TENSES:

001. Present simple TO BE (am, is, are).

+ - ? Short answer Yes Short answer No I am (‘m) I am not (‘m not) Am I …? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. He/She/It

is (‘s) He/She/It

is not (‘s not) (isn’t) Is

He/She/It …? Yes,

He/She/It is. No,

He/She/It isn’t. We/You/They

are (‘re) We/You/They

are not (‘re not) (aren’t) Are

We/You/They …? Yes,

We/You/They are. No,

We/You/They aren’t.

TO BE (Ser/estar) Is your mother at home? Is it late? No, it’s only 9:00. Decir la hora It’s one o’clock. It’s 8.15. It’s half past ten.

TO BE (Tener) It’s hot/cold day. I’m 35 years old. Are the children asleep? I’m right (tengo razón). I’m afraid (tengo miedo). I’m in a harry (tengo prisa).

That’s, there’s, here’s That’s very kind of you (Es muy amable de tu parte). Look! There’s Chris. (Ahí esta…) Here’s your key. (Aquí tienes…)

What’s, Where’s, Who’s, How’s What’s the time? (Qué hora es?) Where’s Lucy? (¿Dónde esta Lucy?) Who’s that man? (¿Quién es ese hombre?) How’s your father? (¿Cómo está tu padre?)

002. Present continuous (am, is, are + -ing.).

+ - ? Short answer Yes Short answer No I

am (‘m) doing.

I am not (‘m not)

doing.

Am I

doing…?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

He/She/It is (‘s)

working.

He/She/It is not (‘s not) (isn’t)

working.

Is He/She/It

working…?

Yes, He/She/It

is.

No, He/She/It

isn’t. We/You/They

are (‘re) going.

We/You/They are not (‘re not) (aren’t)

going.

Are We/You/They

going…?

Yes, We/You/They

are.

No, We/You/They

aren’t.

Expresa un hecho o una acción en curso: Why are you wearing a coat (p.q. llevas abrigo)? Who are you waiting for (a quién estás esperando)? Formación de la forma ”ing: [come-coming; write-writing] [stop-stopping; run-running; sit-sitting; swim-swimming; lie-lying] No tienen ‚Present continuous‛ los verbos estáticos (Stative verbs): [believe, know, think, understand][belong, have, own][appreciate, hate, like, love][smell, see, hear, taste][seem, look, mean, cost, need, want, remember, depend, prefer, forget].

003. Present simple (do, does).

+ - ? Short answer Yes Short answer No I/We/You/They

(work, watch, do, have,…)

I/We/You/They don’t (work, watch, do,

have,…).

Do I/We/You/They (work, watch, do,

have,…)?

Yes, I/We/You/They

do.

No, I/We/You/They

don’t. He/She/It

(works, watches, does, has,…)

He/She/It doesn’t (work, watch, do,

have,…)

Does He/She/It (work, watch, do,

have,…)?

Yes, He/She/It

does.

No, He/She/It doesn’t.

Expresa cosas que son verdaderas en general, o bien que ocurren con cierta frecuencia: How often do you wash your hair? What does this word mean? Formación del presente simple: [pass-passes; finish-finishes; watch-watches; study-studies; try-tries; do-does; go-goes]. El presente se usa con ‚Always/never/often/usually/sometimes‛: Sue always gets to work early (Sue llega siempre temprano al trabajo). I never eat breakfast. We often go away at weekends. He usually plays football. I sometimes walk to work.

004. Present simple vs. Present continuous.

“ Present simple (actions that happen all the time (habits, always true), often, sometimes, never,...): I work in an office. We start work at nine. He looks like his father. Ice forms at 0 degrees.

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No

I/You/We/They work.

I/You/We/They don’t work.

Do I/You/We/They

work?

Yes, I/You/We/They

do.

No, I/You/We/They don’t.

He/She/It works.

He/She/It doesn’t work.

Does He/She/It

work?

Yes, He/She/It

does.

No, He/She/It doesn’t.

3rd person singular: Add ”s after most verbs: live ” lives; play ” plays; work - works Add -es after -ch, -sh, -s, -x: watch - watches; finish - finishes Delete -y and add -ies after a consonant + y: study - studies Irregular forms: do - does; go - goes; have - has

“ Present continuous (actions that are in progress at/around the moment of speaking): I'm not working now. I'm having lunch. My job is getting more (es cada vez más) difficult to do. House prices are going up.

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No

I’m working I’m not working Am

I working?

Yes, I

am.

No, I’m not

You/We/They are working

You/We/They aren’t working

Are You/We/They

working?

Yes, You/We/They

are.

No, You/We/They

aren’t.

He/She/It is working

He/She/It isn’t working

Is He/She/It working?

Yes, He/She/It

is.

Yes, He/She/It

isn’t.

Spelling: ing-forms: Delete -e and add -ing for verbs that end in e: have - having, make - making. Add a consonant +ing for verbs that end in one vowel + one consonant: run - running, stop - stopping.

005. Past simple TO BE (was/were).

WAS/WERE (ser/estar): Where was Kate yesterday? (¿Dónde estubo Kate ayer?). The weather was good last week. (La semana pasada hizo buen tiempo). They weren’t here last Saturday. (No estuvieron aquí el domingo pasado). WAS/WERE (tener): When I was child, I was afraid a dogs. (Cuando era pequeño, tenía miedo a los perros). We weren’t hungry after the journey. (No teníamos hambre después del viaje). Was the weather nice? (¿Hizo buen tiempo?). No, it wasn’t.

+ - ? Short answer Yes-No I/He/She/It

was I/He/She/It

was not (wasn’t) Was

I/He/She/It …? Yes, No,

I/He/She/It was (wasn’t).

We/You/They were

We/You/They were not (weren’t)

Were We/You/They …?

We/You/They were (weren’t).

006. Past simple (did).

Regular verbs: work-worked, clean-cleaned, start-started, dance-danced, stay-stayed, need-needed; try-tried, study-studied, copy-copied, stop-stopped, plan-planned. Irregular verbs: begin-began; brake-broke, bring-brought, build-built… Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime. (…llovió… Paró…) We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished at midnight. (Nos divertimos en la fiesta. …Bailamos… hablamos…terminó…). We did a lot of work yesterday. (Hicimos…); I usually get up early, but last Saturday I got up at 9 o’clock (…me levanté…).

007. Past continuous (was, were + -ing).

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No

I/He/She/It was working

I/He/She/It wasn’t working

Was I/He/She/It working?

Yes, I/He/She/It

was.

Yes, I/He/She/It

wasn’t.

You/We/They were working

You/We/They weren’t working

Were You/We/They

working?

Yes, You/We/They were.

Yes, You/We/They

weren’t.

You can use the past continuous to describe a ‚longer‛ activity that was in progress when other past events happened. You usually use it in contrast with the past simple. I saw her when I was driving home. They were playing tennis when it started raining. Jack was reading a book when the phone rang. In 2001 we were living in Gavà. (…vivíamos…).

+ - ? Short answer Yes-No I/we/you/they/he/she/it

(watched, had, did, went)

I/we/you/they/he/she/it didn’t

(watch, have, do, go)

Did I/we/you/they/he/she/it (watch, have, do, go)…?

Yes, (No), I/we/you/they/he/she/it

did (didn’t).

008. Present perfect (have, has + -ed). Been & Gone. Just, already, yet. How long…?

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No I/You/We/They

’ve (have) worked

I/You/We/They haven’t worked

Have I/You/We/They

worked?

Yes, I/You/We/They

have.

No, I/You/We/They

haven't. He/She/It ’s (has) Worked

He/She/It hasn't

worked

Has He/She/It worked?

Yes, He/She/It

has.

No, He/She/It

hasn't.

You can use the present perfect to talk about completed actions in time ‚up to now‛. You don’t focus on ‚when‛. Acción del pasado que cuyos resultados tienen efecto en el presente. “ Time ‚up to now‛:

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ I’ve done a lot of silly things in my life. (He hecho un montón de cosas tontas en mi vida). Can I take this newspaper, have you finished with it? (Has terminado de leerlo?).

Common time expressions which describe time ‚up to now‛: today, this week, recently, never, ever, at any time, in last 2 weeks, over the years. With these time expressions you usually use the present perfect: My brother has never been to a pop concert. I haven’t seen any good films recently. “ Been & Gone: Been is the past particible of be, but you can also use it as a past participle of go:

He’s been to Rome = He went and came back. He’s gone to Rome = He went and is in Rome now.

“ ‚Finished‛ time: ↑↑ I did a lot of silly things when I was at university. (Hice un montón de tonterías cuando estaba en la universidad).

Common time expressions which describe ‚finished‛ time: yesterday, last month, in 1990, a few minutes ago, a few moments ago, when I was student. With these time expressions you use the past simple: She called you a few minutes ago. I didn’t go to mountains last summer.

The past Now

The past Now

Present Perfect + just (acabar de… ): Is tom here? No, I’m afraid he’s (has) just gone (…se acaba de ir) Present Perfect + already (ya = antes de lo esperado): Yes, they’ve already arrived (Ya han llegado.) Present Perfect + not…yet (aún/todavía no): Are they here? No, they haven’t arrived yet. (Aún no han llegado). Pr. Perf. + yet? ( ¿ya? yet siempre al final de la frase): Has Nicole started her new job yet? (¿Ha empezado ya su trabajo?). Pr. Perf. (Have been/have had/have played) para un período de tiempo q se extiende desde el pasado hasta ahora, por ejemplo la vida de alguien: Have you ever been to France? No, I haven’t (¿Has estado en Francia (en tu vida)?) She has had many different jobs and has lived in many places. Present perfect. How long have you + V-ed (p.participle)?: How long has she been in London? (¿Cuánto tiempo lleva/está en Londres?). She has been in London since Monday (for 3 days). Present perfect continuous. How long have you been + V ”ing?: How long have you been learning German? (¿Cuanto tiempo hace que estás aprendiendo Alemán?). It’s been (=It has been) raining since this morning (Llueve/está lloviendo desde esta mañana).

009. Present perfect vs. past simple.

Past simple (I did) con el período terminado (yesterday, last week). Present perfect (I have done) de un tiempo hasta ahora (up to now). With time expressions that do not specify the exact time (ever, never, already, yet, sin, just, recently, in the last few weeks, during/in/over weeks, years, months): I have lost my keys (no la encuentro ahora). I lost my key last week. Have you ever been to Spain? (alguna vez en el pasado). Did you go to Spain last year? Ben has gone home (no está aquí ahora). Ben went home ten minutes ago. The letter hasn’t arrived yet. The letter didn’t arrive yesterday. Some time expressions can refer to both finished time and unfinished time. Have you done anything interesting this morning? (=It is still the morning) Did you do anything interesting this morning? (=The morning is now finished) Other expressions that we can use with both tenses include today, this week, this month, etc. Se usa el past simple en las preguntas que comienzan por When…? o What time…?: When did you buy your computer? What time did Andy go out?

010. Irregular verbs.

TRANSLATION VERB PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

TRANSLATION VERB PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE ser/estar be was/were been

dejar/permitir let let let

golpear, batir beat beat beaten

tumbarse lie lay lain volverse become became become

encender light lit lit

empezar begin began begun

perder lose lost lost doblar bend bent bent

hacer make made made

apostar bet bet bet

significar mean meant meant morder bite bit bitten

encontrar meet met met

soplar blow blew blown

deber/haber must had to had to romper break broke broken

pagar pay paid paid

traer bring brought brought

poner put put put construir build built built

leer read read read

quemar burn burned/burnt burned/burnt

montar read rode ridden explotar burst burst burst

sonar/telefonear ring rang rung

comprar buy bought bought

levantar rise rose risen poder can could been able

correr run ran run

coger catch caught caught

decir say said said escoger choose chose chosen

ver see saw seen

venir come came come

vender sell sold sold costar cost cost cost

enviar send sent sent

cortar cut cut cut

colocar set set set negociar deal dealt dealt

sacudir shake shook shaken

cavar dig dug dug

brillar shine shone shone hacer do did done

disparar shoot shot shot

dibujar draw drew drawn

mostrar show showed shown beber drink drank drunk

contraer shrink shank shrunk

conducir drive drove driven

cerrar shut shut shut comer eat ate eaten

cantar sing sang sung

caer fall fell fallen

hundirse sink sank sunk alimentar feed fed fed

sentarse sit sat sat

sentir feel felt felt

dormir sleep slept slept luchar fight fought fought

deslizarse slide slid slid

encontrar find found found

hablar speak spoke spoken volar fly flew flown

deletrear spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt

olvidar forget forgot forgotten

gastar/pasar spend spent spent perdonar forgive forgave forgiven

derramar spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt

congelar freeze froze frozen

dividir split split split conseguir get got got

echar a perder spoil spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt

dar give gave given

esparcir spread spread spread ir go went gone/been

estar de pie stand stood stood

crecer grow grew grown

robar steal stole stolen colgar hang hung hanged/hung

hincar stick stuck stuck

tener have had had

jurar swear swore sworn oir hear heard heard

hinchar swell swelled swollen/swelled

esconder hide hid hidden

nadar swim swam swum golpear hit hit hit

tomar/llevar take took taken

sujetar hold held held

enseñar teach taught taught herir hurt hurt hurt

desgarrar tear tore torn

mantener keep kept kept

decir tell told told arrodillarse kneel knelt knelt

pensar think thought thought

saber/conocer know knew known

tirar throw threw thrown colocar lay laid laid

entender understand understood understood

dirigir lead led led

despertar wake woke woken aprender learn learned/learnt learned/learnt

llevar puesto wear wore worn

dejar/irse leave left left

ganar win won won prestar lend lent lent

escribir write wrote written

011. Present perfect simple vs. continuous.

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer

Yes Short answer

No

Present Perfect Simple

I/You/We/They have

worked.

I/You/We/They haven’t worked.

Have I/You/We/They

worked?

Yes, I/You/We/They

have.

No, I/You/We/They

haven’t. He/She/It

has worked. He/She/It

hasn’t worked. Has He/She/It

worked? Yes, He/She/It

has. No, He/She/It

hasn’t.

Present Perfect

Continuous

I/You/We/They have been working.

I/You/We/They haven’t been

working.

Have I/You/We/They been working?

Yes, I/You/We/They

have.

No, I/You/We/They

haven’t. He/She/It has been working.

He/She/It hasn’t been

working.

Has He/She/It been working?

Yes, He/She/It has.

No, He/She/It hasn’t.

Present perfect continuous: You usually use the present perfect continuous to describe the duration of continuous or repeated action from a point in the past up to now. And to talk about actions which started in the past and are still in progress now. We’ve been studying Greek or ten years. She’s been going to the same hairdresser since the 1990s. To describe the period of time between the start of the action and now, we can use for and since. We use for + an expression that describes the length of time (for five years/a long time/3 weeks). We use since + an expression that refers to the time when the action started (since 2002/2 o’clock). We use how long in questions to ask about the length of time (how long have you been living here?). Stative meanings: You don’t use the present perfect continuous for verbs with stative meanings. Use the simple form. She’s known Tom since they were at school. They’ve had the same computer since 2003. You can also use the simple form to indicate unchanging, ‚permanent‛ situations. Compare: I’ve been living here since the summer. I’ve lived here all my life.

012. Future forms (will, be going to).

“ (be) going to and present continuous:

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No I’m going to work.

I’m not going to work.

Am I going to work?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

You/We/They ’re going to work.

You/We/They ’re not going

to work.

Are you/we/they

going to work?

Yes, you/we/they

are.

No, you/we/they

aren't. He/She/It ’s going to work.

He/She/It isn’t going

to work.

Is he/she/it

going to work?

Yes, he/she/it

is.

No, he/she/it

isn't.

You can use (be) going to to talk about your future intentions. You have made a decision about a future event and you are talking about that decision: One of this days I‘m going to get fit. He’s going to tell me all about his holidays. You can use the present continuous to talk about future arrangements (planes o acuerdos). You have arranged future event and you are talking about that arrangement: Are you doing anything on Thursday? We’re meeting the President this afternoon at 2.00 p.m. He’s arriving tomorrow. She isn’t coming with him tonight. Se utiliza el present perfect para horarios, espectáculos, trenes, autobuses, etc: The train arrives at 7:30 (llega). The concert starts at 7:30 (empieza a las 7:30). What time does your train leave? (A qué hora sale tu tren). “ Will/shall (future).

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No I/You/He…

‘ll (will) work. I/You/He…

won’t (will not) work. Will I/You/He…

work? Yes,

I/You/He… will. No,

I/You/He… won’t.

You can use will (modal verb) to talk about the future when there is no present plan, intention or arrangement. Compare: What are you doing/going to do this weekend? (=I think you have plans, intentions or arrangements). What will you do this weekend? (=I don’t think you know.)

‚Will‛ cuando decidimos hacer o no hacer algo, cuando nos ofrecemos: I’ll carry it for you (Yo te lo llevo/llevaré). I think I’ll go to bed early tonight (Creo que me acostaré pronto esta noche). I’ll phone you tomorrow. Shall (=will): Se puede utilizar sólo para ‚I‛ y ‚We‛: Shall I…? Shall we…? Cuando nos ofrecemos a hacer algo o para ponerse hacer alguna cosa: I shall be late tomorrow. I think we shall win. Shall I open de window? (¿Abro/quieres que habrá…?). Shall I phone you this evening? Shall we go for a walk?

013. Past perfect (narrative verb) (had + -ed).

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No I/You/He…

‘d (had) worked. I/You/He… hadn’t (had not) worked.

Had I/You/He… worked.

Yes, I/You/He… had.

No, I/You/He… hadn’t.

You use de past perfect when you are talking about the past and you want to refer to an earlier past time. The past perfect clearly shows that one past event happened earlier than other past events.

I’d had breakfast when I got to work this morning. (Yo había desayunado cuando llegué al trabajo…)

This lesson had started when I arrived. (Esta lección había empezado cuando yo llegué).

014. Imperative.

Do this! Don’t do that! Let’s do this! Go Away! (Vete!). Please wait for me (…espérame.) Have a good holiday! (Que tengas buenas vacaciones!). Please don’t go (no te vayas). Let’s: Cuando queremos hacer algo conjuntamente con alguien (Let’s = Let us). Let’s go out (…salgamos). Let’s not go out (=Don’t let’s go out) (…No salgamos.).

Earlier past Past Now

015. Tense and auxiliary verbs. Summary.

Tense and auxiliary verbs + - ?

present simple: do/does. (facts, habits, routines)

I like the name. I don’t like the

name. Do you like the

name?

present continuous: am/are/is. (activities in progress now)

People are changing.

People aren’t changing.

Are people changing?

present perfect: have/has. (completed actions in ‚time up to now‛)

I have chosen. I haven’t chosen. Have you chosen?

Present perfect continuous: have/has been. (to describe the duration of continuous or repeated action from a point in the past up to now)

He has been working.

He hasn’t been working.

Has he been working?

past simple: did. (completed actions at specific past time)

She named me. She didn’t name

me. Did she name

me?

Past continuous: was/were. (‚longer‛ activity that was in progress when other past events happened)

I/She was working.

I/She wasn’t working.

Was I/She working?

Past perfect: had. (to show that one past event happened before another past event).

The film had started when I

arrived.

The film hadn’t started when I

arrived.

Had the film started when you arrived?

Past perfect continuous: had been. (when we talk about a situation that happened over a period up to a particular past time).

He was just 23 and had never been driving.

He hadn’t been travelling for 12

hours.

Had he been travelling for 12

hours?

Future (be) going to: am/are/is. (future plans and intentions)

I’m going to call. I’m not going to

call. Are you going to

call?

Future (will): will/shall. (to talk about the future when there is no present plan, intention or arrangement)

He will work. He won’t work. Will he work?

016. Passive voice.

We use the passive voice: “ To talk about an action when the agent (the person or thing that goes the action) is unknown or unimportant. To talk about actions when it doesn’t matter (or you don’t know) who performed them. The captain was shown (vio) the red card in the second minute of the game. My shoes were designed in Italy. All the furniture is made of ice. “ To emphasize what happened rather than (en lugar de) who did it (quién lo hizo). The first World Cup was held (se celebró) in Uruguay in 1930. “ If we want to name the agent, we use by. We name the agent when it is important or unusual, or because we want to make this information more noticeable. The gold medal was won by Michael Johnson. I was bitten by a dog. “ In passives sentences, the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Active Passive Subject verb object subject verb Somebody built the first Ice Hotel in 1990 The first Ice Hotels was built in 1990. Active Passive Present simple They play tennis indoors. Tennis is played indoors. Present continuous They are holding the next games in

Russia. The next games are being held in Russia.

Past simple They changed the rules. The rules were changed. Past continuous Officials were showing them around

the city. They were being shown around the city.

Present perfect They’ve done it. It’s been done. Past perfect She said that somebody had stolen her

car. She said that her car had been stolen.

Future (going to) They’re going to cancel the games. The games are going to be cancelled. Future (will) We’ll finish it soon. It’ll be finished soon. Modal verb (must) You must write it down It must be written down. Modal verb (can) They can’t repair my watch. My watch can’t be repaired. Modal verb (should) You should wash this sweater by hand. This sweater should be washed by

hand. Have to Somebody has to wash these clothes. These clothes have to be washed. Had to They had to take the injured man to

hospital. The injured man had to be taken to hospital.

Infinitive I want you to help me. I want to be helped.

Was/were born: En inglés se dice was/were born (=nací/naciste): I was born in BCN in 1974. Where were you born? In BCN.

017. Present Participle to combine two sentences. (Seeing, finding).

We can combine two sentences that have the same subject with a present participle. Regular customers saw the sign. They were not surprised. Seeing the sign, regular customers were not surprised. They found no trace of him. They pronounced him dead. Finding no trace of him, they pronounced him dead.

VERBS:

018. I have / I have got. It’s (It is...) / (It has...).

When have/has means to own or possess, you can also use have/has got: (Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.) = (Have you got a car? Yes, I have. No I haven’t.). I have a motorbike (=I have got a motorbike). Does she have a car? Yes, she does. (=Has she got a car? Yes, she has.). It’s (it is) a small flat, but it’s got (it has got) a nice view (pero tiene una buena vista). Everybody’s got to learn sometimes (Todo el mundo tiene que aprender a veces). Compare: I have (got) a new shower (Tengo una ducha nueva). I have a shower every morning (Me ducho cada mañana).

019. I used to…

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No I/You/He…

used to work. I/You/He…

didn’t use to work. Did I/You/He… use to work?

Yes, I/You/He… did.

No, I/You/He… didn’t.

You can use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits (repeated actions in the past) or past states. It describes things that were true in the past, but are probably not true now: I used to go school by bus. I didn’t use to enjoy English lessons. What sort of car did you use to have? It isn’t possible to use used to + infinitive to talk about a single action in the past. You use the past simple: One weekend we went to Paris (NOT One weekend we used to go to Paris).

020. Look/feel/smell/taste/sound + adjetive. Look(s) / look(s) like.

Los verbos que se refieren a la vista, al oído, al sabor, al olor, al tacto o a sensaciones y van seguidos de adjetivo, a veces equivalen a ‚parecer‛: You look tired. I feel tired. You sound happy. It sounds very interesting. It smells good. It tastes good. “ look(s) + adjective: You look tired (pareces cansado). “ look(s) like + noun: She looks like a student ((te) pareces (a) un estudiante). “ look(s) as if/as though + phase: She looks as if she needs a holiday. Some English speakers use like instead of (en vez de) as if/as though. Many people, however (sin embargo), think this is incorrect. She looks like she needs a holiday.

021. There’s/There’re; It’s (It is); There was/were; there has/have been; there will be.

There’s / There are (=hay...): There’s a man on the roof (Hay un hombre en el tejado). There’s a train at 10.30 (hay un tren a las 10.30). It’s (es, está, hace): I like this book. It’s interesting. (Me gusta este libro. Es interesante). Compare: What’s that noise? It’s a train. (It’s = that noise). There’s a lot of salt in this soup. There’s a train at 10.30. It’s a fast train (It’s = the 10.30 train). I don’t like this soup. It’s too salty (It = this soup). There was/were (=Había/hubo): There was a good film on TV last night (hubo una Buena película…). Were there any phone messages for me yesterday? (¿hubo…?) There wasn’t anything. There has/have been (=ha habido): There’s been (there has been) an accident (Ha habido…). This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents (ha habido…) There will be (=habrá): There will be rain tomorrow afternoon (habrá…). The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon (…pronto habrá un nuevo director).

022. Would you like…?/I’d like… (¿quieres…?/Quisiera…); Do you like…?/I like… (¿te gusta…? /Me gusta…); Would you mind.

Se usa ‚would you like…?‛ para ofrecer algo o para invitar a alguien (=Quieres…?/ Te gustaría…?): Would you like coffee? (Quieres…?) I’d like…‛ (=‛I would like‛ manera educada de pedir algo).

Se usa ‚do you like…?‛ para preguntar se le gusta algo (te gusta…?): What do you like to do at weekend? (Qué te gusta hacer…?) Do you like going to the cinema? (Te gust air al cine?). Respuesta ‚I like…‛ (me gusta…).

For polite, natural and casual situations For polite and very polite situations (would you mind + V-ing) Can you Will you

Could you Would you

Go to the store for me? Would you mind (not) Getting me some ice cream?

023. I want you to…; Would you like me to…?; I told you (not) to…

I want somebody to + inf… (=Quiero que + sustantivo): I want you to be happy (Quiero que seas feliz). They didn’t want anybody to know their secret (no querían que nadie supiera su secreto). Would you like me to…? (=¿te gustaría que…?): Would you like me to lend you some money? (¿Te gustaría que te prestara dinero?). Lend (prestar algo a alguien) Borrow (alguien te presta algo) I told you (not) to…(=te dije); Jane told me to wait for her (Jane me dijo que la esperaba). Paul told Sue not to wait for him (Paul le dijo a Sue que no lo esperara).

024. Verbs patterns (patrones).

1. Verbs with two objects: “ Verbs with two objects. buy, send, give, lend + somebody (indirect object) something (direct object) Eddie bought a foot spa for his sister. = Eddie bought his sister a foot spa. I never lend my car to anybody. = I never lend anybody my car. “ Common verbs with the pattern verb + thing + to + person: give, lend, offer, pass, read, send, show, teach, tell. Could you send the money to me? We showed our holiday photos to him. I’ve told that joke to everybody! Can you lend your bike to Sue? “ Common verbs with the pattern verb + thing + for + person: buy, find, get, make. My dad bought this for me for my birthday. Ian is getting some ice creams for us. I don’t want to make breakfast for him. “ You can't use the word order verb + person + thing with certain verbs: describe, explain, say, suggest. (+to +person): He explained the situation to me. (NO ‚He explained me the situation‛). She said hello to us. (NO ‚She said us hello‛).

2. (Verbs + ing-form). (Verbs + to-infinitive). “ Verbs + (ing-form) (gerundio): Avoid (evitar), can't stand (no soportar), don't mind, enjoy, hate* (odiar), like*, love*, star*, prefer*, begin*, continue*, spend time, look forward to, stop, finish, suggest, waste time: I can't stand shopping. I really enjoy walking in the rain. *(pueden llevar to + inf. o ”ing.)

“ Verbs + (to-infinitive): Agree, plan, try, expect (esperar, aguardar), offer, promise, refuse, learn, can't afford (no me lo puedo permitir), choose (escoger), decide, forget, manage (gestionar, arreglárselas), refuse, would like, hope, need, want, begin (empezar), claim (reclamar, demandar), deserve (merecer), manage (arreglárselas), pretend (fingir), refuse (rechazar, negarse a), seem (parecer), try (intentar). I can't afford to buy it. I need to see a doctor. You forgot to switch off the light. The judges decided that he deserved to die. Would + (like, love, prefer, hate) + to infinitive: She would like to meet you (Le gustaría conocerte). I’d love to go NZ (Me gustaría ir a NZ). I’d hate to lose my job (No me gustaría perder...).

025. Focus on verbs + ing-form or to-infinitive with a change in meaning.

Ing-form To-infinitive form

remember/forget + ing-form: An action that somebody did. I don’t remember getting home last night! He never forgot kissing her for the first time. (forget+ing-form is nearly always used with never).

remember/forget + to-infinitive: An action that somebody is/was supposed to do. Don’t forget to post those letters! Could you remember to lock the door when you go out?

Stop + ing-form: An action that has stopped. At last it’s stopped raining.

Stop + to-infinitive: The reason why sb has stopped an action. I must stop to buy some petrol on the way home.

Note: Begin, hate, like, love, prefer and start are verbs that can take the ing-form or the to-infinitive, usually with little change in meaning. We use the ”ing form of the verb after love/like/enjoy when we talk about long-term activities. I love travelling. She enjoys skiing. We don’t like working on Saturday. Do you like cooking?

026. Get.

“ get + adjective = become: It doesn’t get dark till 10.00 p.m. in the summer. He’s getting better at English. This room never gets warm enough.

“ phrasal verbs with get: He never gets up before 10.00 p.m. We don’t get on with our neighbours. The whole familiy gets together at Christmas. “ get + noun = buy, obtain, or receive: Did you get my text message? I got my new shoes in the sale. She’s trying to get a new job. “ get (to)= arrive: What time do you get to work? I got home very late last night. We’ll never get there in time. “ Expressions with get + past participle: Where can I get changed? They got married in a hotel. I always have breakfast before I get dressed.

027. Focus on do, get, go, have, make, take, play.

Get better (mejorar) Get change (obtener el cambio) Get dressed (vestirse) Get lost (extraviarse) Get married (casarse)

have a go (intentar/tener que ir) have a good time (pasar un buen rato) have a laugh (reirse) have a rest (tener un descanso) have lunch (almorzar/comer)

make a decision (tomar una decisión) make a living (ganarse la vida) make a promise (hacer una promesa) make mistake (cometer un herror) make money (hacer dinero)

do a course (hacer un curso) do research (hacer una investigación) do some homework (hacer deberes en casa) do the housework (hacer tareas doméstic) do the shopping (hacer la compra)

take a bus (coger el bus) take a photo (tomar una foto) take an exam (hacer un examen) take responsibility (asumir) take risks (asumir riesgos)

go for a drink (ir a tomar una copa) go for a walk (dar un paseo) go home (ir a casa) go to bed (acostarse) go mad (volverse loco) go to sleep (dormirse) go skiing (ir a esquiar) go out for a meal (ir a comer fuera)

Do: Athletics, exercise, sport, judo. Go: Cycling, fishing, swimming, windsurfing, skiing, snowboarding. Play: Basketball, golf, rugby, tennis, volleyball, football, soccer. Expresiones con ‚do‛ y ‚make‛:

Do (hacer)

an exam / a test (un examen) a course (un curso) homework (los deberes) housework (las labors de casa) somebody a favour (un favor a alguien) an exercise/sport (un ejercicio/deporte) the shipping (la compra) the washing (lavar la ropa) the shopping the accounts

Make

a mistake (cometer un error) an appointment (concertar una cita) a phone call (llamada telefónica) a noise (hacer ruido) a bed (hacer la cama) a list (hacer una lista (de la compra)) a cup of tea a donation a mess

Do: Se usa para hablar de actividades de modo general: What are you doing this evening? I did a lot of things yesterday. What do you do? (=¿A qué te dedicas?) Make: Elaborar, fabricar, crear: She’s making coffee. He has made a cake. I make clothes. I make dresses and jackets.

