWTP is observed



4.13.2 Sewerage System

160-300 mm dia RCC pipe network is laid. 3.5km trunk sewer and 15.5 km of box drain is laid to convey the discharge to existing WWTP. Industries are connected to sewer network and industries are discharging without pre-treatment except two industries which has oil and grease trap. There is no septic tank inside EPZ. Outside area has septic tanks and their sludge is conveyed to WWTP site and let out in the Inlet chamber of WWTP

4.13.3 Categories / Type of Effluent Generating Industries in the Project Area (EPZA Campus & Mombasa Road Zone)

Treatability of mixed effluent streams generated from various types of industries is a complex issue in respect providing a treatment scheme and for its operation. WWTP can be classified based on the combination of industries that it serves i.e. (i) Those for homogeneous industries (Garments, Agro based, Pharmaceutical, Food

processing, Textiles, Tanneries etc.) (ii) Those serving heterogeneous industries including chemical industries Most of the industries falling in the project area are homogeneous industries. Proportion of sector contribution proposed under Phase I & II development of EPZA campus is given in the Table below based on the wastewater inventory. Table 4. 1: Proposed Sectoral Contribution of Industries into the EPZA Campus

S. No. Type of Industry Contribution % m3/day

1 Agro Based Industries 25 2713

2 Food Processing Industries 15 1628

3 Garment Industries 15 1628

4 Pharmaceutical Industries 15 1628

5 Distilleries 10 1085

6 Textile Industries 10 1085

7 Administrative Building Service Provided 10 1085

Total 100 10853

4.13.4 Wastewater generation by major industries

The table below gives a summary of wastewater generation by major industries within EPZA Table 4. 2: Wastewater Generation by Major Industries of EPZA

S.No. Industry Name Wastewater Generation (m3/month)

Wastewater Generation (m3/day)

1 Leather life EPZA LTD 1822.5 59

2 Ivee Infusion EPZA LTD 1635 53

3 Alltex EPZA LTD 862.5 28

4 New wide Garments 517.5 17

5 Ivee Aqua EPZA LTD 487.5 13

6 Advance Boi Extract LTD 412.5 13



4.13.5 Water consumption by various zone where EPZA supplies water

The Table below gives a summary of water consumption by various zones where EPZA supplies water Table 4. 3: Water Consumption by various zone where EPZA supplies water

S.No. Zone Actual Water Consumption (m

3/month)

Actual Water Consumption (m

3/day)

1 EPZA EPZA 25122 810

2 ATHI RIVER Township 16143 521

3 KITENGELA

Bakery 6548 211

Mbote 13184 425

Milimani 7870 254

New Valley 12861 415

Noonkopir 582 19

Sambo 1373 44

4 MOMBASA ROAD

Mavwasco 105991 3419

Mombasa Road 56317 1817

Total 245991 7935

4.13.6 Estimation of Wastewater Generation from EPZA Campus

Wastewater generation at EPZ campus is as indicated in the Tables below: Table 4. 4: Area of Phase I and II of EPZA Campus

S. No. EPZA Phase Size (Ha)

1 EPZA Phase I 165.15

2 EPZA Phase II (Lot 2 ) 192.43

3 Residential Area (Lot 3) 30

Total Area 388

Table 4. 5: Collection of wastewater generation from EPZA Campus

Total area of EPZA Phase I & II 387.58 ha

Assume reservation land for the Road as 20% 77.52 ha

Actual Area occupied by Industrial Plots 310.06 ha

Industrial effluent generation @ 35000 l/ha/day 10853 m3/day

Domestic wastewater generation @ 20000 l/ha/day 600 m3/day

Total Wastewater Generation 11453 m3/day



Table 4. 6: Wastewater generation from EPZA campus

S. No. Wastewater generation from EPZA, campus m3/day MLD

1 Industrial effluent and domestic Wastewater from EPZA 10853 10.85

2 Domestic Wastewater Generation from Residential Area 600 0.60

Total Wastewater Generation from EPZA 11453 11.45

Total EPZA campus industrial effluent generated is distributed accordingly and is given in below. Table 4. 7: Total EPZA Campus industrial wastewater generation

S.No. Zone Actual Water Consumption (m

3/month)

Actual Wastewater Generate (m

3/month)

Projected Wastewater generation (m3/month)

Projected Wastewater generation (MLD)

1 EPZA 25122 15123 355043 11.45

4.13.7 Wastewater Generation from Surrounding Areas

Wastewater generation from the Athi River and Mombasa Road zone joins to the RCC Trunk Main through sewerage system. Based on the existing water supply and considering 80% of the water supply as wastewater, total present wastewater generation from Athi River, Mombasa Road and Kitengela zone is calculated and is projected as 30% increase in future. Present wastewater generation and projected wastewater generation from the Athi River, Kitengela and Mombasa Road zone is presented in Table 4.8 below Table 4. 8: Wastewater generation from Athi River, Kitengela and Mombasa Road Zone

No. Zone

Present Water Consumption (m

3/month)

Present Wastewater Generation (m

3/month)

Projected Wastewater generation (m

3/month)

Projected Wastewater generation (m

3/day)

1 ATHI RIVER Township 16143 12914.40 16789 542

2 KITENGELA

Bakery 6548 5238.40 6810 220

Mbote 13184 10547.20 13711 442

Milimani 7870 6296.00 8185 264

New Valley 12861 10288.80 13375 431

Noonkopir 582 465.60 605 20

Sambo 1373 1098.40 1428 46

3 MOMBASA ROAD

Mavwasco 105991 84792.80 110231 3556

Mombasa Road

56317 45053.60 58570 1889

Total 220869 176695 229704 7410

4.13.8 Domestic wastewater from areas not connected



The domestic wastewater from areas not connected to the current sewer line is conveyed through the tankers (15 to 18 m3 capacity) and let out into the inlet chamber of existing WWTP. These tankers collect sludge from septic tanks of households, commercial complexes in the town and industries. On a daily basis 20-25 tankers discharge their contents into the inlet chamber of WWTP.

4.13.9 Wastewater Generation from the Proposed Kinanie Industrial Leather Park

Leather industrial park is located 14 km off Mombasa road to the north. The site for the master plan is a total of 500 acres under EPZA land title in Kinanie, Machakos County. The master plan is zoned into areas accommodating the following functions.

Infrastructure

Tanneries

Value additional parks

SME park

Trade Centre

Administration Centre

Research and development

Training Centre

Housing estate

Customs and Logistics Park

Utilities and service center As per the Master Plan and based on the area allocated to each zone, wastewater generation has been calculated and is given in the Table below. Table 4. 9: Wastewater generation from various zones of Industrial Leather Park, Kinanie

No. Master Plan Zone Advisory Plan Area (ha)

Wastewater (m

3/ha)

Total Effluent (m3)

1 Tanneries (Four Alpharama Industry)

30.84 3200*

2 Domestic Wastewater from Tanneries

360**

3 Value Additional Park 42.54 17 723.18

4 Residential 8.14 20 162.8

5 Educational 3.65 10 36.5

6 Recreation 26.8 Nil Nil

7 Public Purpose 6.2 15 93

8 Commercial 9.29 17 156.1

9 Public Utility 128.32 Nil Nil

10 Transportation 43.29 Nil Nil

4732

Consider Infiltration 10% MLD 473

5000

CAPACITY OF PROPOSED KINANIE INDUSTRIAL LEATHER PARK, CETP 5 MLD



Note:* Industrial Leather Park (Ph-I and Ph-II) shall consist of total 4 Alpharama Ltd Industries. Consider each Industry has 20 Tonne Leather productions daily. Total Leather Production is 80 Tonne from the Industrial Leather Park (Ph-I and Ph-II). As per UNIDO, Water consumption is 40 m3/Tonne. Hence, Total Effluent per day is 3200 m3 **Consider around 2000 employee per Tannery and assume 45 LPCD per person. Total Domestic Wastewater from Tanneries is 360 m3 Total wastewater generation from EPZA area, Athi River Township, Mombasa Road area, Kitengela and Kinanie industrial leather park is tabulated in Table 4.10 below Table 4. 10: Total Wastewater Generation from Project Area and Industrial Leather Park

S. No. Zone Actual Water Consumption (m

3/month)

Actual Wastewater Generate (m

3/month)

Projected Wastewater generation (m3/month)

Projected Wastewater generation (MLD)

1 EPZA EPZA 25122 15123 355043 11.45

2 ATHI RIVER Township 16143 12914 16789 0.54

3 KITENGELA

Bakery 6548 5238 6810 0.22

Mbote 13184 10547 13711 0.44

Milimani 7870 6296 8185 0.26

New Valley 12861 10289 13375 0.43

Noonkopir 582 466 605 0.02

Sambo 1373 1098 1428 0.05

4 MOMBASA ROAD

Mavwasco 105991 84793 110231 3.56

Mombasa Road

56317 45054 58570 1.89

5 INDUSTRIAL LEATHER PARK

4 Alpharama Industries

- - 146678 4.73

TOTAL 245991 191818.20 731424.87 23.59

Wastewater per day (m

3/day) 6187.68 23594.35

Million liter per Day (MLD) 6.19 23.59

Consider Infiltration 10% (MLD) - 2.36

Total Wastewater(MLD) - 26

4.13.10 Storm water drainage System

There is a well-constructed storm water drainage network. It is finally discharges into Athi River. 21.8 km storm water drains in EPZ premises. Two rainy seasons one from February to May and another from October to December



CHAPTER 5: POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

5.1 General

According to the Kenya National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, 1994) the Government recognized the negative impacts on ecosystems emanating from industrial, economic and social development programmes that disregarded environmental sustainability. Following this, the establishment of appropriate policies and legal guidelines as well as harmonization of the existing ones have been accomplished and/or are in the process of development. The NEAP process introduced environmental assessments in the country with the key stakeholders being industrialists, business community and local authorities. This culminated into the preparation and passage of Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999

5.2 Constitution of Kenya 2010 and the Relevant National Policies

Table 5. 1: Relevant National Policies

Policy Relevance to the proposed project

The Constitution of Kenya 2010 The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic and binds all persons and all State organs at all levels of government. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 provides the broad framework regulating all existence and development aspects of interest to the people of Kenya, and along which all national and sectoral legislative documents are drawn. In relation to the environment, article 42 of chapter four, The Bill of Rights, confers to every person the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69, and to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.

