Environment PollutionEnvironment Pollution Environment PollutionEnvironment Pollution

Enviroment PollutionEnviroment Pollution Enviroment PollutionEnviroment Pollution

Environment pollution:-May be defined as the contamination of air, water, food in such manner as to cause real or potential harm to human health or well-being or to damage the non-human nature.

Basically pollution can be classified to:1. Air pollution2. Water pollution3. Noise pollution4. Solid waste5. Radio active waste

Air pollutionAir pollution Air pollutionAir pollution

Comes fromComes from

1.1. increase the population in the worldincrease the population in the world

2.2. increase the amount of powerincrease the amount of power

3.3. power plant (factories)power plant (factories)

4.4. automobiles (trucks, Buses, Personal car, aircraft)automobiles (trucks, Buses, Personal car, aircraft)

The major source of air pollutant comes from the non The major source of air pollutant comes from the non stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of Nitrogen stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of Nitrogen oxides and impurities in the fuel of air. oxides and impurities in the fuel of air.

The emission of concern are:The emission of concern are:

1.1. carbon monoxide COcarbon monoxide CO

2.2. oxides of Nitrogen NOoxides of Nitrogen NO

3.3. hydro carbon HChydro carbon HC

4.4. photo chemical smagphoto chemical smag

5.5. sulfur oxides SOsulfur oxides SO

6.6. lead and phosphorouslead and phosphorous

7.7. solids particlessolids particles

1- Carbon Monoxides CO1- Carbon Monoxides CO:- is a product of :- is a product of in complete combustion of hydrocarbon in complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel (CnHn). Most of CO comes from the fuel (CnHn). Most of CO comes from the exhaust of vehicles, CO is colorless, exhaust of vehicles, CO is colorless, odorless.odorless.

OO22 + HB + HB HBO HBO22 + CO + CO HBCO HBCO

Stable Stable

2- Hydro Carbon H-C 2- Hydro Carbon H-C Comes from exhuse gases, and will be Comes from exhuse gases, and will be

different for each gasoline different for each gasoline depend on the original fuel. HC emission act depend on the original fuel. HC emission act

as irritants and odorant, all H-C except CHas irritants and odorant, all H-C except CH44 it may reach with atmosphere to form it may reach with atmosphere to form photochemical smog some of H-C when get photochemical smog some of H-C when get into atmosphere act as carcinogenic into atmosphere act as carcinogenic

3-Oxides of Nitrogen (NO):-3-Oxides of Nitrogen (NO):- Exhaust gases contion NO in most ofit's constituent Exhaust gases contion NO in most ofit's constituent

and trace amount of NOand trace amount of NO22 and other nitrogen-oxygen and other nitrogen-oxygen combination NOcombination NO22 is a very undesirable emission, is a very undesirable emission, especially released of NO react with atmosphere to especially released of NO react with atmosphere to form (ozone,Oform (ozone,O33)and is one of the major causes of )and is one of the major causes of photochemical smog, high temp produce (NO) photochemical smog, high temp produce (NO) which is then oxidized further to form NOwhich is then oxidized further to form NO22

NN22 + O + O22 2NO 2NO

NO + HNO + H22 O O NO NO22 + H + H22

4-Phatochemical smog4-Phatochemical smogis one of the primary causes of photochemical is one of the primary causes of photochemical

reaction of automobile exhaust and atmosphere reaction of automobile exhaust and atmosphere air in the presence of sunlightair in the presence of sunlight

NONO22 + Energy of sunlight + Energy of sunlight NO + O + Smog NO + O + Smog

O + OO + O22 O O33 (ozone) (ozone)

Ground level ozone is harmful to lung and biological Ground level ozone is harmful to lung and biological tissue, also it's harm tress and harm full to tress & tissue, also it's harm tress and harm full to tress & other vegetable plant.other vegetable plant.

5- Sulfur oxides 5- Sulfur oxides Many fuel used in engine contain sulfure in it's exhaust which Many fuel used in engine contain sulfure in it's exhaust which

contribute in acid rain formation, at high temp, sulfur combines contribute in acid rain formation, at high temp, sulfur combines with hydrogen to form H2S and with oxygen to form SOwith hydrogen to form H2S and with oxygen to form SO22

HH22 + S + S H H22SS

OO22 + S + S SO SO22

Then 2SOThen 2SO22 + O + O22 2SO 2SO33

SOSO33 combine with water vapour in the atmosphere to form combine with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (Hsulfuric acid (H22SOSO44)and sulfurous acid (H)and sulfurous acid (H22SOSO44) and sulfurous ) and sulfurous acid (Hacid (H22SOSO33 ) which are ingredients in acid rain ) which are ingredients in acid rain

SOSO33 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO44

SOSO22 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO33

6-Lead and phosphorans: 6-Lead and phosphorans: Lead was a major gasoline additive (tetraethyl lead) Lead was a major gasoline additive (tetraethyl lead)

was effectively used to increase the gasoline, was effectively used to increase the gasoline, octane number which allowed higher compression octane number which allowed higher compression ratio and more efficient engine. However the ratio and more efficient engine. However the resulting lead engine exhaust was highly resulting lead engine exhaust was highly poisonous pollutant, small amount of phosphorous poisonous pollutant, small amount of phosphorous are emitted also, these comes from impurities in are emitted also, these comes from impurities in the air and small amount found in some fuel the air and small amount found in some fuel blends and lubrication oil.blends and lubrication oil.