Colocation of take: Take a look at (sth) (echar un vistazo). Take advantage of (sth) (aprovecharse de). Take (sb’s) advice (consultar). Take (sb’s) breath away (sin aliento). Take (sb’s) word for (sth) (tomar la palabra). Take time (tomarse un tiempo). Take part (participar).

028. A modal verb: can/could (for permision); have to/had to (for obligation); must and should (for advice); don’t need to; Might/may. Speculation.

Permission: can/could; can’t/couldn’t

Obligation: have to/don’t have to; had to/didn’t have to

Permitted Not permitted Necessary Not necessary Present You can do it You can’t do it You have to do it You don’t have to do it Past You could do it You couldn’t do it You had to do it You didn’t have to do it

Affirmative Negative Question Short answer Yes Short answer No

PERMITTED (OR NOT)

I/…/He can work

I/…/He can’t work

Can I/…/He work?

Yes, I/…/He can.

No, I/…/He can’t.

I/…/He could work

I/…/He couldn’t work

Could I/…/He work?

Yes, I/…/He could.

No, I/…/He couldn’t.

NECESSARY, OBLIATORY (OR NOT)

I/You/We/They have to

work

I/You/We/They don’t have to

work

Do I/You/We/They have to work?

Yes, I/You/We/They do.

No, I/You/We/They

don’t. He/She/It

has to work

He/She/It doesn’t have to

work

Does I/You/We/They have to work?

Yes, I/You/We/They

does.

No, I/You/We/They

doesn’t. I/…/He

had to work I/…/He didn’t have to work

Did I/…/He have to work?

Yes, I/…/He did.

No, I/…/He didn’t.

ADVICE

I/…/He must work

I/…/He mustn’t work

Must I/…/He work?

Yes, I/…/He must.

No, I/…/He mustn’t.

I/…/He should work

I/…/He shouldn't work

Should I/…/He work?

Yes, I/…/He should.

No, I/…/He shouldn't.

You can use can/can’t, could/couldn’t to talk about permission. Could is the past form of can:

“ Affirmative form means something is permitted: it’s OK. In the UK, you can leave school when you are sixteen.

When I was fourteen I could stay out as long as I wanted. “ Negative form means something isn’t permitted: it isn’t OK.

You can’t vote until you are eighteen. Swiss women couldn’t vote in elections until 1971.

You use have to/don’t have to, had to/didn’t have to to talk about necessity or obligation. “ Affirmative form means something is necessary or it’s obligatory. In the UK, you have to drive on the left. I had to wear uniform at school. “.Negative form means something isn’t necessary or it isn’t obligatory You don’t have to wear a helmet o a bicycle. In the 1960s you didn’t have to wear a helmet on a motorbike.

You can use must and should to give advice. Must is stronger than should. Ought to es otro modo de decir ‚debería/deberías‛. You must lose weight (or you’ll die)! You should lose weight (because you’ll feel much healthier). It’s a good film. You ought to go and see it. (must = have to) but (mustn’t ≠ don’t have to). S + don’t need to + v. inf.(do something) (no es necesario (hacer algo)). You don’t need to go yet. (Aún no es necesario que te vayas). S + Might (not) + v. inf para expresar algo que es posible y que quizá suceda:

Posibilidad: I might play tennis tomorrow (es posible que…). She might phone later (es posible que…). I may go to the cinema this evening (Quizá vaya…). Seguridad: I’m playing tennis tomorrow (estaré jugando…). She’s going to phone later (voy a llamar…). I’m going to go to the cinema (voy a ir…).

May: Se puede usar ‚may‛ con el mismo valor que ‚might‛ (I may = I might). Para pedir permiso se usa may I…? (=puedo..?) (=Can I…?): May I ask a question? (¿Puedo hacer una pregunta?) May I sit here? (=Can I sit here).

We can use modal verbs to make guesses (conjeturas, suposiciones, adivinanzas) about the present, the past and the future. The choice (elección, selección) of modal verb shows how sure we are about our guess. Sure less sure Must (deber, tener que) might (not) (podría) may (not) (puede) Could (podría) can’t (no puede) sure (seguro) We use the modal verb + infinitive to make guesses about the present or the future. You must be very tired (debes estar muy cansado). I might need your help later (podría necesitar tu ayuda mas tarde). He can’t be serious (no puede ser grave/serio). We use the modal verb + be + -ing form to make guesses about actions in progress now. She must be having problems at work. I’m not sure where he is. He could be having a bath. She might be working for the CIA.

We use the modal verb + have + past participle to make guesses about the past. They must have arrived by now (tiene que haber llegado ya). He might not have known her true identity (él no podría haber conocido su verdadera identidad). It can’t have been a surprise (no puede haber sido una sorpresa).

029. Verbs with dynamic and stative meanings.

Dynamic meanings: ‚actions‛ Most verbs have dinamic meanings. They describe actions: something ‚happens‛. You can use them with simple forms to talk about habits or routines, or continuous forms to talk about activities in progress. I recycle all paper, plastic and bottles. We’re destroying the planet. The phone is ringing. Stative meanings: ‚states‛ Some verbs can only be used in the simple form. These are called stative vebs. They often describe emotions, opinions, knowledge or possession. The sense and states do not change. They describe states: nothing ‚happens‛. You cannot use them with continuous forms. I love you (not I am loving you). He seems friendly (not he is seeming friendly). I want a fairer system (quiero un sistema más justo). I don’t feel strongly about politics. Common verbs with stative meanings:

“ feelings: hate, like, dislike, love, prefer, want, agree, matter (me importa) “ thoughts: believe, feel, know, think, understand, remember, “ possession: belong (pertenecer), have, own (poseer), contain, last (durar) “ senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste. “ appearance: appear (aparecer, parecer), look (like), seem (parecer), fit (adaptar) “ others: be, cost, forget, mean, need, realize (dares cuenta), spend (pasar, gastar).

Some verbs can have both dynamic and stative meanings (have, be, feel, see, smell, look, think): Rosie is having a great time at university. (have = experience, dynamic meaning). Brain has a beautiful house. (have = own, stative meaning).

030. Work (trabajar)/job (trabajo).

“ Work: Would you like to work abroad? from home, in marketing, outdoors. “ Job: Have you ever had a part-time job? applied for, looked for, lost, resigned from. Do you know anybody who has a dangerous job? badly-paid, boring, stressful, well-paid.

QUESTIONS:

031. Question forms. Subject & object questions. (Wh- questions).

The usual word order in questions is:

These questions are called object questions because the question words (who, what, which party) are the object of the verb.

(red auxiliary verbs) (blue subject)

In some Wh- questions, the question word (who, which, what, whose or how many) is the subject of the verb. These are called subject questions. With a subject question, we do not need an auxiliary verb (do, does or did) with the present simple and the past simple. John (subject) hates cars (object). Subject question: Who hates cars?

Object question: What does John hate? Silvia saw Paul. Who saw Paul? Who did Silvia see? Who thinks the test is a good idea? What happens on New Year’s Eve? Which party won the last election? How many people vote for the fovernment? How long have you been learning English? Whose (de quien) advice do you listen to most?

Wh-question auxiliary verb subject verb + question mark Who does he work for? What do you do on New Year’s Eve? Which party did you vote for?

Statements Questions You Your mother You Your name

are can have means

left-handed. speak English. been to Peru. ‚first child‛

What

Are Can Have does

you your mother you your name

left-handed? speak English? been to Peru? mean?

032. Like.

“ What + be + somebody/something + like = asking for a description: What’s your new teacher like?

He’s really nice. What was the weather like? Terrible. It rained every day. “ verb + like = similar to somebody/something: She looks like her mother. They have the same eyes. It’s

plastic, but it feels like leather. “ like (+ this/that) = in this or that way: Click on the ‚send‛ icon, like this. Cut the paper into squares. No,

not like that, like this! “ like + noun/pronoun = somebody/something pleases you: I really like Harry Potter. I’ve seen all the

films. I don’t like her very much and she doesn’t like me. “ like + ing = enjoy an activity: We like going out every Saturday night. I like cooking but I don’t like

washing up. “ would like + noun = want something: Would you like a drink? Yes, I’d like a glass of cold water, please.

033. What’s it like? / What are they like? (= ¿Cómo es…? / ¿Cómo son…?).

Cuando se dice ‚What is it like?, ‚like‛ es una preposición (=cómo). No es el verbo ‚like‛: There’s a new restaurant in our street. What is it like? Is it good (¿Cómo es?). What’s your new teacher like? (¿Cómo es tu nueva profesora?). Compara: What is Helen like? (¿Cómo es Helen?) She’s very nice. How is Helen? (¿Cómo está Helen?) She’s very well. Describing people: What is she like? (=We are asking for a general description of the person) What does she look like? (=We are asking for a description of the person’s appearance) What does she like? (=We are asking about the person’s preferences or interests)

034. Question tags.

We can use tags after a sentence to check information that we think is true. Wimbledon is in London, isn’t it? You went there last year, didn’t you? We use a negative tag after a positive main verb, and we use a positive tag after a negative main verb. You’ve already given some money, haven’t you? You didn’t call me this morning, did you? Tom will be here soon, won’t be? We use an auxiliary verb in the tag. We use do/don’t/does/doesn’t if the main verb is in the present simple. We use did/didn’t if the main verb is in the past simple. I can pay by credit card, can’t it? She isn’t waiting for us, is she? He works with you, doesn’t he? They didn’t know, did they? OK, I forgot to tell you yesterday, but I’m telling you now, aren’t I? You use they to refer to somebody, anybody/everybody and nobody. Somebody must have seen her, musn’t they? Nobody wants to look like that, do they? You use a positive question tag after never, hardly, little. He never gives up, does he? You can use will/would or can/can’t/could after imperatives. Get me some milk from the shop, would you? Answer the phone, will you? Other cases: Let’s go out for dinner, shall we? There’s no time left, is there? Nothing can go wrong, can it? The voice (intonation) falls on the tag to show that we are checking (estamos buscando) information.

035. Mostrar interés o sorpresa con ‚have you? Is it? Can’t he?...‛ (¿de verdad?).

En una conversación se puede decir ‚have you? Is it? Can’t he?...‛ (¿de verdad?, ¿ah, sí/no?) para mostrar interés o sorpresa: A: I was ill last week. B: Were you? I didn’t know that. A: Bill can’t drive. B: Can’t he? I didn’t know that. A: I’m not hungry. B: Aren’t you? I am. Se usa do/does con el present simple y did para el past simple: A: I speak four languages. B: Do you? Which ones? A: Tim doesn’t eat meat. B: Doesn’t he? Does he eat fish? A:Nicole got married last week. B: Did she? Really?

036. So am I ((y) yo también)/ (ni yo tampoco) neither do I. Similarities & Differences.

Similarities. We can make short statements that begin with so and neither to show a similarity or agreement between what we think and a statement made by another person. We use so after an affirmative statement, and we use neither after a negative statement. The auxiliary verb in the first statement is repeated in the statement that begins with so or neither. I’m working. So am I. I was late for work today. So was Sam ((y) Sam también). We was to the cinema last nigh. Did you? So did we. ((y) nosotros también). I won’t be here tomorrow. Neither/Nor will I ((ni) yo tampoco). I never go to the cinema. Neither/Nor do I ((ni) yo tampoco). I can’t swim. Neither/Nor can my brother. If the first statement is in present simple, the second statement will include do/don’t/does/doesn’t. If the first statement is in the past simple, the second statement will include did/didn’t. I like this place. So do I. I didn’t understand. Neither did I. Differences. When we want to say the opposite of another statement, we do not use so or neither. We use a pronoun followed by an auxiliary verb. We stress both the pronoun and the ausiliary verb. I can’t swim. I can. I don’t like hamburgers. I do! I’m not hungry. I am. He wants a divorce. She doesn’t. He hasn’t got a car. She has. They arrived early. You didn’t!

037. Give something to somebody / Give somebody something.

Con los verbos give (dar), lend (prestar a alguien), pass (pasar), send (enviar), show (mostrar, enseñar) se pueden dar dos estructuras. Give something to somebody (dar algo a alguien): That’s my book. Give it to me (dámelo). I gave the key to Sarah. Give somebody something (darle a alguien algo): Give me that book. It’s mine. I gave Sarah the keys. También con buy/get: I bought my mother some flower. Can you get me a newspaper when you go out?

038. Verbs with two objects.

Some verbs can have two objects: an indirect object and a direct object. indirect object direct object She sent her father a letter. indirect object direct object She made me a special cake. With these verbs, we can also put the direct object immediately after the verb. When we do this, we need to use to or for befor the indirect object. She sent a letter to her father. She made a special cake for me. Other verbs that can have two objects (and are used with to) include: bring, give, offer, pay, promise, read, send, show, teach, tell, write. Other verbs that can have two objects (and are used with for) include: buy, find, get, keep, make, write. When we use these verbs in the passive voice, both the direct and indirect objects can become the subject of the sentence. Active: They gave him a lot of support. Passive 1: He was given a lot of support. Passive 2: A lot of support was given to him.

039. Causative (have something done).

We use the causative to talk about an action that you ask someone else to do for you. She has her hair cut every Friday (=She pays someone to cut her hair). We had champagne brought to our room (=We asked room service to bring champagne to our room). We do not usually need to say who does the action, because this is usually understood from the context. We use by if we want to say who does the action. He has his suits made by the most expensive tailor in town. They had the tickets delivered by special courier (correo, mensajería). Subject Verb Object Past participle He/She/They… has/have

is/are having had is/are going to have

the car the TV it

repaired mended fixed

040. Indirect questions = Polite questions.

We can use a phrase like Could you tell me, Do you know, Do you think, Do you mind telling me, I’d like to know or Would you say to ask for information in a polite way. Note the word order. Question Polite question Report Where is the station? Could you tell me where the station is? I asked where the station was(?). What image are you trying to achieve? Could you tell me what image you’re trying to achieve? What(=subj.) is more important for you: 1 or 2? I’d like to know what is more important for you: 1 or 2? What was the last thing you bought? Do you know what the last thing you bought was? Subject verb Yes/No answer If/whether- clause. Have you ever sewn a button on a shirt? I’d like to know if you have ever sewn a button on a shirt? Have you ever been in trouble with the police? Do you mind telling me whether you have ever been…?

041. Reported speech (estilo indirecto) and thought. Say, tell, ask, If/whether.

We use reported speech (estilo indirecto) to report someone’s words or thoughts. Direct form: ‚I’m very tired‛, she said. Reported form: She said, she was very tired. Direct form: ‚It’s boring‛, he thought. Reported form: He thought it was boring. We usually change the verb form into the past in reported speech and thought. However, this is not always necessary. Direct form Reported form I work… She said she worked… I’m working… She said she was working… I’ve worked… She said she had worked… I worked… She said she had worked… I was working… She said she had been working… I’ll work… She said she would work… I’m going to work… She said she was going to work… I must work… She said she had to work… I can work… She said she could work… When we are reporting, we often need to change pronouns and time expressions. Direct form: ‚I’m going to see my doctor tomorrow‛. Reported form: She said she was going to see her doctor the following day. Because the time of the reporting may be different from the time of the direct speech or though, we may need to change the expression to make the meaning clear. Direct form: ‚I’ll do it now‛ Reported form: She said she’d do it immediately.

Other time expressions that may chage include the following: Now (immediately), today (that day), yesterday (the day before), tomorrow (the following day), this (that), last (the… before), next (the following…). Two very common verbs for reported speech are say and tell. Say is followed immediately by the reported speech. We do not refer to the person we were talking to. Tell is followed by an object (the person we were speaking to), and then the reported speech. He said (that) he loved her (not he said her that he loved her). He told her (that) he loved her (not he told that he loved her). Reported questions: When we report questions, we “ also move the verb form into the past. “ drop the question mark. “ change the word order. Direct form: ‚What’s the time? Reported form: She asked what the time was. In the reported form, we put the subject before the verb, so we do not need to use the auxiliaries do/does/did in present and past tenses. Direct form: Where do you live? Reported form: She asked me where I lived (not she asked me where I did live). With yes/no question, we use if or whether to introduce the question. Direct form: Do you read the financial newspapers? Reported form: He asked me if/whether I read the financial newspaper. Tell & ask with infinitive: To report instructions, orders or requests, we can use tell/ask + object + (not) to + infinitive. Direct form: Can you harry up? Direct form: Don’t be late. Reported form: She told/asked me to harry up. Reported form: I told/asked them not to be late. Reporting verbs: Claim (reclamar), Complain (quejarse), Deny (denegar), Inform (informar), Insist, Warn (advertir, avisar).

042. Contable/Uncontable nouns. Singular/Plural. A/an. Quantity expressions (a lot, much, many, (a) few, (a) little, (not) enough).

“ Contable nouns:

- a/an:

With singular noun ‚a‛ before a consonant sound: a town, a university. You use ‚an‛ before a vowel sound: an airport, an office.

- plural nouns: Some nouns are always plurals and don’t have a singular form. You can’t use a/an or put a number in front of them. Common plural nouns: Clothes, glasses, jeans, knickers, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, sunglasses, tights, trousers, luggage. I have some pink jeans (NOT …a pink jeans). We use them with a singular verb form (is, was, have...). “ Uncontable nouns: They only have a singular form (without plural forms). You can’t use a/an or put a number in front of them. Common uncountable nouns: Advice, architecture, food, furniture, homework, information, knowledge, love, money, music, news,

work, weather, traffic, nightlife, public transport. We had bad weather (NOT We had a bad weather).

Regular forms

Irregular forms

Singular Plural Spelling Singular Plural

A place Two places Add ”s. A person A child A man A woman A foot A tooth That sheep A fish A mouse

Two people Two children Two men Two women Two feet Two teeth Those sheep A lot of fish Some mice

A church Three churches Add ”es after -ch, -sh, -s, -x.

A city Ten cities Add ”ies after a consonant + y.

A leaf Ten thousand leaves Add ”ves after vowel +f.

Quantity expressions:

“ With countable nouns: (too) many, lots, a lot, not many, (a) few (unos pocos/pocos), not enough. How many people? I’ve got a few friends (unos pocos = bastantes☺). I’ve got few friends (pocos = casi ninguno☹). “ With uncountable nouns: (too) much, a lot, lots, not much, (a) little (un poco de/poco), not enough. How much traffic? I’ve got a little money (un poco = bastante☺). I’ve got little money (poco = casi nada☹).

A little vs a bit of (un poco de): He’s a bit of all right (ése está buenísimo (para comérselo)). So much to do, so little time (tanto que hacer y en tan poco tiempo).

Enough (suficiente/bastante): Enough + sustantivo: I haven’t got enough money to buy (not for buy) a new car. Adjective + enough: Is your English good enough to have (not for have) a conversation?

043. Very (muy) / too (demasiado).

Use very + adjective/adverb to emphasise something: We were very late (but we caught our train). Use too + adjective/adverb to show that there is a problem: Something is excessive or more than necessary. We were too late (so we missed our train). She speaks too fast for me to understand.

044. So/such (tan).

“ Use so + a negative or positive adjective for emphasis:

- It’s so romantic. “ Use such + a negative or positive noun phrase for emphasis: - It’s such a romantic city.

045. For (durante)/ Since (desde…/desde que…)/ Ago.

For + a period of time (when you give the length of the time): Señala cuánto tiempo dura una acción. Introduce un período de tiempo (3 days, 2 years, a week, a long time…). Cuando acompaña al present perfect equivale al español ‚desde hace‛: Richard has been in Canada for six months (…está… desde hace seis meses)(Present Perf. presente). We’ve been waiting for a long time (estamos esperando desde hace mucho tiempo). Since + a point in time (when you give the beginning of the time): Introduce el comienzo de la acción (Monday, 9 o’clock, Christmas, I was ten years old,…): Richard has been in Canada since January (…está… desde enero). We’ve been waiting since 9 o’clock (estamos esperando desde las nueve). Ago: Se usa con el past simple y corresponde a ‚hace‛ en español: Life was very different a hundred years ago. (…hace cien años). Susan started her new job three weeks ago (… empezó… hace tres semanas). Diferencias: When did Jane arrive in Ireland? She arrived in Ireland three days ago (Llegó a Irlanda hace tres días). How long has she been in Ireland? She has been in Ireland for three days (Lleva tres días en Irlanda).

046. From…to (desde…hasta). Until (hasta…/hasta que…).

From…to (desde… hasta):

We lived in Japan from 1992 to 2001. I work from Monday to Friday. Until (hasta…/hasta que…): They’ll be away until Friday (Estarán fuera hasta el viernes). Wait here until I come back (Espera aquí hasta que vuelva). (=Wait here till I come back).

047. Before (antes). During (durante). While (mientras). For (durante + periodo de tiempo). After (después).

Before (antes/antes de): Everybody feels nervous before exams. Don’t forget to close the window before you go out. During (durante) + nombre: I fell asleep during the film (Me dormí durante la película). We didn’t speak during the mail (…durante la comida) While (mientras) + verbo: We didn’t speak while we were eating (… mientras comíamos). I often fall asleep while I’m reading (…mientras estoy leyendo). For (durante) + expresión que indica un período de tiempo: We player tennis for two hours (…durante dos horas). I lived in London for a year (…durante un año). Before (antes de) y after (después de) pueden llevar detrás ”ing o una frase completa, nunca inf.: Before eating the Apple, I washed it carefully (NO before to eat). I started work after reading the newspaper (NO after to read).

048. Adjectives ending in ”ed or ”ing.

Adjectives ending in ”ed (esta/estan) Adjectives ending in ”ing (es/son) Bored (aburrido/os) Boring (aburrido/os) Interested (interesado/os) Interesting (interesante/es)

Depressed (deprimido/os) Depressing (deprimente/es) Embarrassed (avergonzado/os) Embarrassing (vergonzoso/os) Annoyed (molesto/os) Annoying (molesto/os) Frightened (espantado/aterrado) Frightening (espantoso/aterrador) Surprised (sorprendido) Surprising (sorprendente) Excited (excitado/emocionado) Exciting (excitante/emocionante) Tired (agotado/cansado) Tiring (agotador) Confused (confuso/confundido/se confunde) Confusing (confuso) Positivos.

You (verb) me! I'm (verb-ed)! How (verb-ing)! What (noun)! Amaze (asombrar) Amazed (asombrado) Amazing (asombroso) Amazement (asombro)

Amuse (divertir) Amused (entretenido) Amusing (divertido) Amusement (diversión) Captivate (encantar) Captivated Captivating (cautivador) A captivation Challenge (desafiar) Challenged Challenging A challenge (un desafío)

Charm (encantar) Charmed (encantado) Charming (encantador) Charm (encanto) Confort (confortar) Comforted Comforting Confort (comodidad) Concern (afectar) Concerned (preocupado) Concerning (acerca de) Concern (asunto)

Convince Convinced (convencido) Convincing (convincente) Conviction (convinción) Encourage (animar) Encouraged Encouraging (alentador) Encouragement (ánimo) Enchant (encantar) Enchanted Enchanting (encantador) Enchantment (encanto)

Energize Energized Energizing Energy Entertain Entertained Entertaining Entertainment (diversión)

Enthrall (cautivar) Enthralled Enthralling (cautivador) Enthrallment Excite (entusiasmar) Excited Exciting Excitement (emoción)

Exhaust Exhausted Exhausting Exhaustion Fascinate Fascinated Fascinating Fascination

Flatter (halagar) Flattered Flattering (halagador) Flattery Fulfill (cumplir con) Fulfilled Fulfilling (que satisface) Fulfillment (satisfacción)

Gratify Gratified Gratifying Gratification Humiliate Humiliated Humiliating Humiliation Interest Interested Interesting Interest Intrigue Intrigued Intriguing Intrigue

Move (conmover) Moved Moving Please (complacer) Pleased pleasing (pleasant) A pleasure

Relax Relaxed Relaxing Relaxation Relieve (aliviar) Relieved Relieving A relief

Satisfy Satisfied Satisfying Satisfaction Soothe (calmar) Soothed Soothing (relajante)

Surprise Surprised Surprising A surprise

Tempt (tentar) Tempted Tempting Temptation Touch Touched Touching

Thrill (estremecer) Thrilled Thrilling (emocionante) A thrill (emoción) Titilate (excitar) Titilated Titilating Titillation (excitación)

To be amazed (at) (quedarse asombrado (ante)). To my amazement (para mi asombro/sorpresa). To keep somebody amused (entretener a alguien). It’s no concern of yours (no es asunto tuyo). To whom it may concern (a quien corresponda). Flattery will get you nowhere (con halagos no vas a conseguir nada)! He has a fulfilling job (tiene un trabajo que le satisface). To tempt somebody to do something (tentar a alguien a hacer algo). Negativos.

You (verb) me! I'm (verb-ed)! How (verb-ing)! What (noun)! Aggravate aggravated aggravating aggravation

Alarm alarmed alarming alarm Annoy annoyed annoying annoyance

Bewilder (desconcertar) Bewildered bewildering Bewilderment Bore bored boring boredom

Confuse confused confusing confusion Depress depressed depressing depression

Devastate devastated devastating devastation Disappoint (decepcionar) disappointed disappointing Disappointment Discourage (desanimar) discouraged discouraging Discouragement

Disgust disgusted disgusting disgust Dismay (consternar) dismayed dismaying Dismay (consternación) Displease (disgustar) Displeased (disgustado) displeasing Displeasure (disgusto) Distress (angustiar) Distressed (aflijido) Distressing distress Disturb (molestar) disturbed disturbing disturbance

Embarrass (avergonzar) embarrassed embarrassing Embarrassment Fatigue fatigued fatiguing fatigue

Frighten (asustar) frightened frightening Fright (susto) Frustrate frustrated frustrating frustration Horrify horrified horrifying horror Irrítate irritated irritating irritation Mystify mystified mystifying mystification

Overwhelm (abrumar) overwhelmed overwhelming overwhelmingness Perplex perplexed perplexing perplexity Perturb perturbed perturbing perturbation

Puzzle (desconcertar) Puzzled (perplejo) puzzling Puzzlement Shock shocked shocking a shock

Sicken (ponerse enfermo) sickened sickening Sickness (enfermedad) Terrify terrified terrifying terror

Threaten (amenazar) threatened threatening a threat (amenaza) Tire (cansar) tired tiring Tiredness (cansancio)

Trouble (preocupar) Troubled (preocupado) Troubling Trouble (problema) Unnerve (desconcertar) unnerved unnerving

Unsettle (inquietar) Unsettled (intranquilo) unsettling unsettledness Upset (afectar, sentar mal) Upset (disgustado) Upsetting (molesto)

Vex (fastidiar) vexed (vext) vexing vexation Please do not disturb (se ruega no molestar). I’m sorry to trouble you (disculpe las molestias). He’s feeling unsettled in his job (no está del todo agusto en su trabajo).

049. Focus on that. Some uses or that.

“ That (+ noun) to refer to a person or thing not near you: Who’s that girl? Look at that car. “ That = relative pronoun: It’s an insect that makes honey. The woman that phoned me spoke French. “ Expressions with that: Hi. This is Jo. Is that Tanya? You are Irish, aren’t you? Yes, that’s right.

050. Adverbs of manner (-ly) & Adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often,…).

Adverbs of manner: Adjetive + -ly: Badly, carefully, angrily, quickly, suddenly, heavily. Exceptions: Adjective Adverb Good (bien) Well (bien) Late (tarde) Late (tarde)(≠lately=últimamente) Early (pronto/temprano) Early (pronto/temprano) Fast (rápido) Fast (rápidamente) Hard (duro) Hard (duramente)( ≠hardly=apenas)

Adverbs of frequency: always - usually - normally ” often (a menudo) - sometimes - occasionally - rarely - hardly ever ” never seldom (apenas/casi no). Adverbs before main verb (delante del verbo principal), but ‚to be & auxiliary verbs‛ before adverb (pero ‚to be y vebos auxiliares‛ delante): We don't usually drive. I'm always tired. Have you ever been to Egypt?

También con also (también), just (...acabar de...), already (ya), still (todavía), all (todos), both (ambos).

051. Time linkers. (While, as, when) (the momento, as son as, when) (by the time).

We can use while, as and when to show that two actions happen at the same time. He was reading a letter while/as/when the doctors were deciding what to do next. We can use the moment, as soon as and when to show that one action happens immediately after another one. The boy fell asleep the moment/as soon as/when he climbed onto the sofa. We can use by the time to show that one action has happened before another. The party had finished by the time we arrived.

052. Subordinate clauses.

Future time clauses. When you are talking about the future, you use a future form in the main clause but you use a present tense in the subordinate clauses after when, if, as soon as, before (antes), after (después), while (mientras) etc. Two different sentences formations are possible:

Main clause Conjunction Subordinate clause He’s going to have a bath. We’ll play at the weekend.

when if

he gets home, it rains tomorrow,

053. Defining relative clauses with the relative pronouns (that, which, who).

A relative clause can define or identify the thing or person introduced in the main clause.

Conjunction Subordinate clause Main clause When

If he gets home,

it rains tomorrow, he’s going to have a bath. we’ll play at the weekend.

It comes immediately after the person or thing it is describing. A cheetah is an animal that can run at 100 kilometres an hour. The woman who does my hair is called Muriel. The relative pronoun (that, which, who) becomes the subject of the verb in relative clause. You use that (or which) for things and who (or that) for people. Subject verb Subject verb People who come from Manchester are called Mancunians. A butcher’s is a shop that sells meat. Emma lives in a house which is 400 years old. An aeroplane is a machine which flies. That/who/which no son necesarios cuando son objeto: The film (that) we saw was very good. Everything (that) I said was true (todo lo que dije era cierto).

054. Unreal conditionals. If-clauses and a main clauses with ‚would + infinitive‛.

You can use a conditional sentence to talk about a present or future situation that is imaginary or not probable. These sentences are usually called ‚unreal conditionals‛. They have two clauses; an if-clause and a main clause: If-clause: When we want to refer to a hypothetical situation in present or future time, we use a past tense in conditional clauses. Real situation Imaginary situation I am not an animal. If I was/were an animal… I live in an apartment. If I lived in an igloo… Note: If I/he/she/it were is more formal than If I/he/she/it was. You always use were in the fixed expression. ‚If I were you…‛

Main clause You usually use would + infinitive in the main clause. If-clause Main clause If I had $1million, I’d travel round the world. I/You/He… ‘d (would)

I/You/He… wouldn’t (would not)

Would I/you/he,…

Yes, I/You/He…

No, I/You/He…

These sentences are sometimes called second conditional sentences. If I could live anywhere, I’d choose somewhere hot. Compara: If I have / if it is /... (presente) If I had / If it was / ... (pasado) (Si tengo tiempo) If I have time, I will go (iré) today. If I had (tuviera) time, I would go today (iría hoy). (Te ayudaré) I’ll help you if I can (si puedo). I’d help you if I could (si puediera), but I can’t. When we want to refer to a hypothetical situation in the past, we use the past perfect (had + past participle) in the conditional clause. These clauses express the opposite of what actually happened. If you had listened to me (=but you didn’t listen to me). If he hadn’t missed the train (=but he missed the train) We use would + have + past participle in the main clause of the sentence to talk about the consequence or result of the hypothetical situation. If you had listened to me, you would’ve understood. You would’ve understood if you’d listened to me. If he hadn’t missed the train, he would have been on time. These sentences are sometimes called third conditional sentences.

