enhanced natural removal of cyanide … · enhanced natural removal of cyanide and ammonia in...
TRANSCRIPT
REMTECH 2006
byBill Coedy & Ken Ashley
ENHANCED NATURAL REMOVAL OF CYANIDE AND AMMONIA IN TAILINGS LAKE AND ZONE 2 PIT LAKE AT COLOMAC, NWT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSScientific InterpretationJohn Chapman Roger PietersSusan Watson Greg LawrenceHedy Kling Stephen ShultzKen Hall Anne Wilson
Managerial SupportJames Edwards (INAC), Dave Bynski (PWGSC)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTechnical Assistance:
Dillon Consultants (Yellowknife)Tli Cho Logistics Dean Holman, Judy Mah, Regan Fielding
Laboratory Analysis:ALS EnvironmentalTaiga Environmental
• Treatment Of Mine Water At Colomac• Description of Monitoring Programs• Results &Treatment Evaluation for
Tailings Lake and Zone 2 Pit
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
Colomac Mine Site
Great Bear Lake
Great Slave Lake
Yellowknife
HISTORY• 1990 Mine operations begin• 1997 Ore processing & milling ceases• 1999 Water transfers begin• 1999 INAC assumes responsibility of abandoned site• 2001 Construction of diversion ditches begins• 2002 Water treatment begins• 2004 Remediation Plan approved by MWL&W Board
ISSUES• Water Management
Tailings Lake expected to exceed licenced freeboard limit by 2006
• Water QualityNatural degradation of cyanide and related compounds insufficient
Add phosphate for ENR
Divert runoff to increase storage time
2002: 11 tonnes of MAP2003: 9 tonnes of MAP
Discharge Fuscum Lake annuallyFirst discharge of TLk via north spillway : 2008 - 2009
Tailings LakeWATER TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT PLAN
WATERTRANSFER1999 – 2002
3.4 M m3 from TLk to Z2P
Diversion Ditches Construction 2001 to 2004
WATER TREATMENT OPTIONSEnhanced Natural Removal (ENR)• Preferred Option• Phosphorus Deficient• Bench Scale Tests
Pilot Plant• Alkaline Chlorination• Rotating Biological Contactor
ENR LAB BENCH TEST Oct 2001
MAP fertilizer on melting ice
Staging of MAP
MAP Addition on Zone 2 Pit
PHOSPHATE ADDED BY HELICOPTER AT BREAKUP
Zone 2.0 Pit Water Treatment & Management Strategy
Add phosphate for ENR
2002: 22 tonnes of MAP2003: 9 tonnes of MAP
If required, induce artificial circulation in 2006
Reach regulated level in 2011 Seepage to Baton 2014
Colomac Technical Advisory Committee
ENR Monitoring Program
• Physical : lake limnology(depth profiles – Temp, DO)
• Biological: algae identification, biomass and diversity
• Chemical : major ions, nutrients, metals targets: cyanide, ammonia
Challenges - TCA is filling up; water is of unacceptable quality; exposed tailings
Tailings Lake
North Station
Middle Station
TCA
Zone 2 Pit Sample Locations
Z2P-S
Z2P-NW
Pieter’s Monitoring Raft
Twice under ice
Monthly open water
0 4 8 12 16 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Dep
th (m
)
Temperature (C)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
←Jul01
S
M
N
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Aug18
SM
N
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
(a)
COLOMAC Tailings Lake - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Oct06(a)
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Dep
th (m
)
Conductivity, C25 (μS/cm)
(b)(b)(b)(b)
← Jul01
S
M
N↓
(b)(b)(b)(b)
Aug18 →
S
MN
(b)(b)(b)
Oct06 →
(b)
05
1015
Win
d (m
/s) COLOMAC TLK-N Wind and Water Temperature 2005
Jun03 Jun23 Jul13 Aug02 Aug22 Sep11
0C 2C 4C 6C 8C 10C 12C 14C 16C 18C 20C 22C
520 540 560 580 600 620
02468
Dep
th (m
)
Jun03 Jun23 Jul13 Aug02 Aug22 Sep11
STRONG WIND
Dissolved Oxygen % vrs Depth TLK 2005
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1.3 2.1 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.1 7 8.1 9 10.1 11.2 12 12.5
Mar18-Jun28-Jun13-Jul5-Aug27-Aug23-Sep
Physical Monitoring indicated :
• lake stratifies in summer active, warm, oxygenated epilimnioncold, anoxic hypolimnion
• strong wind can overturn or cause mixing• Mixing is important to supply P to the surface
where it is needed for SCN & NH3-N removal• lake is anoxic in winter
