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EnSlish fo! Sclencebv FrdE: ZlnmerD.ndddnal An€ricrD Edition Publish€d by Pr€nticr-Hall, Inc,EnJewood citts, New JelseY, U s A"Copydsht (c) 1989 by Pr€ndce Hall, Inc.

Ihis;tdon is authorlzed for sale only in Bul8..i!This edition is published jn Bulgrda by Tb€ OFn Society FuDd' Sona, 1992.

rsBN 9s4520-008-1

Prcnde-Hall hremalional (UK) Llmned, rdtdo,

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x Contenls

DISCUSSION POINTS I7

WRITING SKILLS 17Topic Sentences 17

wrhitV a Patallnph af C|ltsifi.ation ii]

3 "our"

o*o u FFEc'r, color, Light, atrd sound J5

INTRODUCTION 35Short Reading The Nature of Color 36

USING ENGLISH TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT ]7Senlen(e Pal lerns l8

Identifring Caute dt1.l EJIe.l )8 Unlc\n\tltli,llJ Ptndlhr,Iltt t')

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COMPARING: The Elements 19

TNTRODUCTION I9Shorl Reading The wonder Metals 20

USINC ENGLISH TO COMPARE 2ISenrcnce Patterns 22

Uttlcttk ltlihg crhlparkahs 22 utiq d Tdbk 2)Cradtint S'ftch.?s 24 cru.ltitv Convaita,lt 24

Like aod As 25Usiilg Llke afld Ar 2,

READINC SKILLS 26Vocabulary liuilding 26

vacdbulary itl Co text 26skimming 27Readingr The Llfe-Supporting Cases 28

Uhdentandifl! tl1! Rcdditllt 1a

LISTENING SKILLS 30' vacdbuldry in Conkxl ll)

Note-Taking 3lUhdenla dinq tlt Lceturu J2

DISCUSSION POINTS 32

WRITING SKILLS 33Comparing 33Transilion words l4Writing a Paragraph of Comparison 34

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xii contents

DISCUSSION POINTS 65

WRITING SKILLS 65Writing Conclusions 65Writing a Paragraph with a Conclusion 65

5 o""rr.,r*n, Enetw 67

INTRODUCTION 67shon Reading The Man! Forns oJ Eneryy 68'

USING ENCLISH TO DEFINE 69Sentence Patterns 70

Ahalyzin! DeJinhionr 71 Corrctthq Detrhitio,r.i 71

Relative Clauses 72lJtikg Reldtivc Clautas 72 Fotltulatinll Dqitliti'tlt 72Creating Delinitiotls 7)

. READING SKILLS 7]Vocabulary Bullding 73

Adirsj ectdexo_, cDdo', rnicro', rDacft)' zVocabultlr! in Contcxt 75

Scannlng 75ReadinS:E = mcr 76

Und?ntdl1.lit\1 tl1! Rcd.litv 78

LISTENING SKILLS 7Evo1buldry fu contaxt 78

Nore-Taking 79Uldc$tandilv tllt Ltcntre 79

DlscussloN PoINTS 80

WRITING SKILLS 8IExtended Definitions ElWriting ad E,(tended Definitlon 8l

EXEMPLIFYING: Ha4, 82

INTRODUCTION 82Short Reading The Efreets of Tatuperuture E3

IJSING ENGLISH TO EXEMPLIFY 8]Sentence Pattems 85

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xiv Contents

WRITTNC SKILLS I IOGiving Evidence ll0Wriling with Evidence llo

8 a*""*,t"*t NGt Blecti. ity and Magnertsm ttl

.:. .U derstanding Mathematical Tems 129' Indefinite Anicles 129

. Usin! IndeJinite Anieles t)a

INTRODUCTION II IShort Reading Lightnitlg Sttikes ll2

USINC ENGLISH TO GTVE DIRECTIONS I12Giving Directions to Perform a Process I 13Imperadve Verbs I l3

Reeotniziry lhperdlire Vefus 1lt Artunliq lteha Chrckololjrdll!, 1t4Usih! bfipentive verbs 115

Verb forms: Infinitives and Gerunds I 16Chaosing verb Farnt 117

READING SKILLS I18vocabularyBui lding 118

Warcl Roott: blo-, aeto-,rhermo., hydro- ll9Voeabulary in Conkxt 120

Scanning 120R€ading: The Magic of a Magnet 120

UnderttandinS the Readhq 122

LISTENING SKILLS I23Voeabulat! in Coktert 12)

Note-Taking 123U degandiry.the Lecturc 12)

DISCUSSION POINTS I24

WRITING SKILLS 12'Directions 125Wrltlng Directions 125

CALCULATING| l,&ui^ aftd Gqtes 126

INTRODUCTION I26Shoff Reading Prcss re: At Molecules Collide 127

I USING ENGUSH To CALCULATE I28

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xvi Contents

Note-Taking 154Uad.tstanding llc Lctltt? 15.