055. Comparatives and superlative adjectives.

work. work. work? would. wouldn’t.

Adjective Comparative Superlative Short adjectives: add -er/-est Adjectives ending in a consonant or ‚e‛ Adj. ending in a single vowel + a single consonant Adj. ending in -y

new nice fit healthy

newer nicer fitter healthier

the newest the nicest the fittest the healthiest

Irregular adjectives

good/well (bueno/bien) bad/badly (malo/mal) far (lejano) much/many (mucho) little (poco)

better (mejor) worse (peor) further (más lejano) more (más) less (menos)

the best (el major) the worst (el peor) the furthest (el más lejano) the most (el más) the least (el menos)

Long adjectives: add more / the most Exciting more exciting the most exciting

“ You use comparative adjectives to compare people/things with other people/things: Fernando Alonso is older than Lewis Hamilton. “ You can use more than (más que/de) less than (menos que/de): They’ve got more money than they need. You go out less than me (sales menos que yo). “ You can use a bit or much to modify comparisons: Wembley Stadium is a bit bigger than the Stade de France. Cristiano Ronaldo is much better-looking than Wayne Rooney. “ You use not as + adjective + as to make a negative comparisons: Golf is not as dangerous as motor racing. “ You use superlative adjectives to compare people/things with all the other people/things in their group: Mohamed Ali was the greatest sportman of all time. Football is the most popular sport in the world. “ At least (al menos) ” At last (por fin). At least your illness isn’t serious, otherwise (de lo contrario) you’d be in hospital. We’ve arrived at last (hemos llegado al fin).

056. "It" to talk about the hours, days, dates, distances and weather conditions.

Hours: What time is it? It’s half past ten. It’s late. It’s time to go home. Days and dates: What day is it? It’s Thursday. It’s 16 March. It was my bithday yesterday. Distances: How far is it from NY to LA? We can walk home. It isn’t far. Weather conditions: It’s raining. It’s dark. It’s cold. It’s windy. It’s warm. Does it snow very often? It vs. there:

It rains a lot in winter (llueve mucho en invierno). There is a lot of rain in winter (Hay mucha lluvia en invierno). It’s + adj. + to: It’s nice to see you again. It’s imposible to understand her. It wasn’t easy to find your house (no fue fácil encontrar tu casa). El sujeto ‚it‛ no tiene equivalente en español: It is late (es tarde). Is it true that you’re going away? (¿es verdad que te vas?).

057. Too (también) /not… either (tampoco).

Too (también); not… either (tampoco): Se usa ‚too‛ detrás de un verbo afirmativo. Se usa ‚either‛ detrás de un verbo negativo. I enjoyed the film. I enjoyed it too. Jane is a doctor. Her husban is a doctor too. I’m not happy. I’m not happy either (yo tampoco soy feliz) I can’t cook. I can’t either (Yo tampoco sé) Bill doesn’t watch TV. He doesn’t read newspapers either.

058. Both (ambos), either (uno de los dos), neither (ninguno de los dos).

We use both and neither to compare two people or things. The meaning of both is positive and the meaning of neither is negative. Both of them have a good job (=He has a good job and she has a good job). Neither of them has a good job (=He doesn’t have a good job and she doesn’t have a good…) We use a plural verb when both is the subject of the sentence. We normally use a singular verb when neither is the subject of a sentence. When we name the two subjects, both is used with and. Neither is use with nor. Both Ceri and Philip speak Spanish.

Neither Ceri nor Philip speaks Slovenian. Both can be used in two positions in a sentence. Both of them have children. They both have children. Both (ambos) + plural (windows/books/children,…): Rebecca has two children. Both are married. Last year I went to Paris and Rome. I like both cities very much. Either (uno de los dos)/neither (ninguno de los dos) + singular (window/book/child,…): First I worked in an office, and later in a shop. Neither job was very interesting (ninguno de los dos). There are two ways from here to the station. You can go either way (cualquiera de los dos).

I like both (of) those pictures. Both of them are married. I haven’t read either of these books. Neither of my parents is British. Neither of us was hungry.

059. Las preposiciones (to, for, about, with,…) al final de las preguntas con Who…?, What…?, Where…?, Which…?

Where are you from? (¿De donde eres?). What was he afraid of? (¿De qué tenía miedo?). Who do these books belong to? (¿A quien pertenecen…?). Which hospital is he in? ¿En qué hospital está?). Who is she going with? (¿Con quién va (ella)?). What do you want to talk about? (¿De qué quieres hablar?).

060. How long does it take…?

Pron. posesivos + demostrativos Pron. personales both (of) the… both

either neither

of them

us you

either neither

of these/those…

my/your/Paul’s…

How long (¿Cuanto…)

does (se tarda)

did (se tardó)

will (se tardará)

It take to…? (en…?)

It

takes (se tarda) took (se tardó)

will take (se tardará)

a week a long time three hours

to… (en…)

doesn’t (no se tarda) didn’t (no se tardó)

take long

How long will it take to get from here to the hotel? ¿Cuánto se tarda en llegar desde aquí al hotel?

How long will it take me to learn English? (¿Cuánto tardaré en aprender inglés?)

061. I/me/my/mine.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSESIVES PRONOUNS I/we/you/ he/she/they/it

me/us/you/ him/her/them

my/our/your/ his/her/their/its

mine/ours/yours/ his/hers/theirs

I know Tom. This letter isn’t for me. My legs ache (me dueles las piernas).

I went out to meet a friend of mine. (…un amigo mío).

We know Tom.

Do you want to come with us?

We can’t find our keys. It’s their problem, not ours. (Es su problema, no el nuestro).

You know Tom.

Tom knows you. How often do you clean your teeth?

Are those people friends of yours?

He knows Tom.

Tom knows him. He always has his hands in his pockets.

Tom was in the restaurant with a friend of his.

She knows Tom.

Why are you looking at her?

She’s got a small scar on her face.

I didn’t have a book, so she left me hers (…así que me dejó el suyo).

They know Tom.

Do you want to go with them?

They like their house. We went in our car, and they went in theirs.

It is a nice place.

You’re sitting on it (estás sentado encima).

Oxford (=it) is famous for its university.

062. Reflesive pronouns (myself/yourself/themselves…); by myself; each other.

Myself (mí mismo/me), I loked at myself in the mirror (Me miré…). himself (sí mismo/se), He cut himself with knife (se cortó…).

won’t (no se tardará)

How long (¿Cuanto…)

does (tardas)

did (tardó Tom)

will (tardarán)

It take

you Tom them

to…? (en…?)

It takes (tardo) took (tardó)

will take (tardarán)

me Tom them

a week a long time three hours

to… (en…)

herself (sí misma/se), yourself (tí mismo/te ó (Vd.) sí mismo/se), Please, help yourself (Por favor, sírvete tú mismo). yourselves (vosotros mismos/os), ourselves (nosotros mismos/nos), themselves (ellos mismos/ellas mismas/se); By myself/by yourself (a solas/solo): I went on holidays by myself (Fuí de vacaciones solo). Was she with friends? No, she was by herself (No, estaba sola). Each other (el uno al otro): They know each other well (Se conocen bien). They hurt each other (Se hicieron daño mutuamente). ≠ They hurt themselves (Los dos se hicieron daño).

063. Whose…? (¿de quien…?)

Whose…? (=¿De quien…?): Whose Money is this? Whose is this? It’s mine. Whose shoes are these? Whose are these? They’re John’s.

064. Demostrative pronouns (This, these, that, those). Like this/like that.

‚This‛ (este, esta, esto);

Do you like this picture? This hotel is expensive but it’s very nice. Al teléfono: Hi Sarah, this is David (soy David). En presentaciones: Brian, this is Chris (éste es Chris). ‚These‛ (estos, estas); These flowers are for you. Do you like these shoes. Which shoes do you prefer- these or those (estos o aquellos)? Tomorrow we have to deliver these reports. ‚That‛ (ese, esa, aquel, aquella, aquello); Do you like that picture? Who’s that girl? Algo que ocurrió: That was a really nice meal (ha sido una comida estupenda). ‚Those‛ (esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas, aquellos); Those apples look nice. Who are those people? Those exercises were difficult. Like this/like that = así (de este modo/de ese modo); Don’t do it like that. Do it like this. (No lo hagas así. Hazlo así). Don’t look at me like that. (No me mires así).

065. The definite article ‚the, Ø, a, an‛. The determiners ‚some, any‛.

We use the definite article, the “ to refer to something or someone because we have already mentioned it, or it is defined by context of the sentence. The Office of Statistics draws up (elabora, redacta) a list of goods. The list is designed to reflect the nation’s buying habits. “ to refer to something or someone when it’s the only one in the context. In the consumer world of the twenty-first century… We use the zero article (Ø) with uncountable or plural nouns to talk about things in general. They replace them with Ø new products. We prefer Ø lighters. ‚The‛ es el artículo determinado para el singular y para el plural, corresponde normalmente a el/la/los/las; The cats are in the house. The sky is blue and the sun is shinning. No utilizaremos ‚the‛ en los casos siguientes: Colores: I don’t like red or white (No me gusta el rojo ni el blanco). Comidas: I never have breakfast. What time do you have lunch? Dinner is ready.

Títulos: Do you know Mrs Smith? Uncle Robert is ill. Captain Cook discovered Australia. Días de la semana: I’ll be away from Monday to Friday (Estaré fuera desde el lunes hasta el viernes). Do you work on Sundays? Next/last: I’m not working next week. Did you have a holiday last summer?, next/last (+week, month, year, summer, Monday,…) TV: I watch TV a lot. What’s on TV tonight? Lugares de trabajo: I’m going to work now. What did you learn at school today? Helen wants to go university whe he leaves school. He had to go to hospital. I’m going home. Sentido general: I like music. Life is not possible without water. I hate exams. Tom’s brother is studying physics and chemistry. Cuando nos referimos al televisor, la radio o internet se utilize ‚the‛; Can you turn off the television? I listen to the radio a lot. What’s on the radio tonight? Do you use the internet much? Hay lugares y profesiones en las que se utilize ‚the‛: The cinema the theatre the bank the post office

the station the airport the city center the doctor

the dentist the north the south.

We use the indefinite article, a or an “ To talk about things in general (with singular nouns). The basket does no contain a box of matches. “ To introduce new information or to refer to something for the first time (with singular countable nouns) The Office of Statistics draws up a list of goods. “ To refer to one of a group of things. … to see if you’re a part of modern Britain. ‚A/An‛ se usa con sustantivos contables en singular: Se usa ‚a‛ delante de una consonante (b/c/d/…/y); Can I ask a questions? (¿Puedo hacer una pregunta?). Se usa ‚an‛ delante de una vocal (a, e, i, o, u) (hay ‚h‛ que no se pronuncian); an hour, a hat, an umbrella, a university, a European. Se usa ‚a/an‛ para designar cosas o personas; The sun is a star.

Y delante de los nombres de profesiones: a dentist, an engineer, a composer… En algunos casos se usa ‚a/an‛ + sustantivo contable en singular pero no tiene traducción; What a big cat! (¿Qué gato tan grande?). She’s got a cold. (Está resfriada). En exclamaciones: What an awful day! (¡Qué día tan malo!). Detrás de with/without; a hotel with a swimming pool, a house without a garaje. Con los números 100 y 1000; There are a hundred pence in a pound (Hay cien peniques en una libra). Para expresar relaciones de frecuencia-tiempo; precio-cantidad, etc; Three lessons a week, £1.5 a kilo, 90 kilometres an hour. We use the determiners some and any to describe an unspecified number or quantify (with uncountable and plural nouns). We should get some mineral water. Some families are spending more on organic food. Some is common in positive sentences. In negative sentences and questions, any is more common. It does not contain any luxury goods like caviar. Have you bought any coffee recently? ‚Some‛ se usa en sustantivos contables en plural (cars, apples, shoes,…) y en sustantivos incontables (wáter, money, music,…); I need some new shoes. Would you like some cheese (or a piece of cheese)? I need some water. En inglés son incontables y no tiene plural; advice, bread, furniture, hair, information, news, weather, work; It’s nice weather today. I need some advice. We can also use any in positive sentences to show that quantity is not important. If you see any special offers at the shops, let me know (=it doesn’t matter how many/which special offers).

066. Quantifiers. Some, any, many, most, all, enough, plenty (of), no.

We can use the quantifiers some, any, many, most and all in two different ways: with or without of.

With of Without of Some Any

Many Most

All

of the + noun my/his/het/etc. + noun them/us/you

Some Any

Many Most

All

+ noun + the + noun

Some of the shops are very expensive. Some people hate shopping. I don’t know any of your friends. Are there any shops that sell souvenirs? My brother spends most of his money on presents for his new girlfriend. We use none to talk about no amount or quantify of something. When none is followed by a noun or pronoun, we always use of.

None of the shops are open (not none shops are open). None of my friends smoke. None of them has time to help you.

When none is the subject of a sentence, it is used with an affirmative verb. The verb can be singular or plural. We use no followed by a noun without an article or a possessive adjective. There were no parking facilities (instalaciones). No website is better for cheap flights. Quantifiers that can be used with both plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns: A lot of, lots of, enough, not enough, plenty of (mucho). Enough means the quantity is sufficient for the purpose. Do we have enough money to go out for a meal? I think you’ve probably had enough time. Plenty of means the quantity is more than sufficient for the purpose. You’ve got plenty of time to catch the train. There’s plenty of room for everybody. Quantifiers with plural countable nouns Quantifiers with uncountable nouns Many, not many, too many, a few, few --, not much, too much, a little, little We do not usually use much in affirmative sentences in modern English. We use a lot of/lots of of instead (en lugar de). They gave us a lot of advice (not They gave us much advice).

none of the + noun

my/his/het/etc. + noun them/us/you

We use too many/too much when we want to be critical of something. There were too many people (= I was not happy about this). A few and a little mean a small amount (importe) or quantity. Few and a little without the indefinite article mean not many or not much. Compare: A few beaches are really nice (= a small number of beaches). Few beaches are really nice (= not many). Few and little (without a) are usually used with an affirmative verb.

067. All, every, most, some, any, no, no-one, none.

Se usa ‚some‛ para frases afirmativas y ‚any‛ para frases negativas; We made some mistakes. We didn’t make any mistakes. I didn’t take any photographs, but Jane took some. Utilizaremos ‚some‛ en preguntas de tipo Would you like some…? Can I have some…? El resto ‚any‛; Would you like some coffee? Can you lend me some money? Do you need any help? Utilizaremos ‚Somebody‛ (alguien) ‚something‛ (algo) en frases afirmativas (y en algunas preguntas) y ‚anybody‛ y ‚anything‛ en frases negativas y en la mayoría de preguntas; She said something. I saw somebody. Would you like something to eat? Somebody’s at the door (Hay alguien en la puerta). She didn’t say anything. Has anybody seen her? Se usa ‚no…‛ (=not any) especialmente detrás de ‚have (got)‛ y ‚there is/are‛; There are no cars in the car park. We’ve got no coffee. It’s a nice house, but there is no garden. ‚none‛ (nada, ninguno/a) responde a las preguntas How much? How many?; How much money have you got? None. How many people did you meet? None. ‚no-one‛ (=nobody) (nadie) responde a la pregunta Who?; Who did you meet? No-one (or nobody). Utilizaremos ‚every‛ (cada uno, todos individualmente) + singular sust./verbo; Every house in the street is the same. You look different every time I see you. Every country has a national flag. ‚all‛ (todos globalmente);

All countries have a national flag. It rained all day yesterday. I watched Tv all evening. Se dice ‚all morning/night/summer‛ (no all the mornings).

068. El genitivo sajón y el genitivo elíptico (-‘s).

Se añade (”‘s) a los sustantivos singulares (incluso los que terminan en ”s) y a los sustantivos plurales sin ”s. Se usa normalmente con personas para expresar posesión, relación familiar, dependencia o grupos e instituciones. En español se indica esta relación con la preposición ‚de‛: John’s birthday. My boss’s secretary. Children’s feelings. Britany’s economy. También se puede utilizar para cosas que se sobreentienden (genitivo elíptico): Sophie’s hair is longer tan Kate’s. Whose umbrella is this? It’s my mother’s. Si utilizamos un nombre en plural acabado en ‚s‛ (friends, parents, students,…) añadimos sólo el apóstrofo (-‘): The horses’ stables. My friends’ house (la casa de mis amigos) ≠ My friend’s house (la casa de mi amigo).

Para hablar en general Most children like playing. I don’t want any money. Some books are better than others. Most people drive too fast. Some birds can’t fly.

all most

some any no

of

cities children books money

Para hablar de cosas determinadas Most of the children at this school are under 11 years old. I don’t want any of this money. Some of this books are very old. None of my friends live near me.

all (of) the… this/that… these/those… my/your…etc.

most some

any none

of

Con pronombres personales

Do you know those people? Most of them, but not all of them (la mayor parte pero…)

all most

some any no

of

it them us you

069. Here/there.

‚Here‛ (aquí) designa el lugar donde se encuentra la persona que habla; I’ve already been here for half an hour. ‚There‛ (allí, allá) designa un lugar alejado de la persona que habla; I hope the weather in London will be nice when I get there.

070. One/ones.

Se utilizan one/ones (unos/unos) para evitar repetir un sustantivo; I need a pen. Have you got one? Is there a bank near here? Yes, there’s one at the endo of the street. Would you like one? Singular & plural; Which one? (=which hat?) Which ones? (=Which flowers?). The one/the ones (el/la que está, los/las que están); Which hotel did you stay? The one opposite the station. Which flowers do you want? These ones or those ones? The + adjective + one (or ones); I don’t like the black coat, I like the brown one. I don’t like the red shoes, I like the green ones. A/An + adjective + one (or some + adjective + ones); This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one? These cups are dirty. Can we have some clean ones?

071. Connectors. And (y/e), but (pero), or (o/u), so (por eso/ así que), because (porque).

And/but/or conectan dos frases con el mismo sujeto: I bought a newspaper, but I didn’t read it. He doesn’t like her, and she doesn’t like him. So (por eso/así que) indica un resultado: They don’t like travelling, so they haven’t been to many places.

It was late and I was tired, so I went to bed. Because (porque) indica la causa, también puede ir al principio (como…): Because it was very hot, I opened the window. I always enjoy visitibg London, but I wouldn’t like to live there because it’s too big.

072. At, on, in.

At: Para decir la hora: At 8 o’clock. At 10:30. At midnight. También: At the weekend. At night. At Christmas. At Easter. At the end of… at the moment (ahora). Where will you be at Christmas? (pero on Christmas Day). Are you busy at the moment? At (a place) = En (un lugar), pero no dentro de ese lugar o rodeado por el mismo: There’s somebody at the bus stop/at the door (…en la parada del autobús/en la puerta). The car is waiting at the traffic lights (…en el semáforo). Jane is working at her desk (…en su escritorio). Write your name at the top/at the bottom of the page (…en la parte superior/inferior de la página). My house is at the end of the street (…al final de la calle). Pero también: At home. At work. At school. At university. At college. At the station. At the airport. At Jane’s house. At the doctor’s/At the hairdresser’s (en un lugar de trabajo). At a concert/At a party/ At a football (En una acontecimiento, reunión o espectáculo). At (the age of) 21/ at 50 kilometres an hour/ at 100 degrees, etc. On: Para días y fechas: On Sunday(s). On 25 April. On New Year’s Day. On Monday morning(s). On = En (sobre, encima de): There are some books on the shelf and some pictures on the wall (…en la estantería…en la pared). There are a lor of apples on those trees (en esos árboles). Don’t seat on the grass (en la hierba). It’s wet. There is a stamp on the envelope (Hay un sello en el sobre).

Who is that man on a horse/on a bicycle/on a motorbike? Pero también: On a bus/On a train/On a plane/On a ship. On the ground floor/On the first floor. On the way to… (de camino a…). On the right/On the left. On holiday, on TV, on the radio, on the phone, on fire, on time. On foot. In: Para meses, años y estaciones: In April. In 1974. In spring. También: In the morning (por la mañana). In the afternoon (por la tarde). In the evening (por la noche). (dentro de…) In five minutes. In a few days. In six weeks. In two years. In (a place) = En (un lugar) rodeado pore se lugar: Where’s David? In the kitchen/In the garden/In London. What’s in that box/in that bag/in that cupboard (armario)? I went for a swim in the river/in the sea/in the pool. Milan is in the north of Italy. Naples is in the south. I live in a big city, but I’d like to live in the country (en el campo). You look sad (triste) in this photograph/in this picture. Detrás de un superlative ‚in‛ corresponde normalmente a ‚de‛: What’s the largest city in the world? (¿Cual es la ciudad más grande del mundo?). Arrive in/at… Arrive in + país/ciudad: They arrived in England (in Paris,…) last week (Llegaron a Inglaterra…) Arrive at + otros lugares: What time did you arrive at the hotel (at the station, at work…)?

073. Prepositions (at, with, for, of, without, after, in…) + -ing.

I’m not very good at telling stories (No se me da bien contar historias). Are you fed up with doing the same thing every day? (¿Estás harto de hacer lo mismo…?) Thank you for helping me (Gracias por ayudarme). Mark is thinking of buying a new car. Tom left without saying goodbye (Tom se fue sin decir adios). After doing the shopping, they went home. Are you interested in learning English?

074. Prepositions of place: Next to (junto a), beside (al lado de), between (entre), in front of (delante de), opposite (enfrente de), behind (detrás de), by (=nexto to, beside), under (debajo), above (por encima de, sin contacto), below (por debajo de, sin contacto).

Netx to, beside, by Between In front of Opposite Behind Under Below Above, over On In Into Out of Near No confudir opposite (=enfrente de) con in front of (=delante de). B A C A is sitting in front of B A is sitting opposite C. (…delante de…) C is sitting opposite C. (…enfrente de…)

075. By (=next to / beside). By car/by bus… A book by … /a painting by … /a piece of music by…

By (=next to/beside). Our house is by the sea. (…al lado del mar). Who is the man standing by the window? (¿…junto a la ventana?). If you feel cold, why don’t you sit by the fire? (¿Porqué no te sientas junto al fuego?).

By car / by bus / by plane / by bike / … pero ‚on foot‛ (a pie). Do you like travelling by train? You can’t get there by car. You have to go on foot. A book by… / a painting by … / a piece of music by… Have you read any books by Charles Dickens? Who is that painting by? (¿De quién es esa pintura?). By (=por) se usa también con la voz pasiva. I was bitten by a dog.

076. Through/across (=a trevés de).

Normalmente ‚throught‛ se usa para algo vertical (una ventana, un bosque, etc.) y ‚across‛ se suele usar para algo horizontal (un valle, la calle, un río, etc.). A bird flew into the room throught a window. The old road goes through the village (la carretera vieja atraviesa el pueblo). The dog swam across the river (el perro atravesó el río nadando). We ran across de road.

077. Phrasal verbs.

The term ‚phrasal verbs‛ usually refers to all multi-word verbs, consisting of a verb + particle(s). Phrasal verbs can be divided into 3 basic types. 1. Verb + particle (INTRANSITIVE): Some phrasal verbs are intransitive and don’t take (no llevan) direct object. Sit down and enjoy it. When are you going to grow up? 2. Verb + object + particle (TRANSTIVE ” SEPARABLE): The biggest group of phrasal verbs is transitive. These verbs take a direct object. With separable verbs, when the direct object is a noun, you can put it before or after the particle. Take off your shoes. OR Take your shoes off. OR Take them off.

When the direct object is a pronoun, you have to put it between the verb and the particle. Switch it off, please (NOT Switch off it.) 3. Verb + particle + object (TRANSITIVE ” NOT SEPARABLE): With this type of phrasal verb you always put the direct object (noun or pronoun) after the particle. She looks after her grandmother. I ran after the bus, but it didn’t stop. Deal with it (hacerle frente). Normalmente un phrasal verb corresponde a una sola palabra en español: Go in/walk in = entrar go out = salir go/come back = regresar A veces corresponde a un verbo reflexivo o pronominal: Get up = levantarse stand up = ponerse de pie sit down = sentarse go/walk away = aleajarse Go in (entrar, ponerse en, colocarse). I waited outside the shop. I didn’t go in (No entré). Get in (entrar, subirse a un coche). She opened the door of the car and got in (subió (al coche)). Get out (salir, bajarse de un coche). The car stopped and a woman got out (bajó (del coche)). Get on (subirse a un bus). The bus came, and I got on (subí (al bus)). Look out (mirar hacia afuera, buscar). I went to the window and looked out (miré fuera). Fall off (caerse, perder la fe). Be careful! Don’t fall off (no caigas (de la bici)). Fall down (caerse, derrumbarse, fracasar). The picture fell down (se cayó). Fall over (caerse, tropezar con). I fell over (me caí (al perder el equilibrio) because my shoes were too big for me. Sit down (sentarse). Would you like to sit down (Quieres sentarte)? Stand up (levantarse, ponerse de pie). He stood up (se puso de pie) and left the room.

Lie down (acostarse, tumbarse, echarse). Lie down (túmbate) on the floor. Get up (levantarse, ponerse en pie). I usually get up (me levanto) early. Look up (mirar para arriba, buscar). We looked up (alzamos la vista) at the stars in the sky. Run away (huir, escaper) The thief ran away (El ladrón huyó, escapó corriendo). Drive away/off (arrancar y partir, ahuyentar). She got into the car and drove away (=drove off) (Subió al coche y se marchó). Go away (desaparecer, marcharse) He has gone/been away (se ha ido/ha estado) for few days. Be back (estar de vuelta). He is away. He’ll be back (estará de vuelta/regresará) on Monday. Come back (volver, regresar). Go away and don’t come back (Vete y no vuelvas)! Go back (volver, regresar). We went out for dinner and then went back (regresamos) to our hotel. Climb over (pasar por encima). The wall wasn’t very high, so we climbed over (lo saltamos (por encima)). Look around (mirar a su alrededor, volver la cabeza). Somebody shouted my name, so I look round (=around) (me volví, miré alrededor). Put on (ponerse, vestirse). It was cold, so I put on my coat (=I put my coat on). Here’s your coat. Put it on (Póntelo). Take off (despegar, quitarse) I’m going to take off my shoes (=take my shoes off). Your shoes are dirty. Take them off (Quítatelos). The plane took off (despegó) from the runway (pista). The plane took off (despegó) 20 minutes late, but landed on time. Turn on (encender, conectar, prender). It was dark, so I turned on the light (=I turned the light on).

Turn off (apagar, desconercar, cerrar). I don’t want to watch this programme. You can turn it off. Turn up (aparecer, subir, poner más fuerte). Something will turn up (algo saldrá). Can you turn the radio up (subir (el volumen))? I can’t hear it. Turn down (bajar, rechazar). The music is too loud. Can you turn it down (puedes bajar (el volume))? He was turned down for the job (no le dieron el puesto). Turn over (entregar, volcar, pasar). Turn over (pasa (la página)) and look at the next page. Turn around (girar, volverse). We went for a long walk. After an hour we turned round/around (dimos la vuelta) and went back. Switch on/off (encender/apagar). I switched on the light and switched off the television. Pick up (recoger, adquirir). Those (esas) are my keys on the floor (en el suelo). Can you pick them up (coger/recoger) for me? Put down (dejar sobre, sofocar, acabar con). I stopped reading and put my book down (dejé el libro (en la mesa)). Put out (apagar, extinguir) The fire brigade arrived and put the fire out (apagaron (un incendio, un cigarrillo)). Bring back (devolver, restaurar). You can take my umbrella, but please bring it back (devuélvemela, traela de vuelta). Take back (regresar, devolver). I took my new sweater back (devolví, llevé) to the shop. It was too small for me. Give back (devolver). I’ve got Rachel’s keys. I have to give them back (devolver, dar, entregar) to her. Put back (volver a poner, devolver). I read the letter and then put it back (volví a ponerla) in the envelope. Carry on (continuar, seguir adelante). Carry on (sigua, continúa) along this road and turn right at the lights.

Don’t stop here. Go on/Walk on/Drive on (seguir/seguir andando/seguir conduciendo). Come on (vamos/venga/date prisa)! Everybody is waiting for you. How was your exam? How did you get on (Cómo te ha ido)? Hold on (aguantar, resistir, esperar). Can you hold on (esperar (al telefono)) a minute? Go off (estallar, explotar, sonar reloj/alarma). A bomb went off (explotó) and caused a lot of damage. A car alarm goes off (suena) if somebody tries to break into (entrar forzando) the car. Give up (renunciar, rendirse, darse por vencido). I know it’s difficult, but don’t give up (no desistas, no te des por vencido). Sue gave up (dejó) her job when her baby was born. Grow up (crecer, hacerse mayor) What does your son want to do when he grows up (sea mayor, crezca)? Hurry up (darse prisa). Hurry up (date prisa)! We haven’t got much time. Speak up (hablar más alto). I can’t hear you. Can you speak up (hablar más alto), please? Wake up (despertarse). I often wake up (me despierto (somebody who is sleeping)) in the middle of the night. Wash up (fregar los platos, lavarse las manos). Do you want me to wash up (Quieres que lave los platos)? Slow down (ralentizar, reducir la velocidad). You’re driving too fast. Slow down (reduce la velocidad)! Break down (romper, descomponer, analizar) Sue was very late because her car broke down (se averió, se estropeó). Fill in (llenar, rellenar). Can you fill in (rellenar) this form, please? Cross out (tachar, rayar). If you make a mistake cross it out (táchalo). Try on (probarse).

This is a nice jacket. Shall I try it on (voy a porbarmela (en una tienda))? Look up (buscar palabras). I didn’t know the meaning of the word, so I looked it up (la busqué (una palabra en)) in a dictionary. Knock down (derribar, destruir). They are going to knock down (van a derribar (un edificio)) the school and build a new one. Knock over (tirar, voltear, atropellar). Be careful. Don’t knock your cup over (No tires (hacer caer objetos o personas)). There was an accident at the end of the road. A man was knocked over (fué atropellado) by a car. Throw away (tirar, desechar). These apples are bad. Shall I throw them away (las tiro (a la basura = rubbish))? Put away (guardar). After they finished playing, the children put their toys away (put something away = guardar algo). Pay back (devolver dinero). Thank you for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back next week (pay sb back = devolver dinero). I’ll never be able to pay you back for all you’ve done (nunca podré pagarte por lo que has hecho). I’ll pay you back for this (me las vas a pagar)! Show (a)round (hacer de guía). We visited a factory last week. The manager showed us round (show sb (a)round =hacer de guía). Draw up (redactor, preparer). The Office of Statistics draws up (elabora, redacta) a list of goods.

078. Asking for directions, giving directions and asking for travel information.

Asking for directions: Excuse me, where’s… (the main square)? is there… (a chemist’s) near here? how do I get to… (the post office)? is this the way to… (the car park)? where can I find… (a bank)? Giving directions: Go along… (this street). Turn left/right at the… (station, chuch).

over… (the bidge). first/second right/left. past… (the museum). straight on. Take the first on the right. past the roundabout (traffic circle = rotunda). the second on the left. Asking for travel information: What’s the fare (Cuál es la tarifa)? Do you go to… (the city center)? Which platform does it leave from (desde qué anden sale)? Can you take me to… (‚), please? Could you tell me the time of the next train/bus? Can you tell me when to get off (bajarme) How long does the journey take? Does this bus go to the airport? Can I get a bus anywhere near/round here? Has the 11.40 for North Park left yet? Have you got change for a ten-pound note? I’d like a cab for the Pizzeria, please? One single/A return to the town center, please.

