entrepreneurial intention and values in the basque country
DESCRIPTION
ISBE 2012 ConferenceTRANSCRIPT
Entrepreneurial intention and values in
the Basque Country
Garazi Azanza, University of Deusto
Tontxu Campos, University of Deusto
Juan A. Moriano, UNED
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the value-
intention link in a sample of 450 Basque university
students, in order to identify which types of values
predict university students’ entrepreneurial
intentions.
Cognitive perspective in entrepreneurship research
Cognitive perspective:
Analyses the internal process that takes place
beforehand in which education can be influential
Economic growth
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurial intention
?
Values and entrepreneurial intention
Entrepreneurial intention
Beliefs
Habits Desires
Values
Desirable and trans-situational goals which act as principles
that guide people's lives
Values can cause behaviour
Indicator of entrepreneurial intention
Definition of values identified by Schwartz (1992)
Power
Social status and prestige; control or domination of
people and resources.
Achievement
Personal success, through demonstrating competence,
in accordance with social standards.
Hedonism
Sensual pleasure and satisfaction, for oneself.
Stimulation
Emotion, novelty and achievements in life, for
variety and change.
Self-direction
Independence of thought and decision-making, creation and
exploration (creativity, independence, freedom).
Universalism
Understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection for the welfare of all people and
nature.
Benevolence
Preservation and enhancement of the welfare of those people with whom one is in frequent personal
contact.
Tradition.
Respect, commitment and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional
culture and religion provide people with.
Conformity
Control of actions, inclinations and impulses
likely to injure others, and violating the social norms and
expectations.
Security
Harmony and stability of society, both of relationships
and oneself.
Structure of relationships between values
Source: Ros et al. (1999), p.53.
Universalism
Self-direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement Power
Security
Tradition Conformity
Benevolence
Self-transcendence
Conservation
Openness to change
Self-enhancement
Previous research
Kecharananta and Baker (1999)
• Individualism
• Independence
• Resistance to authority
Moriano, Palaci and Trejo (2001)
• Values of an individualistic nature (hedonism, achievement, power, stimulation and self-direction)
Moriano, Palaci and Morales (2006)
• Individualistic values positively predict the entrepreneurial intention
Licht (2010), Noseleit (2010)
• Openness to change
• Self-enhancement
Research hypotheses
Openess to change
Self-transcendence
Self-enhancement
Conservation
Entrepreneurial
intention
+
+
-
-
Entrepreneurial intention and socioeconomic variables
Entrepreneurial intention
Gender
Age
Family environment
Work experience
Method
450 university students
Average age: 20.06 (DT=3.50)
Invitation to participate in the research via e-mail
Objectives
Confidentiality
Link to the online questionnaire (15’)
Sample and procedure
Women
57%
Men
43%
Economic and
Business 30%
Engineering 25%
Law
21%
Others 24%
Method
Measures
Values
• Spanish version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) from Schwartz, et al. (2001)
• 10 value types (40 items)
• "For him/her being rich is important. He/she wants to have a lot of money and expensive things”
Entrepreneurial intention
• Scale of 5 items used in previous studies on entrepreneurial intention (Liñan and Chen, 2009; Moriano et al., 2007)
• "One day I'm going to create a business initiative"
Socio-demographic data
• Age,
• Gender
• Province
• Socio-economic level
• Employment status
• Work and self-employed experience,
• Contact with support organisations for entrepreneurs,
• Parents' education
• Existence of family entrepreneurs
Method
Data analysis
Partial Least Squares (PLS): SmartPLS
Estimates of standardised regression coefficients for the model paths, which can be used to
measure the relationship between latent variables.
Outer model:
Relationship between constructs and
their indicators
Inner model:
Relationship between constructs
Results
Individual Loadings (λ), Composite Reliabilities (CR), t-values and Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
Construct Indicators λ t CR AVE
Entrepreneurial intention I1 .90 128.79 .92 .70
I2 .89 114.67
I3 .56 2.71
I4 .89 118.63
I5 .88 108.84
Openness Self-determination .88 25.67 .82 .62
Stimulation .82 33.03
Hedonism .63 8.31
Self-transcendence
Self-enhancement
Conservation
Benevolence
Universalism
Achievement
Power
Conformity
Security
Tradition
.93
.76
.87
.89
.79
.90
.40
1.04
0.99
41.29
39.00
2.73
3.52
1.40
.84
.87
.75
.72
.77
.53
**p<.01
Data analysis: Outer model. Reliability of the measurements.
Results
Means (M), Standard Deviations (SD), correlations, and discriminant validity
Construct M (SD) 1 2 3 4 5
1. Entrepreneurial intention 3.45 (1.30) .83
2. Openness 3.74 (.65) .34** .78
3. Self-transcendence 2.78 (.87) .13** .46** .84
4. Self-enhancement 3.93 (.62) .33** .32** .04** .87
5. Conservation 2.99 (1.30) .26** .26** .38** .29** .72
Notes. Diagonal elements are the square root of AVE between the constructs and their indicators. For discriminant
validity, diagonal elements should be greater than off-diagonal elements in the same row and column (**p<.01).
Data analysis:
Outer model. Convergent and discriminant validity.
Results
**p<.01.
Gender
Openness
.24**
.15** -.14**
Entrepreneurial intention
Self-enhancement
Entrepreneurial
family
Business studies
.14**
.19**
Self-
transcendence
Conservation
Inner model
To conclude:
Openness to change & self-enhancement
Implications:
Adaptation of studies:
Efforts should be devoted to developing these values and work should then be
done to foster entrepreneurial intention in individuals.
Gender, entrepreneurial family, and business administration education are
important psychosocial aspects for the development of entrepreneurial intention.
Intention
Research supported by:
CC- by Victor1558 CC- by inlinguaManchester CC- by Victor1558 CC- by Victor1558 CC- by Horia Varlan CC- by Victor1558