DrscusdroN PoINTs 155

WRITING SKILLS T55Reporting 155Writing a Report 156

I Il I DESCRIBINGi The universe lrj

INTRODUCTION I57Shorl Readtng The Suk an.l Othet Stars 157

USING ENCLISH TO DESCRIBE I58SenEnce Patterns 160

tJsinl Pre.ise D$criqtio$ 160 Dcsttibilry A'ith ALli&tit'ts 161Adjectives with -ed and 'iry 16l

Usinf Atlieetives whh'c(l dnd'it\!, 162 fonttitll cotul\'u]ttl Nouur 16JWtititq Snao l Sentcnce:' !64

READING SKILLS 164VocabularyBui lding 164

Wory' Rro6: aqua', lcrra-, pyR)', asl()- 165Vocdbtiary in co,ttlxt 16,

Skimming 166Readlngi The Moon: A Nice Place to visil? 167

Maki g InJircncer 168

LISTENINC SKILLS 169Vocabulary in Conlcxt 16,

Nore-Taking 169Unda$landi\ry tht Ltdur\' l70

DISCUSSION POINTS I7I

WRITING SKILLS I7IDescribing l?lWdting a Description 172

I tllr PREDTCTINGi The Weather 17,

I N T R O D U C T I O N I 7 JShort Reading The Wo .lTu s 173

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science concepts thal are covered but not know how to cxprcss Lhcm in English.Thc locus of the book, however, is always on languagc falher than scicucc, andthcrc is no altempl to cover any scientific topic thoroughly. No prcvious scicnccknowledge is needed by the teacher or student.

ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT

Thcrc arc lwclvc chaplcrs in thc book. Each chapter has six mair scclions:Introduct ion, using Engl ish to. . . (ctassi fy, conpare, and so on), Rcading Ski l ls,Listeni lg Ski l ls, Discussion PoinN, and wri t ing Ski l ls.

Itltroduction

Each chapter begins by intrcducing rhe rhetorical funclion, rclating it o thcscientific method, aDd preseDting it ir a short readiDg.

Usi g Engl ish to, . ,

This section begins wilh aD cxplanalion oflhc rhctorical Iunction, usitU cxamdcsfrom the shor! reading. In most chapicrs thc cxplanalion is folbwed by a cha11 ofscntcnce palterns thal show how the function may be cxprcsscd, This chafl is notmeant to list all possiblc patterns, and in somc chaptcN lbc chart is omitled becausefie topics do not lcnd thcmsclvcs 10 any parricular synlaclic structure. Thc Dcxlitem in thc section is a group of praclicc cxcraiscs, sequcnced 1() cnablc studcnlsIo progress frcm idcntifying the funclion to usir)g it, Grammalical slrllclures lhatoccur frequenlly in science lexls arc also includcd in this seclkD whcn they scrvea communicativc purposc rclatcd to lhc rhclorical lilnction.

Reading skitls

This secdon lirsr prcscnrs sraLcgics lor srudenls to use in expanding lhcir vo-cabularics on an ongoing basis. word roots and affixes inlroduccd arc thosc com-monly occurring in scientific terminology (for examplc, hjdro , dyna ). Next, rhesection previews the vocabulary from thc long rcading. Thc obiect is 1() develop abasic vocabulary lhat wolrld be assumed a! the college'eniry 1cvcl. Accordingly,words sclecred forstudy are scien.e-related terms that would bc known to a native-spcakjng, firs!-year college student (for example , fammable, dehydrate , transparent ,comb stion, dilute, ir?e/lia). No specialized or rare words arc used in any of thercadings or lectures.

