environmental engineering section

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ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL

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Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs generations to meet their own needs

Im lications:Im lications:Im lications:Im lications:

Societal emphasis has to shift from adestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedydestructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedyof the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons)of the Commons) to one that fosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters long- -------termtermtermtermtermtermtermterm

protection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitantsprotection of the environment and its inhabitants(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!) Two conflicting objectives have to be reconciled

improving quality of life vs. protecting theenvironment 3


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Driving forces for sustainability Driving forces for sustainability Health and safety: human and other

organisms Financial: property values, profits, taxes Aesthetics

v c pr e an va ues THE LAW

All the good intentions in the world are notequal to the arm of law

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What is environmental engineering? What is environmental engineering?

Environmental engineering is theapplication of science and engineeringprinciples to

Protect public health and the health ofother organisms, Preserve or improve the environment

(air, water, and/or land resources), Remediate polluted sites.

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Scope of environmental engineering Scope of environmental engineering

Pollution ControlPollution Controlidentify sources of pollutants,identify sources of pollutants,understand fate and transport of pollutants, andunderstand fate and transport of pollutants, and

design and engineer solutionsdesign and engineer solutionsEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact Assessment

Assess shortAssess short- -term and longterm and long- -term impacts of currentterm impacts of currentan propose pro ec san propose pro ec s

Environmental AuditingEnvironmental AuditingInventory of mass and energy for any facility toInventory of mass and energy for any facility tominimize waste and inefficiencyminimize waste and inefficiency

Environmental Risk AssessmentEnvironmental Risk AssessmentMinimize risks to public health and environmentMinimize risks to public health and environment

Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

Optimization of systems with due regard to userOptimization of systems with due regard to userexpectationsexpectations6


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Evolution of the disciplineEvolution of the discipline

Lothal, Wikipedia 20107


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The Law and its courseThe Law and its course

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More about the law..More about the law..

RegulationsYear ofnotice

Amendment

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 1988Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 1987

Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989Biomedical Waste Handling Rules 1998Flyash Rules 1999Recycled Plastics Usage Rules 1999 2003Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000

Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001

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What is a pollutant or contaminant? What is a pollutant or contaminant?

A pollutant is a chemical species in theA pollutant is a chemical species in theenvironment that causesenvironment that causes undesirableundesirableeffectseffects on the environment or any of itson the environment or any of itscomponents.components.

Undesirable effectsUndesirable effects

Endangers health of human and otherEndangers health of human and otherorganismsorganisms

Endangers safetyEndangers safety Causes financial and aesthetic lossesCauses financial and aesthetic losses

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y = 2E-07e 0.018xR = 0.985

y = 2E-18e0.03x

R = 0.9951.000E+07

1.000E+08

1.000E+09

1.000E+10

1 9 1 0

1 9 2 0

1 9 3 0

1 9 4 0

1 9 5 0

1 9 6 0

1 9 7 0

1 9 8 0

1 9 9 0

2 0 0 0

2 0 1 0 l o

g P o p u

l a t i o n ,

p e r s o n s

Time, years

Population growth in India

Total Population

Urban population

Expon. (Total Population)

Expon. (Urban population)

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Resource consumptionResource consumption

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html


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Power generationPower generation

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html


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WASTEWASTE

SOLID WASTESOLID WASTEMunicipal SolidMunicipal Solid

Waste (MSW)Waste (MSW)

WASTEWATERWASTEWATER MunicipalMunicipalwastewaterwastewater

AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS IndustrialIndustrial

sourcessourcesAsh from ThermalAsh from Thermal

Power PlantsPower PlantsAgriculturalAgricultural wastewaste

n us r an us r awastewaterwastewater

o or e c eso or e c es Other sourcesOther sources

HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE

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Waste Management HierarchyWaste Management Hierarchy

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Integrated Solid Waste ManagementIntegrated Solid Waste Management

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IntegratedIntegratedSolid WasteSolid Waste

ManagementManagement


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Zero PollutionZero Pollution Closed loop systemsClosed loop systems

Waste from one process orWaste from one process orindustry is used in anotherindustry is used in another

same facility or industrial estatesame facility or industrial estate

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Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing Required by the law [EPA]Required by the law [EPA]

Mass and energy balancesMass and energy balances Complete inventory of mass and energy forComplete inventory of mass and energy for

Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, andHelps detect inefficiencies, losses, andwaste generation pointswaste generation points

Evaluate options for minimizing wasteEvaluate options for minimizing waste Technical, environmental or economicTechnical, environmental or economic

optionsoptions

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WasteWaste toto energy (WTE) conversionenergy (WTE) conversion

WASTE PROCESSINGFOR ENERGY

CHEMICALPROCESSING

BIOLOGICALPROCESSING

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COMBUSTION

PYROLYSIS

GASIFICATION

AEROBICCOMPOSTING

ANAEROBICCOMPOSTING

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION[BIOFUELS]


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Sources of biofuels are cropslike Sugarcane [Brazil] Cassava, jatropha [India]

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

http://keetsa.com/blog/eco-friendly/biofuels-answer-fuel-issues-what-about-food/

Corn [US]

Waste materials can also beused Wastewater [industrial oragricultural] Solid waste [agricultural] forWTE