7-Solid particles7-Solid particles (Particulates)(Particulates) Small solid particles and liquid droplets collectively called Small solid particles and liquid droplets collectively called (Particulates) are present in air in great number, and at times (Particulates) are present in air in great number, and at times constitute a serious pollution problem, particulates are some constitute a serious pollution problem, particulates are some times classified as viable (capable of living), or non viable. times classified as viable (capable of living), or non viable. Some examples of viable particulates are bacteria, fungi, and spores. Non viable Some examples of viable particulates are bacteria, fungi, and spores. Non viable

particulates, include such substances as organic compounds, metals, dust, and particulates, include such substances as organic compounds, metals, dust, and sea salt. Particulate air pollution warrant serious attention for several reasons:sea salt. Particulate air pollution warrant serious attention for several reasons:

1.1. Many particulates affect respiratory system, more effectively than air pollutant.Many particulates affect respiratory system, more effectively than air pollutant.2.2. Particulates increase atmospheric turbidity and reduce visibility.Particulates increase atmospheric turbidity and reduce visibility.3.3. Particulates are formed within the atmosphere from some gaseous pollutant.Particulates are formed within the atmosphere from some gaseous pollutant.4.4. Some particulates behave as synergistic and enhance the toxic effects of other Some particulates behave as synergistic and enhance the toxic effects of other

pollutants.pollutants.

Health EffectsHealth Effects Health EffectsHealth Effects

The respiratory system The respiratory system The major target of air pollutants is the respiratory system. Air The major target of air pollutants is the respiratory system. Air

and entrained pollutants enter the body through the throat and and entrained pollutants enter the body through the throat and nasal cavities and pass to the lungs through the trachea and nasal cavities and pass to the lungs through the trachea and bronchia.bronchia.

Entrained pollutant particles can be prevented from entering the Entrained pollutant particles can be prevented from entering the lung by the action of ting hairs called (cilia) that sweep mucus lung by the action of ting hairs called (cilia) that sweep mucus out through the throat and nose.out through the throat and nose.

The bronchial cilia can be paralyzed by inhaled smoke enhancing The bronchial cilia can be paralyzed by inhaled smoke enhancing the synergistic effect between smoking and air pollution.the synergistic effect between smoking and air pollution.

In the lungs, the air movies through bronchial tubes to the alveoli, In the lungs, the air movies through bronchial tubes to the alveoli, small air sacka in which oxygen from the lungs is transferred to small air sacka in which oxygen from the lungs is transferred to the blood.the blood.

Effect of Carbon MonoxideEffect of Carbon MonoxideEffect of Carbon MonoxideEffect of Carbon Monoxide

The effect of CO inhalation on human health is directly The effect of CO inhalation on human health is directly proportional to the quantity of CO bound to proportional to the quantity of CO bound to hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

Oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglubin Oxygen is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglubin (HbO(HbO22 ), it is semi stable compound in which O ), it is semi stable compound in which O22 is is weakly bound to Feweakly bound to Fe+2+2 in hemoglobin in red blood cells. in hemoglobin in red blood cells. The OThe O22 is removed for cell respiration and the is removed for cell respiration and the regenerated hemoglobin is available for more oxygen regenerated hemoglobin is available for more oxygen transporttransport..

CO reduces the oxygen-carring capacity of the blood CO reduces the oxygen-carring capacity of the blood by combining with hemoglobin and forming by combining with hemoglobin and forming carboxyhemoglubin (HbCO) which is stable. carboxyhemoglubin (HbCO) which is stable.

Hemoglobin that is tied up as (HbCO) can be Hemoglobin that is tied up as (HbCO) can be regenerated and is not available for oxygen regenerated and is not available for oxygen transport for the life of that particular red transport for the life of that particular red blood cell.blood cell.

In this way (CO) effectively poisens the In this way (CO) effectively poisens the hemoglobin oxygen transport system. hemoglobin oxygen transport system. Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for (CO) Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for (CO) than for molecular oxygen. than for molecular oxygen.

Effect of Sulfer OxideEffect of Sulfer OxideEffect of Sulfer OxideEffect of Sulfer Oxide

The cilia that protect the respiratory system by The cilia that protect the respiratory system by sweeping out particles are effected by gaseous air sweeping out particles are effected by gaseous air contamination.contamination.

The predominant effect on the cilia of smokers The predominant effect on the cilia of smokers is paralysis from the constituents of tobacco is paralysis from the constituents of tobacco smoke. Sulfur dioxide also affect ciliar behaviour.smoke. Sulfur dioxide also affect ciliar behaviour.

Thus SOThus SO22 affects the protection mechanism of affects the protection mechanism of

the respiratory tract in addition to contracting the the respiratory tract in addition to contracting the bronchia.bronchia.

Effect of NOEffect of NOEffect of NOEffect of NO

NONO22 is a pulmonary irritant. High is a pulmonary irritant. High

concentration of NOconcentration of NO22 can produce can produce

pulmonary edema; an abnormally high pulmonary edema; an abnormally high accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue

Effect of OzoneEffect of OzoneEffect of OzoneEffect of Ozone

Ozone and photo chemical oxidants are highly Ozone and photo chemical oxidants are highly irritating, oxidizing gases, concentration of few irritating, oxidizing gases, concentration of few parts million can produce pulmonary congestion, parts million can produce pulmonary congestion, edema, and pulmonary heamorrage.edema, and pulmonary heamorrage.

A one hour exposure of human subject to A one hour exposure of human subject to 2525g/m3 can decrease effective lung volume and g/m3 can decrease effective lung volume and decrease maxium breathing capacity. decrease maxium breathing capacity.

Symptoms of ozone and oxidixant exposure Symptoms of ozone and oxidixant exposure are a dry throat followed by headache, are a dry throat followed by headache, disorientation and altered breathing patterns. disorientation and altered breathing patterns.