079. Introductions, greetings, goodbyes & invitations.

Introductions: Can I introduce you to… (Natxvader)? Nice to meet you. This is… (Natxvader). Pleased Can I introduce myself? Nice to meet you, too. Let me introduce myself. My name is Natx Fan. Pleased Greetings: How is it going? Pretty well. And you? morning. Hello/Hi. How are you? Very well, thanks. ‚ Good afternoon. It’s good to see you again. How’s the family? Fine, thanks. evening. It’s nice to be here again. How’s everything? Fine, thanks. Goodbyes: It was nice meeting you. I enjoy meeting you, too. It was great seeing you. Have a good trip. I hope to see you again soon. See you again soon. Goodbye. Bye. Good night.

Invitations: Inviting Saying ‚yes‛ Would you like to… (visit our new head office)? Ty. That would be interesting. Would you have… (dinner) with me? Ty. I’d enjoy that. How about… (doing some sightseeing)? That’s a good idea. What about… (joining us for lunch)? Great idea. OK. Fine. Saying ‚no‛ + reason Thanks for asking me, but I’m afraid… I’ve got something planned (Tengo algo planeado). I’d love to, but unfortunately… I have to leave tomorrow (Tengo que salir mañana). I’m sorry, but… I’ll be away (voy a estar lejos).

080. Making and changing arrangements (acuerdos, planes).

Making an arrangement. Can we arrange a meeting (podemos organizar una reunión)? When are you free? Friday is OK. Is Monday possible for you? Yes, that’s fine. What about Tuesday? No, Tuesday isn’t possible. How about Thursday? No, I’m sorry, I’m busy on Thursday. What time do you prefer? See you on Wednesday, then. Changing an arrangement. I’m very sorry, but I’ve got a problem on Thursday. Can we change the date of our meeting?

081. Offers and requests (pedir, solicitar), eating and drinking.

Offering. Replying. Can I take your coat? Thanks. Shall I explain the programme (te explico el programa)? Yes, please do.

Would you like a drink? Yes, please. Not at the moment, thanks. What would you like to eat? I’d like… Requesting (pidiendo, solicitando, tener interés en). Can I use your phone? Yes, of course. Could I borrow your video camera (me podrías dejar tu cámara de vídeo)? Sorry, but… Can you bring us two coffees, please? Certainly (por supuesto). Could you wait a minute? Ordering food/drinks. I’ll have the soup, please. I’d like the fish, please. Can I have a glass of white wine? Could I have a side salad (me podría dar una ensalada)?

082. Suggestions (sugerencias), telephoning and giving website.

Suggesting How about playing tennis? Use -ing What about coming to a party? verb form Why don’t we go to the sports centre? Use infinitive Let’s go to the cinema. without to. Telephoning. Starting a call. Good morning…/Hello,,,/This is…/It’s… Is that Maria Torralba? Yes, speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Castresana? Who’s calling, please? Could I speak to Mark? Just a moment, please. I’ll try to put you through. Can I have extension 271? Hold on, please. Bear with me. Mr. X, I have a call for you. I’m phoning about… I’m calling about… I’m sorry, the line’s busy.

I’m afraid the line’s engaged (me temo que la línea está ocupada). Will you hold (on)? No, I’ll call again later (ring back later). I’m sorry, but she’s in a meeting. Leaving a message. Can I take a message? Can I leave a message? Could you ask her to call me? Could you spell your name, please? Sorry, could you say that again? I’ll give her your message. Giving telephone numbers. 01865665567 = oh one eight six five, double six double five six seven. Numbers in telephone numbers are given separately. 0 is sometime given as ‚oh‛, as well as ‚zero‛. Double is sometimes used for repeated numbers. Mobile phone conversations. Am I disturbing you (te molesto)? Is this a good time to call (te llamo en buen momento)? Am I interrupting anything? Is it OK to talk now? Sorry, we lost the connection. I can’t hear you. Can you hang up and I’ll call you again? The line’s breaking up. I’ll call you back. I thing my mobile phone needs recharging. Network (red, covertura). Giving website and email addresses. . dot (punto) Work-place work dash (guión) place / slash \ backslash @ at Work_place work underscore place Workplace workplace-that’s all one word

Writing emails and faxes: Starting. Saying why you’re writing. Following your phone call (Después de su llamada)… I am writing to tell you that… Thank you for your fax… I am pleased to tell you that… Thanks for your email. This fax is to confirm your visit… This email is to get in touch again. Requesting (solicitando). Giving bad news. Could you please send me details of… I am sorry to inform you… Would you please email me a list of… Unfortunately… Please fax me your price me… Please let me know if there’s a problem… Ending. Apologizing. Please contact us again if you should like further information. I apologize for the change of plans. Hoping to see you soon. Sorry about the mistake. Looking forward to meeting you next week (esperando reunirnos la próxima semana).

083. Welcoming a visitor.

The visitor’s journey. The visit. How was your journey? Are you here on business or on holiday? I hope you had a good flight? Is this your first visit to BCN? Did you have a good trip? Is this your first time in BCN? How long are you here for? Home town/country. Work. Do you come from Dublin? What do you do? Do you live in Paris? Who do you work for (para quien trabajas)? Where were you born? Where do you work? Travel and holidays. Accommodation (alojamiento). Do you travel a lot for work? What’s your hotel like (cómo es tu hotel)? Do you travel abroad much? Is everything at the hotel OK? Do you enjoy travelling? Where do you spend your holidays? (BrE) Where do you go on vacation? (AmE)

084. Numbers & Dates.

Numbres.

Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal Ordinal 1 one 1st first 11 eleven 11th eleventh 21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first 2 two 2nd second 12 twelve 12th twelfth 22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second 3 three 3rd third 13 thirteen (“●) 13th thirteenth (“●) 30 thirty (●“) 30th thirtieth (●““) 4 four 4th fourth 14 fourteen 14th fourteenth 40 forty 40th fortieth 5 five 5th fifth 15 fifteen 15th fifteenth 50 fifty 50th fiftieth 6 six 6th sixth 16 sixteen 16th sixteenth 60 sixty 60th sixtieth 7 seven 7th seventh 17 seventeen 17th seventeenth 70 seventy 70th seventieth 8 eight 8th eighth 18 eightteen 18th eighteenth 80 eighty 80th eightieth 9 nine 9th ninth 19 nineteen 19th nineteenth 90 ninety 90th ninetieth 10 ten 10th tenth 20 twenty 20th twentieth 100 a hundred 100th hundredth

Note the pronunciation of thirteen (“●) and thirty (●“) 101 a hundred and one 1,000 a thousand 3,473 three thousand, four hundred and seventy-seven 100,000 a hundred thousand 1,000,000 a million 1,000,000,000 a billion ½ a half ¼ a quarter 1/3 a third 10.5% ten point five per cent 60.25% sixty point two five per cent 0.05% zero point zero five per cent Dates & Hours. (BrE) 10th June 2002, 10/06/02 the tenth of June two thousand and two, June the tenth… (AmE) June 10 2002, 06/10/02 June tenth two thousand and two, June tenth twenty oh two. Half-hour (media hora), Hourly (cada hora), Quarter of an hour (cuarto de hora), Second (Segundo), Timer (reloj automatico), Watch (reloj), Have you got the (right) time (tiene hora)?

It’s 6 o’clock/half past 6 (son las 6/las 6 y media). It’s 10 past 6/10 to 6 (son las 6 y 10/las 6 menos 10). To putt he clock forward/backward (adelantar/retrasar el reloj). Days: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Bank holiday (día festivo). Boxing day (día de San Esteban). Christmas (Navidades). Christmas Day (Día de Navidad). Christmas Eve (Nochebuena). Easter (Semana Santa). Easter Sunday (Domingo de Resurrección). Good Friday (Viernes Santo). Hallowe’en (víspera de Todos los Santos, la noche de las brujas). Independence Day (día de la Independencia, 4 de julio). Labor Day (día del trabajador). New Year’s Day (día de Año Nuevo). New Year’s Eve (Nochevieja). Pancake Day (martes de carnaval). St. Valentine’s Day (Día de San Valentín). Thanksgiving (Día de Acción de Gracias). Months: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. Seasons (estaciones del año): Spring, summer, autumn (BrE), fall (AmE), winter. Others words and phrases: AD (Anno Domini, después de Cristo), BC (Before Christ, antes de Cristo), age (edad), century (siglo), decade (década), leap year (año bisiesto), month (mes), monthly (mensual), season (estación), year (año), day (día), fortnight (quincena, quince días), today (hoy),

tomorrow (mañana), yesterday (ayer), week (semana), weekend (fin de semana), weekly (semanalmente), weekday (día laborable), schedule (horario), the day after tomorrow (pasado mañana), the day before yesterday (anteayer), next/last Saturday (el sábado que viene/pasado), what are you doing at the weekend (que haces este fin de semana)? a year ago (hace un año), in the 21st century (en el siglo veintiuno), afternoon (tarde, a primera hora), a.m. (de la mañana), p.m. (de la tarde/noche), daily (diario), dawn (alba), early (temprano), evening (tarde, al anochecer), late (tarde), to be early/late (llegar pronto/tarde), midday (mediodía), noon (mediodía), midnight (medianoche), morning (por la mañana), night (noche), sunrise (salida del sol), sunset (puesta del sol), nowadays (hoy día), once (una vez), shortly (dentro de poco), shortly before/after (poco antes/después), tonight (esta noche), what’s the date (a qué día estamos)? anniversary (aniversario), bachelor party (despedida de soltero), stag party (despedida de soltero), hen party (despedida de soltera), baptism (bautismo), christening (bautizo), best man (padrino de boda, acompaña al novio), bride (novia), groom (novio),

bridesmaid (dama de honor), engagement (noviazgo), wedding (boda), silver wedding (bodas de plata), golden wedding (bodas de oro), honeymoon (luna de miel), marriage (matrimonio), to retire (jubilarse), retirement (jubilación),

085. Asking for help.

How do you spell ‚colleague‛ (cómo se deletrea…)? Sorry, can you repeat the question? Excuse me, can you say that again, please? How do you say ‚autopista‛ in English, please? Can you write the word on the board, please? Can I borrow your dictionary, please (me prestas tu dicionario…)? Borrow is the opposite of lend What does the word ‚leisure‛ (ocio, tiempo libre) mean? I’m sorry, I don’t understand.

086. Student profile (perfil). Interview.

What’s your name? What’s your surname/family name/second name? Where are you from? Where do you come from? Where do you live? What is your address? What is your telephone number? email? What do you do? When were you born? What is your date of birth? What languages do you speak? How well do you speak/read/write them? What qualifications do you have? Have you done any extra courses/preparation? What work experience do you have? Do you have any extra abilities? What do you do in your free time? What are your hobbies? Why are you interested in this job?

What qualities do you think that you have for this post? What are your expectations of this job? Can you describe yourself as a person? Why do you think you are suitable (apto, adecuado) for this post?

087. Family tree (Árbol genealógico); Relatives (familiares-parientes):

Father (padre) Brother (hermano) Uncle (tío) (Your parents’ brother) Mother (madre) Sister (hermana) Aunt (tía) (Your parents’ sister) Grandfather (abuelo) Son (hijo) Brother-in-law (cuñado) (Your wife’s brother) Grandmother (abuela) Daughter (hija) Sister-in-law (cuñada) (Your wife’s sister) Nephew (sobrino) Grandson (nieto) Boyfriend (novio) Niece (sobrina) Grandaughter (nieta) Girlfriend (novia) Step-father (padrastro) Step-daughter (hijastra) Step-brother (hermanastro) Step-mother (madrastra) Step-son (hijastro) Step-sister (hermanastra) Cousin (primo/a) Son-in-law (yerno) Father-in-law (suegro) Parents (padres) Daughter-in-law (nuera) Mother-in-law (suegra) Godfather (padrino) Grandparents (abuelos) Great-grandfather (bisabuelo) Godmother (madrina) Grandchildren (nietos) Great-grandmother (bisabuela) Husband (marido) Partner (pareja) Widower (viudo) Wife (mujer(esposa)) Twin (gemelo) Widow (viuda) (Soltera) (single) Maiden. (Apellido de soltera) Maiden name. (Lazos-vínculos familiars) Family ties. (Mi hermano mayor/menor) My elder/younger brother. (Soy el mayor/menor de cuatro) I’m the eldest/youngest of four. (Salir con alguien) Dating. (Conocer a alguien por 1ª vez) Meet someone for the firts time. (Mis padres me pusieron el nombre por mi abuelo) My parents named me after my grandfather. (Mis amigos me llaman ‚Natx‛) My friends call me ‚Natx‛. (Aniversario) anniversary. (Despedida de soltero) bachelor party. (Despedida de soltero) stag party. (Despedida de soltera)hen party. (Bautismo)baptism. (Bautizo) christening. (Padrino de boda, acompaña al novio) best man.

(Novia) bride. (Novio)groom. (Novio/novia en boda) fiancé/fiancée. (Dama de honor) bridesmaid. (Noviazgo) engagement. (Boda) wedding. (Bodas de plata) silver wedding. (Bodas de oro)golden wedding. (Luna de miel) honeymoon. (Matrimonio) marriage. (Jubilarse) to retire. (Jubilación) retirement.

088. Useful language to improve your writing.

Describing people. He gives the impression of being (da la impresión de ser)... She’s really keen on (ella está realmente interesada en)... He’s really good at (el es muy bueno en)... Her most prominent feature is (su característica más destacada es)... Describing towns & cities. One of the most popular places with visitors is (uno de los lugares más populares entre los visitantes)… Other interesting historical landmarks include (otros monumentos de interés histórico son)… When the weather is good, why not…? A must for all visitors is the (una visita obligada para todos los visitantes es el)… For people looking for a night out, there is/are… Narrative language. First of all, we are confident that (estamos seguros que)… There are a lot of advantages to… Initially… For a star,… Eventually… For example,… In the end… Secondly,… Before long (en poco tiempo) (antes de tiempo),… In addition (además),… After a few minutes… However (sin embargo),… Later that afternoon (por la tarde),… What is more (además),… After a while (después de un tiempo) (al poco tiempo),… Finally,… But despite (pero a pesar de)… To sum up (en resumen)… Finding no trace of him, they pronounced him dead (Al no encontrar rastro de él, le declararon muerto). Advertising a service (publicidad de un servicio). We offer you unbeatable choice (le ofrecemos la elección inmejorable)…

Our service is second to none (nuestro servicio es insuperable). Our friendly and professional staff (personal amable y profesional) will be only too pleased to help. You can rely on us (puede confiar en nosotros) to make this a memorable experience for you. With prices starting at $10, you won’t find a better deal (no encontrará una oferta major). All of this at discount rates (todo esto a precio de descuento). Advertising a holiday. X is situated near… X is located not far from… X is on the west/east/south/north coast. X is set in (se encuentra en) … X is a short drive from/to… Language for giving advice. Have you thought about (ha pensado en)…? I think you should (creo que debería)… Why don’t you…? Have you tried (has probado)…? There’s no harm in (no hay nada de malo en)… You could start by… If I were you, I’d… Language for giving results. As a result,… Consequently,… Therefore (por lo tanto),… He was short of money as a result of losing his job. He was short of money because he had lost his job. Language for complaining (quejarse). I am writing to complain about (para quejarme sobre)… I am afraid this is totally unacceptable. I am particularly disappointed (decepcionado) because… Although (a pesar de) I ordered them well in advance (con bastante antelación), they will not arrive in time. I was informed (se me informó de que) the order would arrive three weeks late. However, this is totally unacceptable (sin embargo, esto es totalmente inacceptable). To resolve the problem I would like to request a full and immediate refund (quisiera solicitor un reembolso total e inmediato). If I do not hear from you within the next five days, I will be forced to contact my solicitor (si no tengo noticias tuyas en los próximos cinco días, me veré obligado a ponerme en contacto con mi abogado). Language for explaining.

Most runners take part in order to raise money for charity (la mayoría de corredores participant con el fin de recaudar dinero para caridad). Many or the runners wear strange costumes so that they can be recognized by their friends. Runners train (entrenan) for many months so as to be fit enough to take part. Central London streets are closed in order that runners do not have problems with the traffic. Report language. The survey is held (se lleva acabo) once a year / once every two years… The report (informe) compares… and… People generally spend more on… People do not generally spend a lot of money on… Older people generally spend much less (mucho menos) than younger people (on)… The same is not true of (lo mismo no es el caso de)… The money spent on… decreases / increases with age. The under 30s / over 40s tend (tienden) to spend more on… The results show (muestran)…

089. Although (aunque, a pesar de) and however (sin embargo, no obstante).

We use although and however to contrast two pieces of information. We use although to join the two pieces of information in one sentence. Although I ordered them in advance, they will not arrive in time. We use however to show the connection between two sentences. I was informed that the order would arrive in three weeks. However, I am afraid this is totally unacceptable. When we use however at the beginning of a sentence, it is always followed by comma.

090. In order to, so as to, so that. (para, con el fin de, de manera que)

We can use in order to, so as to and so that to show the reasons for an action. Use in order to/so as to + infinitive Most of the runners take part in order to (con el fin de) raise money for charities. Use in order that/so that + clause Many wear strange costumes so that (para que) they can be recognized by their friends.

091. Prepositional phrases. By, in, on.

Do you ever meet friends in the street by chance? Have you ever telephoned the wrong number by mistake? At what time of the day are you most often in a harry? Have you ever solved a problem by accident? What organizations have information about you on file (en los archivos)? Have you ever been in danger of losing your job? Do you ever leave your bedroom in a mess? Have you ever been in trouble at school?

092. Funtional language. Complaints (quejarse, reclamar).

I’m having problems (+ -ing form) … I’m having problems finding anything. I think there’s a problem with… I think there’s something wrong with (hay algo mal/estropeado con) the power I’ve got a problem with… My Ipad doesn’t work. What seems to be the problem/the trouble/the matter (qué pasa, cual es el problema)? I’ll see to it/look into it (me encargaré de esto). I’ll get back to you (me pondré en contacto con usted). Could you ask/get someone to + infinitive…? (podría pregungar/conseguir que alguien…) Could I speak to (podría hablar con)…? I’m afraid that’s not good enough. It’s totally unacceptable. I’d like a refund (quisiera una devolución, un reenvolso) I want to have my money back.

093. Shopping.

Corner shop (tienda de barrio). You hate big supermarkets and prefer to buy at the local corner shop. Discount shop (economato). I often go to the d.s. where things are cheaper than in the supermarket. High street shopping (calle commercial) Online shopping. You prefer online shopping. It’s quicker and often cheaper.

Shop assistant (dependiente, empleado). Do you know that Carrie has got a job as a shop assistant? Shopaholic (adicto a las compras). You enjoy shopping so much, you are a shopaholic. Shoplifter (ladrón de tiendas). Catching all the sl. who walk off with CDs up their jumpers? Shopping centre (centro commercial). You love spending time in a s.c. looking at shops. Shopping mall (centro commercial) Window-shopping (escaparate). You can’t understand people who like w-s, what’s the point?

094. Containers (recipientes)

Bottle (botella). A bottle of mineral water. Some bottles of beer/olive oil/whisky. Box (caja). A box of tissues (pañuelos)/matches (cerillas). Can (lata). A can of cat food/carrot soup/tuna. Carton (cartón). A carton of low-fat milk/cranberry juice (zumo de arádanos)/free-range eggs. Jar (tarro). A jar of strawberry jam (mermelada)/coffee. Packet (paquete). A packet of nappies (pañales)/peanuts (cacahuetes)/biscuits/crackers. Tin (lata). A tin of lemonade/tuna. Tub (tarrina). A tub of olive oil based-margarine/ice cream. Bag (bolsa). A bag of pre-washed salad leaves (ensalada de hojas pre lavadas). Basket (cesta, cubo de basura).

095. Advantages and disadvantages.

The pros and cons of + noun/-ing form The good/bad thing about + noun/-ing for is… The advantage of + noun/-ing form The benefit/benefits of + noun/-ing form There’s a lot to be gained from (hay mucho que ganar) + -ing form There’s nothing to be gained from (no hay nada que ganar) + -ing form The disadvantage of + noun/-ing form The drawback (inconveniente) of + noun/-ing form The trouble with + noun/-ing form There’s no point in (no tiene sentido)/There isn’t any point in (no hay ningún punto en)+ -ing form

096. Illusions-Magician

Act Audience (audiencia, public, auditorio) Fake (falso, fingir) Magician Perform (realizar) Pretend (fingir)

Public Reveal (revelar) Stage (escenario, etapa) Trick (truco) Vanish (desaparecer)

097. The table of speculation

Adjetive Noun Negative adjetive Negative noun Adverb

possible possibility impossible Impossibility (imposibilidad)

Possibly (posiblemente)

probable probability improbable Improbability probably Likely (probable) Likelihood

(probabilidad) Unlikely (improbable)

Certain (cierto, exacto, seguro)

Certainty (certeza, seguridad)

Uncertain (incierto, inseguro)

Uncertainty (incertidumbre)

Certainly (indudablemente)

Definite (definido/a)

Definitely (definitivamente)

098. Saying is one thing, doing it is another (del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho).

No sooner said than done (dicho y hecho) Bright and early (temprano, muy de mañana) Drag your feet (dar largas) Get cracking (ponerse manos a la obra) Get to the point (ir al grano, llegar al punto). Do you get the point (entiendes por donde voy, entiendes lo que quiero decir)? What’s the point? (¿para qué? ¿a cuento de qué?) High point (punto álgido) Play it safe (ir a lo seguro, no arriesgar)

099. Sports’ word list.

Athletics Baseball Beat Boxing Catch Champion Championship Coach Dive (buceo) Field (campo) Finalist Football Gym (gimnasio)

Gymnast (gimnasta) Gymnastics (gimnasia) Hang-gliding (ala delta) Hit Jump Kick Marathon Medal Paraglider (parapente-persona) Paragliding (parapente-deporte) Pass Penalty Polo

Player Race Racket Rugby Run Semi-final Serve Skydiving (paracaidismo) Snowboarding Throw (lanzar, tirar) Water polo

0100. Body.

Chest (pecho). Eyes (ojos). Ear (oído, oreja). Mouth (boca). Nose (nariz). Teeth (dientes). Tooth (diente). Throat (garganta). Blink (parpadear). In the blink of an eye (en un abrir y cerrar de ojos). Breathe (respirar). Now we can breathe again (ahora podemos respirar tranquilos). Chew (masticar). Be sure to chew your food completely (asegurarse de masticar la comida completa/). Cough (toser). To have a bad cough (tener mucha tos). Calling in sick (finger enfermedad). Sick day (días por enfermedad en el trabajo). Worried sick (preocupado por la salud). Upset (sentar mal, disgustar). I have an upset stomach (tengo el estómago revuelto).

0101. Nouns and adjectives. Describing people.

Agile-Agility. She can really move very quickly and very easily. Ambitious-Ambition. I’ve never known anyone who wants so much to be successful. Determined-Determination. He will not let anything stop him from doing what he has decided to do. Enthusiastic-Enthusiasm. He’s always really interested in and excited by his sport. Intelligent-Intelligence. She thinks clearly and quickly. Powerful-Power. She is very, very strong. Talented-Talent. She has so much natural ability. Ruthless (despiadado, cruel)- ruthlessness (crueldad). The only think that is important to him is success. He doesn’t mind is other people suffer in the progress. Constant, perseverance, discipline, methodical. Bald (calvo), blond, dark, healthy, shiny (brillante), slim (delgado), tanned (bronceado), wade (ancho). Hair blond, shiny, wavy. Head bald, round, shaved. Nose pointed, prominent, straight.

0102. Health. How do you feel?

Dizzy (mareado). You’re making me dizzy (me estás mareando). To feel dizzy (marearse). Drowzy (adormilado). These tablets will make you drowsy (estas pastillas le producirán somnolencia). Exhausted (agotado). Weak/weakness (débil/debilidad). To have a weakness for sth (tener debilidad por algo). To feel weak. Blink (parpadear). In the blink of an eye (en un abrir y cerrar de ojos). Breathe (respirar). Now we can breathe again (ahora podemos respirar tranquilos). Chew (masticar). Be sure to chew your food completely (asegurarse de masticar la comida completa/). Cough (toser). To have a bad cough (tener mucha tos). Shiver (temblar). It sent shivers down my spine (me dió escalofríos). Swallow (tragar). To swallow one’s pride (tragarse le orgullo). Make sense (tener sentido). It makes sense to me (a mí me parece lógico). High/low blood pressure (presión arterial). To take sb’s blood pressure (tomar la tension a alguien). A rash (erupción, sarpullido). I’ve got a rash on my chest (tengo un sarpullido/erupción en el pecho). Scratch (rascarse). She’s scratching her leg because she was bitten by a mosquito. Hiccup (hipo). It gives me hiccups (me da hipo). Sneeze (estornudar). You should cover your mouth when you sneeze. Symptom (síntoma). A physical change (such as a fever) that is caused by an illness. Mild (templado, leve). The opposite of strong.

Severe (estricto, severo). Rare/Common (raro, extraño/común). Flu (gripe). I’ve got flu (tengo gripe). Cold (resfriado). I’ve got a cold (estoy resfriado). A plaster (tirita, escayola). With his leg in plaster (con la pierna escayolada). Sticking plaster (tirita). Homesick (nostalgic). I’m homesick, I miss my parents. Airsick, carsick, seasick (marearse en avión, coche o mar).

0103. Social expressions.

All the best. Another day/time, maybe. Bad news, I’m afraid. Congratulations! Excellent news! Good luck for… Guess what? Have a safe journey (tener un viaje seguro). I must be going (tengo que irme).

I’ll keep my fingers crossed. Keep in touch. My pleasure. Never mind. Not at all. Say ‚cheese‛. The same to you. What a shame (que vergüenza)!.

0104. About money.

Bank account (cuenta bancaria) Cash machine (cajero aut.) Dependent (dependiente-trabajador) Earnings (ganancias) Financial Financially Get into debt (tener deuda) Invest (invertir) Investment (inversion) Make money

Open an account (abrir cuenta) Pay a bill (pagar una factura) Save Savings account (cuenta de ahorros) Share Stock Take out a mortgage (obtener una hipoteca) Withdraw (retirar, sacar) Write a cheque

0105. Other words & phrases

Lesson 7 World Link: Boss around (dar órdenes a). To tell someone what to do. Cutting class (faltar a clase, hacer novillos). Ground (=punish) someone (castigar sin salir). My parents have grounded me. Treat like (tratar como a). They treat me like a baby. Take care (cuidar, tener cuidado). I can take care of myself (puedo cuidar de mi mismo). Care about (preocuparse). They care about you (se preocupan por ti). Might as well (mas vale que). You might as well listen to your parents. Lesson 1: Consider (considerer, pensar en). I consider myself happy (me consider feliz). Describe (describer). I would describe myself as a lucky person. Proud (orgulloso). I’m proud that I did it on my own (estoy orgulloso de haberlo hecho solo). Average (medio, promedio). Of average height (de estatura media). Accounts (cuenta, factura). To charge sth to sb’s account (cargar algo en cuenta a alguien). Approachable (accessible) Beefeater (alabardero de la torre de Londres). Branch (rama). Branch office (sucursal). Budget (presupuesto). Businesslike (serio, formal). Cashier (cajero). Challenge (desafío). To take up a challenge (aceptar un desafío). I will take up (asumiré) that challenge. Challenger (aspirante, contrincante). Guilt (culpa). Guilty (culpable). To have a guilty conscience (tener remordimientos de conciencia). Get away (poder salir, escapar). The thieves’ getaway car (el coche en que huyeron los ladrones). Get away with (salir impune, quedarse sin castigo). We mustn’t let them (dejar que) get away with it. Chew (masticar). Chewing gum (chicle, goma de mascar). Citizen (ciudadanos). Citizenship (ciudadanía). Clever (inteligente). Don’t be clever with me (no te hagas el listo conmigo)! Cope (arreglárselas, poder con). I can’t cope with all this work. Crossword (crucigrama) Define (definer). How would you define yourself politically (cómo te definirías politicamente)? Dial (marcar un número de teléfono). Delightful (encantador). Expense (gasto, costo). With all expenses paid (con todos los gastos pagados). Eye-opened (revelación, sorpresa grande). Fake (falsificación, impostor, farsante). To fake an illness (fingirse enfermo). Fidget (no parar de moverse) Fidgety (nervioso, inquieto). Stop fidgeting (estáte quieto)! Fireworks (fuegos artificiales). Flatly (rotundamente, categóricamente). We are flatly opposed to it (nos oponemos terminantemente). Fuss (jaleo, escándalo). A lot of fuss about nothing (mucho ruido y pocas nueces). Give (sb) away (regalar algo a alguien, deshacerse de algo). Headquarters (cuartel general, sede central) Impress (impresionar). He is not easily impressed (no se deja impresionar fácilmente).

