EnlightenmentEnlightenment

What characteristics make for a What characteristics make for a good leader? good leader?

How can a leader keep power How can a leader keep power without losing the support of the without losing the support of the people? people?

The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment

1700s-1800s1700s-1800s

The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment, a philosophical movement beginning , a philosophical movement beginning in France that advocated in France that advocated Reason and and logiclogic as the basis of as the basis of authority and all decisions and using reason and logic to authority and all decisions and using reason and logic to solve social problemssolve social problems

The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of EnlightenmentMany of the United States' Many of the United States' Founding Fathers were heavily influenced by were heavily influenced by Enlightenment-era ideas:(1600s-1800s)Enlightenment-era ideas:(1600s-1800s)– particularly in the religious sphere (separation of church and state) particularly in the religious sphere (separation of church and state) – And in the political sphere (a major influence on the And in the political sphere (a major influence on the U.S. U.S. Bill of Rights

The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of EnlightenmentHeavily influenced by the Heavily influenced by the Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution in Europe during the in Europe during the 1600s1600s

– Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution: the time : the time period where scientists in Europe period where scientists in Europe began to observe, hypothesize, began to observe, hypothesize, and experiment to reach and experiment to reach conclusions about the natural conclusions about the natural worldworld

Challenged prevailing religious Challenged prevailing religious beliefs and the Catholic Church’s beliefs and the Catholic Church’s authority on all things relating to authority on all things relating to the natural world: the natural world: Ex Ex GalileoGalileo was excommunicated from was excommunicated from the Church for arguing that the Earth the Church for arguing that the Earth revolved around the sun (Helio-revolved around the sun (Helio-centered universe) instead of other centered universe) instead of other way aroundway around Developed the Developed the Scientific MethodScientific Method

PhilosphesPhilosphesEnlightenment Enlightenment philosophers philosophers who met to discuss reason, who met to discuss reason, logic, rationale, and how to logic, rationale, and how to solve social problemssolve social problems

believed in using the scientific believed in using the scientific method to solve social method to solve social problemsproblems

were against were against Divine RightDivine Right and and believed the people are the believed the people are the source of government’s powersource of government’s power

met in underground clubs called met in underground clubs called SalonsSalons

Stop and Ponder!Stop and Ponder!

How can science help us live better lives? How can science help us live better lives? How can it hurt our lives?How can it hurt our lives?

Who Were the Philosophes So Mad at?Who Were the Philosophes So Mad at?

King Louis XIVKing Louis XIV of of France (r. 1643-1715)France (r. 1643-1715)

““The Sun King”The Sun King”

King Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)King Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)Ruled France as an absolute monarch in control of every Ruled France as an absolute monarch in control of every aspect of every French citizen’s life aspect of every French citizen’s life

Believed his entire kingdom revolved solely around him: called Believed his entire kingdom revolved solely around him: called himself himself “The Sun King”“The Sun King”

King Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)King Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)Lived a lavish life funded by heavy taxes on most of Lived a lavish life funded by heavy taxes on most of his subjectshis subjects

Most of his subjects lived in poverty with barely enough to Most of his subjects lived in poverty with barely enough to eateat

King Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)King Louis XIV (“The Sun King”)

Believed in Believed in Divine Right: Divine Right: Believed God Believed God anointed him king so he was only responsible anointed him king so he was only responsible to answer to God, not to his subjectsto answer to God, not to his subjects

Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles

Became the French capitalBecame the French capital12 miles outside of Paris12 miles outside of ParisReally angered the Really angered the

PhilosophesPhilosophes

Built 1671-1682 byBuilt 1671-1682 byKing Louis XIVKing Louis XIV

Shows how out of touch and Shows how out of touch and insincere King Louis XIV was insincere King Louis XIV was towards his subjectstowards his subjects

Stop and Ponder!Stop and Ponder!

Agree or DisagreeAgree or Disagree

People are born either good or evil. People are born either good or evil. ExplainExplain

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

● ● 1588-16791588-1679

● ● British British PhilosopherPhilosopher

● ● Believed Believed humans were humans were naturally wickednaturally wicked

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

Believed human Believed human beings were naturally beings were naturally wickedwicked

Believed human beings Believed human beings could not be trusted to make could not be trusted to make decisions to benefit all, only decisions to benefit all, only to benefit themselvesto benefit themselves

Believed an absolute Believed an absolute monarch was necessary to monarch was necessary to protect human beings from protect human beings from each other (Humans not each other (Humans not capable of self rule) capable of self rule)

Hobbes: Hobbes: Leviathan Leviathan and Social Contractand Social Contract

Argued that the only way to Argued that the only way to avoid war, chaos, disarray avoid war, chaos, disarray was a strong central rulerwas a strong central ruler

Argued that the people Argued that the people and the leader had a and the leader had a Social ContractSocial Contract

Hobbes’ Social Contract: Hobbes’ Social Contract: people give up their rights to people give up their rights to an absolute ruler in an absolute ruler in exchange for protection, law, exchange for protection, law, and order. People and order. People do notdo not have the right to rebelhave the right to rebel

Wrote Wrote LeviathanLeviathan 16511651

Stop and Ponder!Stop and Ponder!

