ENGLISH PRESTIGE IN INDONESIA IN THE LIGHT

OF DIGLOSSIA

Vincentius Stevian Yudhistira

Abstract

Recently the government made a policy that removes

English from primary school‟s curriculum. The government said

that the reason behind this policy is because English has become

more prestigious than Bahasa Indonesia. The present study

investigates English prestige in Indonesia using Ferguson‟s (1959)

typical diglossic distribution table by distributing questionnaires to

5 universities in Java that represent all university students in

Indonesia. The result was compared to Ferguson‟s (1959) typical

diglossic distribution table. The result indicates that English have

not yet reached higher prestige than Bahasa Indonesia in Indonesia.

The main reason is because after comparing the gained data and

Ferguson‟s (1959) typical diglossic distribution table, most of the

participant chose that English is rarely used in the given domains.

The result can be used for consideration to the government‟s policy

in removing English subject from elementary school.

Key words: Diglossia, Prestige, Prestige Shift

Introduction

In 2012, The Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia suggests that all

primary schools remove English from the curriculum. A prejudice was pointed out by

an Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) legislator, Dedi Gumelar. He said

that the teaching of the subject (English) would mean a loss of opportunity to nurture

a good "motherland-loving attitude". Another prejudice was pointed out by Abdul

Chaer, one of the Jakarta State University‟s academic. His statement was cited in

Jakarta Globe newspaper, "I don't know if it's because of the prestige (relates to the

context of students) associated with learning English, or if it's something else, but this

is what is happening right now (Jakarta Globe, 2012, October 25)." His statement

indicates that he has prejudice that the cause of the issue is the high prestige of

English which dominates over Bahasa Indonesia.

Diglossia is a phenomenon when two distinct forms of a language that exist

with clear functional separation in a socially stable situation (Llamas, Mullany, &

Stockwell, 2007). In diglossic region, the high language is learned in education

institution after one masters the low language as the first language. English in

Indonesia can be learned in education institution after one masters Indonesian and no

one or few people Indonesian learn English as their first language (as in case of

diglossia). If that is so, we may infer that the government thinks that English in

Indonesia may have reached the diglossia phenomenon. Therefore, it is essential to

see English in Indonesia as how the government sees this issue, through the light of

diglossia.

With the issues of English learning policy in Indonesia and diglossic

phenomenon shown above, I draw a connective line to this research in which prestige

will be the central of this research. This research seeks to find out how prestigious

English is among university students in Java. The main question that this research

wants to answer is whether English has been seen as more prestigious than Bahasa

Indonesia. More specifically, this research wants to find out whether the use of

English and Bahasa Indonesia is suited with the typical diglossic distribution of

language varieties. This study focuses more on the university students in Java,

because they are engaged in many domains that are potential to English use and

because Java has more universities compared to other islands in Indonesia.

By 2015, ASEAN Economy Community (henceforth AEC), or commonly

kwon as East Asian open market, will officially be applied. The use of English as

lingua franca will play a significant role. How can Indonesia survive AEC if we do

not master the language used in the open market? If Indonesian wants to survive

AEC, the government should not even consider removing English from the primary

schools curriculum. Instead, English teaching should have been encouraged, since at

a younger age human ability to absorb and learn a new language is at its best. Based

on this concern, this research seeks to find the present state of English prestige

(compared to Bahasa Indonesia) in Indonesia through the light of diglossia. If English

is proven to be more prestigious, the government‟s policy of removing English from

the primary school‟s curriculum may be the correct solution to prevent the language

shift that may happen. On the other hand, if Bahasa Indonesia is proven to be more

prestigious, we may conclude that this policy is rather rash or not well-thought.

English teaching for primary schools‟ students is very critical, especially

because the emerging AEC. Deterding & Kirkpatrick (2006) wrote in their study that

the current role of English in ASEAN is for lingua franca. In the future, students will

be involved in the emerging AEC. As an ASEAN member, Indonesia should

encourage the learning of English. This research is important because it may provide

a consideration for Indonesian educational institutes in making language policy in

micro scale. Language policy can be divided into two kinds, macro and micro scale.

Macro language policy is on supranational or national level, while micro language

policy is on individual, group or institution level (Coleman, 2011). The micro scale

language policy in here means language policy that covers languages institutes‟

policies independently disregarding the language policy that the government made,

including a language policy that regulates English lesson in schools. Another

importance that may result from this study is to provide English and Bahasa

Indonesia diglossic mapping with Java Island as its region.