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Plug flow anaerobic digesterPlug flow anaerobic digester - - USUS

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http://web2.msue.msu.edu/manure/FinalAnearobicDigestionFactsheet.pdf


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Bhadreswar Biogas

plant, Bhadreswar, West Bengal

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Bhadreswar Biogas plant, Bhadreshwar, West Bengal


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Exposure assessment:Exposure assessment:Fate and transport of pollutants in the environmentFate and transport of pollutants in the environment

Pollutants can be released into differentPollutants can be released into differentPollutants can be released into differentPollutants can be released into different

environmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartments Soil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, Water Pollutants are transported and transformed byPollutants are transported and transformed byPollutants are transported and transformed byPollutants are transported and transformed by

different rocessesdifferent rocessesdifferent rocessesdifferent rocesses

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Transport processesTransport processesTransport processesTransport processes Physical processes:Physical processes:Physical processes:Physical processes:

convection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilization

Transformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processes Chemical processes:Chemical processes:Chemical processes:Chemical processes:

adsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysis

Biological processes:Biological processes:Biological processes:Biological processes: pollutants serve as food forpollutants serve as food forpollutants serve as food forpollutants serve as food formicrobes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web;transformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processes


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SedimentSediment- -water contaminationwater contamination

exposure pathwaysexposure pathways

FoodFoodFoodFood Air Air Air Air

WaterWaterWaterWaterBioconcentrationBioconcentrationBioconcentrationBioconcentrationin flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and fauna

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Heavy metalcontainingore tailings

WaterWaterWaterWater

Contaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated Sediment

SoilSoilSoilSoil


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Ground waterGround water- -soil contaminationsoil contamination exposure pathwaysexposure pathways

LeakingLeakingLeakingLeakingUndergroundUndergroundUndergroundUndergroundStora e TankStora e TankStora e TankStora e Tank

VolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilization

InhalationInhalationInhalationInhalation

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(LUST)(LUST)(LUST)(LUST)

Ground water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water Contamination

ngest on o contam nate waterngest on o contam nate waterngest on o contam nate waterngest on o contam nate water


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Calculating nonCalculating non- -cancer riskcancer risk

Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)==== Average daily dose Average daily dose Average daily dose Average daily dose

Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (RfDRfDRfDRfD)))) If hazard quotient is


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Bioconcentration factorsBioconcentration factors

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Risk characterization:Risk characterization:

Overall cancer risk due to As in waterOverall cancer risk due to As in waterWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated withWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated withWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated withWhat is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with

arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?

Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg Concentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kg

If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr forIf an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr forIf an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr forIf an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for

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,,,,CDI =CDI =CDI =CDI = 0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr

70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10----3333 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd

Cancer risk = CDI x SFCancer risk = CDI x SFCancer risk = CDI x SFCancer risk = CDI x SF

= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg----d)d)d)d)----1111

x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10----3333

mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10----3333 or approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand people


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ForForForFor aaaa populationpopulationpopulationpopulation of of of of 60606060 millionmillionmillionmillion peoplepeoplepeoplepeople thatthatthatthat areareareare livinglivinglivingliving inininin As As As Asaffectedaffectedaffectedaffected areasareasareasareas; ;;; wewewewe assumeassumeassumeassume

half half half half thethethethe populationpopulationpopulationpopulation eatseatseatseats fishfishfishfish regularly,regularly,regularly,regularly, i iii....eeee....,,,, 30303030 millionmillionmillionmillion Annual Annual Annual Annual cancercancercancercancer riskriskriskrisk isisisis ==== 3333 xxxx 10101010 7777 xxxx 1111....925925925925 xxxx 10101010 ----3333 xxxx 1111////70707070

825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year Adding Adding Adding Adding cancercancercancercancer risksrisksrisksrisks fromfromfromfrom twotwotwotwo pathwayspathwayspathwayspathways

Risk characterizationRisk characterization

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IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion of of of of waterwaterwaterwater 4286428642864286 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/year IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion of of of of fishfishfishfish 825825825825 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearTotalTotalTotalTotal cancerscancerscancerscancers eacheacheacheach yearyearyearyear thatthatthatthat cancancancan bebebebe attributedattributedattributedattributed totototo As As As As

5111511151115111 cancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/yearsThis This This This is is is is an an an an example example example example of of of of how how how how to to to to calculate calculate calculate calculate overall overall overall overall risk,risk,risk,risk, and and and and is is is is not not not not

a aa a complete complete complete complete characterization characterization characterization characterization of of of of risks risks risks risks due due due due to to to to As As As As


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Calculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated water Cost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victims

Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects toCost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects toCost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects toCost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects tobe included)be included)be included)be included) Calculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove As

Cost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLs

RiskRisk managementmanagement

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TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology- ---based costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determined Weigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all options DecideDecideDecideDecide


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Environmental Risk ManagementEnvironmental Risk Management

o n c e n

t r a t i o n

l e v e

l

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Cost of cleanup

C o n

t a m

i n a n

t c

o r r i s

k

Detection limit

Acceptable risk level


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Civilization began with the felling of the Civilization began with the felling of the

first tree and will end before the fall of first tree and will end before the fall of the last one the last one

THANK YOU THANK YOU

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environmental engineering section

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