Investment (inversion). Judgement (sentencia). To pass judgement on sb/sth (pronunciar o dictar sentencia sobre algo). Likeable (encantador, simpático, agradable). Live off (vivir a costa de). He live off the royalties of a hit song that his father wrote years ago. Mayor (alcalde). Mess (sb) around (fastidiar a alguien). They kept messing me around over the dates. Noodle (fideos, tallarines). Reckless (temerario). Reckless driving (conducción temeraria). Refugee (refugiado). Refugee camp (campamento para refugiados). Right-wing (de derechas). Scare (susto). I’m scared of spiders (tengo miedo a las arañas). Scary (que da miedo). That’s a scary thought (ésa es una idea espeluznante). Self-important (prepotente). Snottiness (vileza). Soft (suave, blando). To have a soft spot for sb (tener debilidad por alguien). Spot (darse cuenta de, observar). I spotted a mistake (descubrí un error). Stage (escenario, etapa, fase). That was no accident, it was staged (estaba montado/organizado). Stand for (representar, significar, admitir). I won’t stand for that (eso no lo admito). Stick to (seguir con, no abandoner). To stick to a promise (cumplir una promesa). Stubborn (cabezota). As stubborn as a donkey. Sweaty (sudoroso). Stumble (tropezar, dar un traspié). To stumble against sth (tropezar contra algo). Telltale (revelador, indicador). Tight (hermetic, apretado). A tight spot (en un aprieto, entre la espada y la pared). Till (caja registradora). Till receipt (ticket de caja). Watch out (tener cuidado). Watch out for thieves (cuidado con los ladrones). White lie (mentira piadosa). Lesson 9: Accessible (accessible) Accurately (con precision) Analyze (analizar) Appeal (recurso) Association (asociación) Bargain (ganga, oferta). Take a look at our bargain basement (sección de ofertas) for more information. Basement (sótano) Basket (cesta) Buff (pulidor) Burger (amburguesería) Cater (abastecer) Catch up (alcanzar, ponerse al día, atrapar). The police finally caught up (atrapó) the thief (ladrón). Chain (cadena) Chart (gráfico)

Classic (clásico) Complaint (queja) Connoisseur (conocedor) Contact (contacto) Council. The local council (ayuntamiento) is planning to develop (desarrollar) a new shopping area. Cracker (galleta) Cranberry (arándano) Crisp (crujiente) cross off (tachar) cut (sth) short (interrumpir algo) cybernaut (cibernauta) decaffeinated (descafeinado) delivery (entrega) discount (descuento) electronic (electrónico) exception (excepción) fraud (fraude) free-range (de corral) frustrated (frustrado) gift (regalo) gin (ginebra) greeting (saludo, recuerdos) guarantee (garantía) hand-made (hecho a mano) herb (hierba) hot-air balloon (globo de aire caliente) household (casa, familia). It’s a household word (es el pan de cada día). It’s a hh name (conocidísima). Item (artículo) Landscape (paisaje) Leaf (hoja, página). To turn over a new leaf (pasar página, hacer borrón y cuenta nueva). Lemonade (limonada) Lighter (más ligero) low-fat (bajo en grasa) luxury (de lujo) margarine (margarina) marmalade (mermelada) memorabilia (recuerdos) monopoly (monopolio) olive oil (aceite de olive) organic (orgánicos) out of favor (caído en desgracia) outskirts (afueras) parade (desfile) peak (pico)

peanut (cacahuete, maní) precious (precioso) priority (prioridad) product (producto) proposal (propuesta) query (consulta) queue (cola) range (rango) refrain from (abstenerse de) release (liberación). On his release from prison (al salir de la carcel) salad (ensalada) sale (venta). screenplay (guión) security (de seguridad) slice (rebanada) souvenir (recuerdo) spice (especial) spill (derrame) statistic (estadística) switch on (encender) system (sistema) technophobe (tecnófobo) tidy up (poner en orden) tissue (pañuelo de papel, klínex, tejido). A tissue of lies (una sarta de mentiras). Trilogy (trilogía) Trolley (carrito, camilla de hospital). To be off one’s trolley (estar chiflado). Tuna (atún) unconventional (poco convencional) vegetarian (vegetarian) vodka what a cheek (que cara dura)! Wheelchair (silla de ruedas) wish list (lista de deseos) wrap (envolver) wrapper (envoltorio, envase) Lesson 10: Accuse (acusar) Admit (admitir) Alien (alienígena) ape (mono, simio) archaeological (arqueológico) army (ejército) bullying (intimidación)

bury (enterrar) calm down (calmarse) compartment (cuarto, habitación) confidentiality (confidencialidad) crazy (loco) dating agency (agenda de contactos) deaf (sordo), blind (ciego) and dumb (mudo) float (flotar) grave (tumba) hack into (piratear, conseguir intrar) hang (colgar) heel (talon, tacón) hoot (bocinazo ) imposter (impostor) in the long/short term (a lago/corto plazo) knight (caballero) murder (asesinato) murderer (asesino) painful (dolorido) phone-in (llamar), rabbit (conejo, jugador hábil) record (registro, expediente). Your employment record (registro). Your school record (expediente). reveal (revelar) ruin (ruina), scan (explorer, escanear), scandal (escándalo) scare (asustar/susto), secrecy (el secreto), skilled (expertos, cualificados) spoil (estropear, echar a perder), spy on (espiar) suspect (sospechoso) traitor (traidor) understandably (comprensiblemente), upset (alterar, perturbar, hacer daño), vandalism (vandalismo) viewers (espectadores) weapon (arma) within (dentro de). I want it back within three days (quiero que me lo devuelvas dentro de tres días). worth (vale la pena), worthless (sin ningún valor, inútil). Lesson 11: Acceptance (aceptación, acogida)

Achievement (logro, éxito) Award (adjudicación, premio) Bet (apostar) Casual (informal, occasional) Charitable (benéfico, caritativo) check out (pagar y marchar) childhood (infancia) courier (mensajería, correo) devote (dedicar) disability (discapacidad) downhill (cuesta abajo) dress up (vestirse de etiqueta) dye (tinte) fed up (harto) fill in (rellenar) gang (banda, pandilla) host (anfitrión, presentador) in the meantime (mientras tanto) increasingly (cada vez más) Spanish food is becoming increasingly popular. iron (hierro, planchar) majesty (majestad) outlook (perspectiva, panorama) relief (aliviar, liberar) shave (afeitado) strawberry (fresa) tiny (diminuto, pequeño) trainers (formadores, entrenadores) unpaid (pendientes de pago) Lesson 12: Agitated (agitado) Appeal (recurso de apelación) as a matter of fact (práctico, cuestión de hecho) astonishing (sorprendente, asombroso) attract (atraer) beggar (mendigo) cheek (mejilla) chin (barbilla) close down (cerrar definitivamente) companionship (compañerismo) cruise (crucero) damages (daños y perjuicios) distress (angustia) duty (deber)

freeway (autopista) gentle (suave, de carácter dulce) help out (ayudar, echar una mano) heroin (heroina) homeless (persona sin hogar) kick out (echar a patadas) lounge (sala de estar) manufacturer (fabricante) men’s room (servicio de hombres) motor home (autocaravana) outline (esquema, perfilar) pickles (encurtidos) plaintiff (demandante) report (informe, informar) reported speech (estilo indirect) settlement (liquidación, acuerdo) siblings (hermanos/hermanas), steady (constant, regular) a steady job (empleo fijo) sue (demandar) to sue for divorce (solicitor el divorcio) suitable (adecuado, arpopiado) survey (encuesta) target (diana, blanco, objetivo) tear (lágrima) theme park (parquet temático) throw out (tirar, echar la basura) unfair (desleal, injusto)

0106. Writings

WRITING No. 1. Write about a favourite teacher from your past. (125 word) When I finish my studies of sound technician, I started the university career. I choose industrial engineer in the textile field. And it was there where I met a great teacher and a much better person. He was called Armand Basi, a famous Designer and businessman. He not only taught me industrial design, but also he taught me how to behave with the people. He explained to me how to handle a job interview, how to shake hands, how to dress and how to talk. He also helped me to interprete the body language interviewer. The following year, Armand Basi had no time to be a university teacher and he resigned. Three years later, I only had to study four subjects to finish my university career. As I had free time, I went to see him in his office to ask for a work. It was difficult to talk to him but in the end I got it. Everything went well and he told me where I could find a job. In my first job interview I got a good job in Lacoste (enterprise). Armand Basi died seven months ago in January. I hope he rests in peace. He was one of the best teachers that I have ever had. WRITING No. 2. A strange event. Write a story for your local newspaper about an unsolved mystery or strange event. Use adverbs of manner. (150 word). 3 Meter shark found alive on Playafels beach. A harmless (inofensivo) shark appeared close to the shore (costa, orilla) and it was seen by surfers and swimmers as it jumped out of the water three times. It was early in the morning when a resident of Playafels spotted a shark. He said: ‚I was sitting on my surfboard and I felt something pushing me from behind. I thought it was another surfer but I turned and I spotted (me di cuenta, comprové) a shark fin (aleta)‛. After that, the shark disappeared under the water and the surfer started to paddle to reach the shore. At that time, the shark bumped into him and he saw the creature face to face. Nervously, he fell off his board and swam out of the sea. The lifeguards started shouting for him to get out of the water. It was like a scene out of the movie ‚Jaws‛.

At the end nothing happened but the surfer said: ‚I think the shark was looking for food and it confused my surfwear with a seal. They don’t usually bother (molestar) people. I was surprised, I have been here for five years and I have never seen anything like it before‛.

Although it caused some alarm, in fact this type of shark is well-known around the Mediterranean Sea. It had a grey back and a white belly (vientre) and it normally lives in the ocean depths.

WRITING No. 3. Imagine you have just found a prestigious new job. Write an e-mail to a friend describing your new job. Include as many details as you can about it, e.g. your responsibilities, salary, office, colleagues, etc.

Hello Vito! How are you? I’m writing this email because your cell phone was switched off and I didn’t know where I could find you. Well, I have to tell you good news. Do you remember that I had many problems with my boss? Well, that’s over. I have found a much better job. Yes, I got it!!! I started to work as a product manager & quality manager in R&C last Monday. R&C is a factory of corporate identity’s signs. We are manufacturers and fitters (instaladores) of elements for corporate identity. I’m responsible for the quality, research (investigación), development (desarrollo) and innovation departments. My new boss is a great person. He’s instructing me how to organize the employees of the factory (and moreover he pays me very well). But instead, the receptionist is a gossip girl. She always asks me about my personal life, if I have a girlfriend and if I like any girl from the factory. I think I will give her your mobile number (as you always have it switched off!!). Nothing else, I see you next week, give a hug (abrazo) to everyone.

Writing: A bit something about me.

My name is José Ignacio but my friends call me ‚Nacho‛. I’m from Barcelona but I’ve been living in Viladecans with my partner since 2002. I’m not married but I consider my partner as my wife. I’m 36 (years old) and I’ve got a brother only 14 months younger than me. My parents live in Gavà, near Viladecans and whenever we can we eat together. We haven’t got any pets because I’m allergic to animal hair. I’m an industrial engineer but I’m unemployed right now. At the end of this summer I hope to find a good job, I believe that my work experience, my qualifications and the English course will make me a very competitive candidate for a position in a good company. I have succeeded as a product manager and general manager in factories of over a hundred workers and I’m ready for a new challenge. I also have experience in new technologies as an IT (information technology) technician and I like to test any kind of electronic gadgets. In my free time I used to play different sports, every Tuesday I used to play soccer, every Thursday we play tennis and every Saturday we play paddle, always with friends. In summertime I love going to Zarautz beach to surfing the best waves in northern Spain. But my favorite sport is basketball and although I stopped playing a long time ago, I love the NBA (standings, statistics, custom shop, etc.). In fact last May one of my dreams came true, I was able to see an NBA game in the Staples Center between the L.A. Lakers and the Phoenix Suns. That match was incredible with 3 extra times (over time). Apart from sport, my hobbies are basically 2, listening to music and traveling. I would like to visit the 7 wonders of modern world; I have actually visited 6 out of 7 wonders (the Taj Mahal is the only one that I have not been able to visit, maybe next year). Finally, the last song I purchased in iTunes (the internet music shop) is called ‚music is everything‛, when I was younger I worked as a disk jockey to pay for my degree college career, I don’t think I have anything more to add. Write about how to change a bad health habit or solve a health problem. I would like to write about how to give up smoking. First of all, we should know bear in mind that 50.000 people died last year in Spain because of cigarettes, as many as if every day a plane crashes with carrying a hundred passengers had crashed every day. There are many ways to give up smoking and the consequences are always positive; you breathe better, stop coughing, and do not smell like of smoke, you have a better quality of life, save money and soon etc.But I’d like to explain my own experience. I had a friend (he was killed in a ’s been dead by car accident for eight years ago) whose job was preparing dead bodies for funeral who worked make-up dead man, and one day he let me see the lung of a smoker. I’ll never forget it.

Write the beginning of two speeches. Use these expressions: Today I’d like to, I’ll begin by, I’ll provide an overview, Then I’ll list, Let’s first talk about, One of the main causes, Another cause, and And finally.

1. Too many students in each class. Today I’d like to talk to all of you about problems with students. I’ll provide an overview. One or the other, not both I’ll begin by describing the causes of failure rate. Let’s first talk about student grant. None of the student got won the student grant. Why? I’ll list three causes. One of the main reasons is too many students in each class. Another cause is too few teachers to teach with guarantees for students to pass the exams. And finally we need more facilities to accommodate students and teachers.

2. (You choose a topic). Today I’d like to talk about problems with new musicians. I’ll provide on overview. I’ll begin by describing the causes of why the new singers and musicians can not sell their music. Let’s first talk about new technologies such as an ipods, ipads, iphones and Internet. These new technologies hurt music sales in physical format (CD, DVD, cassette type and vinyl). Then I’ll list three more causes. One of the main causes is that record companies have stopped making money and cannot invest in new artists. Another cause is that the institution that controls the music in Spain (SGAE) is under suspicion of fraud. And finally young people don’t want to be musicians because it’s not fashionable and they don’t make money. Write about a problem in your country (or in the world) and how to solve this problem. Once upon a time a living being that started to wonder why. Why am I alive? Which is why I am here? What was the beginning of everything? As he had no answers he believed that a divine being created the universe. It was the beginning of the human race’s great problem in the last 5000 years; Religion. It’s a serious problem because every religion has different symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intented to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life. That involves different ways of living and I’m sure that was the cause of most wars that have been doing in the world. Nowadays, a common God for all of us are replacing our ancestral religions. Is money our present and future religion? In a hundred years religion will no longer a problem because there will be fewer and fewer believers, but the problem of the global economy will be difficult to solve.

Write about something important that you bought. When I was 18, my father and I went to the bank and set up an account to save my money. My father told me not to withdraw the money unless I invest in a house. A year later I was able to invest in a car park place because I didn’t have enough money to buy a house. When I was 22 I had three car park places and I rented two of them. Three years later I bought premises (local) to open a shop but I also rented because I had a good job. Last year I finished paying the mortgage payments and I’m thinking of investing in a frozen food store. I never ignore the good advice of my father.

Vocabulary: ¿Que hay en un nombre? What’s in a name? Encuesta Survey Mostrando interés Showing interest Prestando atención Pay attention Estamos demasiado centrados en nosotros mismos. We’re too focused on ourselves. Aspecto Forehead Apariencia Appearance Tímido Shy Las lecturas graduales son perfectas. Graded readers are perfects. Cerebro Brain. Dar una vuelta. Have a go. ¿Cuánto ganas? How much do you earn? ¿Crees en la vida después de la muerte? Do you believe in life after death? Dos amigos comentando el fin de semana. Two friends discussing the weekend. Eso parece (suena) interesante. That sounds interesting. Nunca he oído hablar de él (eso). I have never heard of it. Menú diario. The daily specials. Multa de aparcamiento. Parking ticket. ¿Se han ido? Have they left? ¿Llegaron tarde? Were they late? Conocimiento Knowledge ¿Puedo tomarle algunos datos? Can I just take some details? Puente a bridge Parking a car park Iglesia a church Fuente a fountain Rascacielos high-rise building Biblioteca a library Mezquita a mosque Mar a sea Centro comercial a shopping centre Plaza a square Manantial spring Moderno (actual) up-to-date Moneda currency Encantado delighted Estoy bromeando I’m kidding Ciudad aburrida dull city Lavar los platos washing up Hoja/rama leaf Bragas knickers

Medias/pantys tights Pantalones trousers Diente tooth Yemas de los dedos fingertips Conectores (enlaces) connectors (links) Me uní al ejercito. I joined the army. Cantina (comedor) canteen De todos modos anyway Salir juntos go out together El uno al otro (entre sí) each other Por tanto (por consiguiente) so Ella ni si quiera sabía si yo esta vivo. She didn’t even know whether I was alive. Si Whether Incluso even Darse cuenta realise Él me llamó (por teléfono) He rang me up. Pronto soon Irse a vivir juntos move in together Charlar con alguien chat somebody up Encapricharse con alguien fancy somebody Tener una bronca have a row Romper, dividir (una relación) split up (a relationship) Enamorarse fall in love Presentar en televisión host Presentador host Concursantes contestants Como saben… as you know… Lo que estaba sucediendo cuando… What was going on when… Entrar en… come into… Gritar shout Enfermo sick Ducharse have a shower Él se acercó a él. He came up to him. He went up to him. Tenía razón de nuevo. He was right again. Bolsa de plástico. Plasctic bag. Bote de pintura. A pot of paint. Un par de tijeras A pair of scissors. Averiguar, descubrir find out. Aventura, asunto, caso affair Ocultar, esconder hide Ella derramó espesa pintura blanca. She pored thick white paint. Por todas partes all over Estupendos vinos fine wines Bodega cellar

Sótano basement Colocar place Bastante rather Ella llegaba cada vez más tarde. She got later and later. Como era de esperar unsurprisingly Al principio at first Furioso ungrily Rápidamente quickly Sileciosamente quietly Tarde late Últimamente lately Ordenadamente Tidily Alto loud En voz alta loudly Resaca hangover Yo también so do I, so am I, me too… Yo tampoco neither do I, me neither… ¿Qué haces para ganarte la vida? What do you do for a living? Quizás maybe Desde luego! Claro que sí! Certainly En el extranger abroad Tímido shy Nosotros acordamos reunirnos en… We arranged to meet in… Ocupado busy Travieso naughty Nos metimos en muchos problemas.We got into many problems. Adolescentes teenagers Hornear bake Panaderia bakery ¿Cual es el disparejo (desigual)? Which is the odd one out? Extraño, sobrante, desparejado odd Hundirse, naufragar sink Tirar throw Traer bring un ramo a bunch of flowers, grapes(uvas), keys una caja a box of chocolates, matches(cerillas), tissues(clinex) un par a pair of socks(calcetines), scissors, jeans un paquete a packet of cigarettes, crisps, biscuits un trozo a piece of cake, furniture, wood una botella a bottle of wine, perfume, whisky un tarro a jar of jam, instant coffee, mayonnaise una lata a can of beans(frijoles), petrol(gasolina), tomatoes libro de cocina cookery book casi nunca hardly ever

oculto hidden sensato sensible sensible sensitive con motivos (dibujos) patterned a rayas (grandes) striped a rayas (finas-diplomáticas) pinstriped con flores floral a cuadros checked sin dibujo plain corbatas de colores brillantes brightly coloured tie calcetines socks botas boots pendientes earrings collar necklace sandalias sandals pañuelo-bufanda scarf pañuelo-bufanda a cuadros a checked scarf guantes de piel marrones brown leather gloves sombrero hat camisa shirt camisa blanca de algodón a plain white cotton chaqueta vaquera azul a blue denim jacket jersey jumper jersey de lana con dibujos a patterned woollen jumper pantys tights medias stockings falda skirt impermeable raincoat pantalones trousers chaleco waistcoat rebeca cardigan vestido a topos a polka dot dress gorro de lana a rayas a striped woollen hat corbata de seda a cuadros patterned silk ties chaqueta de rayas finas a pinstriped jacket camisa de cuadros a checked shirt ni siquiera nor even tendencias trends receta recipe recibo receipt la cuenta/factura bill, note, invoice vestirse get dressed (put your clothes on) desvestirse get undressed (take your clothes off) cambiarse de ropa get change (take your clothes off and put different clothes on)

talla correcta clothes fit you (clothes are the right size for you) ropa que queda bien clothes suit you (clothes are the right colour, shape and style) probarse ropa try something on (put something on to see if it fits/suits you) Que clase (tipo) de cosas... What sort of thing... práctico convenient de fiar reliable valioso valuable pierna leg delgado thin divertido funny perezoso lazy confiar trust campo deportivo sport field pista de tenis tennis court piscina swimming pool de hecho in fact instalaciones facilities 500 five hundred 7,184 seven thousand, one hundred and eighty-four 1,500,000 one million five hundred thousand 3/4 Three quarters. 0.25 Nought point two five. 0.33 Nought point three three. 1 1/2 One and a half. 1/8 An eighth 1/4 A quarter. 1.5 One point five. 0.125 Nought point one two five. 1/3 A third. 0.75 Nought point seven five. maneras de desestresarse ways to de-stress sugerencia suggestion quitarse (el reloj) take off (your watch) hacerse cargo de take over parecerse take after apagar switch off encender switch on sentare sit down ponerse Put on guardar, recoger Put away inventar, maquillar make up correr detrás de run after tirar, desechar, desacerse de throw away donar, regalar give away

devolver give back renunciar, dejar give up colgar hung up subir (el volumen) turn up (the volume) arreglar(lo), limpiar(lo) clear (it) up hacer(les) frente deal with (it) rellenar(lo) fill (it) in anula(lo) call (it) off recoger Pick up déjalo ir let it go. Solicitar apply for cuidar de look after buscar (diccionario) look up (dictionary) agarrarse, cogerse a, esperar hold on llevarse (bien) Get on (well) recupearse get over criar, educar bring up Ellos me criaron They brought me up crecer grow up Cuando vas a crecer? When are you going to grow up? averiguar, descubrir find out planchar ironing probarse try on ordenado tidy ordenadamente tidily me mantiene despierto. It's keeps me awake. Que debo hacer con... What shall I do with... desorden mess formulario de solicitud appliation form el club de la risa laughter club liberar release darse cuenta realize de repente te das cuenta suddenly realise tirar la bola throw the ball Ponte de pie en la tabla. Stand up on the board. ir con cuidado be careful (take care) camiseta de deporte a running vest casco a helmet bañador (pantalón) swimming trunks traje de baño swimming costume gafas de piscina goggles atleta athlete atletismo athletics cancha, patio court

pista track campo pitch golfista golfer de arriba above ballena azul blue whale Groenlandia Greenland camarera waitress la taquilla de la oficina ticket office Cuanto tiempo te lleva... How long does it take you to... Con qué frecuencia viajas con el coche. How often do you travel by car? Cuantos sobrinos tienes? How many cousins do you have? Cuanto dinero (en efectivo) llevas? How much cash do you have? A qué distancia está de tu casa? How far is it from your house? A qué velocidad va tu coche? How fast does your car go? Qué edad tiene la persona más vieja... How old is the oldest person... Cómo de bien conoces tus... How well do you know your... si (conjunción) whether remar rowing correr (hacer futing) Go jogging senderismo Go hiking hacer turismo Go sightseeing tumbarse en la playa Lie on the beach En un día normal In an average day Promedio average Escaleras stairs Al menos una hora… at least one hour… Ir en bicicleta (pasear en bicicleta) cycle Una vez al mes once a month Podría ser peor could be worse Peor worse Más hacia el norte further north Tratar de hacer reir a los demás. To try to make each other laugh. Él es muy pacífico he’s very paceful. Nadie puede venir nobody can come. No te rindas, inténtalo de nuevo. Don’t give up, try again. Reir hasta cuatro veces al dia. Laugh up to four times a day. Mantener al médico alejado. Keep the doctor away. Impulsar, aumentar Boost Pulmones lungs Ejecutivo de publicidad advertising executive Ponerse en contacto to get in touch És tan ligero como una pluma. It’s as light as a feather. És tan sólido como una roca. It’s as solid as a rock. És tan viejo como las montañas. It’s as old as the hills.

cirujano a surgeon canicero a butcher veterinario a vet campesino, granjero farmer cocinero cook director gerente managing director arqueólogo a archaeologist salto y giros jumps and turns pierna leg casco protector crash helmet ropa de diseño designer clothes congelación freezing músculos muscles esbelto, delgado slim fuerte strong ropa holgada baggy clothes feo nasty recolecta de fruta fruit-picking dia libre day off critica review decepcionado upset media jornada part-time repartir handed out tener algo de tiempo libre to have some time off encontrar/perder/conseguir un trabajo find/lose/get a job tomar una decisión to make a decision hacer dinero to make a money ganarse la vida to make a living dormir siesta to have a nap descansar to have a rest hacer un descanso de 15 minutos to have a fifteen-minute(adj. sin plural) break tienes que ser bueno You have to be good pedir consejo to ask for advice pedir aumento de sueldo to ask for a pay-rise pedir permiso to ask for permission de un tiempo hasta ahora up to now tonterias silly things no seas tonto don’t be silly bien hecho well done alimentar feed dimitir, renunciar resign jubilarse to retire alcanzando la edad de jubilación reached retirement age solicitud de un puesto de trabajo application for a job

mejorar improve adjunto inclosed en el mismo sobre in the same envelope un nuevo desafio a new challenge a la espera de una audiencia look forward to hearing solicitado applied for desearía solicitar would like to apply for mal pagado badly-paid anuncio advertisement puesto de trabajo a position estaría disponible I would be available incluso even atentamente yours faithfully desempleado unemployed trabajo de guardaespaldas con base en L I work as a bodyguard and I'm based in London implica involves en el extranjero foreign en el extranjero abroad llevo el departamento de fotografia I run the photography department Soy el responsable de... I'm in charge of... papelera de papel basket papelera de basura a bin maletín a briefcase archivador a filing cabinet carpeta a folder perforador a hole punch bloc de notas a note pad grapadora a stapler biblioteca estanteria book shelf bandejas de entrada y salida intray & outray adjuntar/enganchar dos folios attach two pieces of paper al aire libre outdoors trabajo (nombre) job trabajar (verbo) work llevar (encima) carry me gustaria estar en el escenario de... I like being on stage in... enseñar showing vender to sell permitir be allowed Antes de que se les permita dirigir... Before they are allowed to run... ganar menos que... earn less than... estoy bastante agradecido I’m quite pleased de como sucedieron las cosas with the way things turned out. Antigua ancient

Oportunidad, casualidad chance Autónomo (trabajador) self-employed Cobrar (dinero) charge (money) I can’t stand no soporto Casi almost También also Sin embargo however Ambos both Mientras, considerando que whereas Por otra parte on the other hand Amable kindest Quiero un sistema más justo. I want a fairer system. Planes o acuerdos futuros future arrangements Todo el mundo Everybody La mayoría de las personas Most people Un gran número de personas A large number of people Varias personas Several people Un pequeño número de personas A small number of people (sólo) a unas cuantas personas (only) a few people Nadie Nobody Pertenecer belong Poseer own Por cierto By the way Tareas domésticas housework Cocinar cooking Lavar los platos washing up the dishes Lavar la ropa doing laundry Poner la mesa setting the table Barrer el piso sweeping the floor Pasar la mopa por el suelo mopping the floor Fregar el suelo scrub the floor Limpiar los muebles cleaning the furnitures Sacar la basura taking the garbage Tender la ropa putting clothes on the line (clothesline). Dar de comer a las mascotas feeding the pets (or baby) Aspirar la alfombra vacuum the carpet (hoovering) Aprendiz trainee Labios rojos sangre blood red lips Clientes costumers Extrangeros foreigners Pensión (casa de huesped) boarding house Entretener entertain Adolescente teenager ¿Y después? And what about later?

Como cualquier otro/a like anybody else En estos tiempos nowadays Suspender examenes fail exams Obedecer obey Molestar disturb He regretted it afterwards Él se arrepintió más tarde Una beca para estudiar a grant to study No tenemos prisa We’re not in a harry Jurar swear Consejo advice Evitar avoid Hacer algunas investigaciones do some research Esfuerzo effort Saludar greet Apretón de manos handshake Un firme apretón de manos a firm handshake Quick rápido Mejilla cheek Compartir share Gustos tastes Tema(de conversación)/asignatura subject Débil weak Instrucciones/direcciones directions Permanecer/quedarse remain Fingir/disimular/pretender pretend Anciano elder No estoy tan seguro/a I’m not so sure Permitirse el lujo afford Etapas de la educación stages of education Ir a la guardería go to nursery school Empezar la escuela primaria start primary school Ir a la escuela secundaria go to secondary school Hacer un curso de formación profesional do a vocational course Ir a la universidad go to university Tomar un año sabático take a gap year Obtener un título (universitario) get a degree Tos (toser) cough Avergonzar shame / embarrass Embarazoso embarrassing Mostrar/demostrar show Él no es suficientemente bueno para ti He’s not good enough for you En todo momento at all times Cejas finas/gruesas thick/thin eyebrow Ojo eye

Arrugas/patas de gallo wrinkles Nariz nose Mejilla cheek Hoyuelo dimple Voca mouth Diente tooth Dientes alineados/blancos straight/white teeth Barbilla/mentón chin Cabello rizado/lacio/ondulado curly/straight/wavy hair Tobillo ankle Trasero botton Pecho chest Codo elbow Dedo (de la mano) finger Frente forehead Tacón heel Cadera hip Rodilla knee Labio lip Uña nail Cuello neck Hombro shoulder Estomago stomach Pulgar (de la mano) thumb Dedo (de los pies) toe Cintura waist Muñeca wrist Pestaña eyelash Vigote moustache Deseame suerte wish me luck Cruza los dedos por mi keep your fingers crossed for me Apuesto que vale un ojo de la cara I bet it cost an arm and a leg Sólo te estoy tomando el pelo I’m just pulling your leg Puedes echarme una mano can you give me a hand? Investigación research Dar confianza encourage Educado polite Falso fake Tensar los músculos tighten the muscles Descarado cheeky Seguro confident (certain about his or her abilities) Timido shy (nervous in the company of other people) Sensible sensitive (cares about other people’s feelings) Sensato sensible

Ambicioso ambitious (really wants to become successful, rich, or famous) Mandón bossy (tells other people what to do all the time) Tranquilo easy-going (relaxed, calm and not easy to upset) Leal loyal (continues to support a person in difficult times) Sociable sociable (nervous in the company of other people) Fiel faithful Adictivo addictive Afectoso affectionate Agresivo aggressive Molesto annoying Desagradable nasty Egoista selfish Tormentoso/acalorado stormy Tejido/pañuelo de papel tissue Esperar con interés look forward to A menudo/con frecuencia often Capó bonnet Maletero boot Parachoques bumper Palanca de cambios gear stick Freno de mano handbrake Matrícula number plate Asiento seat Cinturón de seguridad seat belt Volante steering wheel Techo solar sunroof Pneumático tyre Rueda wheel Parabrisas windscreen Limpiaparabrisas windscreen wipers Motor engine Descapotable convertible Darle una vuelta a alguien (en coche) give somebody a lift Estar en un atasco get stuck in a traffic jam Hora punta rush hour Quedarse sin gasolina run out of petrol Adelantar a alguien overtake somebody, speed up and go past them. Averiarse (un coche) breaks down Autoestopista hitchhiker Está eufórico/excitado he’s full of beans. Son como la noche y el día they’re like chalk and cheese Él no es mi tipo he’s not my cup of tea Es pan comido it’s a piece of cake Parecíamos sardinas enlatadas We were packed in like sardines

Rebanar slice Crudo raw Cerezas cherries Naranjas oranges Uvas grapes Melocotones peaches Setas mushrooms Lechuga lettuce Espinacas spinachs Zanahorias carrots Coliflor cauliflower Berenjena aubergine Pimientos rojos red peppers Pepino cucumber Cebollas onions Ajo garlic Trucha trout Gambas prawns Frijoles/judias beans Frutos secos nuts Legumbres pulses Nueces walnuts Avellanas hazelnuts Piñones pinenuts Almendras almonds Plátano banana Sandía watermelon Fresas strawberrys Caminata a paso ligero brisk walk Llevar una vida sana lead a healthy life Un joven a youth Antepasados ancestors Pedir ask Entonces podrías considerarlo then you might consider it Nadie tiene prisa nobody is in a harry Redes networks Criar niños to raise children Quejarse complain Prohibir ban Inútil useless Potro (caballo) a foal (a horse) Pollito (gallina) a chick (a hen) Ternero (vaca) a calf (a cow) Gatito (gato) a kitten (a cat)

Cachorro (perro) a puppy (a dog) Cordero (oveja) a lamb (a sheep) Hormiga an ant Abeja a bee Mariposa a butterfly Cucaracha a cockroach Mosca a fly Mosquito a mosquito Araña a spider Avispa a wasp Ciervo a deer Oso a bear Piel fur Tail cola Cartera (billetera) wallet Pata (de perro o gato) paw Elefante an elephant Delfin a dolphin Guepardo a cheetah Jirafa a giraffe Tortuga a tortoise Pulpo an octopus Pavo a turkey Loro a parrot Cerdo a pig Buey an ox Conejo a rabbit Mapache a racoon Tiburón a shark Tigre a tiger Ballena a whale Lobo a wolf Gusano a worm Buitre a vulture Toro a bull Águila an eagle Murcielago a bat Rana a frog Serpiente a snake Ratón a mouse (mice) Reno a reindeer El hijo mayor eldest son Recordar remind Liberar/soltar release

Darse cuentra realise Poner/fijar set Ponme en libertad>/libérame set me free/release me Inoxidable stainless Arreglarselas/gestionar manage Vela/navegar sail El clima/tiempo weather Frío cold/chilly Calor heat Cálido warm Caliente hot Hirviendo boiling Brisa breeze Ventoso breezy Nube cloud Nublado cloudy Gris/aburrido dull Oscuro dark Niebla fog Nebuloso foggy Humedad humidity Humedo humid Hielo ice Helado icy Bruma mist Brumoso misty Lluvia rain Lluvioso rainy Ducharse shower Tormenta storm Tempestuoso stormy Mojado wet Sol sun Soleado sunny Seco dry Viento wind Ventoso windy Nieve snow Cubierto de nieve snowy Derretirse/fundirse melt away Maravilloso gorgeous Horrible awful Huésped/invitado guest Avergonzado embarrassed

Asustado frightened Enfadado angry Enfermo ill Triste sad Preocupado worried Deprimido depresed Ciudad natal hometown Acuerdo arrangement Adjuntar attach/add Respuesta reply/answer NIVEL 1-1: (Hola, soy Jane.) Hello, it’s Jane. (Ah, hola Jane.) Oh, hi, Jane. (¿Pescado o Ternera?) Fish or beef? (Pescado, por favor.) Fish, please. (Mira ese perro.) Look at this dog. (Oh, es precioso.) Oh, he’s lovely. (¿Eres estudiante?) Are you student? (Sí.) Yes. (Me gusta tu vestido rojo.) I like your red dress. (Gracias.) Thank you.