Theoretical Framework

The government is taking a pivotal Language Policy by removing English

from primary schools curriculum. Language policy is sometimes used as a synonym

for language planning. However, more precisely, language policy refers to the more

general linguistic, political and social goals underlying the actual language planning

process (Deumert, 2004). This language policy that the government implements

refers to a basic type of language planning named as status planning, which includes

all the efforts undertaken to change the use and function of a language or language

variety within a given society. Beside status planning, another scope of language

planning can be used and seen through another dimension of language planning

which sociolinguists called as prestige planning. Prestige planning is directed towards

creating a favorable psychological background which is crucial for the long-term

success of language planning activities (Haarmann, 1990). Prestige planning,

however, is vital when the promoted language has previously been limited to low-

culture functions (as in the case of diglossia it might be limited to be used in the

activities where low-language is commonly used). In order to make the promoted

status changes socially acceptable, it is necessary to improve the prestige of the

respective language (low language). Thus, prestige planning often becomes a

prerequisite for status planning.

Language-planners distinguish many possible functions that a language can

occupy in society. This prestige planning is being done in a domain where language

serves its educational function. Educational function of language is the use of a

language „as a medium of primary or secondary education, either regionally or

nationally‟ (Stewart, 1968). There should be a serious issue underlying the language

policy that the government implements, otherwise the government would not apply

this policy in a very crucial domain (education). Through the statements that Dedi

Gumelar and Abdul Chaer pointed out, which represents the government, we may

infer that the government is worried of the high prestige of English which dominates

over Bahasa Indonesia.

To consider how prestigious a language is viewed, a certain kind of

measurement is needed. To measure the prestige of a language, it is a prerequisite to

provide the domains of which the high and the low language might appear then

compare them to the result of a previous study that has been done by sociolinguists.

Before getting involved in further discussion it is necessary to get better

understanding toward the concept of domain. Fishman (1972) drew on the concept of

domains as a way of establishing such general regularities. He argued that, in stable

bilingual communities, languages were associated with different domains of use.

“Domains enable us to understand that language choice and topic...are...related to

widespread socio-cultural norms and expectations (Fishman, 1972).” He has

introduced domain analysis which describes the use of languages in various

institutional contexts in a multilingual society. The concept of domains is an attempt

to designate the major clusters of interaction situations that occur in particular

multilingual settings.

Another concept that is needed to be understood is the concept of prestige.

In sociolinguistics, prestige is associated with the level of respect that

a language or dialect possesses. Generally, there is positive prestige associated with

the language or dialect of the upper classes, and negative prestige with the language

or dialect of the lower classes. But, we need to be careful in defining prestige.

However, it is possible that the highest social class may speak a language that has low

prestige, as how Meyerhoff (2006) stated that prestige is not necessarily something

speakers are consciously aware of, nor something that is associated with the highest

social class or more powerful speakers in a community.

Prestige is closely related to domains (Ferguson, 1959). Diglossia is a

phenomenon when two distinct forms of a language that exist with clear functional

separation in a socially stable situation. Those forms are categorized as a

„high‟variety and a „low‟ variety. The high variety is the prestigious form used in

formal situations, whereas the low variety is the informal form used in everyday talk

(Ferguson, 1959). Speakers are conscious of the switch from high to low varieties

(Llamas, Mullany, & Stockwell, 2007). The theory states, one domain compared to

another may have different view of which language is more likely to be used based on

its prestige or for everyday talk (Ferguson, 1959). The result of his study of the

typical diglossic distribution of language varieties, there are ten domains that can

represent all of the domains available in the sociolinguistic scope.

The domains in Ferguson‟s (1959) diglosic distribution table are divided in

two distributions, which are domains of the high language and domains of low

language. High language appears in sermon in church or mosque, speech in

parliament and political speech, university lecture, news broadcast and poetry. While

the low language appears in instruction to servants, waiters, workmen and clerks,

personal letter, conversation with family, friends and colleagues, radio „soap opera‟,

newspaper editorial, news story and caption on picture, caption on political cartoon,

and folk literature. Those domains are tabulated into the following Ferguson‟s (1959)

typical diglossic distribution table.