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'nrorsnlruor SurMerp puE'srtrurr{uriJurlEnr 'rroru o (Uorj r)et Sorqsrniu{srp 'Sururre)s sp qrns 'sflrIs Burpprr InJrsn Jorlr udolr^rp rlll puc 13cssed Surperr Suol e or pJro^:)p sl Lrollr)s rqlJo lsJr rql

,rxii Preface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My lhanks to Dr. Ann Johns of San Diego Slale U vers;ly for thc inspiralior

to \t;i1e lhe book and to my daughter Raquel for her imaginalivc ilhstraliols

And a special tharks to Harry for his conslant sllppon aDd cncouragcmerl' and

for always having mote faith in me than I had in mysclf

ql!^\ parsrl Jq plnoJ rPql slreJ uo prspq stu.urSpnf JIPLLT ol pup serp! ^{ruot spulLu r!rqt urdo ol p)urprl rldord uJtl^ iluo p'up^pp rrurtrs urcpow

'rte rql q8norql lEoll uer pue urJs rq ot llpurs oor rrE lpql s8ulql8u!^!l iq prsner rre srsprstp lpql prrsrSSns rq urq^ lE prq8npt seM rnrlspds!nollsttsolotqq)ucrJ,s008Jaqlserrelspurâ.rsro^!unrnoJorrtu.rrqlse,MquPr rqr uPql rrqler uns rql tpqt lu.rurlpts srq )ireq rlpr ol prsnjrDq urqMqlErp LII!,{,\ prurrprrql sp^ orMpS snlur3 uEnql lecjB .qt .rsrr^run rqt JoslJrrss rqt rJô)un ol 3ul,{tt roJ suosud otul u^,\orqt uJAJ ato^\ slsllurlJs .seop!.Mru ol pJsoddo rr)^ aldord.srSV .lpp!W rql Sulrnp ssrrSord rlllrl,irr^ cpplur)u;)l)s'pPilsul .rJrupr roJ JlnJ e pcrrôJslp ro splro,r rJqto Llll^ pelp)runruulo)rêq tq8ltu r^ '^lou ig .,{lrnbrtue rruts,{ppors u.rq pell rJurrrs Jo ss Soldaql JI rq tqBrlu J,!\ prJue^pp rrou r{)nt(l I\oLI lrpuo^,\ ot SullsalJlul sl tl

'iJrl Io srurol rrlduls urorJ prdulr^rp peqs8ulrq uelunq lpqt prsodord rcpueurtxpuy pue /uns rLIl punore prôLU !trertql lcqt pitsrSSns snqJrplslrv /uJole rqt Jo erpl aql pstPul3lro sntlrrouilc'prl)lp;)rd cq plno) Dnlpu ur sluJAJ tpql pue gsrr^!un rql ur Irpro se^| rrrLIl lvqlp)^rlli)q oq^{'sl)rrD lu5!rup )qt ql!^{ upSrq r)ur!)s urrtssM .sts!tuel)s iq prsnpoqltLu Jlseq rqlJo ss til!r\p up sejlnbrr lEtrrlplu )lJlturljs Sulpuptstrpun

poqraw )IJIluaIrseql ol. uolDnpo4.uJ

2 Inrroducl ion lo Lhe Scienl i l i r Method

experiments. A procedure known as the scientific method was developed forgathering and testing information. Each chapt€r in (his book is based on someaspect of this method and how it is expressed in English.

HN., HNuhux\

.., AND fiHERE ARE IINISIBLE,RGAN l5/v1s THAT FLOAr N

fHE AIR AND LIVE I/I'IDEVouR BoDY., ,

t

pLrP sselu ro rqtrrn sPrl lEr{t tLrrql{ue sr rrlEwnon rrp I0 'lpoq rno,.{ '}ooq srqr irJnpltl Jo

'rJPds dn sc:lcl'Irup oi IrtP^{ rLIl pue 'rqlerrq

slsrsuor sn punorP BurqurJ^3

tafiow lo atqrN a4I'prgrssPl) iq i€tu rrlleu Moq t o purl pue rSesspd turr\otlol rql peru