1. Describe Thomas Hobbes’ ideas about 1. Describe Thomas Hobbes’ ideas about Social Contract.Social Contract.

2. 2. King Louis XIV gave himself the name…? King Louis XIV gave himself the name…? Name where he lived 12 miles outside of Name where he lived 12 miles outside of Paris?Paris?

Jean Jacque RousseauJean Jacque Rousseau● ● Swiss Philosopher Swiss Philosopher

● ● 1712-17781712-1778

● ● Also had a Also had a “Social Contract”“Social Contract”

● ● Wrote Wrote The Social ContractThe Social Contract

Book in 1762Book in 1762

RousseauRousseauBelieved humans were naturally good and corrupted by Believed humans were naturally good and corrupted by society, not the other way around (as society, not the other way around (as HobbesHobbes believed) believed)

Believed society forces people to compete bringing out the Believed society forces people to compete bringing out the worst in peopleworst in people

Believed government forces people to distrust each other and Believed government forces people to distrust each other and takes freedoms awaytakes freedoms away

RousseauRousseauBelieved modern technology made people too dependent on Believed modern technology made people too dependent on one anotherone another

Believed dependency created inequality, social classes, divisionBelieved dependency created inequality, social classes, division

Rousseau’s Social ContractRousseau’s Social ContractThe Social ContractThe Social Contract: : published 1762published 1762

Believed that the people are Believed that the people are the source of government the source of government powerspowers

Believed government’s job Believed government’s job was to help people be happy was to help people be happy and needs cared forand needs cared for

Believed if government did not Believed if government did not do its job people had the right do its job people had the right to remove leaders, rebelto remove leaders, rebel

Hobbes’ & Rousseau's Social ContractsHobbes’ & Rousseau's Social Contracts

HobbesHobbesPeople are naturally wickedPeople are naturally wickedPeople need to surrender People need to surrender their independence to an their independence to an absolute leader in exchange absolute leader in exchange for law and orderfor law and orderPeople do not have the right People do not have the right to rebelto rebel

RousseauRousseauPeople start out good and People start out good and become corrupted by societybecome corrupted by societyPeople are the source of People are the source of government’s powergovernment’s powerGovernment needs to help Government needs to help peoplepeoplePeople can rebel if leaders People can rebel if leaders fail to do their jobfail to do their job

Take A StandTake A Stand

Nature vs. NurtureNature vs. Nurture

Nature:Nature:People are born either good or evil. Ones DNA People are born either good or evil. Ones DNA determines everything about you. determines everything about you.

Nurture:Nurture:People are born with a “Blank Slate” and are People are born with a “Blank Slate” and are influenced by the parents, friends, society, influenced by the parents, friends, society, cultures, etc.cultures, etc.

Stop and Ponder!Stop and Ponder!

““Man is born free, and everywhere he is in Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” chains.” Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau

In today’s world do you feel this way?In today’s world do you feel this way?

Baron MontesquieuBaron Montesquieu1689-17551689-1755

French PhilosopherFrench Philosopher

Believed government’s Believed government’s

power needs to be checked power needs to be checked

Baron MontesquieuBaron MontesquieuBelieved in 3 types of governmentsBelieved in 3 types of governments::

● ● MonarchiesMonarchies: ruled by a king/queen guided by honor: ruled by a king/queen guided by honor

● ● RepublicsRepublics: ruled by elected officials guided by virtue: ruled by elected officials guided by virtue

● ● DespotismsDespotisms: ruled by absolute dictators guided by fear: ruled by absolute dictators guided by fear

Baron MontesquieuBaron Montesquieu

Separation of PowersSeparation of PowersBelieved power in government had Believed power in government had to be divided amongst different to be divided amongst different branchesbranches

Believed checks and balances are Believed checks and balances are necessary to keep one branch necessary to keep one branch from becoming too powerfulfrom becoming too powerful

Believed the people needed Believed the people needed safeguards from government safeguards from government becoming too powerfulbecoming too powerful

Heavily influenced America’s founding Heavily influenced America’s founding fathers 1770’s-1780’sfathers 1770’s-1780’s

3 Branches of Gov’t included in US 3 Branches of Gov’t included in US ConstitutionConstitution

Separation of Powers (Checks and Separation of Powers (Checks and Balances)Balances)

John LockeJohn Locke1632-17041632-1704

British PhilosopherBritish Philosopher

Believed all people wereBelieved all people were

born with 3 natural rightsborn with 3 natural rights

((Life, Liberty, PropertyLife, Liberty, Property))

John LockeJohn Locke Believed people are born with minds as a blank slate to be filled Believed people are born with minds as a blank slate to be filled

up: not naturally good or badup: not naturally good or bad

Believed it was human nature to want to figure things out and to want to Believed it was human nature to want to figure things out and to want to make sense of the world around youmake sense of the world around you

Disagreed with Disagreed with HobbesHobbes that people are naturally wicked that people are naturally wicked

Believed humans were reasonable creatures capable of figuring out Believed humans were reasonable creatures capable of figuring out anythinganything

Locke’s 3 Natural RightsLocke’s 3 Natural Rights

Locke believed all people born with 3 Natural Rights: Locke believed all people born with 3 Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and PropertyLife, Liberty, and Property

Locke’s Natural Rights heavily influenced America’s founders Natural Rights included in US Declaration of Independence

(Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness)

Stop and Ponder!Stop and Ponder!