Domain H L

Sermon in church or mosque V

Instruction to servants, waiters, workmen, clerks V

Personal letter V

Speech in parliament, political speech V

University lecture V

Conversation with family, friends, colleagues V

News broadcast V

Radio „soap opera‟ V

Newspaper editorial, news story, caption on picture V

Caption on political cartoon V

Poetry V

Folk literature V

Ferguson‟s (1959) diglosic distribution table

There is some confusion that may happen when one tries to see in one

bilingual speech community and consider whether the phenomenon is included in

bilingualism or diglossia. In order to gain better perspective on how English and

Bahasa Indonesia is seen in this research, one should know the similarity of the

context between Bahasa Indonesia-English bilingualism in Indonesia and Guarani-

Spanish bilingualism in Paraguay (as described in Hudson, 2002). Like Guarani in

Paraguay, Bahasa Indonesia is the mother tongue of the population. Like Spanish in

Paraguay, English in Indonesia is also learned in schools. Just like in Indonesia, in

Paraguay code-switching often occurs. Because of the similarity of the context, in this

research, the phenomenon will be seen as a case where diglossia co-exists with

bilingualism, such as the case of diglossia that happens in Guarani-Spanish

bilingualism in Paraguay (Hudson, 2002). Without this set of view, mostly code-

switching is seen as the indicator of bilingualism. But with the help of this set of

view, one may consider that code-switching happens in diglossia also. This set of

view is important, since in Indonesia diglossia will also occur in form of code-

switching. If such set of view is used, we can make use of the typical digossic

distribution that Ferguson has invented.

Diglossia is closely related to politic. Through the scope of global politics,

Indonesia is surrounded by English-speaking Countries (i.e. Australia, Singapore,

Malaysia, and Philippines). Global politics contact among those countries requires

English as the lingua franca. Today‟s definition of diglossia has reached wider scope;

Diglosia can be applied to the way in which two (or more) distinct languages come to

divide up the domains in the linguistic repertoire of a speech community (Spolsky,

1998). As we see from the context above, the speech community is not limited by a

single country, but consists of different countries that are closely located to each

other. As globalization took place, those countries try to build political contacts. Two

(or more) distinct languages are used, and they are used in different domains of the

speech community. In Indonesia, this effect of the globalization does not only affect

the people that are working on the field of politics, but also in every sector of life.

In order to develop modern science and technology for the advancement of

Indonesia, the need for learning English has been increasingly recognized during

recent years. On December 12, 1967, the Minister of Education issued Decree No

096/1967, declare English as the first foreign language to be taught in Indonesian

schools (Pusat Pembinaan & Pengembangan Bahasa, 1984: p.126). School plays

significant roles in one‟s language development even after school. Through that way

diglossia had fully reached Indonesia.

Responding the government‟s statements which suggest that English is more

prestigious than Bahasa Indonesia, this research aims to find out if English have been

used in the domains which are considered to be prestigious. This research uses the

typical diglossic distribution of language varieties that are proposed by Ferguson

(1959) as the measurement of English‟s prestige in indonesia.

The Study

Context of the Study

The research was done in Java, since Java has the largest number of

universities compared to other regions in Indonesia. Since the participants were all

university students, the domains are limited to the domains of which the students

frequently encountered.

Research Method

This research is quantitatively seeking the frequency of English use

(compared to Bahasa Indonesia) in the domains that are available on Ferguson‟s

(1959) typical diglossic distribution of language varieties.

To measure how prestigious English is to Indonesian this research used

typical diglossic distribution of language varieties as the benchmark. The typical

diglossic distribution of language varieties was proposed by Ferguson (1959). It is

displayed in the form of a table showing in which domains the prestigious language is

used, and in which domains the less prestigious language is used. In this theory,

prestigious language is symbolized as “H” referring to “High-language” which is a

variety that shows high social prestige, while “L” referring to “Low-language” which

is a variety that shows low social prestige.

Instrument

This quantitative research used questionnaire as its instrument. The

questionnaire is based on the table of typical diglossic distribution of language

varieties by Ferguson (1959). Then the result of the questionnaire was compared with

the finding of Ferguson in his typical diglossic distribution of language varieties table

to determine which language is considered to be more prestigious in the given

domains.

Because Ferguson (1959) did not provide any further discussion on the

comparison of the use of high and low language frequency exclusively in each

domain, this research‟s focus is on the overall domains comparison. However, we

also need to discuss the domain in which low language appears the most and the

domain in which high language appears the most. We also need to discuss the

frequency of high language and low language appearance on the education domain.

To narrow down the result of this research by considering the focus of this

research, which is the prestige of English in Indonesia, I made an arrangement with

Ferguson‟s table of typical diglossic distribution of language varieties. The domains

of which low-language might appear are omitted. So, the table displayed on the

questionnaire only displays the domains of which high-language might appear, which

are sermon in church or mosque, speech in parliament and political speech, university

lecture, and news broadcast.