In conformity with the Constitution of Kenya, every activity or project undertaken within the republic must be in tandem with the state’s vision for the national environment as well as adherence to the right of every individual to a clean and healthy environment. The proposed project is a central development activity that utilizes sensitive components of the physical and natural environment hence need for a clearly spelt out environmental management plan to mitigate possible adverse effects to the environment.

National Land Policy of 2009 The policy recognizes that land is critical to the economic, social, and cultural development of Kenya and that the use of land in urban and rural areas as well as in the land/water interface has been a major area of concern to all Kenyans. Problems of rapid urbanization, inadequate land use planning; unsustainable production, poor environmental management, inappropriate ecosystem protection and

The planning principles outlined in this policy will guide the process of implementation of the proposed project and public participation, a major component environmental assessment and audits shall always be carried out to ensure that all stakeholders are aware of any planned project activity.



management are commonplace and require appropriate policy responses. The policy further recognizes that land use planning is essential to the efficient and sustainable utilization and management of land and land based resources and gives guidelines on development of land in urban and peri-urban areas. It also recognizes that sustainable land use practices are key to the provision of food security and attainment of food self-sufficiency. The policy recognizes Environmental Assessment and Audit as Land Management Tools

The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). The NEAP was a deliberate policy effort to integrate environmental considerations into the country’s economic and social development. The integration process was to be achieved through a multi-sectoral approach to develop a comprehensive framework to ensure that environmental management and conservation of natural resources are an integral part of societal decision making. The NEAP also establishes the process of identifying environmental problems and issues, raising environmental awareness, building national consensus, defining policies, legislation and institutional needs and planning environmental projects.

The proposed project will interact with the various elements and components of the physical, social and economic environments in ways that could lead to negative impacts. Issues of environmental integrity will be addressed through robust environmental assessment processes and public participation.

5.2 Legal Framework

Table 5. 2: Relevant Legal Framework

Legislation Relevance to the project

The Water Act of 2002 Cap 372 laws of Kenya The Water Act 2002 vests the rights over all water to the state, and the power for the control of all body of water with the Cabinet Secretary. The powers are exercised through the Cabinet Secretary and the Director of water resources in consultation with the regional water resources boards. Its provisions aim at the conservation of water, apportionment, and use of water resources. The Act provides for national monitoring and information archiving system on water resources. It prohibits pollution of water

Water [pollution as a result of release of wastewater into Athi River is a possibility. Availability of water of adequate quantity and quality is also central to the success of project activities. All stakeholders must ensure that project activities do not in any way interfere with water quality and quantity for competing uses. There should be constant consultations between and among key stakeholders in project implementation on matters of water management in a bid to realise project objectives.

Water Rules 2002

These rules have set out standard procedures to be followed in the utilization of water resources including abstraction, controls, modes of



One of the outcomes of the water sector reforms has been improved regulatory framework for water resource management and use. In addition to the Water Act 2002, the main document outlining the regulations is the Water Resource Management Rules 2005. The rules set out the procedures for obtaining water use permits and the conditions placed on permit holders. Sections 54 to 69 of the Water Resources Management Rules 2005 impose certain statutory requirements on the project owners and users in regard to water use.

use and responsibilities in protection of water resources including effluent treatment standards. EPZA will work closely with other stakeholders to ensure that the provisions of these regulations are complied with at all times.

Environment Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 The main objective of this Act is the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment in Kenya. The Act further aims to improve the legal and administrative coordination of the diverse sectoral initiatives in the field of environment so as to enhance the national capacity for its effective management. In addition, the Act seeks to harmonize all the 77 sector specific legislations touching on the environment in a manner designed to ensure greater protection of the environment. This is in line with national objectives and sustainable development goals enunciated in the Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The ultimate objective is to provide a framework for integrating environmental considerations into the country’s overall economic and social development. In terms of environmental management, the EMCA, 1999, provides a comprehensive and an appropriately harmonized legal and institutional framework for the handling of all environmental issues in Kenya and covers all sectoral laws.

Environmental Management and Coordination Act provide a legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment- related matters. Environmental quality conservation aspects of the proposed project will be realized through the implementation of environmental management & social monitoring plan aimed at mitigating the potentially negative impacts and enhancing the potentially positive impacts predicted through environmental impact assessment.

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 2007 Cap 514 Laws of Kenya The Act makes provision for the health, safety and welfare of persons employed in factories and other places of work. The provision requires that all practicable measures be taken to protect persons employed in the factory and other places of work from any injury. The provisions of the Act are also relevant to the management of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, which may arise at the project site. The Act provides that all measures should be taken to ensure safety, health and welfare of the all stakeholders in the work place.

Activities associated with construction such as excavating of trenches, movement of construction vehicles, the use of equipment and the congregation of workers and staff on site increase the risk of occupational injury. Construction activities will also result in access of the area by vehicles delivering materials to the site that may result in accidents/incidents. Work at the proposed sites may involve hazards such as accidental falls into open trenches, working at heights, exposure to energized circuits, and heavy equipment. Other potential sources of occupational injuries include entry into confined spaces, including manholes, dust generation associated with operation and circulation of construction vehicles and equipment, as well as by wind dispersal of excavated material among others.



Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003. Regulation 7 of Part II on Project Report requires the proponent to prepare a project report and stipulates in Sub-regulations 1a-k what the contents of the project report are supposed to include. The proponent is also required to pay special attention to the issues specified in the Second Schedule of the regulations. Sub regulation 3 states who is qualified to prepare a project report. The regulations also talk about submission of the project report, comments on the project report and the circumstances under which and environmental Impact Assessment study can be carried out. The regulations give a proponent who is dissatisfied with the authority’s decision that an Environmental Impact Assessment study is required to within fourteen days of the Authority’s decision appeal against the decision to the tribunal in accordance with regulation 46. The regulation also give in 3rd Schedule general guidelines for carrying out an environmental impact assessment study and fees for environmental impact assessment license in the 4

th schedule.

These regulations stipulate how an EIA should be done and specify all the requirements. They highlight stages to be followed, information to be made available, role of every stakeholder and rules to observe during the whole EIA process. All these are relevant to the proposed project

The Surveys Act Cap 299 Laws of Kenya This is an Act of parliament that make provisions in relation to surveys and geographical names and the licensing of land surveyors.

Surveyors shall carry out surveying in a manner as to ensure that surveys accords in all respect with the provisions of this Act and regulations made there under and shall be responsible for correctness and completeness of every survey carried out by them or under their supervision. Boundaries and bench marks for any land or holding should be shown on the map.

Environmental Management and Co-Ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006 These Regulations apply to drinking water, water used for industrial purposes, water used for agricultural purposes, water used for recreational purposes, water used for fisheries and wildlife, and water used for any other purposes. The Regulations provide for prevention of water pollution. They require every person to refrain from any act which directly or indirectly causes, or may cause immediate or subsequent water pollution. The regulations also require that no person shall throw or cause to flow into or near a water resource any liquid, solid or gaseous substance or deposit any such substance in or near it, as to cause pollution.

Wastewater from the proposed project should meet the standards set in these Regulations. Provisions of these regulations with regard to water quality will be adhered to in order to foster sustainable development principles.

The Public Health Act Cap 242 Laws of Kenya

Health issues will be integrated into the project to ensure environmental health is appropriately addressed. All stakeholders must undertake to



The Act contains comprehensive provisions on discharges of pollutants into watercourses among other prohibitions. The Act makes it the duty of every local authority (in the capacity of “health” authority) to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures to safeguard and promote public health. Section 13 Part IX of the Act deals with sanitation and housing, and is of most significance for the control of polluting discharges. The Act also makes provision for protecting from pollution sources of drinking water supply. Section 129 makes it the duty of the Local authorities to prevent such pollution, to purify a pollution source and to prosecute the polluters. The Cabinet Secretary may make, and require local authorities to enforce rules for preventing polluting activities threatening such drinking water supply, and for purifying polluted water.

comply with provisions of the regulations by ensuring that the necessary plans to achieve requirements of the regulations are put in place. Measures to mitigate all forms of nuisance in compliance with Part IX Sections 115 and 118 of the Act will be put in place throughout implementation and operation phases of the project. Contractors will also manage solid waste arising from project related activities in compliance with provisions of this Act.

The Penal Code Cap 63 Chapter XVII on “Nuisances and offences against health and convenience” contained in the Penal Code strictly prohibits the release of foul air into the environment which affects the health of the persons. It states “Any person who voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public way is guilty of a misdemeanor”.

All stakeholders will comply with provisions of the Code prohibiting fouling of water (section 191) and fouling of air (Section 192 and construction and operation processes will be carried out in a way that fosters sustainable development principles.

Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution (Control) Regulations, 2009. Under Part II , section 3 on ‘general prohibitions’, the Regulations provide that no person shall make or cause to be made any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment. In determining whether noise is loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual; various factors including time of the day; proximity to residential area; whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant; and the level and intensity of the noise among others may be considered. Any person who contravenes the provisions of this Regulation commits an offence.

Sources of noise during implementation of project activities include site machines and construction vehicles. Neighbouring communities should not be affected by noise from construction sites. Contractors will ensure that noise levels at all construction sites are within regulatory limits stipulated in the First Schedule of these regulations. Where the levels are exceeded, and especially for construction workers, mitigative measures including wearing ear protection and carrying out construction activities during daytime will be put in place.

Solid Waste Regulations 2006 These Regulations apply to all categories of waste including solid

Construction works will involve opening up of access roads to material abstraction and intake works. Excavation and trenching works will generate spoils that will need to be disposed of properly. Provisions of



waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, pesticides and toxic substances, biomedical wastes and radioactive substances. Part II of the regulations prescribes responsibility of waste generators. The regulations also provide for any person who owns or controls a facility or premises which generates waste to minimize the waste generated by adopting cleaner production principles which include among others: improvement of production process through conservation of raw materials and energy; eliminating the use of toxic raw materials within such time as may be prescribed by the Authority and reducing toxic emissions and wastes, monitoring the product cycle from beginning to end.

these regulations with regard to waste management and cleaner production principles will be observed by all stakeholders.