Biological Monitoring Component
• Physical changes in water – colour, clarity
• Algal productivity levels (biomass)• Algae identification & diversification
Algae Response to Phosphorus Addition
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Apr-02
Jul-0
2Oct-
02Ja
n-03
Apr-03
Jul-0
3Oct-
03Ja
n-04
Apr-04
Jul-0
4Oct-
04Ja
n-05
Apr-05
Jul-0
5
chlo
ro"a
" ug
/L
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
OP-
P u
g/L
chloro'a'
OP-P
MAP added
Predominant algal assemblage in TLK 2003-04 (typical of wastewaters)•small flagellate and colonial Chlorophyta (top row)
•large heterotrophic flagellates (left)
Cryptophyte dominated 2005
TLK-M
ALGAL BIOMASS &
MAJOR TAXA 2004-2005
Similar biomass range Predominated by green
algae
2005 increase in flagellates (Cryptomonads)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
18-Jun 13-Jul 5-Aug 17-Aug 26-Aug 23-Sep
1m eu eu eu eu eu
bio
mas
s (u
g/L
)
DINOCRYPDIATHAPTCHRYEUGCHLORCYAN
0
5000
10000
15000
22 Jun 29 Jul 18 Aug 31 Aug
3m eu 1m 2m
bio
mas
s (u
g/L
2004
2005
TLK-M
MICROZOOPLANKTON &
HETEROTROPHS
LOWER ABUNDANCE IN 20050
250
500
750
18-Jun 13-Jul 5-Aug 17-Aug 26-Aug 23-Sep
1m eu eu eu eu eu
ug/L
HETPROTOZOA
2004
2005
TLKM
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
22 Jun 29 Jul 18 Aug 31 Aug
3m eu 1m 2m
biom
ass
(ug/
L)
First Appearance of Macrozooplankton in 2005
Daphnia pulex Cyclops vernalis
Monitoring Water Chemistry
Monthly sampling of the water column indicated:
• Trends in contaminant removal from season to season
• Greatest removal rates related to biological activity in the epilimnion(above thermocline layer)
THIOCYANATE REMOVAL in TLK
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
5-Nov-01 24-May-02 10-Dec-02 28-Jun-03 14-Jan-04 1-Aug-04 17-Feb-05 5-Sep-05 24-Mar-06 10-Oct-06
Thio
cyan
ate
(mg/
L
Epilimnion Thiocyanate SCN mg/L
Hypolimnion Thiocyanate SCN mg/L
THIOCYANATE REMOVAL
SCN - + 2H2O + 5/2 O2 -> SO4-2 + HCO3
- + NH3
Biological oxidationProduces ammonia
AMMONIA REMOVAL in TLK
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
5-Nov-01 24-May-02 10-Dec-02 28-Jun-03 14-Jan-04 1-Aug-04 17-Feb-05 5-Sep-05 24-Mar-06 10-Oct-06
Amm
onia
-N (m
g/L
Epilimnion
Hypolimnion
5 mg/L license limit
Ammonia–N Removal : TLk Epilimnion 2002 - 2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
16-M
ay-02
28-Ju
n-02
26-Ju
l-02
27-A
ug-02
25-S
ep-02
07-A
pr-03
04-Ju
n-03
09-Ju
l-03
05-A
ug-03
17-S
ep-03
NH
3-N
mg/
L
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
NO
3 &
NO
2 m
g/L
NH3-NNO3-NNO2-N
AMMONIA-N REMOVAL MECHANISMS
1) DIRECT UPTAKE BY ALGAE
2) MICROBIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION
NH4+ + 3/2 O2 -> 2H+ + H2O + NO2
-
NO2- + ½ O2 -> NO3
–
3) MICROBIOLICAL DENITRIFICATION (anoxic)Nitrate to nitrogen gas
Nutrient Recycling At Bottom 2m of TLk
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Apr-02
Aug-02
Dec-02Apr-0
3
Aug-03
Dec-03Apr-0
4
Aug-04
Dec-04Apr-0
5
Aug-05
Dec-05Apr-0
6
mg/
L N
H4-
N
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
mg/
L TP
Ave NH3-N
Ave TP-P
Sedi trap Recovery
SEDIMENT TRAP RESULTS
Nutrient Removal From Sedimentation in TLk
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tot-N Tot-P VSS (%)
Tonn
es
2004 2005
Removal Of Total Phosphorus - TLk
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Jul-0
1Oct-
01Apr-
02Sep
-02Apr-
03Sep
-03Feb
-04Apr-
04Sep
-04Mar-
05Sep
-05Mar-
06Sep
-06
TP mg/Llicence20080.22
MAP additions
Removal Of Total Metals - TLk
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Oct-01
Apr-02
Sep-02
Apr-03
Sep-03
Feb-04
Apr-04
Sep-04
Mar-05
Sep-05
Mar-06
Sep-06
TCu ug/LTAs ug/L
Cu 10
As 40
Tailings Lake Discharge to North Wetlands
Discharge channel
L Shaped Lake
SUMMARY FOR TAILINGS LAKE• ENR with P addition + Water Management
was an cost effective and low risk treatment
• Water Quality of Tailings Lake has improvedto within licence limits established for discharge in 2008/09
NEXT STEPS for TLk
• Continue to monitor ENR process until discharge in 2008/09