In respect toward the participants, who were not necessarily from English

Department, the questionnaire used Bahasa Indonesia. Another thing that needed

consideration was the terms that are used in the questionnaire. The terms were not

marked words (uncommon words/special terms) to avoid confusion of the

participants that do not understand the special terms. Uncommon words should be

elicited and the questionnaire should use more common words. Another thing to be

considered was one domain, which was speech in parliament and/or political speech.

Considering the participant who were university students, that particular domain was

modified into another domain which was frequently encountered by the participants,

but still closely related to the original domain. (The final form of the questionnaire

can be seen in the appendix 1).

Participants

The participants of this study were university students from all over Java

Island. University students will be directly involved in the emerging AEC. After

graduating from their universities, most of them will likely be involved in the

business world that later will be affected by AEC. In fact, one of the private

universities in Indonesia, Universitas Pancasila, has made their move by providing

rigorous character-building activities for their students in order to prepare them for

the AEC (Saleh, 2014). This micro policy that is made by the government may not be

directly connected to English prestige that this research seeks to answer, but it proves

that university students will be directly affected by AEC. It cemented the position of

university students as the participants. On the other side, students from Java Island

were chosen, since education in Indonesia (especially at university level) is

centralized in Java. Java has the biggest number of university students compared to

other regions in Indonesia. Therefore, university students in Java Island are the most

suitable representative participants. To represent all of the post-highschool education

area, the participants came from private university, state university, technology

institute, and college.

Data Collection and Discussion

The data were collected by distributing questionnaires to 5 universities that

are spread through Java Island. To get richer data, I chose universities that represent

private university, state university, technology institute, and college. The universities

represent 5 regions in Java Island. Gaining data directly by spreading questinares all

over Java Island will be time-consuming and economicaly impractical. Therefore

snowball technique were used in this research. Five trusted fellow university students

were chosen to be the representatives. Each of the representatives was given 25

questionnaires. They were assigned to distribute the questionnaires to their university

friends randomly. After they had retrieved the filled questionnaires, they sent the

questionnaires back to me. The questionnaires that were sent were summed up. The

result of the questionnaires was processed to look for the frequency. Therefore the

data was quantitatively analyzed. If the most of the questionnaire result shows „often‟

as its answer, then it is true that English is more prestigious than Bahasa Indonesia.

Findings and Discussions

125 questionaires were distributed to 5 universities representing 5 areas in

Java (Jakarta, Bandung, Solo, Semarang, and Surabaya). From the distributed 125

questionaires, 113 questionares were retreived. The result is shown in table 1.

Table 1. diglossic distribution of English used by Indonesian University students

Domain

The use of English Percentage of people

who said English is

frequently used Frequent Rare

Sermon in church or mosque (religion) 21 92 18%

Speech in parliament, political speech

(political)

29 84 25%

University lecture (education) 46 67 40%

News broadcast (news) 52 61 46%

Poetry (literature) 47 66 41%

Overall, by looking at the obtained data, on the 5 domains that are available in

the questionnaire, English are used less compared to Bahasa Indonesia or possibly

other languages. In religious domain, only 18% of the participant said that English is

frequently used. In political domain, only 25% of the participant said that English is

frequently used. In education domain, only 40% of the participant said that English is

frequently used. In news domain, only 46% of the participant said that English is

frequently used. In Poetry/literature domain, only 41% of the participant said that

English is frequently used. We may conclude that in each domain, Bahasa Indonesia

is used more than English. By comparing the result of the questionnaires and

Ferguson‟s typical diglossic distribution table, we may draw a conclusion that

English is less prestigious than Bahasa Indonesia.

After seeing the overall result of the data and comparing it with Ferguson‟s

typical diglossic distribution table, I will discuss this English prestige phenomenon in

Indonesia on each domain that are available on Ferguson‟s typical diglossic

distribution table.

It might seem irrelevant to see how frequent English is used in each domain

individually, since Ferguson did not discuss the use of High-language and Low-

language percentage on each domain individually, rather as a whole. However, it is

interesting, even fascinating, to see the frequency of English use in those domains

individually. Even more, to see the frequency of English use in those domains

individually might gives us a whole new perspective on how prestigious English is in

each domain. By understanding how close those domains are to prestige shift, the

government may be able to weigh which domains are needed to be given the policy

that prevents prestige shift. Without this perspective, the government might make a

policy that is not suitable for the target domain. Without the perspective, the

government might publish a policy on a domain where English does not threat any

prestige shift, while on the domain on which prestige shift is imminent might be left

unregulated. In other words, it is necessary to see the frequency of English use on

each domain individually.