(Me gusta este zumo de naranja) I like this orange juice. (A mí también.) So do I. (Hola, puedo hablar con Mike?) Hello, may I speak to Mike? (Soy yo.) Speaking. (¿Puede decirme su nombre?) May I have your name? (Tom Green.) Tom Green. (¿Cuántas manzanas compraste?) How many apples did you buy? (¿Cuánto cuesta esta camisa?) How much is this shirt? (Cuesta 20 libras.) It’s 20 pounds. (Vamos de compras este viernes.) Let’s go shipping this Friday. (¡Buena idea!) Good idea! (¿De donde eres?) Where do you come from? (Soy de Londres.) I’m from London. (¿Te gustaría un poco más de puré de patatas?) Would you like some more mashed potato? (No, gracias.)

No, thank you. (¿Me puedes llevar a casa?) Could you drive me home? (Por supuesto.) Of course. (Cathy, ¿Te quieres casar conmigo?) Cathy, will you marry me? (Mark, me encantaría) Oh, Mark, I’d love to. (Pero no tienes trabajo) But you don’t have a job. (¿Has estado alguna vez en Nueva York?) Have you ever been to New York? (Sí, he estado allí muchas veces) Yes, I’ve been there many times. (Me encanta ese lugar) I love that place. (No he dormido bien esta noche.) I didn’t sleep well last night. (¿No?) You didn’t? (Yo tampoco.) Neither did I. (Voy a ir a Hawai este invierno) I’m going to Hawaii this Winter. (¡No me digas! ¡Qué envidia!) Wow! I envy you! (¿De qué estáis hablando?) What are you talking about?

(Estamos hablando sobre el nuevo jefe.) We’re talking about our new boss. NIVEL 1-2: (Susie, ¿Por qué llegas tan tarde?) Susie, why are you late? (lo siento, me quedé dormida) I’m sorry, I overslept. (¿Te gustó la novela?) Did you like the novel? (No, era muy aburrida) No, it was really boring. (¿Cuanto tiempo lleváis casados?) How long have you been married? (Bueno, la verdad es que no estamos casados.) Well, actually, we’re not married. (¿Cual es el propósito de su viaje? What is the purpose of your trip? (Solo turismo.) Just sightseeing. (¿Te importaría abrir la ventana?) Would you mind opening the window? (En absoluto. Aquí hace mucho calor.) Nota t all. It’s so hot in here. (Gira a la derecha en la esquina.) Turn right at the corner. (No puedo. Es una calle de sentido único.) I can’t. It’s a one-way street. (Avísame si necesitas alguna cosa). Let me know if you need any help.

(Gracias, lo haré.) Thank you. I Hill. (¿Cuándo empieza la reunión?) When does the meeting start? (Justo a las 3 en punto.) At 3 o’clock sharp. (¿Por qué no nos tomamos un pequeño descanso?) Why don’t we take a short break? (Buena idea.) That’s a good idea. (¿En cuánto tiempo estarás listo? ) How soon will you be ready? (Dame 5 minutos.) Give me 5 minutes. (¿A qué restaurante podemos a ir? ) Which restaurant shall we go to? ¿Qué tal si probamos el nuevo restaurante de sushi?) How about trying the new sushi restaurant? (¿Cuál es la fecha límite de entrega para el ensayo?) What is the deadline for the essay? (Tengo que terminarlo antes del próximo lunes ) I have to finish it by next Monday (¿Puede coger alguien el teléfono? ) Can somebody answer the phone? (Sí, lo cojo yo.) All right. I will. (¿Cuánto le damos de propina al camarero? ) How much should we tip the waiter?

(No tenemos que dar nada.) We don’t have to give him anything. (Fue un maleducado.) He was rude. (¿Quieres leche y azúcar en el café?) Would you like sugar and milk in your coffee? No, gracias. Lo quiero solo. No, thanks. I’d like it black. (¿Qué hace tu novio?) What does your boyfriend do? (Pues no hace nada.) Well, nothing. (¿Qué planes tienes para el fin de semana?) What are your plans for this weekend? (Estoy pensando en ir de compras.) I’m planning to go shopping. (¿Por qué no me llamaste ayer por la noche?) Why didn’t you phone me last night?. (Lo siento. Estuve ocupado preparando el examen.) I’m sorry. I was busy preparing for the exam. (¿Me pasas la sal, por favor?) Would you pass me the salt, please? (Claro, aquí tienes.) Certainly. Here you are. NIVEL 1-3: (Hola, ¿Podría hablar con el Sr. Smith?) Hello, May I speak to Mr. Smith? (Un momento, por favor.) Hola on please.

(¿Qué haces esta noche? ) What are you doing tonight? (Nada en especial. ¿Por qué?) Nothing in particular. Why? (¿Le puedo ayudar?) May I help you. (No, dolo estoy mirando.) No, thanks. I’m just looking. (Creo que usted está sentado en mi asiento. ) I think you’re sitting in my seat. (¿Ah, sí? Lo siento) Really? Sorry. (Adiós, Jane.) Goodbye, Jane. (Saluda a tus padres de mi parte.) Give my regards to your parents. (Lo hare, Mike. Adiós) I will. Mike. Goodbye. (¿Cuál es tu tipo de música preferida?) What’s your favorite kind of music? (Me gusta el heavy metal.) I like heavy metal. (¿Queda algo de helado en el congelador?) Is there any ice cream left in the freezer? (No. Te lo comiste todo anoche.) No. You ate all of it last night. (¿No nos hemos visto antes?) Haven’t we met before? (No estoy segura/o. ¿Usted cree?)

I’m not sure. Have we? (¿A qué hora acaba la reunión? ) When will the meeting end? (No lo sé. Espero que acabe antes de las 3.) I don’t know. I hope it will be over by 3. (Henry, no te preocupes. Al final todo saldrá bien.) Don’t worry, Henry. Everything will be all right in the end. (Gracias. Ojalá sea así.) Thank you. I hope so, too. (¿Dónde estabas cuando comenzó el incendio? ) Where were you when the fire started? (Estaba en el cuarto de baño.) I was in the bathroom. (Fue realmente aterrador. ) It was really frightening. (¿Que tal si vamos al cine después del trabajo?) Why don’t we go to the cinema after work? (Ojalá pudiera.) I wish I could. (Hoy tengo que terminar este informe. ) I have to finish this report today. (¿Qué te parece esta chaqueta? ) What do you think of this jacket? (No te queda bien.) It doesn’t suit you. (¿Cuánto tiempo se quedará aquí?) How long will you be staying here? (3 días. Estoy aquí por negocios.) 3 days. I’m here on business.

(¿Cómo estuvo el tiempo durante el viaje? ) How was the weather during your trip? Llovió todos los días. It rained every day. (¿Podemos hablar? por supuesto. ¿Qué sucede? ) Can I have a word with you? of course. What’s wrong? (¿Te gusta vivir en París? ¡Es apasionante!) How do you like living in Paris? It’s exciting! (¿Me podría decir cómo se va al Museo Nacional?) Could you tell me the way to the National Museum? (Sólo siga bajando por esta calle unos 10 minutos.) Just walk down this street for about 10 minutes. (Me duele mucho la cabeza.) I have a terrible headache. (¿Por qué no te tomas alguna medicina? Why don’t you take some medicine? NIVEL 2-1: (Papá, tengo muchísimas ganas de tener un perro.) Dad, I really want to have a dog. (¿Quién lo va a cuidar?) Who’s going to take care of it? (Yo lo cuidaré. Lo pasearé todos los días. ¡Lo prometo!) I will. I’ll walk it every day. I promise! (¿Podría hablar con el Sr. Smith, por favor?) May I speak to Mr. Smith, please? (Lo siento pero ahora está fuera. ¿Quiere que le deje un recado?) I’m sorry, he’s out right now. Can I take a message? (No. Le llamaré más tarde de nuevo.) No. I’ll try again later.

Hola Anna. ¿Qué tal estás hoy? Hi Anna. How are you today? (Bien gracias, ¿Y tú?) Fine, thanks. And yourself? (¿Yo?. Fatal.) me? Terrible. (¡Que tengas un buen fin de semana!) Hace a nice weekend! (Gracias. Tu también.) (Gracias. Hasta el lunes.) Thank you. You too. Thanks. See you Monday. (¿Me puedes ayudar?) Can you help me? (Claro. ¿Que quieres que haga?) Sure. What do you want me to do? (Ven a la cocina y friega los platos.) Come to the kitchen and wash the dishes. (Hace buen tiempo, no?) (Sin duda.) Nice weather, isn’t it? It certainly is. (Normalmente hace más frío en esta época del año.) It’s usually much cooler at this time of year. (¿Alguna novedad, Nancy?) What’s new with you, Nancy? (Nada en especial. ¿Y tu?) (Lo mismo.) Nothing really. How about you?. Same here. (Querría algunas de estas rosas.) I’d like some of these roses. (¿Las rojas?) (Sí, quisiera 5, por favor) The red ones? Yes. I’d like 5, please. (Son un regalo para mi mujer.)

They’re a present for my wife. (Sr. Brown, aquí tiene la llave de su habitación.) Mr. Brown, here is your room key. (Dónde puedo desayunar?) (En el primer piso.) Where can I have breakfast? On the first floor. (El desayuno se sirve de 7 a 10.) Breakfast is served from 7 to 10. (Necesito que me llamen para despertarme)(Claro. ¿a qué hora?) (A las 5 en punto.) I’ll need a wake-up call, please. Certainly. What time? 5 o’clock. (Tengo que coger el primer tren.) I have to match the first train. (Cathy, ¿me podrías planchar esta camisa?) Will you iron this short for me, Cathy? (Lo siento, ahora no tengo tiempo.) (Vale, la plancharé yo mismo.) Sorry, I don’t have time now. Ok, I’ll do it myself. (Qué estas haciendo? ¿Has acabado los deberes?). What are you doing? Have you finished your homework? (No todavía no. Los hago después) No, not yet. I’ll do it later. (¡Hazlos ahora!) Do it right now. (¿Tienes algo con que escribir?) (¿Te vale este boli? Do you have anything to write with? Will this pen do? (Hola. Me gustaría comprar un billete para París). Hello. I’d like to buy a ticket to Paris. (¿Ida o ida y vuelta?) (Ida y vuelta, por favor.) Single or return? Return, please. (Jenny, he oído que estás saliendo con Tom.) Jenny, I heard that you’re going out with Tom.

(¿Quien te ha dicho eso?) (Me lo ha dicho Sam.) Who told you that? Sam did. (¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo esta noche? Yo invito) Would you like to have dinner with me tonight? It’s on me. (Me encantaría. ¿Adónde quieres ir?) I’d love to. Where would you like to go? (A donde tú quieras.) Anywhere you like. (Perdone, ¿Cuánto cuestan estos vaqueros?) Excuse me, How much are these jeans? (Están de rebajas. Solo 22 libras.) They’re on sale. They’re only 22 pounds. (¿Se los quiere probar?) (Sí, por favour.) Would you care to try them on? Yes, please. (Perdone, le importaría sacarnos una foto?) Excuse me, could you take our picture, please? (Sin ningún problema) (Gracias, solo pulse este botón No problem. Thank you. Just press this button. (Le importa que cierre la ventana?) Would you mind if I closed the window? (Mmm, preferiría que la dejase abierta. Hace mucho calor aquí dentro.) Um, I’d rather you didn’t. It’s very hot in here. (Cómo te encuentras esta mañana?)(Mucho mejor, gracias.) How are you feeling this morning? Much better, thanks (Eso está bien, Te prepararé un poco de leche caliente.) That’s good. I’ll make you some warm milk. NIVEL 2-2: (¡Eh, mira!) Hey, look!

(El mar va a estar agitado mañana) The sea’s gonna be rough tomorrow. (Otra tormenta se está acercando) Another storm’s approaching. (Sí. Esta va a ser más fuerte que la última.) Yes, this one will be stronger tan the last one. (Meg, ¿quieres venir a dar un paseo con nosotros?) Do you want to go for a walk with us, Meg? (Vale.) Sure. (Pero tengo que enviar unos correos electrónicos antes de que nos vayamos.) But I have to send some e-mails befor we go. (Te estaremos esperando en la entrada). We’ll be waiting for you down the hall. (¿Te pasa algo, Mark?) Is something wrong, Mark? (Estás pálido.) You look a little pale. (Tengo un poco de fiebre y me duele la cabeza). I have a slight fever and a headache. (Vaya, qué pena.) That’s too bad. (Es mejor que hoy te quedes en cama). You’d better stay in bed today. (¿Te enteraste de que Jim tuvo un accidente la noche pasada?) Did you hear that Jim had an accident last night? (Sí, me enteré). Yes, I did. (Me alegro de que no se lastimase.) I’m glad he wasn’t hurt.

(Sí, yo también. Tuvo suerte.) So am I. He was lucky. (Mr. Anderson, este es nuestro consejero delegado, Brian Smith.) Mr. Anderson, this is our CEO, Brian Smith. (¿Cómo está, Sr. Smith?) How do you do, Mr. Smith? (Encantado de conocerle, Sr. Anderson.) It’s nice to meet you, Mr. Anderson. (Ahora tengo que irme.) I have to be going now. (Fue un placer hablar con usted, profesora Jenkins.) It’s been really nice talking to you, profesor Jenkins. (Para mí también. Hasta la próxima semana.) I enjoyed it, too. See you next week. (Profesor, ¿podría hablar un poco más alto, por favor?) Professor, could you speak a little louder, please? (Sí, claro.) Oh, all right. (¿Me escucha ahora?) Can you hear me now? (Sí, gracias.) Yes, I can. Thank you. (Bob habla español muy bien, ¿no?) Bob speaks Spanish very well, doesn’t he? Está saliendo con María, una chica española. He’s seeing a Spanish girl, Maria. Ahora entiendo. So that’s why.

¿Te gusta mi peinado? How do you like my hair? Ayer me hice la permanente. I had it permed yesterday. Sí, te queda muy bien. Well, it looks very nice. Mark, diría que no te gusta. Mark, you don’t like it, do you? Tengo hambre. I’m hungry. El estómago me ruge. My stomach is growling. El mío también So is mine. ¿Salgo a comprar algo para comer? Shall I go and buy something to eat? Ah, gracias Mark. Oh, thank you, Mark. ¿Qué tal va todo, Ted? How’s everything, Ted? No podría ir mejor. Couldn’t be better. Acabo de recibir una interesante oferta de trabajo. I just got an interesting job offer. ¡Qué bien! Good for you! ¿Que tal el concierto de anoche? How was the concert last night? Fantástico. Fantastic.

Fué el mejor concierto al que he ido en mi vida. It was the best concert I’ve ever been to. ¿De verdad? Really? Debería haber ido contigo. I should have gone with you. Aquí tiene la cuenta, señor. Here’s your bill, sir. Thank you. Gracias. ¿Aceptan tarjetas de crédito? Do you accept credit cards? Me temo que no. I’m sorry we don’t. ¿Podría pagar en metálico, por favor? Could you pay in cash, please? Parece que Henry no está de buen humor hoy. Henry isn’t in a good mood this morning, is he? He escuchado que se peleó con su mujer y ella le ha dejado. I heard that he and his wife had a big fight and she left him. ¡Vaya! No lo sabía. Oh! I didn’t know that. ¿Sales, Jack? Are you going out, Jack? Sí, voy a la oficina de correos. Yes. To the post office. Vuelvo en 10 minutos. I’ll be back in 10 minutes. Llévate el abrigo.

Take your coat. Fuera hace un frío que pela. It’s freezing outside. Bueno, ya es hora de volver a la oficina. Well, it’s time to ge back to the office. Sí, hasta luego, Cathy. OK, see you later, Cathy. ¡Espera! Oh, wait! ¿No es este tu teléfono móvil? Isn’t this your mobile phone? ¡Ay, madre mía! Oh, my goodness. Sí, es mío. Gracias. Yes, it’s mine. Thanks. ¿Qué ponen en la televisión esta noche? What’s on TV tonight? Déjame ver la guía de televisión. Let me check the TV guide. Hay un consurso en el canal 8, una película en el canal 10… There’s a game show on Channel 8, a film on Channel 10… Vale. Veamos el concurso del canal 8. OK, let’s watch the game show on channel 8. ¡He perdido toda la información! I’ve lost all my data! ¿No hiciste una copia de seguridad? Didn’t you make a backup? Ayer te dije que la hicieras. I told you yo do that yesterday.

Ya lo sé. I know. La debería haber hecho, pero no la hice. I should’ve done it but I didn’t. ¿Qué tipo de casa está buscando? What kind of house are you looking for? Una casa que tenga garaje, cerca de la Universidad. A house with a garaje, near the University. Ya veo. I see. Voy a hacer una consulta. Let me ask around. ¿Me harías un favor? Would you do me a favor? That depends. Depende. ¿Qué necesitas? What do you need. Me gustaría que me prestases tu coche el próximo fin de semana. I’d like to borrow your car next weekend. Tengo una cita con Maria. I’ve got a date with Maria. NIVEL 2-3: Tomaré patatas fritas y una hamburguesa con queso. I’ll have a cheeseburger and french fries. ¿Para comer aquí o para llevar? To eat here or to take away? Para comer aquí. To eat here.

¿Algo para beber? Anything to drink? Café, por favor. Coffee, please. ¿Con quién hablabas por teléfono? Who was that on the phone? Con el Sr. Brown, mi Nuevo jefe. Mr. Brown, my new boss. Me ha dicho que vaya a la oficina. He told me to come to office. ¿Ahora? ¡Pero si estamos cenando! Now? But we’re having dinner! ¿Te vas? Are you going? Lo siento mucho. I’m really sorry. Aún no he acabado de escribir la presentación. I haven’t finished wrinting the presentation yet. Tómate tu tiempo. Take your time. Podemos esperar. We can wait. Gracias. Thank you. Creo que la puedo terminar antes de las 3. I think I can finish it by 3. ¡Deprisa! Hurry up! No quiero llegar tarde al partido.

I don’t want to be late for the game. Vale. All right. ¿A que hora empieza? What time does it start? A las 6 en punto. 6 o’clock. Sólo tenemos 20 minutos. We only have 20 minutes left. ¡No puedo aguantar este calor! I can’t stand this heat! ¡Hace demasiado calor! It’s too hot! Lo sé. I know. ¿Por qué no compras un aparato de aire acondicionado? Why don’t you get an air conditioner? No me lo puedo permitir. I can’t afford one. ¿Me podría cambiar el aceite, por favor? Could you change the oil, please? Sí. All right. ¿Quiere que revise los frenos? Do you want me to check the brakes? No, gracias. No, thank you. ¡Es maravillosa! She’s gorgeous!

¿Quien? Who? ¿Hablas de la chica que lleva el abrigo negro? You mean the lady wearing the black coat? Sí. Yes. ¡Eh, me está mirando! Hey, she’s looking at me! Hola. Quisiera un anillo. Hello. I’d like a ring. Es un regalo de cumpleaños para mi novia. It’s a birthday present for my girlfriend. ¿Le puedo preguntar qué posible precio tiene en mente? May I ask what Price range you have in mind? Bueno, unas 30 libras. Well, around 30 pounds. Gracias por su consejo. Thank you for your advice. No hay de qué. Don’t mention it. Si necesita algo más, no dude en llamarme. If you need any more help, don’t hesitate to call me. Es usted muy amable. That’s very kind of you. Disculpe pero, ¿podría bajar la música, por favor? Excuse me, but could you turn your music down, please? ¿Que? Sorry? Baje el volumen. Turn the volume down.

Ah, lo siento. Oh, sorry. No me cuenta de que estaba tan alto. I didn’t realice it was so loud. ¿Está este sitio ocupado? Is this seat taken? Eeh, no. Uh, no. Entonces, ¿le importa que me siente? Then do you mind if I sit down? En absolute. Not at all. ¿Te gusta el estofado, Henry? Do you like the stew, Henry? Oh, sí. Está muy rico. Uh, yes. It’s very nice. ¿Quieres un poco más? Would you like some more? No, gracias Cathy. No thanks, Cathy. Estoy lleno. I’m full. Mike, ayer por la noche no te vi en la fiesta de Jenny. Mike, I didn’t see you at Jenny’s party last night. ¿Dónde estabas? Where were you? Me quedé en casa. I stayed home. ¿Por qué no viniste?

Why didn’t you come? Bueno, no estaba invitado. Well, I wasn’t invited. Creo que ella aún está enfadada conmigo. She’s still angry with me, I think. ¿No vas hoy al colegio? Aren’t you going to school today? Sí, claro que voy. Yes, of course I am. Entonces, ¿por qué estás todavía aquí? Then why are you still here? Hoy no tenemos clases de mañana, mamá. We don’t have morning clases today, Mum. ¿Te quedas a hacer horas extra esta noche? Are you working overtime this evening? No, vuelvo a casa. No, I’m going home. ¿Quieres que te lleve? Do you need a lift? Muchas gracias por ofrecerte, pero quiero caminar. It’s nice of you to offer, but I want to walk. ¿Puedo ver su pasaporte? May I see your passport? Aquí tiene. Here you are. ¿Tiene algo que declarar? Do you have anything to declare? No. Sólo compré un poco de chocolate. No. I just bought some chocolate.

Mary, lleva la ropa a tu habitación. Mary, take your clothes to your room. Un momento, mama. Just a second, Mum. Estoy al teléfono. I’m on the phone. Hazlo tan pronto como cuelgues. Do it as soon as you hang up. Vale. Got it. ¿Adónde vas tan arreglada? Where are you going all dressed up like that? Voy a una boda. I’m going to a wedding. ¿Una boda de quién? ¿Tuya? Whose wedding? Yours? No. De mi hermana. No, my sister’s, actually. James, ¡ven rápido! James, come here, quick! ¿Qué pasa, Cathy? What’s the matter, Cathy? Hay una araña destrás de la Cortina. There’s a spider behind the curtain. ¡Haz algo! Do something! La cogeré y la llevaré afuera. I’ll take it outside. ¿Qué te pasa, Emily? What’s the matter, Emily?

Pareces cansada. You look tired. No dormí mucho esta noche. I didn’t get much sleep last night. ¿Estuviste trabajando hasta tarde? Were you working late? Estuve jugando a los videojuegos. I was playing computer games. NIVEL 3-1:

Emergencias - Emergencies Llame/Llama (formal/informal) a un doctor! Call a doctor! Llame/Llama (formal/informal) una ambulancia! Call an ambulance! Llame/Llama (formal/informal) a la policía! Call the police! No puede respirar. He can't breathe. No puede moverse. He can't move.

No se detuvo. He did not stop. El se tropezó conmigo. He ran into me. El iba conduciendo muy rápido He was driving too fast. Se cortó. He has cut himself. No puedo mover mi brazo. I can't move my arm. No puedo mover mi pierna. I can't move my leg. Me robaron. I've been robbed. Detengan ese ladrón! Stop that thief! Me robaron el pasaporte. My passport has been stolen. Me robaron el dinero. My money has been stolen. Me robaron el auto. My car has been stolen. Hay un incendio! There's a fire! Dónde está el hospital más cercano? Where is the nearest hospital? Dónde está la estación de policía más cercana? Where is the nearest police station?

POLITENESS Excuse me: Con permiso (al ir a ocasionar una molestia). I´m sorry to trouble you: Siento molestarle. I don´t want to trouble you: No quiero molestarle. Don´t trouble: No se moleste. Allow me: Permítame. May I come in? ¿Se puede? (al entrar en una habitación). With pleasure: Con mucho gusto. Not at all: De nada. Don´t mention it: No hay de qué. You´re welcome: No hay de qué (americano) It´s no trouble at all: No es ninguna molestia That´s very Kind of you: Es usted muy amable. I´m sorry! Lo siento! (Esta frase y las dos siguientes se emplean después de haber ocasionado una molestia) Sorry! Lo siento I´m so sorry! Cuanto lo siento! I beg your pardon! Le pido perdón (con tono varia significado ‚puede repetirlo‛) Pardon me: Al corregir a otra persona. I must apologize: Debo pedir perdón Will you excuse me? ¿me permite? It´s a pleasure: Es un placer Yes, please: Si gracias al aceptar algo que se ofrece. No, thank you: No gracias (al rehusar algo que se ofrece) Please: por favor If you please: Si hace el favor After you: Usted primero TAKING LEAVE (despedirse) Good-bye: Adiós ByeBye: Forma familiar So long: Hasta luego Till later: Hasta mas tarde See you later: Te veré luego I´ll be seeing you: Hasta otro rato. I´ll see you tomorrow: Hasta mañana Till Tomorrow: Hasta mañana Till the day after tomorrow: Hasta pasado mañana Until the day after tomorrow: Hasta pasado mañana I´ll see you on Monday: Hasta el lunes Till next monday: Hasta el lunes

Good night: Buenas noches I´m afraid it´s too late: Temo que sea demasiado tarde. I´m afraid I really must go: Temo que no tenga más remedio que marcharme I must be going now: Tengo que irme ya Say goodbye to Mr Brown for me: Despida al Sr Brown en mi nombre Must you go so soon? Debe usted marcharse tan pronto? Don´t go yet No se marche aún Don´t be long: No tardes Don´t be too long: No tardes demasiado WHEN YOU LIKE SOMETHING It´s nice: es bonito It´s wonderful: es maravilloso It´s beautiful: Es hermoso It´s fine: Es magnifico How nice! Que bonito! How wonderful! Que maravilloso! How beautiful! Que hermoso! How fine! Que magnifico! How pretty! Que mono! How lovely! Que encantador! What a beautiful thing! Que cosa tan Hermosa! I like it Me gusta I do like it: Pues claro que me gusta Of course I like it: Desde luego que me gusta That sounds very nice: Me parece estupendo. It seems all right: Me parece bien. It´s worth seeing: merece la pena verlo It´s simply wonderful: Es sencillamente maravilloso Nice, isn´t it? ¿No es bonito? I don´t dislike it: No me desagrada That´s just what I like: es precisamente lo que me gusta That´s an excellent idea: Es una idea estupenda WHEN YOU DISLIKE SOMETHING I Don´t like it: No me gusta I don´t like it at all: No me gusta de ninguna manera. I dislike it: Me disgusta I hate it: Lo odio

It´s very ugly: es muy feo What a nasty thing! Que cosa tan desagradable! How nasty! Que desagradable! How awful! Qué horroroso! How horrible! Que horrible! How ugly! Que feo! Horrible, isn´t it? No es horrible! I can´t bear it o lo puedo soportar I can´t stand it No lo puedo resistir It´s unbearable: Es insoportable I´m fed up with it: Estoy harto de ello How disgusting! ¡que asco! How boring! Que aburrido! I find it very boring: lo encuentro muy aburrido WHEN SOMETHING DOESN´T MATTER I don´t care: No me importa I don´t mind: No me importa I don´t mind at all: Me tiene sin cuidado It doesn´t matter: No importa Never mind: No importa It make no difference: No veo la diferencia It doesn´t matter much: No tiene mucha importancia It´s the same to me: Me es lo mismo It´s all the same to me: Me da igual It´s not worth bothering about: No merece la pena molestarse I´m not interested in it: No me interesa WHEN SOMETHING HAS BEEN LOST where is it? Dónde está? Do you Know where is it? ¿sabes dónde está? I can´t find it: no lo encuentro I can´t find it anywhere: No lo encuentro por ningún sitio Where can I have put it? ¿dónde puedo haberlo puesto? I´ve lost it: Se me ha perdido I must have lost it: debo de haberlo perdido I think I´ve lost it: creo que lo he perdido I´m afraid I´ve lost it: Me temo que lo haya perdido It can´t be lost: No puede haberse perdido Have you seen it anywhere? ¿lo ha visto usted en algún sitio?

I can´t remember where i left it: No me acuerdo dónde lo dejé Here is it! Aquí está I´ve got it! Ya lo tengo I´ve found it! Ya lo he encontrado! ASKING FOR SOMETHING Give it to me: demelo Give it to me, please: haga el favor de dármelo Give it to me, will you? Démelo, ¿quiere? Will you give it to me please? ¿Quiere darmelo por favor? Can you give it to me, please? ¿puede dármelo por favor? Would you mind giving it to me? ¿le importaría darmelo? Could you give it to me please? ¿podría dármelo por favor? Would you give it to me, please? ¿querría dármelo por favor? May I have it, please? ¿querría dármelo por favor? DON´T WORRY ABOUT IT Never mind: No importa It doesn´t matter: No importa It makes no difference: no hay diferencia It isn´t important: No es importante It doesn´t matter at all: No importa nada absolutamente Don´t worry: No se preocupe Don´t bother: No se preocupe Don´t worry about it: No se preocupe por eso Don´t bother about it: No se preocupe por eso You needn´t worry: No tiene por qué preocuparse There´s no need to worry: No hay por que preocuparse Stop worrying about it: deja de preocuparte por eso I wouldn´t worry about that if I were you: si yo estuviera en su lugar no me preocuparía por eso I can´t see that it matters much: No veo que eso tenga tanta importancia Don´t think any more about it: No pienses más en ello WHEN YOU DON´T BELIEVE SOMETHING I don´t believe it: No lo creo I can´t believe it: No puedo creerlo I can´t believe my ears: No puedo creer lo que oigo

I don´t believe a word of it: No creo ni una palabra de eso Nobody can believe it: Nadie lo puede creer I can´t believe it´s true: No puedo creer que sea verdad It´s hard to believe: Es dificil de creer Believe it or not: Si lo crees como si no It´s not true: No es verdad It can´t be true: No puede ser verdad I doubt it lo dudo I rather doubt it: Estoy por dudarlo It´s incredible: Es incredible It´s almost incredible! Es casi increíble WHEN YOU HAVE UNDERSTOOD I understand: Comprendo I quite understand: Entiendo perfectamente I see! Ah ya! Right! Entendido I know what you mean: Ya sé lo que quiere usted decir Yes I Know: Sí ya sé Yes I see: Si ya sé It´s quite clear: Está claro WHEN YOU CAN´T FIND THE RIGHT WORD Do you understand? Entiende? Do you Know what I mean? Sabe usted lo que quiero decir? I can´t think of the right word: No se me ocurre la palabra exacta I Think you understand what I mean: creo que entiende lo que quiero decir The thing is that… la cuestion es que… …Or whatever you call it: o como se llame …or something like that: o algo por el estilo MEETING A FRIEND It´s so nice to see you again: que agradable volverte a ver! I haven´t seen you for such a long time! Hace tanto tiempo que no te veo I haven´t to see you for years: Hace años que no te veo How are you getting on? ¿Cómo te va?