5.3 Regulatory Framework

5.3.1 The Water Sector Regulations

5.3.1.1 General The National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development and the Water Act 2002, presently guides water resources management. The overall goal of the National Water Development Policy is to facilitate the provision of water in sufficient quantity and quality and within a reasonable distance to meet all competing uses in a sustainable, rational and economical way. This policy separates policy formulation, regulation and services provision and defines clear roles for sector actors within a decentralized institutional framework and includes private sector participation and increased community development. Under the policy, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is responsible for policy development, sector co-ordination, monitoring and supervision to ensure effective Water and Sewerage Services in the country, sustainability of water resources and development of water resources for irrigation, commercial, industrial, power generation and other uses. The ministry executes its mandate through the following sector institutions: 5.3.1.2 Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) The Regulatory Board is responsible for the regulation of the water and sewerage services in partnership with the people of Kenya. The mandate of the regulator covers the following key areas: Regulating the provision of water and sewerage services including licensing, quality assurance, and issuance of guidelines for tariffs, prices and disputes resolution; Overseeing the implementation of policies and strategies relating to provision of water services Licensing of Water Services Boards and approving their appointed Water Services Providers; Monitoring the performance of the Water Service Boards and Water Service Providers Establish the procedure of customer complaints; inform the public on the sector performance, and gives advice to the Minister in charge of water affairs. 5.3.1.3 Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) The Authority is responsible for sustainable management of the nation’s water resources; implementation of policies and strategies relating to management of water resources; develop principles, guidelines and procedures for the allocation of water; development of catchments level management strategies including appointment of catchments area advisory committees; regulation and protection of water resources quality from adverse impacts; and classification, monitoring and allocation of water resources. 5.3.1.4 Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF) This body assists in the financing of the provision of water services to areas of Kenya that are without adequate water services. This shall include providing financing support to improved water services towards capital investment to community water schemes in underserved areas; capacity building activities and initiative among communities’ water services activities outlined in the water services strategic plan as prioritized by the government; awareness creation and



information dissemination regarding community management of water services; and active community participation in the management of water services 5.3.1.5 Water Services Boards (WSBs) The WSBs are responsible for the efficient and economical provision of water and sewerage services in their areas of jurisdiction. The project area falls under Tanathi Water Services Board which is among the eight catchment Boards established under the Act mandated to; develop the facilities; prepare business plans and performance targets and planning for efficient and economical provision of water and sewerage services within their areas of jurisdiction among other functions. 5.3.1.6 Water Services Providers Water Service Providers are the utilities or water companies. They are commercial entities and are therefore required to improve their performance and run like business within a context of efficiency, operational and financial autonomy, accountability and strategic, but minor investment

5.3.2 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

NEMA is the regulatory body charged with management and coordination of environmental issues. The object and purpose for which the Authority was established is to exercise general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment.

5.4 World Bank Guidelines

5.4.1 OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment (January 1999)

Ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessments are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process, and ensures that views of project-affected persons/groups and local NGOs are taken into account.

5.4.2 OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats (June 2001)

This supports the conservation of natural habitats and the maintenance of ecological functions as a basis for sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.

5.4.3 OP 15.50 Disclosures

This Policy details the Banks requirements for making operational information available to the public. The Bank reaffirms its recognition and endorsement of the fundamental importance of transparency and accountability to the development process. In addition, timely dissemination of information to local groups affected by the projects and programs supported by the Bank, including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), is essential for the effective implementation and sustainability of projects.



CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the assessment of the issues likely to arise as a result of implementation of the proposed project. For each issue, the analysis is based on its nature, the predicted impact, extent, duration, intensity and probability, and the stakeholders and/or values affected. In accordance with best practice, the analysis includes issues relating to the project's environmental and social sustainability. For potential negative impacts judged to be significant and require mitigation, the analysis is followed by notes on mitigation options. Impacts and their possible mitigation are combined in this chapter, for easy reference. As in most impact studies, the analyses focus on potential problems and their solutions. Appropriate actions, are included in the EMP (Chapter 9), and recommended immediate next steps are highlighted in Chapter 10.

6.2 Identification of Key Impacts

The key impacts listed in the following section have been determined through views of interested and affected parties; applicable legal and regulatory framework; and professional understanding of the project team and environmental assessment practitioners.

6.3 Impact analysis and proposed mitigation measures

The findings of the impact assessment have been consolidated in the sections below. The impacts have been classified as impacts on the biophysical environment and impacts on the socio-economic environment. The impacts are further classified in terms of the phase of the development in which they are likely to occur, namely the construction phase, the operational phase and the decommissioning phase. The mitigation measures are also highlighted in this chapter. 6.4 Positive Environmental Impacts (i) If the WWTP is not established, the pollution created by the current practice of wastewater

discharge into the river will continue. This will exert negative effects on the local environment and intensify the existing public health problems and social tensions.

(ii) Because of its wastewater treatment potential, the plant will have a positive impact on the environment. In other words, significant positive impacts will occur on the quality of surface and ground water, on public health, and on socio-economic development of the project area, taking into consideration that the current treatment process that discharges treated water into River Athi has caused a number of negative impacts.

(iii) The residents of the area will experience net positive environmental benefits from the project. The public health of the community will be upgraded due to improved standard of wastewater management. Income opportunities will be created for local people during the construction and operational phases. A cleaner environment will encourage the development of eco-tourism and other projects in the project area.



6.5 Negative Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

6.5.1 Environmental impacts as a result of construction and earth moving operations

6.5.1.1 Soil erosion During the construction phase of the project, which will last 2 to 3 months, soil and rock excavation and disturbance will take place at the site. If this work coincides with the rainy season soil erosion will result at the site. On the other hand, haphazard dumping of excavated material will create soil erosion and aesthetic disturbance. This will also cover some of the trees and shrubs of the site and suffocate them. Mitigation Measures for soil erosion

Spraying water during excavation will minimize dust generation.

The earth moving operation will be carried out during the dry season and the piled soil will be properly used for landscaping and the excavated rocks in construction of retaining walls and terraces. Proper landscaping will lead into tree planting around the site.

Proper drainage canals will be constructed around the project site, in order to avoid flooding and soil erosion (by runoff).

6.5.1.2 Air emissions There will be emissions from vehicles of VOCs, NOx, SOx, CO2 and particulate matter to the atmosphere and thus contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas production and global warming. Nevertheless, these emissions will be minimal because they will not occur in high frequencies or for long periods of time. Mitigation measures for air emissions

Decreasing the number of trips carried out by the vehicles will minimize air pollution. 6.5.1.3 Oil spills Excavating vehicles use hydraulic oils, lubricants and greases, which might be spilled accidentally. Their haphazard discharge on the ground can contaminate the natural environment. Mitigation measures for oil spills 6.5.1.4 Noise pollution The noise of the vehicles and workers at the site will cause disturbance for the wildlife, especially birds, but for a limited period of 2-3 months. Noise will be also generated due to traffic created during the delivery of construction material. This may cause nuisance for the residents. Mitigation Measures for noise pollution

Schedule road traffic movements to normal working hours (08H00 –17H00).



All equipment and vehicles on the site should be equipped with noise suppressing measures and kept in proper working order.

6.5.1.5 Dust Pollution Dust generated during the construction phase can contribute to air pollution directly and indirectly as synergists or carriers of other pollutants. Dust can be generated at the project site because of excavations and vehicular movements, and also during the transport of material and equipment to the plant, when using the 12km long earthen road, which connects the project site and Athi River town. Dust can also affect the plants and crops of nearby farmers by covering their trees and forest trees with dust, which hinder their regular growth. Mitigation measures for dust pollution (i) Dust and air pollution due to dust when excavated material is stock piled, should be limited

by means of wetting (particularly dry season), covering with foil or working in small sections so that the trenches are backfilled with excavated soil within shortest possible period (maximum 2-3 days).

(ii) Construction activities should be scheduled appropriately to reduce high noise levels from overlapping noisy activities.

6.5.1.6 Soil erosion Concrete structures of the WWTP and pavements at the site can cause soil erosion due to runoff from these surfaces. The existence of the plant will be an eye sore at the site. Mitigation measures for soil erosion

Avoid hampering drainage of surface water and plan for restoration measures after construction.

At the end of construction works, level off the soils and facilitate vegetation regeneration.

6.5.2 Environmental impacts during operation phase of the treatment plant

6.5.2.1 Surface and ground water contamination Discharge of improperly treated effluents from the plant can cause surface and groundwater contamination. The plant may also not be able to perform effectively if it is overloaded. Mitigation measures for Surface and ground water contamination Effluent wastewater quality will be tested on a regular basis to ensure that its characteristics are within the set standards. 6.5.2.2 Odors as a result of mismanagement of solid wastes The removed greasy material from the grease and sand trap if not properly stored and managed on regular basis, can cause odors or catch fire.



Mitigation measures for odor from greasy materials

The greasy material from the grease and sand trap will be regularly removed and stored in proper barrels and then collected and disposed with the municipal solid waste.

An automatic torch will be installed, to flare intermittently the biogas that will be generated in the two bio-digesters.

The part-time staff of the plant will be properly trained, to enable them to handle grease and sand removal and taking samples for the lab testing.

Proper outfit and protective clothing will be given to the staff of the plant.

A fence will be installed around the site to keep out animals and for avoidance of vandalism at the site.

Proper landscaping will be done at the site and trees will be planted around the plant and other locations of the project area. Those will compensate the loss of trees that were cut down at the site, during leveling operation.

6.5.2.3 Soil erosion Rainwater run-off from the hard surfaces may create localized soil erosion problem. Mitigation measures for soil erosion

Spraying water during excavation will minimize dust generation.

The earth moving operation will be carried out during the dry season and the piled soil will be properly used for landscaping and the excavated rocks in construction of retaining walls and terraces. Proper landscaping will lead into tree planting around the site.

Proper drainage canals will be constructed around the project site, in order to avoid flooding and soil erosion (by runoff).

6.5.2.4 Contamination of water bodies from sludge If the accumulated sludge in the two digesters, which are cleaned once in every 20 years, is dumped haphazardly this might create contamination of local water resources and the soils. Also if sludge drying is not done during the dry season, there is the possibility that part of the sludge may be driven with the runoff, which can result in the contamination of the surface water resources. Mitigation measures for contamination of water bodies

Proper measures will be taken to avoid accidental surface runoff intrusion from the manholes of the sewage network, which can overburden the plant and cause discharge of partially treated wastewater from the WWTP into the river.