qulptaa uoqs

'rrorssJrdx. puE rqSnoqt rutlurlJs or Jrspq tu:^ snqlsl uotr€rlJlssPl:) s)llsurlrerpqJ str r)rp d ueJ lsrSolorq p ,srlrrds ro ,dnorSrPlnrrtred pJo rrqrrrlu e sp IEmrup ue 8ur,{JrssElr Iq,.rr^JMoH ruo qreo,{pnts olelqrssodrul ipPrlr sr tr ,qupe uo slErurue pup sruEld lo spurl uonlrttl Iprr^rs crprrrlll rJuIs'^pelurtS prtJlprrd .q upr sitlrrdord str ,rurLuorq puE auuoltlr sednoiS rlrrEs cql ot SurBuolaq se prrJrruipr s! rurpor Jr ?snql .sanrrdord prlplrjLIlr,M sdnoiS otul slurluclo III llp 3u!3uerB,{q suollezllprrurS riELU upr lnq 'rurulrl: irt^r ipnts louueJ /.)ldtuexr rol ,sls!ulrql .Iprre ue otu! uortpulrolu!petPIJr dno.r8 stslluJlJs.uoutu.loJ u! )uJllrrlr lueuodutl Juo r^pq llp lpqls8u!qtJo dnolS e Sutue:)Lu-ssr/r pro.n iql uro.rJ srltlo or/rllilr"/r p.ro^4 e\I

slrouic sdlqsuollplir pulJ ot pue sDeJ Jql IJrss'', Ouo .runrrn nt ,Or"u tr'tllll'lrqf qBnou) tou sl st)eJ Sunlillo) ,{l.t.rrlu 1r^c/\^oH .rrott0luro,ur BuljrqteBpue sw)llB^rrsqo 3u11eur ;,r1o,ru! qriprsJ )lJllurlrs .lo soSels ,{lle, rql

NOTI)N(IOUINI

"tailvw lo uotltsodwo) aql

3u$;1sseI)

1 raldeqr

4 Classi ty ing

A classi f ical ion includes:

l . a gcneral c lass,2. a specific ilem or il€ms, aDdL a basis lbr c lassi f ical ioo, which is f fequcnt ly tr t s lated bccaLrsc i l i1

undcrstood or cxl lained elsewhcrc.

Consider lhis sample (cntcDcc:

All matter may be classified as either solid,liquid, or gas.

6A6Al1 nlat lcr may be classi f icd as ci lhef sol id, l iqt l i ( ] , or gas Sol i ( l \ are l l rnr . r l ( l

have a dcnnitc fornl . Rubbcr, wood, glass, j rorr , conorl , nnd sarr( i arc. l l t l .ssi l ic( las sdids. A considerablc lorcc would be nccdcd lo changc lhc shiPc or voLL'ntc olan i ron bar, for crample. Lr€cansc Lhc at(nns or nlnccr lcs ot n sol i ( l . rc dcnsclvpackcd and have vrry l i l l lc I rccdom of movcarcrr l .

Sol i ( is nray bc furLhcr dividcd inlo lwo classcs: crynal l inc,rrxl .nnn l t loLrs. R()ckswood, fapcr, and col lon are crystal l i r rc sol ids Cryslnl l inc $l id\ nrc nl i ( lc t r l ) ofal(rms arranged in a dcl lni lc pat ler 'n. Whcn thcsc vtkls arc hcate( l ' th( ch.rrgc 1oa 1(uid, knowD as mel l i r rg, is sharp an(l c lc.r . Ann)rfhoLrs sLLLrsLantcs inclu( lcrubbcr, glass, aDd sulf i r . In lhcsc subs(anccs, lhc l i lL1cl1l ol lhc alonls is not o|1lc y

.nd whcn hcalcd, thcy l radual ly softcn.Liquids, on lhc othcr lTand, arc not r ig id. l l walcr, l r r i lk, or oi l is pourc( l on a

rablc, i t wi l l l low al l ovcf 1hc surfacc. Thc nt( t l ls or r)rolcculcs ol l iqrr i ( ls al l l . lc l

ca( l lothcrandthercbyc|rablcl iq ids toUow. Bul thcscaL(tns.1rc l (x)scly sl f t lc l t rrc( i

aDd do nol kccp !bcir $apc. Thcrefore a l iquid wi l l lakc thc shaPc ol any conlai l lcrin which i i is DotreLl. Howcvcr, l iquids h.vc a dcf i rr i te vohrnrc; n qtran ol nr i lkcannol f i t in a Pir) t coulai t tcr,