How´s life treating you? ¿Cómo t eva la vida? How´s things? Cómo van las cosas? What are you doing now? ¿A qué te dedicas ahora? ASKING FOR PERMISSION May i do it? ¿puedo hacerlo? Could I do it? ¿podría hacerlo? Would you allow me to do it? ¿me permitiría usted hacerlo? Would you let me do it? ¿Me permitiría usted hacerlo? Would you mind if I did it? Le importaría que lo hiciera? Do you mind my doing it? ¿Le importa que lo haga? May I ask a question? ¿Puedo hacer una pregunta? May I come in? ¿se puede? May I Borrow it? ¿Me lo prestas? GIVING PERMISSION Yes, do it! Sí, hagalo! You may do it if you like: puede hacerlo si quiere I don´t mind you doing it: no me molesta que lo haga Do it, by all means: Hágalo sin ninguna duda Of course you can do it: Desde luedo que puede hacerlo I´ve no objection: No tengo nada que oponer BEGINNING A CONVERSATION I want to speak to you: Quiero hablar con usted. I´d like to speak to you: Quisiera hablar con usted. I want to ask you something: Quiero preguntarle una cosa. There´s something I´d like to ask you: Hay algo que me gustaría preguntarle Are you very busy? ¿está usted muy ocupado? I´ve got something to tell you: Tengo algo que decirle May I have a word with you? ¿Puedo hablar con usted? Could I speak to you for a few minutes? ¿podría hablar con usted unos minutos? May I interrupt you for a few minutes? ¿Puedo interrumpirle unos minutos? I should like to speak to you: Quisiera hablar con usted de un asunto muy importante.

I shan´t Keep you long: No le entretendré mucho tiempo. It won´t take long: No llevará mucho tiempo. I won´t be long: No tardaré mucho. It´s only for a few minutes: Solamente unos minutes WHEN YOU HAVEN´T HEARD WHAT SOMEBODY HAS SAID Pardon: Perdón ¿cómo dice? Empléese entonación ascendente. I beg your pardon: Perdón como se dice. Say it again, please: Repítalo, por favor. What did you say? ¿cómo ha dicho? What was that? ¿cómo ha dicho? What did you say it was called? ¿cómo ha dicho que se llamaba? I´m sorry I didn´t catch your name ¿cómo ha dicho que se llamaba usted? Would you mind saying it again? ¿le importaría repetirlo? Sorry I didn´t catch the last word: Perdón no entendí la última palabra. Sorry, I didn´t understand what you said? Perdón no entendí lo que dijo I didn´t get it: No le he oido bien I didn´t catch it: No le he oido bien HE IS A VERY PLEASANT MAN He is a very pleasant man: Es un hombre muy agradable He´s very nice: Es muy simpático He´s one of those nice people: Es una de esas personas agradables He´s very Kind: Es muy amable He´s a very interesting person: Es una persona muy interesante He´s one of the nicest persons I Know: es una de las personas más simpáticas que conozco. He´s very intelligent: Es muy inteligente. He´s very Clever: es muy listo He means well: Tiene buenas intenciones I don´t dislike him: No me desagrada He´s very amusing: Es muy gracioso.

I CAN´T STAND HIM I Can´t stand him: No lo puedo soportar I can´t bear him: No lo puedo aguantar He´s unbearable: Es insoportable He´s a fool: Es tonto He´s foolish: Es tonto He´s quite stupid: Es muy estúpido He puts me off: No me es simpático He´s very rude: Es muy descortés I detest him: Le detesto I hate him: Le odio I don´t trust him: No me fio de él He´s always boasting: Siempre está hablando de sí mismo He shows off: Es un vanidoso I don´t mind him: Me es indiferente He talks too much: Habla demasiado I´m fed up with him: Estoy harto de el I´m sick of him: estoy harto de él Ha has a quick temper: En seguida se enfada Ha has a bad temper: Tiene mal humor He´s very dull: Es muy aburrido He annoys me intensely: Me fastidia enormemente You can´t trush him: No se puede confiar en él How can you bear him? ¿Cómo le puedes soportar? AN APPOINTMENT I shall be very pleased to see you: me alegraré mucho de verle I´ll call and see you if you like: Iré a verle si quiere Let me Know when you´re free: Digame cúando está usted libre. I shall ring you up: Le llamaré por telefóno Ring me up at eleven: Telefonéeme a las once Give me a ring whenever you like: Llamemé a la hora que guste. Can you make it later in the evening? ¿podrías arreglarlo para más tarde por la noche? Can you make it an hour earlier? ¿podrías arreglarlo para una hora antes? Where shall we meet? ¿dónde nos encontramos? Will six o´clock suit you? ¿Le conviene a las seis? I hope you haven´t been waiting long? Espero que no haya esperado mucho

Are you free this afternoon? ¿está usted libre esta tarde? Are you free today? Esta usted libre hoy? At what time shall I see tomorrow? ¿A qué hora le veré mañana? HEALTH You don´t look very well; what´s the matter? No tienes buen aspecto ¿que te ocurre? I´m not feeling well: No me siento bien You look ill: Parece que estas enfermo I hope the doctor will put me right: Espero que el medico me ponga bien Do you normally sleep well? ¿duerme usted bien normalmente? I´ve always slept well till lately: Siempre he dormido bien hasta hace poco Aren´t you feeling well? ¿No se siente usted bien? I´ve got a terrible headache: tengo un terrible dolor de cabeza My head aches and I think I´ve got temperature: Me duele la cabeza y me parece que tengo fiebre I´ve caught a cold and my throat hurts a little: He cogido un resfriado y me duele un poco la garganta. I´ve had a cold and i´ve got a persistent cough: He tenido un resfriado y tengo una tos persistente. Does your throat still feel sore? ¿tienes la garganta aún mala? It´s quite painful: Duele mucho How are you feeling today? ¿cómo se encuentra usted hoy? I´m better thank you: estoy mejor, gracias I´m feeling a bit better, thank you: Me encuentro un poco mejor gracias I´m so so: Estoy regular I´m worse: estoy peor I´m much better: Estoy mucho mejor I hope you will soon be well again: espero que pronto estará usted bien de Nuevo Get well soon! Que se mejore APOLOGIZING I´m sorry! Lo siento! Sorry! Lo siento I´m very sorry! ¡Lo siento mucho! I´m awfully sorry! Lo siento mucho I´m so sorry! Cuanto lo siento I beg your pardon! Perdón! I do apologize! Pido perdón! I´m sorry but I couldn´t help it: Lo siento pero no pude evitarlo I must apologize: debo pedir excusas I hope you will forgive me: Espero que usted me perdonará I really didn´t mean that at all: en realidad, no quise de ninguna manera decir eso

It was quite unintentional: fue sin querer I´m sorry I´m late: Siento llegar tarde I´m afraid I´m late:Me temo que me ha retrasado I couldn´t catch my bus in time: No pude coger el autobús a tiempo I´m sorry to have Kept you waiting: Siento haberle hecho esperar I hope I haven´t Kept you waiting long: Espero no haberle hecho esperar mucho tiempo I couldn´t get here before: No pude llegar antes I tried to get here before, but I couldn´t : traté de llegar antes pero no pude. GIVING AN OPINION That sounds very sensible: Me parece muy sensato I think so: Me parece que sí I don´t think so: Me parece que no I believe so: así lo creo I don´t believe so: No lo creo así I expect so: Así lo espero I don´t expect so: No lo espero así I hope so: Esa esperanza tengo Good idea! Buena idea That´s a grand idea: ¡Es una idea estupenda! I think it would be wonderful: Creo que sería magnifico I think you´re right: creo que tiene usted razón I suppose so: Así lo supongo I don´t suppose so: No lo supongo así I imagine so: Así lo imagino I don´t imagine so: No lo imagino así I dare say it´s all right: Me atrevería a decir que esta bien I doubt whether it´ll be all right: Dudo si estará bien Of course! Desde luego Of course not! Desde luego que no! ASKING FOR AN OPINION What do you think of it? ¿Que le parece a usted? Don´t you think so? ¿No lo cree usted así?

Don´t you think it´s a good idea? ¿No cree usted que es una Buena idea? What´s your opinión? ¿cúal es su opinión? Do you think that´s right? ¿Cree usted que esta bien? Do you agree whith what I´ve said? ¿esta usted de acuerdo con lo que he dicho? AVOIDING GIVING AN OPINION Not bad: No está mal I couldn´t say: No podría decir I suppose so: Supongo que sí I expect so: Espero que sí I´m afraid I can´t tell you: Temo que no le pueda decir Perhaps: Quizá COMMANDS Look! ¡Mira! I say! Oiga Look here! Oiga Come on! ¡Vamos! Listen! Escuche Get out! Sal Be quiet! Estate quieto Silence, please! ¡silencio! Hurry up! ¡date prisa! Be quick! ¡deprisa! Follow me Sigame! Go out! Sal Come out! Sal Be good! Se bueno Get up! Levantate Wake up! Despiertate Get dressed! Vistete Wait! Espera Wait a moment! ¡Espera un momento! Stop! Para! Mind! Cuidado Look out! Cuidado Be carefull! ¡ten cuidado! Don´t drop it! ¡No lo tires! Come in! Adelante Go in! entre Let´s go! ¡Vamonos!

Go on! Continue Shut up! Callate! Don´t! No (lo hagas) Stand up! Ponte de pie! Sit down! Sientate Rub it out! Borralo! Cross it out! Táchalo! Write it in ink! Escribelo con tinta! Put on your coat! ¡Ponte la chaqueta! Take off your coat! Quitate la chaqueta Go away! Marchaté Eat it up: Cometelo todo Turn on the light! ¡enciende la luz! Turn off the light! Apaga la luz! Let´s take a vote on in! Echemoslo a votos! Let´s toss for it! ¡Echemoslo a cara o cruz! EXCLAMATIONS Oh!Oh Oh bother! Que lata! Confound it! ¡Maldita sea! I see! Ah ya! Here you are! ¡Aquí tienes! I give up! ¡Me doy por vencido! Nonsense! ¡Que tontería! How strange! ¡que extraño! What bad luck! ¡que mala suerte! Well I never! ¡Nunca lo hubiera creido! What cheek! ¡Que cara dura! How funny! Que gracioso! Of course! Desde luego! Well done! ¡Bien hecho! At last! Por fin! Good luck! Buena suerte! Quite right! ¡Perfecto! Congratulations! Enhorabuena No wonder! No me choca! I´m not surprised! No me sorprende! What a shame! Que pena! What a pity! Que pena! What a nuisance! Que fastidio!

How annoying! ¡Que fastidio! How frightful! Que miedo! What a thing! ¡vaya cosa! Certainly! ¡Pues claro! What! Como! My goodness! Caramba APPROVAL Yes: Sí Yes, sir: Sí señor Well: Bien Very well: Muy bien Very good: Muy bien Quite right: Muy bien O.K: Muy bien That´s right: Conforme All right! Conforme Of course! Desde luego I think so! Creo que sí Right: tiene usted razon! You´re right: Tiene usted razón Right you are : Tiene usted toda la razón I think you´re right: Creo que tiene usted razón You´re quite right: Ciertamente tiene usted razón Certainly: Claro que sí! Good idea! Buena idea That´s a good idea! Es una Buena idea What a good idea! Que Buena idea What bright ideas you have! Que ideas tan luminosas tiene usted I agree with you! Estoy deacuerdo con usted I quite agree with you! Estoy de completo acuerdo con usted! There´s no doubt about you! No hay duda de eso That´s my opinión too: Esa es tambien mi opinión That´s just what i think! Eso es precisamente lo que pienso That´s what I´ve always thought: Eso es lo que siempre he pensado That´s true: Eso es cierto That´s quite true: Eso es completamente cierto As you like: Como guste Just as you like: Haga lo que le parezca Do what you like Haga lo que le parezca

That´s splendid! ¡Es magnifico! I should think so! Así lo espero I DON´T AGREE WITH YOU No: No No, sir: No señor Oh, no! ¡Oh no! No of course not! No, desde luego que no! Very bad! Muy mal! It´s very bad! Está muy mal It´s wrong! Está equivocado! It´s of no use: De nada sirve It isn´t worth while: No merece la pena It´s quite absurd! Es completamente absurdo Nonsense! Tonterías How nasty! Que desagradable! I don´t agree with you! No estoy deacuerdo con usted I disagree with you: No estoy deacuerdo con usted I don´t think you´re right: No creo que tenga usted razón I don´t think so: Me parece que no You´re wrong: Esta usted equivocado I´m afraid you´re mistaken: Me temo que esté usted equivocado DOUBT Perhaps: Quizá I suppose so: supongo que sí I hope so: Así lo espero I´m not sure: No estoy seguro I can´t tell you: No le puedo decir I can´t remember: No me acuerdo I´m afraid I can´t tell you: Me temo que no le puedo decir I don´t exactly know: No sé exactamente I can´t tell you for certain: No le puedo asegurar CERTAINTY I´m sure: estoy seguro

I´m certain: Estoy seguro I´m quite sure: Estoy completamente seguro I´m quite certain: Estoy completamente seguro It´s absolutely certain: Es completamente cierto There´s no doubt about it: No hay duda alguna IGNORANCE I don´t Know: No sé I really don´t Know: No sé en realidad I don´t Know anything about it: No sé nada de eso I Know nothing about it: No sé nada de eso I admit I don´t Know anything about it: Confieso que no sé nada de eso I´m afraid I can´t tell you: Me temo que no le pueda decir I haven´t got the slightest idea: No tengo ni la menor idea I haven´t any idea: No tengo idea PROTEST I protest : Protesto No, I´m not: No, no lo soy No I don´t: No, yo no No excuse me: Perdone, pero no Oh! But I say! Pero oigame DESIRE I want it: Lo quiero I wish I could do it: Ojalá lo pudiera hacer I wish I could speak English better! Ojalá supiera hablar inglés mejor! I should like to have it: Me gustaría tenerlo I´m longing to have it: Estoy deseando tenerlo I´m anxious to have it: Estoy deseando tenerlo POSSIBILITY Perhaps: Quizá Maybe: Quizá It´s quite likely: Es muy posible

It´s quite possible: Es muy posible He may do it: Puede que lo haga He´s likely to do it: Es posible que lo haga He is very likely to do it: Es muy posible que lo haga There´s a possibility that he will do it: Hay una posibilidad de que lo haga IMPOSSIBILITY I can´t : No puedo I can´t do it: No puedo hacerlo I can´t possibly do it: Me es imposible hacerlo I´m afraid I can´t do it: Me temo que no puedo hacerlo It´s quite impossible: Es completamente imposible It can´t be done: Eso no se puede hacer It isn´t possible:No es possible PROMISE I promise you: Se lo prometo Of course I´ll do it: Desde luego que lo haré I´ll do what I can: Haré todo lo que pueda I´ll do my best: Haré todo lo possible You can rely on me: Confie en mi I give you my word of honour: Le doy mi palabra de honor GIVING A SUGGESTION shall I do it? Lo hago What do you say to doing it? Que le parece si lo hiciéramos What about doing it? Que le parece si lo hiciéramos Why not do that? ¿Por qué no hacer eso? Let´s do it, shall we? Vamos a hacerlo que le parece? Shall we go for a walk? Vamos de paseo? Why not tomorrow? ¿por que no mañana? Would you like me to do it? ¿le gustaría que lo hiciera? Shall we do it together? Lo hacemos juntos? FRIENDS He´s a friend of mine: Es amigo mío He´s a great friend of mine: Es un gran amigo mio

He´s a good friend of mine: Es un buen amigo mío He´s my best friend: Es mi mejor amigo I Know him very well: le conozco bien I Know him intimately: Intimamente We´re on very good terms: Nos llevamos my bien I´ve Known him for years: Hace años que le conozco We went to school together: Nosotros fuimos juntos a la escuela We get along quite well together: nos llevamos muy bien BUSY I´m busy: Estoy ocupado I´m very busy: Estoy muy ocupado I´m very busy all the time: Estoy siempre muy ocupado I haven´t had time to do it yet: Todavía no he tenido tiempo de hacerlo I haven´t time: No tengo tiempo I don´t get enough time for it: No dispongo de bastante tiempo para ello I haven´t enough time to do: No tengo bastante tiempo para hacerlo I have very little spare time: Me sobra muy poco tiempo I wish I had time! Ojalá tuviera tiempo I should like to have time: Me gusta WAITING Will it take long? ¿tardará mucho? How long will it take you to do it? ¿Cuánto tardará usted en hacerlo? It won´t take long: No se tardará mucho You won´t have to wait long: No tendrá usted que esperar mucho How many hours are there still to go? ¿Cuántas horas faltan? There´s still an hour to go: Aún falta una hora How long is it to Christmas? ¿Cuánto falta para navidad? Christmas is still a long way off: Aún falta mucho para Navidad Christmas is only a month away: Sólo falta un mes para Navidad It´s three weeks to Christmas: Faltan tres semanas para Navidad It will only take ten minutes: Solamente se tardará diez minutes Will you wait a few minutes? ¿quiere usted esperar unos minutes? Do you mind waiting a few minutes? ¿le importaría esperar unos minutes I shall be ready in a minute: Estaré preparado en un momento

OFFERING HELP what can I do for you? ¿en qué puedo servirle? Shall I be able to help you? ¿Podré ayudarle? Can I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarle? Is there anything I can do for you? Hay algo que pueda hacer por usted Shall I help you? ¿le ayudo? Do you want me to help you? ¿quiere usted que le ayude? Do you need any help? ¿Necesita usted ayuda? Can´t I do anything for you? ¿No puedo hacer algo por usted? Allow me please: Permitame por favor Let me help you: Permitame que le ayude WHAT´S YOUR NAME? What´s your name? ¿cómo se llama usted? Spell your name, please: deletree su nombre por favor How old are you? ¿qué edad tiene usted? What´s your weight? ¿cuánto pesa usted? Where do you come from? ¿de dónde es usted? What town of england do you come from? ¿de qué ciudad de inglaterra es usted? Where do you live? ¿dónde vive usted? What´s your address? ¿Cuales son sus señas? What´s your telephone number? Cúal e ssu número de teléfono? What are you? ¿Que es usted? Who are you? Quién es usted? What´s your nationality? ¿cúal es su nacionalidad? Where were you born? ¿dónde nació usted? I was born in Madrid: Nací en Madrid Write your name and address here: Escriba su nombre y señas aquí Sign here: Firme aquí How long have you lived here? ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que vive usted aquí? Have you lived here long? ¿hace mucho tiempo que vive usted aqui? I have lived here all my life: He vivido aquí toda mi vida How many children have you? ¿cuántos hijos tiene usted? Have you got any brothers or sisters? ¿tiene usted hermanos? TRYING TO SPEAK ENGLISH I´m afraid I don´t understand: me temo que no lo entiendo

Speak slowly, please: Hable despacio por favor Speak more slowly, please: Hable más despacio por favor I don´t Known much English: No sé mucho ingles I can just make myself understood: Únicamente puedo hacer que me entiendan. It´s very difficult for me to understand: Lo encuentro muy dificil de entender I can understand quite well: Lo entiendo bastante bien I can understand when people speak slowly: Lo entiendo cuando hablan despacio Is there anybody who speaks English? ¿hay alguien que hable inglés? I don´t understand you when you speak so fast: No le entiendo a usted cuando habla tan deprisa My English is rather elementary: Mi inglés e sbastante elemental Your English is quite good for a beginner: Su inglés es bastante bueno para ser principiante I don´t hear English spoken much: No oigo hablar mucho inglés Can you speak English? Habla usted ingles? Do you speak english? Habla usted inglés? How do you spell it? ¿cómo se escribe? Do you understand me? ¿me entiende? Is this expression all right? Es correcta esta expression Is there any other form of saying it? ¿Hay otra forma de decirlo? What does this word mean? ¿Qué quiere decir esta palabra? What´s the meaning of this word? ¿qué quiere decir esta palabra? What´s the english word for ‚cartera‛? ¿cómo se dice en inglés cartera I can´t remenber the english word for ‚cartera‛ No recuerdo como se dice…. Which syllable is stressed in photographer? Qué sílaba se acentua en photographer How do you say that in english? ¿Cómo se dice eso en inglés? What do you call that in english? ¿Cómo se llama eso en inglés? How do you spell that word in English? ¿cómo se escribe esa palabra en inglés? How do you pronounce it? ¿Cómo se pronuncia? Where is the stress? ¿Dónde se acentúa? Spell it, please: Deletréelo por favor Haven´t I pronounced it? ¿No lo he pronunciado bien? When did you start learning english? Cuando empezó usted a aprender ingles HURRY Hurry up! Date prisa Be quick! Date prisa! Come on! Vamos no te entretengas! I´m in a hurry! Tengo prisa! I´m in a great hurry! Tengo mucha prisa! Why are you in a such hurry? ¿por qué tiene usted tanta prisa? I´m late: Voy tarde It´s late: Es tarde It´s getting late: Se hace tarde

I must go: Tengo que marcharme I´ve got to go: Tengo que marcharme I´m sorry but I must go: Lo siento pero tengo que marcharme I must leave you: Tengo que dejarle I must start at once: Debo marcharme enseguida I must be off: No tengo más remedio que irme Are you in a hurry? ¿tiene usted prisa? It´s time for me to go: Es hora de que me vaya I can´t stay any longer: No puedo quedarme más tiempo Sorry, I can´t stop now: Lo siento pero no puedo entretenerme ahora I must hurry off: Tengo que salir corriendo Sorry, I can´t stop; somebody is waiting for me: Alguien me esta esperando I shall have to hurry if I want to catch the bus: Tendré que darme prisa si quiero coger el autobus I´m afraid I shan´t get yhere in time: Espero que llegaré a tiempo I have to be there in time: Tengo que llegar a tiempo I had no idea it was so late: No tenía ni idea de que fuese tan tarde TIME It´s early: es temprano It´s late: Es tarde It´s very late: Es muy tarde. It´s too late: es demasiado tarde It´s time: Es hora It´s time to go: Es hora de marcharse There´s plenty of time: Hay tiempo de sobra What´s the time? Qué hora es? What´s the time by your watch? ¿qué hora tiene su reloj? Do you Know the time? ¿sabe usted que hora es? Is your watch right? ¿Va bien su reloj? My watch is five minutes fast: Mi reloj va cinco minutos adelantado My watch is five minutes slow: My reloj va cinco minutos atrasado It´s at least ten minutes slow: Por lo menos va diez minutes atrasado My watch says a quarter to seven: Mi reloj tiene las siete menos cuarto What day is it today? ¿Qué día es hoy? What date is it today? ¿A cuántos estamos? What is the date? Que fecha es? What day of the month is it today? ¿En qué día estamos? What day of the week is it today? Qué día de la semana es hoy What month is it now? ¿en qué mes estamos? It´s the first of december today, isn´t it? Hoy es el primero de diciembre verdad? Today´s Monday: Hoy es lunes Yesterday was Sunday: Ayer fue domingo

Tomorrow´s Tuesday: Mañana es martes Time passes quickly: El tiempo pasa rápido Time flies! El tiempo vuela ASKING SOMEBODY NOT TO DO SOMETHING Don´t do it: No lo haga Please, don´t do it: Por favor no lo haga This is Mr. Brown: Le presento al Sr. Brown Let me introduce Mr. Smith to you: Permitame que le presente al Señor Smith Allow me to introduce my friend to you: Permitame que le presente a un amigo This is my friend: Le presento a mi amigo How d´you do? Mucho gusto Do you Know Mr. Armstrong? ¿Conoce usted al Sr. Amstrong? Have you met Mr. White? Le han presentado al Sr. White I don´t think you´ve met Mr. Willians: Me parece que no le han presentado al Sr. Williams I´ve often heard about you: He oido hablar de usted a menudo I´ve always wanted to meet you: Siempre he deseado conocerle I´m so glad to have the opportunity of meeting you: Me allegro de tener la oportunidad de conocerle Excuse my introducing myself, my name is Wilson: permitame que me presente yo mismo, me llamo Wilson I´m pleased to meet you: Encantado de conocerle LATE It´s getting late: Se está haciendo tarde Is it a late as that? ¿es tan tarde? Excuse my being late: Perdone que llegue tarde I´m afraid I´m rather late: Temo que llegue algo tarde I do apologize for being so late: Pido perdón por llegar tan tarde You are late! Que tarde llegas I´ve been held up by the traffic: me ha detenido el tráfico I got caught in a traffic jam: Me cogió un embotellamiento You´ll be late if you don´t hurry up: Llegaras tarde si no te das prisa BIRTHDAY When´s your birthday? ¿cuando es tu cumpleaños? Is it your birthay today? ¿Es hoy tu cumpleaños? It´s my birthday tomorrow. Mañana es mi cumpleaños

How old are you? ¿cuantos años tienes? I´ll be thirty tomorrow: Mañana cumpliré treinta I´ll be twenty in June: Cumpliré los veinte en junio How old will you be next birthay? ¿Cuántos vas a cumplir? Many happy returns of the day! ¿Qué cumplas muchos! HOLIDAYS Are you going to have a holiday this year? ¿vas a tomarte vacaciones este año? Where are you going to spend your summer holidays? ¿dónde vas a pasar las vacaciones este verano? I´m going to spend my holidays in England: Voy a pasar mis vacaciones en inglaterra Where did you spend your summer holidays? ¿dónde has pasado las vacaciones este verano? Have you had a holiday this year? ¿has tenido vacaciones este año? I´ve had a short holiday: Me he tomado unas cortas vacaciones When do the summer holidays begin? Cuando empiezan las vacaciones de verano When do we break up? ¿cuando se termina el curso? INVITING SOMEBODY This calls for a celebration: Esto se merece que lo celebremos Let´s go and have a drink: Vamos a tomar algo Would you like a drink? ¿Quieres tomar algo? What about having a drink? ¿Y si tomaramos algo? What do you say to a drink? ¿que te parece si tomáramos algo? What would you like to have? ¿Qué quieres tomar? What are you going to have? ¿qué vas a tomar? TOURISTS Did you enjoy your day in Toledo yesterday? ¿lo pasaste bien en Toledo ayer? Did you enjoy seeing Madrid? ¿te gusto Madrid? Are you going to stay here long? ¿va usted a estar mucho tiempo aqui? What European countries have you visited? ¿Qué países europeos ha visitado usted? SHOWING THE WAY (mostrando el camino) This way, please: Por aquí por favor This way to the right: Por aquí a la derecha Go straight on: Siga derecho You´re going the wrong way: Va usted mal You´re going the right way: Va usted bien

Turn to the left: Vuelva a la izquierda Go along this street: vaya por esta calle Cross over: Cruze la calle Go on until you come to Oxford Street: Siga hasta que llegue a la calle oxford Go straight along this street: Vaya derecho por esta calle Go right to the end of this street and then turn left: Vaya usted hasta el final de esta calle y entonces vuelva a la izquierda Actividades Where can I go to listen to music? ¿Dónde puedo escuchar música? Would you like to dance? ¿Quieres bailar? Let's go to ______. Vamos a ______. I like ______. Me gusta ______. Did you bring the ______? ¿Has traído el/la ______? What time does it open? ¿A qué hora abre? What time does it close? ¿A qué hora cierra? Do you know of a good nightclub? ¿Conoces alguna discoteca agradable? Do you know how to play ______? ¿Sabes cómo jugar a ______? I like to ______. Me gusta ______. We need some equipment. Necesitamos equipo. Where can I see the ______ game? ¿Dónde puedo ver el partido de ______?

Will you teach me to play ______? ¿Me enseñarás a jugar ______? I'm exhausted. Estoy agotado. Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas? ______ is fun. ______ es divertido. I need sun lotion. Necesito crema solar. Do you know how to sail? ¿Navegas? I need ______. Necesito ______. Where's the students' common room? ¿Dónde se reúnen los estudiantes? How much is it to get in? ¿Cuánto cuesta la entrada? Do you have ______? ¿Tiene ______? How much is this? ¿Cuánto cuesta esto? Do you take credit cards? ¿Aceptan tarjetas de crédito? Do you accept travelers checks? ¿Aceptan cheques de viaje? I'd like to try it on ... please. Me gustaría probármelo. I'd like to buy ______. Me gustaría comprar ______. What's it made of? ¿De qué está hecho? I need size ______. Necesito la talla ______. Will you take ______ for this? ¿Cogerá ______ para esto? Can you recommend a shop that sells ______? ¿Me podría recomendar una tienda que venda ______? It's too expensive. Es muy caro. Where can I buy ______? ¿Dónde puedo comprar ______?

Can you please alter this? ¿Me lo puede arreglar? Where's a good place to go for a hike? ¿Dónde hay un buen sitio para ir de excursión? Where's the camping site? ¿Dónde está el campamento? Can we camp here? ¿Podemos acampar aquí? Is it allowed to make a camp fire here? ¿Se puede hacer fogatas aquí? I like ______. Me gusta ______. I'd like a ______. Me gustaría un/una ______. Please wait. Por favor ... espere. May I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarle? I'd like to have 12 of those ... please. Me quedaré con doce de esos. What kind of movies do you like? ¿Qué tipo de películas te gustan? What kind of literature do you like? ¿Qué tipo de literatura te gusta? What kind of music do you like? ¿Qué tipo de música te gusta? May I bring a friend? ¿Puedo traer un amigo/una amiga? Would you like to go out with me tonight? ¿Te gustaría salir conmigo hoy? May I see that? ¿Puedo ver eso? This is very amusing! ¡Esto es muy entretenido! This is a beautiful sunset! ¡Es una bonita puesta de sol! Do you want something from the ______? ¿Quieres algo del/de la... Good luck! ¡Buena suerte! Congratulations! ¡Enhorabuena! May I have seats in the balcony section? ¿Me puedes dar el balcón ... por favor?

I would rather not sit in the balcony section. No quiero balcón ... gracias. Where can I buy sunblock? ¿Dónde puedo comprar crema protectora del sol? Look at this. Ve esto Alimentación I need a ______ ... please. Necesito un/una ______. Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas? I'd like to make a booking. Me gustaría hacer una reserva. Where's the dining hall? ¿Dónde está la cafetería? Is this smoking or non-smoking? ¿Se puede fumar o no? Do you have ______? ¿Tiene ______? How much is this? ¿Cuánto cuesta esto? Do you take credit cards? ¿Aceptan tarjetas de crédito? Do you accept travelers checks? ¿Aceptan cheques de viaje? What's it made of? ¿De qué está hecho? Will you take ______ for this? ¿Cogerá ______ para esto? I'd like to order ______. Me gustaría pedir ______. May I have the ______ ... please? ¿Me podrías pasar ______ ... por favor? I didn't order that. Yo no he pedido esto. I'd like to have some ______ to drink please. Me gustaría beber ______. Which way is it to the restaurant? ¿Dónde está el restaurante?