Overdosing of the plant will not be allowed, neither other communities will be connected to the plant. Proper handling and drying of sludge will be done in drying beds, during the summer season.

6.5.3 Impacts on biological, physical, social and economic environment



6.5.3.1 Impact of solid wastes on workers However, the workers of the plant and solid waste collectors might experience negative health impacts, particularly during the removal and collection of greases and sands from the sand & grease trap. Mitigation measures for impacts of solid waste on workers EPZA staff responsible for the treatment plant will be trained for applying safety measures. In addition, adequate protective clothing will be provided to them. 6.5.3.2 Water

In general, the existence of the WWTP will have a positive impact on the surface and ground water quality of the area, because, it will treat the raw sewage currently discharged in the nature and will, as well, eliminate the existing open bottom septic tanks in Kinanie area which cause contamination of water resources and create health problems. During the dry season, the discharged water can be used for irrigation of forest trees, or even be used by farmers for irrigating their olive trees.

If the removed grease from the grease trap is dumped haphazardly at the plant site, it will affect the surface waters, particularly during the wet season when the rains carry them down into the watercourse.

Mitigation measures for impacts on water

With continuous sampling and laboratory tests, the performance of the WWTP will be optimized.

The greasy material from the grease trap will be regularly removed and stored in proper barrels and then collected and disposed with the municipal solid waste.

Awareness campaign will be launched for the residents in order to reduce the introduction of grease and used cooking oil in their kitchen sinks.

6.5.3.3 Air pollution

Air pollution will result during the excavation and construction phase. Dusty conditions will occur. In addition, vehicular emissions will take place. Gaseous and particulate emissions will have their impacts on the natural vegetation. However, this will occur during the construction phase, for a period of 2 to 3 months. During the operational phase of the WWTP, no such conditions will result.

Mitigation measures for air pollution

During the construction phase, water will be sprayed in order to minimize dust emission at the site and along the earthen road.

Unnecessary vehicular trips will be controlled.

Automatic torch will be installed at the site for flaring the generated biogas. 6.5.3.4 Impacts on soil



Limited quantities of soil will be excavated during the construction phase of the treatment plant. If it coincides with the rainy season, this will cause soil erosion at the site. Leveling at the plant site can create soil disturbances, erosion problems and dusty conditions. The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation will improve the fertility of agricultural lands of the area. Nevertheless, when unsatisfactorily treated effluents are released, these might contaminate the soils. If the grease and sludge (once in 20 years) are not properly handled and managed, they can contaminate the nearby soils and create unsightly conditions. Mitigation measures for impacts on soil

The staff of the plant will be trained for proper management of greases, to avoid soil contamination.

Periodic tests will be done to assure the quality of effluent wastewater, to avoid partially treated wastewater to reach the soils.

Excavated soil will be utilized for landscaping and then tree planting purposes. 6.5.3.5 Impact on Flora The biodiversity of the project area is moderately rich with forest tree species, shrubs and annual or seasonal grasses. In the neighboring farms olives, figs, grapes and pomegranates are cultivated. During the construction phase of the treatment plant, 1200m2 will be constructed and the plant cover at the site will be removed. During the operational phase of the WWTP, the discharged effluents will irrigate the trees along the water course of the narrow valley. Mitigation measures for impacts on flora To avoid loss of biodiversity, proper management of WWTP outputs will be done, as stated in various sections here above. 6.5.3.6 Impacts on fauna The fauna in the project area consists of birds, some rodents, snakes, wolves, foxes, and wild boars. During the construction phase of the WWTP, these animals will be disturbed and their habitat affected. The physical existence of the plant might scare the birds from nesting around the site. Effluent of the WWTP will have a minor impact on the soil microorganisms, particularly beyond the immediate vicinity of the plant. In dry season, the plant effluents can become a water source for the wild animals and birds. Mitigation measures for impacts on fauna Various mitigation measures such as tree planting, proper drainage of runoff, reduction of the number of trips and working time of vehicles on site and other measures are already mentioned under different headings. All of these will contribute in the mitigation of the impact on the species that are found at the vicinity of the plant.



CHAPTER 7: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

7.1 Introduction

This chapter looks at the alternatives to the proposed project in terms of site, technology, design, scale and extent. The comparisons of these with the proposed project give rise to the best project option for adoption.

7.2 Alternatives to site.

The proposed site has been selected by the Export Processing Zone Authority based on selection criteria for wastewater treatment plant development. The authority had set aside land within Kinanie area for this project. The consulting team carried out an evaluation within the project area taking records of observation. The evaluation was based on how the proposed project is likely to affect the neighbouring community. Other factors considered during the evaluation included topography and accessibility.

7.3 Alternative technologies

7.3.1 General

Based on wastewater characteristics, appropriate technologies have been identified to arrive at the probable combination of treatment technologies in a treatment scheme. The table below gives a guiding matrix about the characteristics of wastewater and probable technologies that that have been considered for their treatment. Table 7. 1: Technology proposed for treatment of wastewater

Combination

Quality of Effluent

Treatment options

High TDS, and high COD and equivalently high BOD

Waste is not easily biodegradable but toxic

Thermal decomposition (based on calorific value)

Chemical oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, ozone etc.

Evaporation + secured landfill

High TDS, High COD and high difference between COD and BOD

May be toxic; not suitable for biological treatment; mostly inorganic salts

Chemical treatment (recovery, precipitation etc.)

Evaporation + secured landfill of evaporated residue

High TDS, high BOD and low difference between COD & BOD

Highly organic effluent fully biodegradable

Anaerobic + Aerobic treatment .If quantity is less, incineration(based on calorific value) +secure land fill of incineration ash

High TDS, low BOD and low BOD & COD difference

Only inorganic salts, no need for biological treatment

Solar evaporation

Forced evaporation (after separation of volatile organic matter)

Membrane technologies



Low TDS, and high COD and equivalently high BOD

Highly organic effluent, may not be easily biodegradable

Thermal decomposition

Chemical oxidation by hydrogen peroxide or ozone or sodium hypochlorite etc.

Chemical + biological treatment

Low TDS, High COD and high difference between COD and BOD

Highly inorganic effluent, not suitable for biological treatment

Chemical recovery

Chemical oxidation + biological treatment

Low TDS, high BOD and low difference between COD & BOD

Organic effluent, fully biodegradable

Anaerobic + aerobic treatment

Low TDS, low BOD and low BOD & COD difference

Low organic and low inorganic effluent

Recycle and reuse (after preliminary treatment)

The approach to provide effluent treatment at low cost is an important factor to be considered and depends on appropriate designs which are diverse in nature and scale of operations. Typically for small scale units, low capital investment, and lower Operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for treatment are the prime factors. Considering these factors, (i) Mechanical and chemical processes are more preferable to reduce the suspended solid

concentration in effluents before biological treatment. UASB (one of the anaerobic techniques) with less hydraulic retention and less space requirement can be one of the possible options

(ii) To minimize the electrical cost, the possibility of substituting bio-energy should be explored to the extent possible

(iii) Proper management of sludge with its nutritive value would mobilize resources to substitute the operational cost, especially from secondary biological treatment to reduce down-time for maintenance during design of the plant, less manpower with high technical skills would be an added advantage

7.3.2 Treatment technologies

Industrial wastewater operations can range from pre-treatment to full-scale treatment processes. In a typical pre-treatment facility, process and/or sanitary wastewater and/or storm water runoff is collected, equalized, and/or neutralized and then discharged to a wastewater treatment plant with specific characteristics like TDS, COD, NH4 - N, etc., where it is then typically treated further. Wastewater treatment can be divided into four/five major categories or steps based on design, and O&M: (i) Segregation at source of generation to remove toxic chemicals (ii) Preliminary treatment - It involves a number of unit processes to eliminate undesirable

characteristics of wastewater. Processes include use of screen, grit chambers for removal of sand and large particles, communitors for grinding of coarse solids, pre-aeration for odour control and removal of oil and grease

(iii) Primary treatment- It involves removal of settable solids prior to biological treatment. The general treatment units include: flash mixer + flocculator + sedimentation

(iv) Secondary treatment- It involves purification of wastewater primarily with dissolved organic matter by microbial action. A number of processes are available but the ones that are mainly used are anaerobic and /or aerobic treatment methods



(v) Tertiary treatment - This mainly includes physical and chemical treatment processes that can be used after the biological treatment to meet the treatment objectives

Design of the actual treatment system for a CETP involves selection of alternative processes based on the requirement/ability of individual treatment processes to remove specific waste constituents. Estimated treatment efficiency for various biological treatment processes considered for the following parameters are given in the Table below.



Table 7. 2: Estimated Treatment Efficiency for various Biological Treatment Processes

Item Extended aeration Conventional activated sludge

SBR UASBs MBR with RO

Performance (typical)

BOD removal, % 95-98 85-92 95-98 75-85 99.50

TSS Removal, % 90 90 98 70-80 99.90

TDS Removal, % Not Removed Not Removed Not Removed Not Removed 90-95%

Nutrient removal, %N 30-40 15-30 - - 85-90

Nutrient removal, %P 10-20 30-45 - _ 99.90

Coliform removal, % 60-90 60-90 60-90 - 99.90

Helminth removal, % - - - Yes Yes

Sludge handling No digestion dry on sand beds or use mechanical dewatering devices.