Gascs, such as air , oxylcn, and carbon dioxidc' havc l lo l ixcd shal)c or volunrf

of thcir owr. Thcy di l lusc or slrcad oul () l i l l any cont.rrrcf l f watcr is prr l in l()a t i rc, i t wi l l nrn to t ln) bo(tonlr i f a ir is pu( i r) to <1 l i re, iL l l l ls lhc wholc sl)acc insidcthc t i rc. TI lc atoms or molc(Ll lcs ofgascs arc widcly spaccd nrrd movc vcry ral) id ly.Thcy cilher conllress or cxfand rc adapl to any .lrca

EvcrythiDg wc knolv is nladc of maltcr in sol id, l iquid or gascolrs lornl . Lalcrin (his chaplcr, wc rvi l l d iscuss othcr ways nlat lcr may bc classi l icd.

USING ENGLTSH TO CLASSIFY

( al'q prpnl)ul tou ore teql spllos l.qto IFnor^qoJre .Llt 's! leql ltuo8ue) lejru;B iql Jo suols!^lpqns ilqt IIe r.^or ,{l!pssrJ'U.

lou op slurll rglJcd$ rqt,lBtauoS ot rulrrds ruo{ 8ur,{JrsselJ uaqM)'tpltos sb ptlJlsspp ltD ttD puot puo 'uo a u t ,ssttl6 paa$ ra|qk[

lVU!rNe5 0r fHtf,ads wouJ DNrAcrssv'r3

'stlt1LltlJ1uu, pu! aulllttst\Jj :se|top o/1r',! olu! paplAlp Jrquklaq tput spllos

'suo1s!^lpqns rriqt rsrql ul prpnl)ul sl trletu llB lpqt JloN)'516 ra 'pvbtt pltos )aqtD rp pa{lssttp aq tDw ra nu llv

. lI:IIf,AdS OI'IVUIINIID I IO{C DNIAIIISSV.If

'trpu ro'plt1@'uvr 9e \pns',(ll qts$d Jo slpporu ureluor I0 rnbr{ s.)urlu.s rrorlerlrsselr 'uosprr srql roC'Jrrr^rluou ro J!t\!l rrqtr.r se uo codrul)r lp)rruiq) sI Jo (r\el Jql uo pJrlrsscP rq\PLU t|rlrlurpxr I'l l.)Un\ct) Jq ipu;DtLU \r\ .rLro ucqt.)roru \r Jrrqt tng

'iJuJluts

rql u! p. onuru lou sr qJrqM 'rrllpur Jo rlPls Iprlsiqd aqr sl Lrollerulssplr roJ

srsPq )ql srt pue p|\lb!l pltos .re sLLrat rgrtrads aqJ ,,rrltr sl sselJ JeJJuiS .ql

g SutlJtssel)

6 Classifying

Rock, wood, paper, and cotton are cryslalline solids.

(Nore that a classification is likc an upsidc-dotm lrcc The lrutlk of a trcc isdivided inlo large branchcs, cach large branch is subdividcd into smallcrbranches, and smallcr branchcs nray sobdividc again into evcn sm.lllcrbranches.)

NOTES

The passive form is used frcqucntly il1 scntcnces of classilicalior and in allscientific writing becausc lhc cmphasis iD scicncc is usllally or thc acliotl, rlolon thc perso[ performing lhe actbn.Thc present simplc tcnse is the mosl commonly Llscd tcnsc ill scientificwrling becausc it cxprcsses Lllrivcrsals, (For cxample, waklt Ireezes dt lf C )In a sentence like, Oxygen is a gat, o ly rhe meanirgs of lhc words oxrrc, and

9dr will {ygal which is the Scneral calcgory aDd which is thc sPecific itcnr.

2 .

l .

t .

'ir-1p ue sr pa15 7sr.rrr,rsqni sn,,r.r.wnrr ,re i'n1ri p,,o.nrnrlu .pp,t .;4dor .l

,\t

il()p s! ruo ls.tg rLII i)l^lr o,rr! rulrrds q)er p.," "rr,,

^r,rt'r, ,"rJ:|ji] :.:;-rrpun 1rclrDrurss l?lr Jo rrurlLrrs LI)er ut sozpt 4[pads pub lbrzlra, qulttlltuzpl