• If necessary, supply depleted phosphorus to active algae layer from lake bottom with a pumping system
• Modify the Tailings Lake discharge wetland to optimize wetland treatment and attenuation
Zone 2 Pit - OVERVIEW
ENR processZone 2 Pit morphology and limnologyArtificial circulation optionDesign of Zone 2 Pit destratification system Preliminary resultsNext steps
COMPARISON OF TREATED LAKES
Active layeractive layer
12 m deep
4 M m3 volume
105 m deep7.9 M m3 volume
75 % 20 %
Tailings Lake Zone 2 Pit
TLk mixes completely
Z2Pit does not mix
SURFACE BLOOM IN ZONE 2 PIT
Z2P-N
ALGAL BIOMASS & MAJOR TAXA 2004 -05
Greenalgae
flagellates(Dinophyta)
0
25000
50000
16-Jun 13-Jul 5-Aug 17-Aug 26-Aug 23-Sep
1m eu eu eu eu eu
biom
ass
(ug/
L)
DINO
CRYP
DIAT
HAP
CHRY
EUG
CHLOR
CYAN
0
5000
10000
15000
22 Jun 29 Jul 18 Aug 31 Aug 21 Sep
bio
mas
s (u
g/L
)
1m euph 1m 2m 0-8int
ZONE 2 PIT - ISSUES
• SCN and NH3-N remain despite ENR• Z2P water elevation predicted to reach
Baton Lake level in 2011• Action required if water quality not
suitable when Z2P reaches 0.5 m within Baton Lake
Zone 2 Pit Morphology & Limnology• high depth to length ratio (15.7 ha)• occurrence of relatively saline water• lack of natural outlet (220 years retention time)• protection from prevailing winds• sampling data indicate the Pit rarely mixes below 50 m, usually ~ 22 m
• no oxygen in lower layers, high concentrations of ammonia and thiocyanate
• Under-ice circulation driven by salt freeze-out
0 5 10 15
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Dep
th (m
)
Temperature (C)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
FIGURE 1. COLOMAC Zone 2 Pit - All 2004 Seabird Casts
← Jul01←
Aug17←
Aug30←
Sep13←
Sep21←
Oct05
(a)
1000 1050 1100 1150
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Dep
th (m
)
Conductivity, C25 (μS/cm)
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
← Jul01← Aug17
& 30←
Sep13←
Sep21
← O
ct05
(b)
Seabird uncertaintyHydrolab spec
Depth profiles of SCN from Z2PNW Stn 2005
02468
101214161820
1 3 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 100
depth (m)
SCN
mg/
L
18-Jun-05
30-Jun-05
13-Jul-05
4-Aug-05
17-Aug-05
26-Aug-05
23-Sep-05
Hardware Of Artificial Circulation System
STAINLESS STEEL DIFFUSER
Diffusers set at 60 m depthBaton Lake
INSTALLATION OF DIFFUSER INTO RAFT
CHECKING FOR LEAKS IN THE HOSE SECTION JOINS
Circulation System in Zone 2 Pit
S Diffuser Raft
Pieter’s Monitoring Raft
NW Diffuser Raft
BATON LAKE
Startup – July 12 – Both Diffusers
STARTUP PLUME SOUTH DIFFUSER
22 DAYS AFTER STARTUP
Zone 2 Pit Sonar Transect
Preliminary Results
-Temperature-% Dissolved Oxygen saturation-SCN-NH3-N-N03-N
180 200 220 240 260 2803.25
3.3
3.35
3.4
3.45
3.5
T (°
C)
(a)
100m
60m
20m
Jun28 Jul18 Aug07 Aug27 Sep16 Oct06
Temperature from dataloggers stationed at Pieters Monitoring Raft 2005
T dataloggers, Pieters raft 2006 (UBC)
Temp change July 12 – 19, 2006 fromTemp dataloggers, Pieters Raft (UBC)
DO Profiles in Zone 2 Pit - 2006
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent Dissolved oxygen
Dep
th (m
)
24-Mar
23-Jun
21-Jul
2-Aug
25-Aug
13-Sep
Zone 2 Pit – Thiocyanate Inventory
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
01-Sep-02 14-Jan-04 28-May-05 10-Oct-06 22-Feb-08 06-Jul-09 18-Nov-10 01-Apr-12 14-Aug-13
SCN
Inve
ntor
y (t
onne
s)
ActualPredicted
21July06, 6.4 mg/L
24Aug06, <0.5 mg/L
Apr06, 40.7 tonnes
Zone 2 Pit – Ammonia Inventory
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
01-Sep-02 14-Jan-04 28-May-05 10-Oct-06 22-Feb-08 06-Jul-09 18-Nov-10 01-Apr-12 14-Aug-13
Amm
onia
-N In
vent
ory
(tonn
e)
21Jul06, 17.2 mg/L
24Aug06, 17.5 mg/L
12 Sept06, 13.0 mg/L
Z2 Pit Results for NO3-N (mg/L)Depth (m) June
23/06July 21/06
Aug 2/06 Aug 24/06
Sept 12/06
1 0.036 0.51 6.16
10 0.040 0.56 8.2 (15)
20 0.040 0.54 7.7 (30)
40 0.042 0.57
60 0.042 0.57
80 0.64
95 0.043 0.52
NEXT STEPS for Z2P
•Review and analyze 2006 data•Conduct under ice sample program for DO and water chemistry
•Meet with ENR Scientific Advisory Committeeand decide on 2007 treatment schedule