First digest then dry on beds or use mechanical devices

Sludge drying beds (sand beds)

Directly dry on sand beds or use mechanical devices

Sludge drying beds (sand beds)

Equipment requirement {excluding screening and grit removal which are required in all cases)

Aerators, recycle pumps, sludge scrapers (for large settlers)

Aerators, recycle pumps, scrapers, thickeners, digesters, dryers


Nil (except gas Collection and Flaring; gas Conversion to electricity is optional


Operational characteristics

Simpler than Activated sludge

Skilled operation required

Skilled manpower operation

Simpler than Activated Sludge

Highly skilled manpower and operation



Item Extended aeration Conventional activated sludge

SBR UASBs MBR with RO

Special features BOD removal highest; effluent nitrified; relatively high power' requirement-favoured for small and medium sized plants

Considerable equipment and skilled operation required, especially if gas collection and usage involved-considered mainly for large sized plants

Power requirement similar to extended aeration. Operation requires SCADA and Instrumentation System

Suitable if effluent temperature is high, otherwise heating requirement will be more

High Power requirement due to RO. Capital cost and Annual O&M cost is higher. Zero discharge can be achieved



7.3.2.1 Pre-Treatment The pre-treatment includes coarse screen, fine screen, Parshall flume, oil and grease removal trap, grit chamber (Detroiter type), equalization tank and equalized effluent pumping. Treatment to chrome supernatant is also proposed to recover the chrome if pass through the individual tannery. All these pre-treatment units will be designed for peak factor and may contribute to 10% BOD and 20% suspended solid reduction in waste water. Two numbers of equalization tanks are proposed with floating aerators to homogenize the effluent and oxidize the sulphides present in the raw effluent. The equalization tanks will be required to dewater periodically to remove the sludge. The aerators will be equipped with legs or draft tubes that allow them to come to rest at bottom of the basin without damage. From the equalization tank the wastewater will be pumped to the further treatment units. Treatment to chrome liquor contains homogenization tank, neutralization tank and sedimentation tank. 7.3.2.2 Primary and Secondary Treatments All the units are designed for average flow. (a) UASB Reactor The Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) is a single tank process in an anaerobic centralized or decentralized industrial wastewater treatment system achieving high removal of organic pollutants. Wastewater enters the reactor from the bottom and flows upward. A suspended sludge blanket filters and treats the wastewater as the wastewater flows through it. Bacteria living in the sludge break down organic matter by anaerobic digestion transforming it into biogas. Solids are also retained by a filtration effect of the blanket. The upflow regime and the motion of the gas baffles allow mixing without mechanical assistance. Baffles at the top of the reactor allow gases to escape and prevent an outflow of the sludge blanket. As all aerobic treatments, UASB require a post treatment to remove pathogen but due to a low removal of nutrients, effluent water as well as the stabilized sludge can be used in agriculture. (b) Anaerobic Ponds Anaerobic ponds are designed for surface loading rate of 0.3 kg/m3d of volumetric BOD loading. The detention time is 4 days and removal efficiency is 60% at temperature of 20oC. Tannery wastewater contains significant amounts of Sulphur having present in the form of sulphates and sulphides. The sulphates are further reduces to sulphides under anaerobic conditions. Lime, salts and other chemicals may hinder the anaerobic process. (c) Chemical Treatment In the chemical treatment system of wastewater, specific chemicals are mixed which enhance the separation of solids. Coagulating chemicals (Alum) is added to promote the destabilization of colloidal particles. For pH correction usually lime is added to wastewater. Anionic polyelectrolyte is also added to enhance the process. About 60-80% of suspended solids 40-



65% of BOD and 80-90% bacteria are removed by this process. The chemical sludge settles at the bottom. The overflow is admitted for biological treatment. Sludge produced is more from the chemical precipitation and thus sludge conditioning for dewatering is required. Large quantities of chemicals are required for chemical precipitation process and thus chemical storage; feeding, piping and control system are required. These chemicals are corrosive in nature and thus special attention is required for material of construction used for chemical storages, feeding, piping and control system. 7.3.2.3 Biological Treatments Aerobic suspended growth systems are of two basic types, one with sludge recirculation i.e. Activated Sludge Process & Extended Aeration and another without sludge recirculation i.e. aerated lagoon and Sequential Batch Reactor. In both the cases aeration is provided and 0.8 to 1.2 kg O2/kg of BOD5 removal is required. TDS is not removed. (a) Conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) It consists of

Aeration tank;

Sludge recirculation system;

Excess sludge wasting;

Secondary sedimentation tank and

Sludge treatment including sludge digestion. The overall efficiency is 90% and HRT is 8.5 hours. In the operation and maintenance, proper F/M ratio is required. Further sludge has poor settling characteristics and high rate digester with digester heating and mixing is required. This process is not economical for small capacity. (b) Extended Aeration Process The flow scheme of the extended aeration process and its mixing regime are similar to that of ASP except excess sludge does not require sludge digestion and can be directly dried on sand bed. The method is well suited for small and medium size flow. This process works with low F/M ratio having higher HRT (15 days). The efficiency is 95% to 98%. The overall air requirement is more than ASP due to larger size of aeration tank. The nitrification takes place in the tank. (c) Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) The flow scheme of SBR is similar to extended aeration except secondary settling tank is not provided. It provides highest treatment efficiency possible in a single – step biological process. Primary treated Effluent shall be fed into the Cyclic Activated Sludge Process/SBR Process Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD and Suspended Solids. The primary treated Effluent shall be taken into C-Tech Basins. These C-Tech Basins shall work in sequence and influent flow is controlled using motorized Sluice Gates. The C-Tech Basins shall be complete with Single Stage Direct Drive Centrifugal Turbo Blowers, Diffusers, Grid Piping, Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Pumps, Surplus Activated Sludge (SAS) Pumps, Stainless Steel



Decanters, Auto Valves and PLC etc. All cycles will be automatically controlled using PLC. Excess sludge at a consistency level of 0.8% will be pumped intermittently with the help of SAS Pumps. This can be taken further for Sludge Dewatering or Drying as per process requirement. The treated Effluent from the C-Tech Basins shall be routed to the downstream Tertiary Treatment Units as per specifications i.e. chlorination. The C-Tech System is operated in a batch reactor mode and this eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous process. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment. Two modules shall be provided to ensure continuous treatment. The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take place sequentially. No additional Settling Unit, Secondary Clarifier is required. The complete biological treatment is divided into Cycles and each Cycle is of 3 – 4 hrs duration, during which all treatment steps take place. A basic Cycle comprises of the following phases which take place independently in sequence to constitute a Cycle and then gets repeated.

Fill / Aeration (F/A)

Settling (S)

Decanting (D) In Fill / Aeration phase of a Cycle, the Effluent is filled in the C-Tech Basin up to a set operating Water Level and Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the Effluent. During settling phase, the filling / aeration is stopped and the biomass is allowed to settle under perfect settling conditions during Settling phase. Once settled, the supernatant is removed from the top using a Decanter and excess sludge is wasted from during Decanting phase. (d) Aerobic Lagoon with solids recycles The Aerobic lagoon with solids recycle is essentially the same as extended aeration, activated sludge process; with the exception that earthen (typically lined) basin is used in place of reinforced concrete reactor basin. The aeration requirement for an aerobic lagoon with recycle unit will be higher than the values for an aerobic flow through the lagoon to maintain the solids in suspension. (e) Membrane Bio Reactor-MBR It is a combination of biological treatment / processes and efficiency of membrane filtration and thus this system is suited for treatment of strong industrial wastewater and reclamation of water. MBR is one of the best available technologies in the field of wastewater treatment. External membrane bioreactor and submerged membrane bioreactors are adopted. For high strength wastewater with poor filterability, external MBR is used. MBR plant includes UF membranes which provide a physical barrier that prevents passage of bacterial organisms and solids in the water supply. TDS passes through the ultra-filtrations and thus after MBR effluent is subjected to revenue osmosis system to achieve zero discharge. With RO system TDS reduces to less than 500 mg/lit and this permeate can be reused further. Rest of water is subjected to evaporation to remove the excess salts from it. The land requirement is also less than conventional biological process.



7.3 Sludge Management

7.3.1 Sludge from Chemical Precipitation

The chemicals are used in the treatment process and these chemicals determine the properties of sludge. If heavy metals are present in industrial wastewater then those heavy metals precipitate along with the sludge. The sludge has 3% to 4% solid content. The sludge is collected into the sludge sump and then pumped to thickener. Gravity thickness is proposed to increase the solid content. Gravity thickener is commonly used due to the low energy requirement. The thickening increases solid content to 6% to 7%. Then sludge will be dried on sludge drying bed or on centrifuge.

7.3.2 Biological Sludge

Biological sludge is reach in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous and also with valuable organic matters. Sludge conditioning may be proposed to reduce the water content. The sludge from extended aeration is dried on sand bed or dewatered with centrifuge.

7.3 Wastewater management

7.3.1 Reuse of Wastewater

ZERO Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system can be proposed for tannery wastewater by providing MBR with RO. The BOD reduction up to 98% and total dissolved solids reduction up to 97% can be achieved. The water (permeate) has very low hardness which is always demanded by industries. The proposed Leather Industrial Park is adjoining to the WWTP and thus reuse can be proposed. The concentrate (rejected wastewater) from RO facilities will contain hardness, heavy metals, high molecular weight organics, micro-organism and often hydrogen sulphides (H2S). The pH is usually high due to the concentration of alkalinity which increases the likely hood of metal precipitation in disposal well. The controlled evaporation technique is feasible, however operating and maintenance cost is high and thus this approach is proposed for tannery waste where the value of product water is high. The treated effluent cannot be used for irrigation purpose unless TDS is brought down to the prescribed standard.

7.4 No project alternative

This alternative presupposes that the project will not proceed and status quo remains. The current wastewater treatment plant for EPZA which was constructed in the early 90s has a design capacity of 12,956m3 per day. Due to increase in industries and residential developments along Mombasa Road and Mavoko Sub-County (most of these developments have been connected to the trunk sewer line), the plant has exceeded its capacity. This notwithstanding, EPZA has also serviced phase 2 of Athi River zone with the sewer. It is expected that the plots in this area will be developed and connected to the sewer. This will significantly increase the flow to the treatment plant and may compromise its efficiency. In



addition, it is proposed at very advanced stages that the Leather Industrial Park with significant and heavy effluent generation from tanneries will come into operation. The present wastewater treatment plant is associated with a number of environmental issues among them air pollution and pollution of existing surface water resources. This alternative would mean that this continues and this will jeopardize health and well-being of the residents.



CHAPTER 8: PUBLIC CONSULTATION/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

8.1 Informing potentially affected stakeholders about the Proposed Project

Informing and consulting the public are integral tasks within any environmental assessment process in Kenya and form part of best practice. Accordingly, the TOR required the ESIA consultant to organise and implement a public consultation exercise in undertaking the ESIA process. Informing the local people, leaders and key stakeholders about the proposed project was carried out through community consultative meetings, key informant interviews, questionnaire administration, email communication and telephone calls. During the consultation process, the stakeholders were taken through the proposed project including its objectives, technologies of implementation and possible impacts associated with implementation of the project. Stakeholders were then given time to ask relevant questions regarding the proposed project to enable the consultants clarify on any issues that they may not have understood properly.