"I disapprove of what you say, but I will "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend, to the death, your right to say it.“defend, to the death, your right to say it.“

Explain the meaning of the quote. Is this Explain the meaning of the quote. Is this quote important in American life? Why or quote important in American life? Why or why not. Provide exampleswhy not. Provide examples

Voltaire Voltaire 1694-17781694-1778French PhilosopherFrench Philosopher

Staunch supporter Staunch supporter

of individual of individual

libertiesliberties

VoltaireVoltaire Known for his wit and Known for his wit and

nonconformitynonconformity Believed that organized formal Believed that organized formal

religion was too constrictingreligion was too constricting

Was opposed to organized Was opposed to organized religions criticizing other faiths and religions criticizing other faiths and practitionerspractitioners

But did believe in freedom of But did believe in freedom of religionreligion

VoltaireVoltaire Staunch supporter of right to a fair trialStaunch supporter of right to a fair trial

Heavily influencedHeavily influenced

leaders of the Frenchleaders of the French

RevolutionRevolution

Was opposed to censorship: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will Was opposed to censorship: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend, to the death, your right to say it." defend, to the death, your right to say it."

Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft 1759-17971759-1797British philosopher,British philosopher,

author, and feministauthor, and feminist

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft1792 wrote 1792 wrote A Vindication of the Rights of WomanA Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Argued women are not naturally Argued women are not naturally

inferior to men; they just suffer inferior to men; they just suffer

from lack of educational from lack of educational

opportunitiesopportunities

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft Argued that men and women should be treated as equal beingsArgued that men and women should be treated as equal beings

Argued that social order should be determined by reason Argued that social order should be determined by reason (usefulness) not by gender, race, wealth, etc. (usefulness) not by gender, race, wealth, etc.

Stop and Ponder!Stop and Ponder!

Choose one Enlightenment philosopher Choose one Enlightenment philosopher that we have studied over the last few that we have studied over the last few days. Which one in your opinion had the days. Which one in your opinion had the greatest impact on Europe? Why?greatest impact on Europe? Why?

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft Argued that society trains Argued that society trains

women to be weak and women to be weak and more concerned with their more concerned with their superficial looks than superficial looks than contributions to societycontributions to society

Argued that women should Argued that women should receive the same type and receive the same type and quality of education as menquality of education as men

Argued it was a problem that men Argued it was a problem that men were so comfortable with treating were so comfortable with treating women as inferiorswomen as inferiors

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft Argued that proper education Argued that proper education

for women will solve their for women will solve their problemsproblems

Argued women must be given Argued women must be given the opportunity to participate in the opportunity to participate in the public sphere as much as the public sphere as much as the private sphere the private sphere

Most Enlightenment Philosophes Most Enlightenment Philosophes did not agree with her about the did not agree with her about the roles of women and education for roles of women and education for womenwomen

She was a feminist long before it She was a feminist long before it was acceptablewas acceptable

She inspired numerous later She inspired numerous later generations of feminists in generations of feminists in numerous countries numerous countries

Queen Elizabeth I (“The Virgin Queen”)Queen Elizabeth I (“The Virgin Queen”)

1533-16031533-1603Was Queen of Was Queen of

EnglandEngland

Most powerful Queen in Most powerful Queen in

European HistoryEuropean History

Believed in Believed in Divine RightDivine Right

Queen Elizabeth I (“The Virgin Queen”)Queen Elizabeth I (“The Virgin Queen”)Believed in Believed in Divine RightDivine Right but believed her subjects but believed her subjects

were like her children and she had to take care of were like her children and she had to take care of themthem

Never got married or had children: challenged the popular Never got married or had children: challenged the popular belief that women had to marrybelief that women had to marry

Queen Elizabeth I (“The Virgin Queen”)Queen Elizabeth I (“The Virgin Queen”)

Even though she believed in Even though she believed in Divine RightDivine Right she still saw the she still saw the need to rule with reasonneed to rule with reason

She settled decades-long religious She settled decades-long religious tension in England (tension in England (Catholics vs. Catholics vs. ProtestantsProtestants))

The The PhilosophesPhilosophes saw her as an saw her as an inspiration to other monarchs: be an inspiration to other monarchs: be an Enlightened rulerEnlightened ruler