As stated above, Ferguson (1959) did not discuss the use of High-language

and Low-language percentage on each domain individually. Therefore, it is

impossible to use the same approach that we used determine how prestigious English

is compared to Bahasa Indonesia as a whole using Ferguson‟s typical diglossic

distribution table. That is why different approaches are used to determine how close

prestige shift is in each individual domain.

It is best for us to rank the domains based on how close they are to prestige

shift by looking at how many participants chose that English is frequently used in a

certain domain. The first rank goes to the news domain, where 46% of the people

chose that English is frequently used. The second rank goes to poetry or literature

domain, where 41% of the people chose that English is frequently used. The third

rank goes to education domain, where 40% of the people chose that English is

frequently used. The fourth rank goes to political domain, where 25% of the people

chose that English is frequently used. The fifth rank goes to religion domain, where

18% of the people chose that English is frequently used. By looking at this rank

alone, we may infer that even in the first rank, prestige shift has not happened yet.

The percentage of English use in this perspective cannot necessarily be

understood as if, for example in the news domain, the participants fully use 46%

English and 54% Bahasa Indonesia. We need to understand the fact that in the

questionnaire they are only asked to choose whether English often occurs in that

domain, and not to count and compare the percentage of English use compared to

Indonesian in particular event in a given domain. Rather, the questionnaires ask them

to choose how frequent English phrases or terminologies occur in a whole experience

in each domain. I believe that if we compare the use of English and the use of Bahasa

Indonesia in the real world, the percentage of English use will be much lower. If we

compare the number of words that appear in certain domain, the number of Bahasa

Indonesia words used in a certain domain is far more frequently used than English.

Ranked the last, the rarest use of English is found in religious activity. 92 out

of 113 participant said that they rarely hear or use English in that domain. This

domain gained the lowest frequency of English use, I suppose, because the majority

of Indonesians are Moslems. According to the National Statistic Center‟s survey in

2010, 87,18% of Indonesia‟s overall population are Moslems (Badan Pusat Statistik,

2010). Moslems in Indonesia often use Arabic and Indonesian rather than English in

their activities.

On the fourth rank, there are 84 out of 113 participants that chose to say that

the rarely hear or use English in the political domain. Indonesia is a country with a

strong will to be independent without the influence of the western world, including

the United States. A lot of Indonesians still feel suspicious toward western influences,

just like what happened in the recent presidential election. Sadly sometimes English

became the scapegoat of this westernization. They think that American and Western

pop culture, along with English as their lingua franca, is the reason that Indonesian

people leave their community‟s values that date back to the pre-colonization era.

Politicians on the other hand, are trying to accommodate these kinds of people to vote

them as well as others who do not have problem with westernization. I think they try

to build an image of someone who loves their country more than the western world. It

was proven in the latest presidential election, being related to westernization has

become a tool for the both opposing presidential candidates to build bad images

toward each other. Speaking mostly Bahasa Indonesia will be a wise choice for the

politician if they want to be elected. I think this is why in the political domain,

Bahasa Indonesia, has become the dominant language compared to English.

On the third place, there are 67 out of 113 participants that chose to say that

they rarely hear or use English in the education domain. Although the number of the

English use in this domain is quite high, this domain ranked the third. English is a

necesity in this domain, especially for university students, since international

academic journal, paper, thesis, and disertation are written in English. In order to be

able to write academic writings, university students should master English so that

they can make use of those international academic journal, paper, thesis, and

disertation as references. Therefore, universities in Indonesia decided that learning

English is obligatory. Most of Indonesian universities use TOEFL test as a

prerequisite of their students‟ graduation. Each of the university sets different

minimum TOEFL scores as the prerequisite. For instance, Surabaya Technology

Institute (ITS) sets 450 as the minimum TOEFL passing grade for bachelor degree,

while Yogyakarta National University (UNY) sets 400 as the minimum TOEFL

passing grade for bachelor degree. I think the frequency of English use in education

domain had reached a pretty high number because of this policies that Indonesia

universities applied.