8.2 Determination of who should be involved in the ESIA

The ESIA study benefited from extensive stakeholder consultations with a wide cross section of the community. Stakeholder analysis was used to identify stakeholders that should be involved in the ESIA process. The basis of inclusion of these stakeholders was informed by their relevance in terms of their activities within the area and whether they are residents of the area. Their importance and significance in water and sanitation sector within the project area were also considered. The Stakeholders were categorised into two groups for purposes of this study. The first group consisted of institutional stakeholders and the second consisted of community stakeholders. The institutional stakeholders were drawn from line government ministries and departments, as well as various agencies with roles within the project area. Community stakeholders on the other hand were community representatives drawn from various structures of community governance within the project area.

8.3 Methods used to consult various stakeholders

The following is a summary of the methods used to consult various stakeholders during the ESIA process.

8.3.1 Focused Group Discussions (FGD)

Focused group discussions were held with various interest groups within the project area in order to share ideas about the proposed project under. The discussions were arranged in consultation with leadership of the various groups including area Chiefs and assistant Chiefs. Those consulted through this method include local community elders (village elders). During the discussions, stakeholders were taken through the objectives of the proposed project and impacts anticipated as a result of implementation of project components.



8.3.2 Key informant interviews

One-on-one interviews with key stakeholders within the project area were undertaken in order to gather baseline information on the project area and also to assist in analysis of existing and anticipated impacts of project activities to the community and institutions within the project area. These interviews were conducted to augment and confirm data and information obtained using other tools and methodologies. The interviews were focused on getting information from key stakeholders within the project area and focused on key stakeholders in water and sanitation sector within Athi River Sub County. Among those consulted through this method include the Chief of the area, Assistant chiefs, Technical Manager of Mavoko Water and sanitation Company and the Environment Manager, EPZA

8.3.3 Questionnaire Administration

Questionnaires were prepared and administered to various stakeholders identified at the initial stages of the study. Those interviewed provided critical insights with regard to socio-economic activities within the project area and how project activities are likely to impact on local populations. Those consulted through this method at this stage were mainly residents within the project area.

8.3.4 Community consultative meetings

The consultative meetings served two purposes. First they offered an opportunity for stakeholder sensitisation on the proposed project. Secondly, they presented an opportunity for the ESIA study team to gather data and information on issues relevant to the ESIA study. To better address the latter objective, participants were first taken through the key highlights of the issues to be explored under the ESIA study. Through a question and answer session, stakeholders were given opportunity to understand the implication of the proposed project on the environment and local populations.

8.4 Organisation and communication of potential impacts and concerns to stakeholders

Preliminary meetings were organised by area leadership including the Chief and Assistant Chiefs with the aim of identifying critical stakeholders that could be relied on to provide relevant data and information for the study. These meetings were meant to analyse the various stakeholders that are of relevance in the proposed study. Stakeholder relevance was looked at in terms of their roles in socio-economic development within project area and were categorised based on their functions within the project area. The clusters into which stakeholders were organised for the purposes of this study include government ministries, government agencies, county government officials, Non- Governmental organisations and community/farmer organizations. Other clusters include private developers, water resources users, water service companies/ providers and individual community members. Potential impacts were then communicated to the stakeholders through direct interviews, stakeholder meetings and questionnaire administration.



8.5 Values held by stakeholders about the quality of the environment

The local stakeholders value the environment as source of their livelihood, provider of ecosystem services and source of basic needs. They see a healthy environment in terms of the following:

Provisioning services which are the most recognizable as benefits to people. These include food (such as fish and crops), fibre and fuel, but also genetic material;

Regulating services which ensure that ecosystems keep on functioning through changes and include climate regulation; water regulation; water purification and waste treatment; erosion regulation; natural hazard regulation; and pollination.

Provision of cultural services which are generally non-tangible and include spiritual and inspirational, recreational, aesthetic, and educational needs.

Supporting services which are basically functions that provided over a long-term time and include soil formation and nutrient cycling.

The stakeholders contacted feel that they would lose various benefits associated with their ecosystem if the proposed the proposed project is not implemented in a sustainable way. Among the benefits that they fear losing include:

Clean and freshwater from Athi River both for livestock and domestic use due to potential pollution;

Loss of source of food e.g. fish from the local rivers in instances where these rivers are polluted from wastewater released from the system.

Evaluation of stakeholder concerns and determination of how / whether to pursue them further

The concept of significance is at the core of impact assessment, impact evaluation and decision-making. The forms of recognition used in the determination of impact significance in this study included institutional, public and technical recognitions. In institutional recognition, importance of stakeholder concerns/environmental impacts were determined based on how they relate to existing laws and regulations, plans or policy statements of government agencies and private groups including individual farmers. Under Public recognition, perceptions by stakeholders on the various resources were determined based on their belief systems and benefits they associate with the resource in question and what they are likely to lose should the resource be interfered with. In technical recognition, the importance of environmental resources or attributes was based on scientific or technical knowledge or judgment of the critical resource characteristics. A number of factors were considered in determining how and whether to pursue stakeholder concerns further. These factors were related to impact characteristics of stakeholder concerns and they include:

The probability, duration, frequency and reversibility of the effects of impacts of proposed actions;

The transboundary nature of the effects;

The risks the impacts of concern pose to human health and the environment;



The magnitude and spatial extent of the effects (i.e., geographical area and size of the population likely to be affected);

The impacts that are related to critical stakeholders who were not interviewed during scoping process will be studied in details during ESIA study.



CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 General

The key outcome of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process for the proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant is the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). In real meaning, the EMP is a mechanism to meet the recommended environmental and social mitigation measures. This EMP is an instrument that will allow EPZA and other key stakeholders to integrate environmental components during implementation, operation and decommissioning phases of the project.

9.1.2 Scope and Objectives of the EMP

This Environmental Management Plan focuses on mitigating the impacts identified during the environmental assessment. It is an instrument that will allow EPZA and other key stakeholders to integrate environmental components during the various phases of the project. This plan is meant to establish measures and procedures to control the identified impacts and monitor their progress. It will achieve the following in the long run: (i) Provide the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) with a tool to make ease

the evaluation of the objectives at different phases of the project, taking into account the Kenyan environmental legislation;

(ii) Provide clear and mandatory instructions to the proponent and other key stakeholders with regard to their environmental responsibilities in all phases of project.

(iii) Ensure continuous compliance of EPZA and other key stakeholders with Kenyan legislation and policies regarding the environment;

(iv) Assure the regulators and interested and affected parties the satisfaction of their demands in relation to environmental and social performance.

9.1.3 Applicable Legislation

The pieces of legislation applicable to the Environmental Management Plan are described in Chapter five of this project report. International normative instruments concerning the environment, as well as international best practice have also been considered.

9.2 Principles of Environmental Management Plan

The project should be implemented taking into account the need to minimize potential negative impacts and maximize its potential positive impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic environment as well as health and safety of workers and the public .This commitment must be made at various levels, from the senior management level of the proponent to the levels of all parties involved in the implementation of the project.



9.3 Recommendations/Commitments of the ESIA

The ESIA is a complex document containing a series of recommendations related to mitigation measures, monitoring and management. A key role of the EMP is to put them all in a single framework. For each identified impact in the ESIA, the EMP provides in a tabular format the following:

A list of mitigation measures (activities) that EPZA and other key stakeholders will implement in accordance with each phase and activity of the project, to ensure that the mitigation objectives are met in full;

The role and responsibility of each of the stakeholders to ensure full implementation of mitigation measures; and

The timetable of implementation/monitoring activities.

9.4 Environmental Awareness

The proponent will be sensitive to the needs of the environment so as not to degrade (or degrade to a minimum) the existing environmental conditions. It is the proponent’s primary responsibility to ensure that all parties directly involved in the construction and operation phases of the project, including managers and employees are aware about the need to prevent or minimize environmental degradation. The awareness activities should be guided by the following issues:

Prevention of pollution of surface water and groundwater;

Prevention of air quality degradation;

Prevention of increased noise levels;

Prevention/reduction of social and economic disruptions;

Prevention of risks to health and safety of workers and the general public.

9.5 Mitigation

All activities related to the lifecycle of the project will be subjected to appropriate mitigation measures to ensure that negative impacts are properly mitigated and managed. Mitigation involves identifying the best options to be adopted to minimize or eliminate negative impacts, highlighting the benefits associated with the proposed project and the protection of public and individual rights. Practical measures are therefore sought to reduce adverse impacts or enhance beneficial impacts of the project.

9.6 Monitoring

The key objectives of monitoring are:

To ensure that the EMP is implemented;



To evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures;

To verify predicted impacts;

To provide feedback to licensing authorities.

9.7 Responsibilities in Environmental Management

9.7.1 General

Export Processing Zone Authority and Leather industries are the main entities responsible for implementing this EMP. In the interest of environmental protection, health and safety of workers and the public, and in their own interest, the proponent should include in their contractual arrangements with contractors, clauses relating to environmental protection -and, specifically, compliance with the EMP - that will safeguard the right to require the proponent of the contractors’ compliance with environmental requirements and social action in case of breach.