Cheers! ¡Salud! What are these charges for? ¿De qué son estos cargos? May I see your wine list? ¿Podría ver la carta de vinos? What do you recommend? ¿Qué me recomienda? Do you serve ______? ¿Tienen ______? Can we book a table? ¿Podemos reservar una mesa? Is service included in the bill? ¿Está incluída la propina? I think the bill is added up wrong. Creo que la cuenta está incorrecta. Is the fish fresh? ¿Es fresco el pescado? I'd like a ______. Me gustaría un/una ______. What sort of meat do you have? ¿Qué tipo de carne tienen? This is delicious. Está delicioso. I'm sorry ... this doesn't taste good. Esto no está bueno. Where's the greengrocer? ¿Dónde puedo comprar verdura? I'd like a sweet. Me gustaría tomar postre. I'm hungry. Tengo hambre. I'll be back shortly. Volveré pronto. May I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarle? I'd like to have 12 of those ... please. Me quedaré con doce de esos. I'll have half a cup of coffee. Yo tomaré un café corto. I'm sorry ... I can't eat all of it. No me lo puedo comer todo. Can we get the bill ... please? ¿Me das la cuenta ... por favor?

Bill ... please. La cuenta ... por favor. I am thirsty. Tengo sed. What a beautiful colour. ¡Qué hermoso color! I need food. Yo necesito comida. Can you recommend a good restaurant? ¿Puedes recomendar un buen restaurante? May I have the recipe? ¿Puedo tener la receta? What are the ingredients? ¿Cuáles son los ingredientes? How do you cook this? ¿Cómo se cocina esto? Emergencia Thanks for your help. Gracias por tu ayuda. Can you help me ... please? ¿Me puedes ayudar ... por favor? Stop. Parar. May I have your attention ... please? Atención por favor. Go straight down the road. Siga la calle recto. Where's the men's/ladies' toilets? ¿Dónde está el lavabo? Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas? What's the telephone number of ______? ¿Cuál es el número de teléfono de ______? Wear your lifejacket. Ponte el salvavidas. Is it safe to swim here? ¿Es seguro nadar aquí? Is it allowed? ¿Está permitido? Is it prohibited? ¿Está prohibido?

Police! ¡Policía! Make an appointment to see a doctor. Pide hora con el doctor. I have a ______. Tengo un/una ______. Put your head on my shoulder. Apóyate en mi hombro. I can hear you. Te oigo. She hurt her ankle. Ella se ha hecho daño en el tobillo. My ______ hurts. Me duele ______. This is an emergency. Esto es una emergencia. What's the problem? ¿Cuál es el problema? Call the ambulance straight away. Llama a una ambulancia ahora mismo. He's having trouble breathing. Él tiene problemas para respirar. I'm allergic to ______. Soy alérgico a ______. I feel sick. Me encuentro mal. Take me to the doctor. Llevame al médico. Help! ¡Socorro! Where's the police station? ¿Dónde está la comisaría? Is it serious? ¿Es grave? I want to notify the consulate. Quiero informar al consulado. How can I get to the hospital? ¿Cómo puedo llegar al hospital? My car broke down. Mi coche se ha estropeado. Somebody stole my ______. Alguien me ha robado ______. I lost my ______. He perdido mi ______.

Who is in charge? ¿Quién está al mando? Help! ¡Socorro! Does anyone here speak English? ¿Alguna persona habla inglés? Gente Let's go to ______. Vamos a ______. I like to ______. Me gusta ______. We need some equipment. Necesitamos equipo. I'm exhausted. Estoy agotado. I need a ______ ... please. Necesito un/una ______. Mr. Señor. Mrs. Señora How do I get to the beach? ¿Cómo puedo ir a la playa? Wear your lifejacket. Ponte el salvavidas. Do you know how to sail? ¿Navegas? Is it safe to swim here? ¿Es seguro nadar aquí? My room number is ______. Mi número de habitación es ______. Will you take a photograph of us? ¿Podría hacernos una foto? Make an appointment to see a doctor. Pide hora con el doctor. This is my ______. Este/esta /esto es mi. I'm married. Estoy casado/casada.

I have ______ children. Tengo ______ hijos. I have one child. Tengo un hijo. Are you married? ¿Estás casado/casada? Do you have children? ¿Tienes hijos? I'd like to try it on ... please. Me gustaría probármelo. What's it made of? ¿De qué está hecho? I need size ______. Necesito la talla ______. I'm sorry ... I don't like the colour. No me gusta el color. Can you please alter this? ¿Me lo puede arreglar? I'm hungry. Tengo hambre. That's mine ... thank you. Eso es mío ... gracias. Where would I find a vet? ¿Dónde hay un veterinario? I'd like to have 12 of those ... please. Me quedaré con doce de esos. How many people in your family? ¿Cuántos sois en tu familia? My stomach is empty. Mi estómago está vacío. Put your head on my shoulder. Apóyate en mi hombro. She hurt her ankle. Ella se ha hecho daño en el tobillo. My ______ hurts. Me duele ______. Look at this. Mira esto. Take me to the doctor. Llevame al médico. Where's the police station? ¿Dónde está la comisaría? I want to notify the consulate. Quiero informar al consulado.

Here's my business card. Aquí tienes mi tarjeta. I have an appointment with ______. Tengo una cita con ______. It's a pleasure doing business with you. Es un placer hacer negocios con usted. May I have your business card ... please? ¿Me podría dar su tarjeta? Who is in charge? ¿Quién está al mando? May I invite you to dinner/lunch? ¿Puedo invitarte a comer/cenar? May I bring a friend? ¿Puedo traer un amigo/una amiga? May I buy you dinner? ¿Puedo invitarte a cenar? You look very nice. Tú te ves muy bien Would you like to go out with me tonight? ¿Te gustaría salir conmigo hoy? What is your sign? ¿Cuál es tu signo del zodiaco? May I see that? ¿Puedo ver eso? I want to write a letter to ______. Yo quiero escribir una carta a... I am thirsty. Tengo sed. What a beautiful colour. ¡Qué hermoso color! I want to go to sleep. Yo quiero ir a dormir. I am going into town. Yo voy al pueblo I am going to the ______. Yo voy al/a la... What colour are your eyes? ¿De qué color son tus ojos? What colour is your hair? ¿De qué color es tu cabello? I am divorced. Yo estoy divorciado My husband/wife arrives tomorrow. Mi marido/esposa llega mañana.

My children arrive tomorrow. Mis niños llegan mañana. I need food. Yo necesito comida. I want to take the _____. Yo quiero montar en el/la... May I go with you? ¿Puedo ir contigo? What do you do for a living? ¿A qué te dedicas? Gramática What time does it open? ¿A qué hora abre? What time does it close? ¿A qué hora cierra? I'm exhausted. Estoy agotado. How old are you? ¿Cuántos años tienes? Today. Hoy. Tomorrow. Mañana. Yesterday. Ayer. In the morning. Por la mañana. At night. Por la noche. The day after tomorrow. Pasado mañana. The day before yesterday. Anteayer. This week. Esta semana. Next month. El próximo mes. Last year. El año pasado.

Here. Aquí. There. Allá ... allí. I'm sorry ... I don't understand. No lo entiendo. I see. Lo entiendo. Mr. Señor. Mrs. Señora Could you please write it out? ¿Podría escribirlo? The ______ is broken. El / la ______ está roto/rota. Will you give me an alarm call at ______ o'clock ... please? ¿Me podrían llamar a la/las ______ en punto ... por favor? How old is it? ¿Cuántos años tiene? Do you speak ______? ¿Hablas ______? What time does the excursion start? ¿A qué hora empieza el viaje? What time do we get back? ¿A qué hora volveremos? What are the hours? ¿A qué horas se puede visitar? I'm married. Estoy casado/casada. I have ______ children. Tengo ______ hijos. I have one child. Tengo un hijo. Are you married? ¿Estás casado/casada? Do you have children? ¿Tienes hijos? How much is this? ¿Cuánto cuesta esto? It's very beautiful here. Esto es muy bonito. I'm hungry. Tengo hambre.

I don't speak ______. No hablo ______. I speak ______ a little. Hablo un poco de ______. Does anyone here speak ______? ¿Hay alguien que hable ______? Could you repeat that ... please? ¿Lo podría repetir por favor? Please speak more slowly. Por favor hable más despacio. Look at the ______. Mira el/la ______. Hello. Hola. Yes. Sí. No. No. Good Evening. Buenas tardes. Good-bye. Adiós. Thank you. Gracias. You're welcome. Bienvenido/bienvenida. Good Afternoon. Buenas tardes. My name is ______. Me llamo ______. How are you? ¿Cómo estás? Very well ... thank you. Muy bien ... gracias. My pleasure. Encantado/encantada. Excuse me ... please. Me perdona ... por favor. I'm fine ... thank you.

Estoy bien ... gracias. What time is it? ¿Qué hora es? What's your name? ¿Cómo te llamas? How long have you been here? ¿Desde cuándo estás aquí? How long will you be staying? ¿Cuánto tiempo estarás? I'm sorry. Lo siento. Perhaps. Quizás. That's interesting! ¡Muy interesante! Wonderful! ¡Maravilloso! The time is 1 o'clock. Es la una. How many people in your family? ¿Cuántos sois en tu familia? I'm ______ years old. Tengo ______ años. I can hear you. Te oigo. She hurt her ankle. Ella se ha hecho daño en el tobillo. My ______ hurts. Me duele ______.

Look at this. Mira esto. I'm allergic to ______. Soy alérgico a ______. I feel sick. Me encuentro mal. This is a big house. Esta casa es grande. The time is 2 o'clock. Son las dos. May I see that? ¿Puedo ver eso? This is very amusing! ¡Esto es muy entretenido! For one week. Por una semana. I am thirsty. Tengo sed. It's sunny outside. Está soleado afuera. It's cold outside. Hace frío afuera It's raining outside. Está lloviendo afuera It's dark outside. Está oscuro afuera This is soft. Esto es suave. This is hard. Esto es duro

This is uncomfortable. Esto es incómodo This is comfortable. Esto es cómodo I am from ______. Yo soy de.... My nationality is ______. Mi nacionalidad es... What a beautiful colour. ¡Qué hermoso color! This is a beautiful sunset! ¡Es una bonita puesta de sol! I see the ______. Yo veo el/la _____. I have the ______. Yo tengo el/la _____. How do you spell ______? ¿Cómo se deletrea _____? What colour are your eyes? ¿De qué color son tus ojos? What colour is your hair? ¿De qué color es tu cabello? Good luck! ¡Buena suerte! Congratulations! ¡Enhorabuena! Does anyone here speak English? ¿Alguna persona habla inglés? My husband/wife arrives tomorrow.

Mi marido/esposa llega mañana. My children arrive tomorrow. Mis niños llegan mañana. This is a big hotel. Éste es un hotel grande. Tomorrow in the morning. Mañana por la mañana. How do you say ______? ¿Cómo se dice _____? When is ______? ¿Cuándo es...? I speak ______. Yo hablo _____. Lugares Let's go to ______. Vamos a ______. Where's the ______? ¿Dónde está el/la ______? We need some equipment. Necesitamos equipo. How's the weather? ¿Qué tiempo hace? Can I make a reverse charge call ... please? ¿Podría hacer una llamada a cobro revertido? Do you have computer services? ¿Tienen servicio informático? Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas? Can I leave a message? ¿Podría dejar un mensaje? Please take the letter to the post office. Por favor lleve la carta a la oficina de correos.

I need to go to the bank. Necesito ir al banco. Is it safe to swim here? ¿Es seguro nadar aquí? Do you have any rooms available? ¿Tienen habitaciones libres? I'd like to make a booking. Me gustaría hacer una reserva. My room number is ______. Mi número de habitación es ______. How much is it per night? ¿Cuánto cuesta por noche? May I see the room? ¿Podría ver la habitación? What time do we have to vacate the room? ¿A qué hora hay que dejar el hotel? The ______ is broken. El / la ______ está roto/rota. May I have a room with a view? ¿Me podría dar una habitación con vistas? What size is the bed? ¿De qué tamaño es la cama? Is there air conditioning? ¿Hay aire acondicionado? Do you have a single room? ¿Tiene habitación para una persona? Do you have a room for ______ people? ¿Tiene una habitación para ______ personas? Do you have a room with a private bath?

¿Tiene una habitación con baño? Is breakfast included in the price? ¿El desayuno está incluído en el precio? Is there room service? ¿Hay servicio de habitación)? May I have the key ... please? La llave ... por favor. Will you give me an alarm call at ______ o'clock ... please? ¿Me podrían llamar a la/las ______ en punto ... por favor? Can you recommend a good hotel? ¿Me podría recomendar un buen hotel? I'm from ______. Yo soy de ______. Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres tú? Where's the library? ¿Dónde está la biblioteca? How old is it? ¿Cuántos años tiene? Do you have a guidebook in ______? ¿Tiene una guía en ______? Can we go inside? ¿Podemos ir dentro? The museum is closed today. El museo está cerrado hoy. Is the next town far away? ¿Está lejos el próximo pueblo? Is this smoking or non-smoking? ¿Se puede fumar o no? Where's a good place to go for a hike?

¿Dónde hay un buen sitio para ir de excursión? It's very beautiful here. Esto es muy bonito. What's the weather forecast? ¿Qué tiempo hará? Where's the camping site? ¿Dónde está el campamento? Are there any wild animals here? ¿Hay animales peligrosos aquí? Can we camp here? ¿Podemos acampar aquí? Is it allowed to make a camp fire here? ¿Se puede hacer fogatas aquí? Where can we dispose of our litter? ¿Dónde podemos tirar la basura? Are there any showers here? ¿Hay alguna ducha aquí? I like ______. Me gusta ______. I eat ______ for breakfast. Yo Como ______ para desayunar. I'm on a business trip. Estoy de viaje de negocios. Just a minute ... please. Un momento ... por favor. Where's the bus stop? ¿Dónde está la parada de autobús? Where's the station? ¿Dónde está la estación de trenes?

Where's the petrol station? ¿Dónde está la gasolinera? Are pets allowed? ¿Están permitidos los animales? How long will you be staying? ¿Cuánto tiempo estarás? Enjoy your visit. Pásatelo bien. May I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarle? How can I get to the hospital? ¿Cómo puedo llegar al hospital? This is a big house. Esta casa es grande. Where's the wardrobe? ¿Dónde está el armario? Please draw the curtains. Por favor corre las cortinas. What's your address? ¿Cuál es tu dirección? Will you fax this for me? ¿Podrías enviarme este fax? I need to send an e-mail on the internet. Necesito enviar un E-Mail por Internet. Here's my business card. Aquí tienes mi tarjeta. I have an appointment with ______. Tengo una cita con ______. It's a pleasure doing business with you. Es un placer hacer negocios con usted.

May I have your business card ... please? ¿Me podría dar su tarjeta? Who is in charge? ¿Quién está al mando? It's sunny outside. Está soleado afuera. It's cold outside. Hace frío afuera It's raining outside. Está lloviendo afuera It's dark outside. Está oscuro afuera This is uncomfortable. Esto es incómodo This is comfortable. Esto es cómodo My nationality is ______. Mi nacionalidad es... What is your nationality? ¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad? This is a beautiful sunset! ¡Es una bonita puesta de sol! I want to go to sleep. Yo quiero ir a dormir. I am going into town. Yo voy al pueblo I am going to the ______. Yo voy al/a la... Where do you live? ¿Dónde vives?

My husband/wife arrives tomorrow. Mi marido/esposa llega mañana. My children arrive tomorrow. Mis niños llegan mañana. My room number ... please. Mi número de habitación ... por favor. I like museums. A mí me gustan los museos. This is a big hotel. Éste es un hotel grande. Where is the courtyard? ¿Dónde está el patio? Where is the patio? ¿Dónde está la terraza? Bedspread. Colcha Please leave a message at the front desk. Por favor deja un mensaje en la recepción. Can you recommend an inexpensive hotel? ¿Puedes recomendar un hotel que no sea caro? This is a Central Processing Unit. Esto es una Unidad central de procesamiento This is a keyboard. Esto es un teclado This is a computer monitor. Esto es un monitor de ordenador

Naturaleza How's the weather? ¿Qué tiempo hace? In the morning. Por la mañana. At night. Por la noche. How do I get to the beach? ¿Cómo puedo ir a la playa? Can we rent a boat? ¿Podemos alquilar un barco? Wear your lifejacket. Ponte el salvavidas. I need sun lotion. Necesito crema solar. Do you know how to sail? ¿Navegas? Is it safe to swim here? ¿Es seguro nadar aquí? Is it allowed? ¿Está permitido? Is it prohibited? ¿Está prohibido? This is my ______. Este/esta /esto es mi. I'm sorry ... I don't like the colour. No me gusta el color. It's very beautiful here. Esto es muy bonito.

What's the weather forecast? ¿Qué tiempo hará? Where's the camping site? ¿Dónde está el campamento? Are there any wild animals here? ¿Hay animales peligrosos aquí? Can we camp here? ¿Podemos acampar aquí? Is it allowed to make a camp fire here? ¿Se puede hacer fogatas aquí? Are there any showers here? ¿Hay alguna ducha aquí? This is delicious. Está delicioso. I'm sorry ... this doesn't taste good. Esto no está bueno. Do you have any pets? ¿Tienes algún animal de compañía? I have a ______. Tengo un/una ______. Look at the ______. Mira el/la ______. Where's the zoo? ¿Dónde está el zoológico? What's your pet's name? ¿Cómo se llama tu mascota? Are pets allowed? ¿Están permitidos los animales? Where's the pet shop? ¿Dónde está la tienda de animales?

Where would I find a vet? ¿Dónde hay un veterinario? That's interesting! ¡Muy interesante! Wonderful! ¡Maravilloso! I'm allergic to ______. Soy alérgico a ______. It's sunny outside. Está soleado afuera. It's cold outside. Hace frío afuera It's raining outside. Está lloviendo afuera It's dark outside. Está oscuro afuera This is soft. Esto es suave. This is hard. Esto es duro What a beautiful colour. ¡Qué hermoso color! This is a beautiful sunset! ¡Es una bonita puesta de sol! Where can I buy sunblock? ¿Dónde puedo comprar crema protectora del sol? How do you cook this? ¿Cómo se cocina esto? May I go with you?

¿Puedo ir contigo? Look at this. Ve esto How do you say ______? ¿Cómo se dice _____? Nivel Básico What's your name? ¿Cómo te llamas? How old are you? ¿Cuántos años tienes? Happy Birthday. Feliz cumpleaños. Turn ______ at the corner. Gira ______ en la esquina. Go straight down the road. Siga la calle recto. Today. Hoy. Tomorrow. Mañana. Yesterday. Ayer. In the morning. Por la mañana. At night. Por la noche. The day after tomorrow. Pasado mañana.

The day before yesterday. Anteayer. This week. Esta semana. Next month. El próximo mes. Last year. El año pasado. Here. Aquí. There. Allá ... allí. Mr. Señor. Mrs. Señora What's the exchange rate? ¿Cuál es el tipo de cambio? Where's the telephone box? ¿Dónde está el teléfono? What's the telephone number of ______? ¿Cuál es el número de teléfono de ______? How do I get to the beach? ¿Cómo puedo ir a la playa? Could you please write it out? ¿Podría escribirlo? The ______ is broken. El / la ______ está roto/rota. I'm from ______. Yo soy de ______.

Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres tú? I want to learn ______. Quiero aprender ______. Where's the library? ¿Dónde está la biblioteca? Is the next town far away? ¿Está lejos el próximo pueblo? I need size ______. Necesito la talla ______. I'm sorry ... I don't like the colour. No me gusta el color. Where can I buy ______? ¿Dónde puedo comprar ______? Can you please alter this? ¿Me lo puede arreglar? Cheers! ¡Salud! I like ______. Me gusta ______. Where's the greengrocer? ¿Dónde puedo comprar verdura? Which way is it to the ______? ¿Cómo puedo llegar a ______? Could you repeat that ... please? ¿Lo podría repetir por favor? Please speak more slowly. Por favor hable más despacio. First class. Primera clase.

Second class. Segunda clase. Look at the ______. Mira el/la ______. Where's the zoo? ¿Dónde está el zoológico? Hello. Hola. Good Evening. Buenas tardes. Good-bye. Adiós. You're welcome. Bienvenido/bienvenida. Good Afternoon. Buenas tardes. My name is ______. Me llamo ______. How are you? ¿Cómo estás? Very well ... thank you. Muy bien ... gracias. My pleasure. Encantado/encantada. Excuse me ... please. Me perdona ... por favor. I'm fine ... thank you. Estoy bien ... gracias. What's your name?

¿Cómo te llamas? Where are you staying? ¿Dónde estás? The time is 1 o'clock. Es la una. I'm ______ years old. Tengo ______ años. Where's the police station? ¿Dónde está la comisaría? How can I get to the hospital? ¿Cómo puedo llegar al hospital? The time is 2 o'clock. Son las dos. Four o'clock am Cuatro en punto de la madrugada One fifteen am La una y quince de la madrugada One forty five am La una y cuarenta y cinco de la madrugada One o'clock pm La una del mediodía One thirty am La una y media de la madrugada One week ago Hace una semana One year ago Hace un año Ten minutes past one am La una y diez de la madrugada Three o'clock am

Las tres de la madrugada Three o'clock pm Las tres de la tarde Two months ago Hace dos meses Two o'clock pm Las dos de la tarde Two years old Tiene dos años What is your sign? ¿Cuál es tu signo del zodiaco? May I see that? ¿Puedo ver eso? For one week. Por una semana. This is soft. Esto es suave. This is hard. Esto es duro My nationality is ______. Mi nacionalidad es... What is your nationality? ¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad? I see the ______. Yo veo el/la _____. I have the ______. Yo tengo el/la _____. How do you spell ______? ¿Cómo se deletrea _____?

May I introduce ______. Permíteme presentarte a... Good luck! ¡Buena suerte! Congratulations! ¡Enhorabuena! May I have a piece of paper ... please? ¿Me puedes prestar un pedazo de papel ... por favor? May I borrow a pen ... please? ¿Me puedes prestar un bolígrafo ... por favor? Tomorrow in the morning. Mañana por la mañana. Look at this. Ve esto How do you say ______? ¿Cómo se dice _____? Organizaciones Today. Hoy. Tomorrow. Mañana. In the morning. Por la mañana. At night. Por la noche. Do you have computer services? ¿Tienen servicio informático? Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas?

The ______ is broken. El / la ______ está roto/rota. I'm from ______. Yo soy de ______. I'm studying ______. Estoy estudiando ______. I go to the university of ______. Voy a la universidad de ______. I'm in the ______ form. Estoy en ______ curso. I want to learn ______. Quiero aprender ______. What time do the students go home? La escuela termina a la/las ______. Where's the library? ¿Dónde está la biblioteca? Where's the students' common room? ¿Dónde se reúnen los estudiantes? Where's the dining hall? ¿Dónde está la cafetería? What are the hours? ¿A qué horas se puede visitar? Is it allowed? ¿Está permitido? Is it prohibited? ¿Está prohibido? It's very beautiful here. Esto es muy bonito. Just a minute ... please.

Un momento ... por favor. Look at the ______. Mira el/la ______. Help! ¡Socorro! Where's the police station? ¿Dónde está la comisaría? I want to notify the consulate. Quiero informar al consulado. Please draw the curtains. Por favor corre las cortinas. What's your address? ¿Cuál es tu dirección? Who is in charge? ¿Quién está al mando? My nationality is ______. Mi nacionalidad es... What is your nationality? ¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad? How do you spell ______? ¿Cómo se deletrea _____? Where do you live? ¿Dónde vives? May I have a piece of paper ... please? ¿Me puedes prestar un pedazo de papel ... por favor? May I borrow a pen ... please? ¿Me puedes prestar un bolígrafo ... por favor? Is this wheelchair accessible? ¿Se puede acceder en silla de ruedas? Where do you go to school?

¿Dónde vas a la escuela? What class are you in? ¿En qué curso estás? What is your subject? ¿Cuál es tu especialidad? How long have you lived here? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas aquí? What's your religion? ¿Cuál es tu religión? How do you say ______? ¿Cómo se dice _____? Varios Did you bring the ______? ¿Has traído el/la ______? We need some equipment. Necesitamos equipo. Happy Birthday. Feliz cumpleaños. I'm sorry ... I don't understand. No lo entiendo. I see. Lo entiendo. Do you have computer services? ¿Tienen servicio informático? Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas? ______ is fun. ______ es divertido.

I need sun lotion. Necesito crema solar. I need ______. Necesito ______. The ______ is broken. El / la ______ está roto/rota. I'm from ______. Yo soy de ______. How old is it? ¿Cuántos años tiene? May I take a photograph? ¿Puedo tomar una foto? Will you take a photograph of us? ¿Podría hacernos una foto? Is it allowed? ¿Está permitido? Is it prohibited? ¿Está prohibido? I'm married. Estoy casado/casada. Do you have ______? ¿Tiene ______? How much is this? ¿Cuánto cuesta esto? Can you show me how it works? ¿Me puede enseñar cómo funciona? What's it made of? ¿De qué está hecho? Cheers! ¡Salud!

Is the clutch a manual or an automatic? ¿Tiene cambio de marchas automático? I have a ______. Tengo un/una ______. Look at the ______. Mira el/la ______. I'm sorry. Lo siento. Perhaps. Quizás. That's interesting! ¡Muy interesante! Wonderful! ¡Maravilloso! Put your head on my shoulder. Apóyate en mi hombro. My ______ hurts. Me duele ______. Look at this. Mira esto. This is an emergency. Esto es una emergencia. What's the problem? ¿Cuál es el problema? Is it serious? ¿Es grave? My car broke down. Mi coche se ha estropeado. Somebody stole my ______.

Alguien me ha robado ______. I lost my ______. He perdido mi ______. Will you fax this for me? ¿Podrías enviarme este fax? I need to send an e-mail on the internet. Necesito enviar un E-Mail por Internet. May I invite you to dinner/lunch? ¿Puedo invitarte a comer/cenar? May I buy you dinner? ¿Puedo invitarte a cenar? You look very nice. Tú te ves muy bien Would you like to go out with me tonight? ¿Te gustaría salir conmigo hoy? What is your sign? ¿Cuál es tu signo del zodiaco? This is soft. Esto es suave. This is hard. Esto es duro This is uncomfortable. Esto es incómodo This is comfortable. Esto es cómodo I want to go to sleep. Yo quiero ir a dormir. I see the ______. Yo veo el/la _____. I have the ______.

Yo tengo el/la _____. Do you want something from the ______? ¿Quieres algo del/de la... What colour are your eyes? ¿De qué color son tus ojos? What colour is your hair? ¿De qué color es tu cabello? Good luck! ¡Buena suerte! Congratulations! ¡Enhorabuena! I am divorced. Yo estoy divorciado I need food. Yo necesito comida. Bedspread. Colcha This is a Central Processing Unit. Esto es una Unidad central de procesamiento This is a keyboard. Esto es un teclado This is a computer monitor. Esto es un monitor de ordenador When is ______? ¿Cuándo es...? Viajes Where's the ______? ¿Dónde está el/la ______?

What time does it open? ¿A qué hora abre? What time does it close? ¿A qué hora cierra? Thanks for your help. Gracias por tu ayuda. Can you help me ... please? ¿Me puedes ayudar ... por favor? May I have your attention ... please? Atención por favor. Where's the men's/ladies' toilets? ¿Dónde está el lavabo? I'm sorry ... I don't understand. No lo entiendo. I see. Lo entiendo. Where can I change money? ¿Dónde puedo cambiar dinero? I'd like to exchange my money. Querría cambiar dinero. What's the exchange rate? ¿Cuál es el tipo de cambio? Can I make a reverse charge call ... please? ¿Podría hacer una llamada a cobro revertido? Is there a wheelchair ramp? ¿Tiene acceso para silla de ruedas? Please ... call the operator to make an overseas call. Por favor ... Llame a la operadora para hacer una llamada internacional. Where's the telephone box?

¿Dónde está el teléfono? Can I leave a message? ¿Podría dejar un mensaje? I need to go to the bank. Necesito ir al banco. How old is it? ¿Cuántos años tiene? Do you have a guidebook in ______? ¿Tiene una guía en ______? Do you speak ______? ¿Hablas ______? May I take a photograph? ¿Puedo tomar una foto? What time does the excursion start? ¿A qué hora empieza el viaje? What time do we get back? ¿A qué hora volveremos? Can we go inside? ¿Podemos ir dentro? How much for an excursion to the ______? ¿Cuánto cuesta el viaje a ______? Will you take a photograph of us? ¿Podría hacernos una foto? Shall we go to see the ______. Vamos a ver el / la ______. How much is it to get in? ¿Cuánto cuesta la entrada? The museum is closed today. El museo está cerrado hoy.

What are the hours? ¿A qué horas se puede visitar? Is it allowed? ¿Está permitido? Is it prohibited? ¿Está prohibido? How much is this? ¿Cuánto cuesta esto? Do you take credit cards? ¿Aceptan tarjetas de crédito? Do you accept travelers checks? ¿Aceptan cheques de viaje? Will you take ______ for this? ¿Cogerá ______ para esto? It's too expensive. Es muy caro. What are these charges for? ¿De qué son estos cargos? Is service included in the bill? ¿Está incluída la propina? Here's my passport. Aquí está mi pasaporte. I'll be staying at ______. Me quedaré en ______. I don't speak ______. No hablo ______. I have nothing to declare. No tengo nada que declarar. I can't find my luggage. No encuentro mi equipaje.

Which way is it to the ______? ¿Cómo puedo llegar a ______? Where can I buy a ticket? ¿Dónde puedo comprar un billete? Single fare. Sólo ida. Return ticket. Ida y vuelta. Where's the taxi rank? ¿Dónde puedo coger un taxi? Could you repeat that ... please? ¿Lo podría repetir por favor? Where's the bus stop? ¿Dónde está la parada de autobús? First class. Primera clase. Second class. Segunda clase. Please tell me when I have to get off? ¿Por favor dime dónde tengo que bajar? Where's the station? ¿Dónde está la estación de trenes? Where can I hire a car? ¿Dónde puedo alquilar un coche? Is the clutch a manual or an automatic? ¿Tiene cambio de marchas automático? Where's the petrol station? ¿Dónde está la gasolinera? Yes. Sí.

No. No. Thank you. Gracias. Look at this. Mira esto. I'm lost. Me he perdido. I want to notify the consulate. Quiero informar al consulado. My car broke down. Mi coche se ha estropeado. What's your address? ¿Cuál es tu dirección? Who is in charge? ¿Quién está al mando? I am from ______. Yo soy de.... My nationality is ______. Mi nacionalidad es... What is your nationality? ¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad? I am going to the ______. Yo voy al/a la... Please take me on the shortest route. Por favor llévame por el camino más corto May I borrow a pen ... please? ¿Me puedes prestar un bolígrafo ... por favor? Will you accept a tip?

¿Aceptarás una propina por esto? Does anyone here speak English? ¿Alguna persona habla inglés? This is my credit card. Ésta es mi tarjeta de crédito. I like museums. A mí me gustan los museos. Where can I buy sunblock? ¿Dónde puedo comprar crema protectora del sol? I want to take the _____. Yo quiero montar en el/la...