On the second rank, there are 66 out of 113 participants that chose to say that

they rarely hear or use English in the poetry or literature domain. The number of the

English use in this domain is pretty high. I believe that it is caused by the strong

influence of Britain‟s literature works not only in Indonesia but also to the rest of the

world. Since occurrence of Shakespeare‟s works, the literature world is dominated by

his work, which is written in English. Even nowadays Britain‟s literature works like

J.K. Rowling‟s still dominate today‟s literature world. The extent and quality of

English literature throughout history, marks it as a language of culture and class

(Mastin, 2011). A literature work is best to be written in its original language. If it is

translated, there are a certain moods or messages that are not perfectly captured by

the reader. Therefore, frequent use of English might be encountered in this domain.

Ranked the first, English are mostly used in News. 52 out of 113 participants

said that they often hear or use English in that particular domain. I think that some of

the newspapers and news in some of the TV stations are aware of the needs of

English in delivering the news. We may think that there are only one domestic TV

station that broadcasts English News and one domestic news paper that publised in

English, but if we take a deeper look, even in the news that are delivered in Bahasa

Indonesia, English are commonly used through code-mixing and code-switching.

These news might be responsible for the frequent use of English in this domain.

Another possible explanation why the most frequent use of English is found on this

domain, it might be because university students are becoming more Involved in news

domain through news websites‟ comments.

After we discuss the frequency in each domain, we need to get back and

address the initial inquiry of this study; “Is it a wise policy for the government to

erase English from primary school‟s syllabus?”. To answer that, we need to see

education domain‟s rank compared to other domains in the gathered data. If we take a

look at the education domain, in terms of the use of English frequency, it ranks the

third. The frequency of English use in this domain is outnumbered by news domain

and national literature domain. It means that education domain might not be the

priority on which the policy should be applied.

Conclusion

By matching Ferguson‟s (1959) typical diglossic distribution table and the

retreived data, it can be concluded that most of the university students in Java rarely

use or hear the use of English compared to Bahasa Indonesia or possibly other

languages in the five domains. By infering to the data and Ferguson‟s diglossic

distribution table, we may conclude that Bahasa Indonesia still has more prestige

compared to English. Therefore, Abul Chaer‟s and Dedy Gumelar‟s worries in which

English has became more prestigious than Bahasa Indonesia, might be considered

invalid. Even more, if we look at the findings, it is actually the news domain that has

the highest number of English use. It is the news domain that has more prestige shift

threat compared to educational domain.

Since there are no reason for the policy maker to take away English from the

curriculum, and by looking at the fact that English is needed in the upcoming AEC,

The Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia should reconsider their policy to

remove English from the curriculum. If the government want to anticipate English

from being seen as the more prestigious language compared to Bahasa Indonesia,

they should make a policy on the news domain, rather than on educational domain.

This research limit is on the overall prestige of English in Indonesia. This

research does not seek to find the exact percentage of English use compared to

Bahasa Indonesia use in each domain that is available in Ferguson‟s (1959) typical

diglossic distribution table. Therefore, further study on the same field can find the

exact number of the percentage of English use compared to Bahasa Indonesia use in

each domain that are available in Ferguson‟s (1959) typical diglossic distribution

table. The further study might be done by observing events that are related to the

domains that are available in Ferguson‟s (1959) typical diglossic distribution table.

Interview might be done as a follow up. The further study might need to count the

exact percentage of English use compared to Bahasa Indonesia in each event. After

the percentage is obtained, a strong conclusion on how further has English caused

prestige shift in Indonesia can be drawn.

Acknowledgement

First, I would like to thank to Jesus Christ for the inspiration, favor and

strength to finish this study. I am also very grateful to my supervisor and the

examiner for the guidance, feedback and suggestion during this study. I would also

personally thank Victor Pramusanto, Kunta Nirbaya, Ester Pranita, Nadia Sekar

Sidhanti, and Michael Gadis for being the representatives of the 5 universities to help

me to distribute the questionnaires. Finally, I would like to thank to my parents for

always cheer, support and inspire me during the process.

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Appendix 1 the distributed questionnaire

Seberapa sering anda mendengar bahasa Inggris dalam kegiatan-kegiatan berikut?

Jenis kegiatan Penggunaan Bahasa Inggris

Sering Jarang

Kegiatan keagamaan (Misa, Kebaktian,

Khotbah, dll)

Kegiatan dunia politik (interview dengan

politisi, orasi politik, dll)

Kegiatan belajar mengajar di kampus

Berita (Tayangan berita, Koran, dll)

Puisi