9.7.2 Responsibility of EPZA

The proponent (EPZA) will ensure that all project operations are conducted in accordance with their internal environmental policies and in accordance with the EMP. EPZA in partnership with the contractor and other key stakeholders will ensure that the EMP and other requirements related to health, safety and environment are implemented in full. EPZA should strive to manage operations in a manner to protect the environment and health and safety of employees, contractors, consumers and the general public. To achieve this objective, EPZA will:

Obtain authorizations/approvals/licenses required for project implementation;

Request the contractor to operate on the basis of valid authorizations/approvals/ licenses for the activities to be implemented;

Ensure that the EMP is an integral part of the contract document with the Contractor and that the contractor will be responsible for its implementation;

Establish institutional linkages with relevant parties in the project implementation as needed, or designate a representative for that purpose;

Ensure that the various project activities comply with the mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Program (EMP);

Ensure that there are contingency plans and resources for employees’ health and contingency plans to respond to accidents at work (Emergency Response Plan);

Make regular inspections to all the different activities with regard to social aspects, health, safety and environment and check for any non-conformity with the EMP attributable to the Contractor and identify the steps taken for its correction;

Produce reports that allow to monitor and evaluate the performance of operations following the measures and objectives of the ESIA and EMP in relation to health, safety and environmental protection;

Monitor the performance of their own teams, or designate a representative to that effect;

Approve work procedures established for each phase of the project and ensure that the various proposed activities are implemented in accordance with them;



Establish and implement a complaints management procedure that allows treatment/appropriate response to them;

Create awareness among workers about environment, health and safety issues; and

Ensure that any corrective activities recommended by the audits or inspections (performed internally or externally) are implemented within the time pre-set.

If the activities of this project are awarded to contractors or subcontractors to act on behalf of the proponent, the responsibilities indicated here as of the proponent’s move to these companies. From an environmental point of view, the primary responsibility over the continued operations belongs to the proponent. It is recommended therefore that where there are jobs awarded to contractors, be appointed a Clerk of Work/Supervisor, which will verify its performance.

9.7.3 Responsibility of Leather industries

Leather industries will ensure that all their operations are conducted in accordance with the EMP and will ensure that the EMP and other requirements related to protection, environment and health are implemented in full in order to protect the environment and health and safety of workers, contractors, consumers and the general public. To achieve this, Leather industries shall:

Establish an Environmental Management System that allows to reach a determined level of environmental performance and promote its continuous improvement over time;

Ensure that there are contingency plans and resources for employee health and contingency plans for responding to accidents at work associated with handling chemicals used in the project (Emergency Response Plan);

Plan their activities, aiming to eliminate or minimize impacts in the environment, through preventive activities or mitigation measures;

Establish periodic maintenance of the system within their areas of jurisdiction to reduce the risks associated with contamination of the treatment plant with waste from the tanneries ;

Develop strategies for environmental management and ensure they comply with environmental laws, implement a pollution prevention program, manage instruments to correct environmental damage, tailoring products to the ecological specifications, and monitor their environmental program; and

Meet all the requirements of environmental laws and regulations applicable to this project.

9.7.4 Responsibility of Contractors

All Contractors should identify individuals responsible for overall management of the environment, social management, safety and health management during all operations. The Contractor shall be responsible for relevant training of its staff, which must be able to complete the project activities in an efficient and appropriate manner in accordance with the contractual requirements of EPZA to the agreed work. Among many tasks, the contractor shall:

Prepare its own EMP implementation plan as well as a health and safety plan within 30 days of signing of the contract. The EMP implementation plan must be submitted to the Resident



Engineer for onward transmission to EPZA for approval prior to the initiation of construction works;

Submit to the proponent the work procedures/methods or equivalent documents for approval;

Operate on the basis of valid licenses/approvals/authorizations for the activities to be implemented by them;

Employ techniques, practices and construction methods to ensure compliance with the EMP;

Prevent or minimize the occurrence of accidents which might cause damage to the environment and be able to respond positively to an accident if it occurs;

Meet the working procedures and environmental requirements and health and safety established by contract with the Proponent; ensure compliance with them by sub-contractors who might be hired by him;

Minimize environmental damage, waste control, avoid pollution, prevent loss or damage on natural resources and minimize the effects on the users and occupants of surrounding lands and the public;

Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to workers which is appropriate to the tasks to be performed and ensure that it is used;

Implement all corrective activities agreed in audit (internal or performed by other agencies) or inspections, within the pre- established deadline;

Manage the complaints process on the elements that fall within its jurisdiction, or refer complaints to the Proponent, so that they can receive treatment/appropriate response;

Prepare a rehabilitation plan which shall include preliminary designs on the temporary and permanent landscaping plan during both the construction and post-construction and operation period (where applicable).

9.7.5 Responsibilities of Regulatory Agencies

Regulatory agencies directly involved in this project include among others Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) and National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) 9.7.5.1 Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management. The Authority through Regional offices for Athi River basin will carry out the following mandates under this EMP:

Monitor and enforce conditions attached to water permits and water use;

Regulate and protect water resources quality from adverse impacts;

Regulate and protect water resources from adverse impacts;

Regulate water infrastructure, use and effluent discharge;

Work with the beneficiary communities to manage and protect water catchments;

Establish water resources monitoring networks 9.7.5.2 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)



NEMA is the institution that plays a greater role in the process since it is responsible for taking decision on the ESIA process and responsible for regulating the environmental performance of projects in Kenya. They are also responsible for verification, inspection and audit, before, during and after the implementation of projects (in accordance with EMCA 1999). NEMA should therefore ensure that project activities comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations.



Table 9. 1: Environmental management Plan during construction period

Environmental issue

Anticipated impact (negative)

Management and Mitigation measure Actors responsible for mitigation

Estimated Cost (KSh per annum )

Vegetation loss due to site clearance

Impact on ecology and vegetation cover

The clearance of the site for construction purposes shall be kept within site alignment areas

The extent of clearing within the work stations should be clearly marked

Rehabilitate all disturbed areas through re- vegetation

Instruct all construction workers to restrict clearing to the marked areas and not to work outside defined work areas

Contractor 500,000.00

Trench Excavation

Soil disturbance, soil erosion and siltation in rivers

Earthworks should be restricted to construction sites as far as practical

Earthworks should be carried out during the dry season to prevent soil from being washed away by rain

Excavated materials should be kept at appropriate sites

Protect areas susceptible to erosion using temporary and permanent drainage structures


Hazard to individuals arising from open trenches

Install warning signs and lightings at both deep and shallow trenches.

Backfill trenches as soon as works are completed

Provide temporary bridges and protection rails at deep trenches to facilitate people’s movement


Heath hazards arising from dumping of waste material, broken pipes and excavated materials

Landscape the area to blend with the surrounding area; re-vegetate the area

Dispose of waste materials at designated sites and in manner approved by the local council




Environmental issue




Diversion of sewage flow during replacement of sewers pipes

Discharge /spillage into water courses therefore affecting water quality and aquatic life.

Careful pumping of sewage from upstream manholes to downstream manholes through diversions.

Completely blocking off the main trunk line to minimize chances of exposing staff to raw sewage during work.

Regular inspection and monitoring of diversion routes for sewer to avoid contamination of the environment.

Immediate opening up of completed lines to minimize risks of pollution by sewage flowing in diversions.

Contractor 500,000

Construction activities

Soil, surface and ground water contamination

Construct oil-water interceptors or sumps to capture discharge of oils, fuels and other polluting liquids

A safety and emergency response plan to be developed for all operations with emphasis on the protection of the environment

Surface runoff should be controlled by temporarily berming the outlet of the significant storm water features to provide some detention behind the berms

Contractor 300,000



Environmental issue




Contractors camp sites

Solid waste generation that pollutes the environment may cause diseases/eyesore

Establish good sanitation facilities approved by Public health department of Mavoko Municipal Council at campsite

Skips and bins should be strategically placed within the campsite and construction site, they should also be adequately designed and covered to prevent access by vermin and minimize odour.

The skips and bins at both the construction campsite and construction site should be emptied regularly to prevent overfilling.

Disposal of the contents of the skips and bins should be done at approved disposal site.

Compliance with waste management commitments contained in the Solid Waste Regulations 2006

Where possible solid waste should be recycled, re-used and utilized in an environmentally acceptable manner

Agreement with suppliers to accept the return of unused materials.

A Waste Management Plan should be developed to handle temporary storage, transport and disposal of hazardous waste

Careful disposal of non-recycled wastes to sites designated by Mavoko Municipal Council

Contractor 200,000



Environmental issue




Vehicular Traffic Gaseous/dust emissions which pollute air causing respiratory problems (SO, CO, N2O, are greenhouse gases)

Maintaining machineries at manufacturers specifications

Site roads should be dampened every 4-6 hours or within reasonable time to prevent dust nuisance and on hotter days, this frequency should be increased.

Cover or wet construction materials such as sand to prevent dust nuisance.

Where unavoidable, construction workers working in dusty areas should be provided and fitted with N95 respirators.

Wetting of unpaved areas and the entire work place

Limit removal of vegetation and a rehabilitation programme on site and associated infrastructure following construction

Contractor 300,000

Project activities Noise pollution and Vibrations which are Nuisance and may cause Health complications

Use of equipment that has low noise emissions by exposed workers as stated by the manufacturers.

Use of equipment that is properly fitted with noise reduction devices such as mufflers.

Construction workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise protection. A guide is a worker operating equipment generating noise of 80 dBA (decibels) continuously for 8 hours or more should use earmuffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise levels 70 - 80 dBA should wear earplugs.

Operate noise-generating equipment during regular working hours (e.g. 7am – 7 pm) so as to reduce the potential of creating a noise

Contractor Contractor Contractor

180,000



Environmental issue




nuisance during the night.

The movement of equipment (trucks) during the construction of the WWTP should be limited to the working hours, 8:00 am - 4:30 pm a day.

Encroachment of people on sewer way leaves

Inaccessibility by contractor

Intensive public awareness campaign to those communities who will be affected by the project activities to appreciate that sewer infrastructure improvement is for the benefit of the entire community in terms of sanitation and hygiene.

Establish and implement Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

Carryout monitoring and evaluation exercise to ensure that there is no reoccupation on the sewer way leave after compensation is made

TAWSB/Contractor

RAP budget

Occupational health and safety

Impact on health of the workers

Ensure workers health and safety through awareness campaign and provision of appropriate PPE

Rehabilitate excavated sites as soon as construction is complete

provision of adequate sanitary facilities

Training of all workers in Safety Health and Environment (SHE)

400,000

Risk of fire Label all inflammable materials and store them appropriately

Provision of adequate firefighting equipment capable of fighting all classes of fire

Put “ No Smoking Signs” in areas where inflammables are stored

Train workers on the use of firefighting equipment

Contractor 500,000

Inadequate Capacity of

Inability to oversee execution of ESMP

Train the relevant staff of the proponent on monitoring skills and implementation of

TAWSB 2,500,000



Environmental issue




Proponent staff findings to enhance effectiveness of ESMP

Provide tools for monitoring effectiveness of ESMP

Table 9. 2: Environmental management Plan during operation period

Environmental activity

Anticipated impact Management and Mitigation Measures

Actors responsible for mitigation

Estimated cost (Kshs Per annum)

Monitoring and inspection of the sewerage system.

Improved connectivity to service and corresponding improvement in quality of water in Athi River

Intensify connection of households to sewerage system to reduce illegal sewer connections which overload the infrastructure.

Carry out self-audit exercise once every year in compliance with environmental regulations

TAWSB 1,800,000.00

Encroachment sewerage system

Inaccessibility for routine maintenance hence collapse of the system

Confine sewer within riparian where possible

Ensure there are no settlements within the riparian area

Awareness creation through publicity

TAWSB WRMA EPZA

1,000,000

Break down of Sewerage system

Discharge of raw sewage into the receiving environment

Educate local communities to report immediately to EPZA whenever they notice any malfunction of the sewerage system

Regular inspection of the entire sewer system to check for blockages/vandalism etc. This should be followed by regular repairs and servicing of the plant whilst addressing cause of failure

EPZA 100,000

Deliberate puncturing Contaminated food crops (heavy Creation of awareness component TAWSB Mavoko 600,000



Environmental activity

Anticipated impact Management and Mitigation Measures

Actors responsible for mitigation

Estimated cost (Kshs Per annum)

of sewer mains or blockage of manholes to get raw sewage for urban farming

metals) to be integrated in the rehabilitation program, or monitoring as a sustainable mitigation measure which must be included in the rehabilitation program.

Municipal Council

Compliance to set legal arrangement

Enforce ban on urban farming using raw sewage

Ensure compliance to the Environment

Management and Coordination Act. All issues outlined in the section VI of the EMCA

should be strictly adhered to

NEMA should penalize those industries which release untreated effluents into the environment, this can be achieved by enforcing the „polluter pay principle’ and section IX of the EMCA 1999

NEMA 100,000


ESIA Report PROJECT REPORT Page-79/85

9.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring

9.6.1 General

The project impacts, which are the outcomes of project activities, will be monitored by the project monitoring-evaluation unit and NEMA. In order to ensure efficient implementation of the proposed ESMP, monitoring activities will include two major types of monitoring: (i) Compliance monitoring - the general environmental monitoring of construction and

operation sites and activities; and (ii) Impact monitoring - the specific monitoring of quality of water in River Athi and sludge

generated. The compliance monitoring for the construction and operation stages is presented in tabular form below. It should be noted that the contractor is responsible for the issues related to occupational safety and health and the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is responsible for environmental supervision. Table 9. 3: Compliance monitoring for construction and operation stages Schedule Activities Responsibility Comments

Execution Supervision Funding

Construction stage

Year 1. Months 1-2

Prepare a Construction Site Environmental Management Plan (CSEMP)

Contractor EPZA Contractor Draft Plan submitted not later than 1 month after contract notification Final plan before end of month 2 Review by TAWSB

Construction period

Selection of optimal location of new constructions and routes for accession roads, wastewater pipes

EPZA EPZA Records from site selection and land allocation documentation

Safe working procedures to be written and followed by

Contractor EPZA Contractor Verify applicability of written safe working procedures.



Schedule Activities Responsibility Comments


contractors Regular inspection of construction works

Working areas to be temporarily out of bounds to non-works personnel

Contractor EPZA Contractor Regular inspection of construction sites

Construction waste to be stored in a secure, designated area prior to removal to a designated waste landfill site

Contractor Mavoko Municipal Council/ NEMA

Contractor Regular inspection of construction sites

Waste to be disposed of at a designated waste landfill site

Contractor Mavoko Municipal Council

Contractor Records from landfill site management

Daily checks of machinery for leaking oil

Contractor EPZA / NEMA

Contractor Regular inspection of construction sites

No washing of machinery at construction site


Separation of topsoil and subsoil during excavation works, with careful replacement of topsoil after pipe is laid


Works performed strictly during normal

Contractor EPZA Contractor Regular inspection of construction sites.





weekday working hours to minimize noise nuisance

See also Section Impact Monitoring: Air Quality and Noise

Minimize dust and traffic emissions by good operation management and site supervision

Contractor EPZA Contractor Regular inspection of construction sites. See also Section Impact Monitoring: Air Quality and Noise

Apply dust suppression measures (water sprinkling), especially during long dry periods

Contractor EPZA Contractor Regular inspection of construction sites. See also Section Impact Monitoring: Air Quality and Noise

If any archaeological artefacts are found, work must stop immediately and the respective local authorities and experts informed


Minimize time of replacement work and interruptions of water supply

Contractor EPZA Records from water supply management Regular inspection of construction sites

Minimize time of construction work






and provide crossings and/or alternative access routes to mitigate limited access to residential and business areas from trenches excavation

Develop a traffic management plan

Contractor EPZA Contractor Records from construction management

9.6.2 Impact monitoring: water quality

It is expected that the project will have beneficial effect on the water quality through improved sewage conveyance and improved wastewater treatment. However, accidental discharges of unsatisfactory treated sewage can pollute ground and surface water. To avoid pollution and ensure prompt and efficient response in case such pollution occurs, effluent from waste water treatment plants (WWTP) should be constantly monitored, along with the water quality of receiving water bodies. Sampling points should be established at (i) The treated effluent discharge point from a WWTP, (ii) Downstream and upstream of the receiving river Water quality monitoring plan is presented

in tabular form below. Table 9. 4: Effluent monitoring

Monitoring location

Responsibility Monitoring parameters Frequency

execution Supervision

Treated effluent at the discharge point from WWTP

EPZA WWTP operator

EPZA WWTP operator

Temperature,COD,BOD5,oils,suspendedsolids,N,P,pH,sulphates, inspect water quality analysis reports

Initial stage: first month-daily Later-routine monitoring 3 times per month

NEMA-regular inspection

NEMA/WRMA Quarterly



Monitoring location

Responsibility Monitoring parameters Frequency

execution Supervision

Water from a receiving water body (Athi River)

EPZA WWTP operator

EPZA WWTP operator

Temperature,dissolvedoxygen,COD,BOD5,suspendedsolids, oils, N,P, pH, sulphates, chlorates, bacteria

Initial stage: first quarter–monthly; Later: -quarterly routine monitoring

WRMA WRMA

Quarterly

Effluent at the discharge points from local industries

NEMA/WRMA/ EPZA regular inspection

NEMA/WRMA/EPZA

Temperature, COD, BOD5, oils, suspended solids, N, P, pH, sulphates, chlorates, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni.

Quarterly

Monitoring is a duty of WWTP operator (EPZA) and NEMA/WRMA and will be paid respectively from the WWTP‟s or NEMA/WRMA‟s budgets.

9.6.3 Impact monitoring: sewage sludge

The sewage sludge monitoring will be conducted by WWTP operator (EPZA), with control sampling done by WRMA and NEMA. The sludge monitoring will be paid for from the WWTP‟s budget. The purpose of this monitoring will be: (i) To enable the operator to control the operation of the wastewater treatment process,

particularly with regard to sludge; (ii) to provide information concerning the composition of sludge and/or its toxicity in order to

decide on how the sludge should be disposed off. Testing the quality/composition of sludge is a routine activity by WWTP operator.

Table 9. 5: Sewage sludge monitoring

Monitoring Location

Responsibility Monitoring Parameters Frequency

Execution Supervision

Sampling will be undertaken at WWTP

WWTP Operator

WRMA/NEMA Depending on the type of disposal/reuse way for sludge, the chemical composition of the sludge will be determined. For agricultural (land application including composting) the following measurements are to be undertaken:

Initially: During first half a year monthly sampling to build up a database concerning the chemical composition of sludge. Afterward:



Monitoring Location

Responsibility Monitoring Parameters Frequency

Execution Supervision

•Agronomic parameters : NH4, P2O5, K2O, CaO, MgO, As, B, Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, • Trace elements : Cd, Cr, Cr6+,Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, • Organic components : PCB, fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene.

once a year.

WWTP Operator

NEMA/ WRMA - regular inspection

Ad-hoc sampling when new industries are introduced which discharge their effluent to the municipal wastewater system

9.7 Monitoring Indicators

The EMCA 1999 require the project proponent to prepare and undertake a monitoring plan and regular auditing. Monitoring is needed to check if and to what extent the impacts are mitigated, benefits enhanced and new problems addressed. The key verifiable indicators which will be used to monitor the impacts are presented below. Table 9. 6: Monitoring indicators

Component

Indicator

By whom

Economy Annual revenues generated by water supply operations compared to forecast revenues.

Water Service Providers

Water Quality of water based on National and WHO Standards Quantity of water used compared to initial estimates

Water Service Providers for pumping stations and in network Health and Safety Department, LVSWSB

Natural resources and land management

Complaints among water users Noise Dust

Water Service Providers EPZA

Quality of life Level of satisfaction of beneficiaries toward water supply sources and facilities

Water Service Providers through satisfaction survey

Communicable diseases

Prevalence rates (evolution over time) of diseases such as malaria and diarrhea.

Public Health Department

Table 9. 7: Monitoring Plan

Parameter/ indicator

Sample location Analytical method Sample time Responsibility

Noise Stations Observations Monthly Water Service Providers

Dust Site specific areas during construction

Observations, field check, interviews.

Daily Contractor and supervising consultant



Parameter/ indicator

Sample location Analytical method Sample time Responsibility

Traffic Site specific areas during construction


Daily Contractor and supervising consultant

Health & safety

Site specific areas during construction


Daily

Contractor and supervising consultant

Water quality- NEMA and WHO standards

Consumers

Laboratory analysis and comparison to NEMA and WHO standards

Quarterly and during maintenance operations

Water Service Providers

Water quality- NEMA and WHO standards

Taps/Valves in distribution network

Laboratory analysis and comparison to NEMA and WHO standards

Quarterly and during maintenance operations

Water Service Providers/Public Health Department

Water quantity, UfW (NRW)

Stations, network Bulk meters, Control checks (for leakages, illegal connections), Readings of water meters

Monthly Water Service Providers

incidence of disease (water-related diseases)

Consumers Observations, field check, interviews

Monthly Water Service Providers/ Public Health Department