'stuz|ta atqlssod lltt'tatduntt

luo b tuatJod ar aras tsatl :aDN

fel

,", I i: r,iii : I ,, ̂*"" | ,o)drrP ILPJo atduexe up_J

rp).uosuP)t f Pi 'g!l

I n*""uf { 'q"lriil } ",e,r"e ( pourssPt)J

|. ,q.l",ij

N3C OI f,ICI)!IdS WOUJ 9NITJISSV]f,

Is:uoaartl'] ..,"re."r. j "ffi| "",u, ",",,,u, L s,o^rj

f pdnorgl

{',*,iili!J - 1,,,f;:* | I prrIFrPpJ frq ptnorl

f *"-:l,h'::Jj) rpv'os*,,.l i ,i'^'# 1 -""^| ..,".",, 1 | prsuPx? | t i,""'J

1 ."::l; | *'

1 J,T'l:jE IL *'"'',^'pJ L Prulssenj

SICrl:IdS Or.rvuqNa9 wouJ gNIICrSSyltr

Io ts t^rxa4t.tdutn o 1ox

.se8 e se

'lVUg

su"Qllod aJ 4uas

t 8ur.{Jrssel)

Classifying

l . Fivc inDonant classes ofconl lxnrnds.rc i rc ids, base\. s. l ts. nr0l i r l l i ( oxidcs,

and non etal l ic oxidcs.

4. A deer is a lJrnmmal.

t . carbon cxists in three fonns: graphi lc, dianlon(1, nnd nnnxphoLrs.

6. Rocks arc grcLrped into three cat€goricsi itjrlcoul, nrclanmrPhlc, and

sedimenlary.

7. Col lee, lea, and pai i t arc col loids.

8. Coal, wood, and oi l may bc classi l icd as i l rc ls.

9. Sal ls are inorganic c(Jmpounds,

10. Thc Lwo kinds ofnuclcic a( ids arc dcoxyl ibonucleic aci( l (DNA) i l i rd

r iborucleic acid (RNA).

Trcnsfefting Infothatior. Rcad lhc followirrg parngraph nrrd lin(l .ruhcr wayrbal mat1er lnay be classi l ic{1. Thcn usc thc inl i ) rnrat ion in thc passagc lo corrr l ) lc lclhc chart .

I ;LHCTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Mattef is l icqucrr l ly c la\si l ic( l accol.diDg lo iLs clcclr ' ical con(lucl iv i ly i r a con-( l , rc|or, noncoDLlr,rctor, or scnriconduct(r ' , Colrdu(loN havc nlnl ly c lcctfons th.1 nfcf icc () nmvc an(l arc uscl i r l i r l cnrryirr l l , oI cor l( lLrcl jnS, clccl f ic culrcnl . Al l r Clals,pa icuh y si lvct , coppcr, gold, and alu|ni | rur , arc good con(luclon SrLl)slnr]ccswith lcw l icc eicct()ns arc cal lcd noncor)ductors, or insu lalo$, l lccausc lhc) do rrolcarry clcclric charyc nrxl carl bc rscd to prcvcrll clcori(.ily lionl llov!ing whcrc iL is nolw.r\rcd. Air , wood, glass, arr( i plasl ic afc insr.r lators. A lcw suL)nirn(| \ , l i l ( f ca \rn,\ i l j L . ' | l r r ( l ; ( 1 r ' r r r r . r r r , l , r , , l l . r ' l r r r l , , ( r r l L f { ' r r r r r " ( , r l ' : ' I ' . ' l l , ! . , r i r ' \ " ras Jcmicon(luclors and afc usM in such clcctroni( dcviccs as Lfnnsislof ln( l io\ .

Jre suerqrqduP puP sJlrldcu

E 'rp sileJqJuJ^rrl

,q rpJ PlriDeg

's

t-€

'8

'9

'lerurLrP Jo

'sluPId

'JlLruiirour pue JrueBJo :

'srluJqtui^Lrl sP

Jq ,{E(u IJNPW

aq ueJ stJJsul

'ltrPlo Jo

'sle(utuP pur? sNPld

oMi oiulrq uPr rrltPru rluefuo z'srtslqJl']r^ur

p(r? liirerqrri^ tspfitLtv Jo - --:@@-

o.Ml o.re rqt .l

rre qElurup pue sl pldJo srlro3rlpJ IIE lou lpql ircN) .no,{ dl J ol /-1pd J)urtlros rqt rsn .sr)urnrJs Sur^^olloj Jqt rlJId(x)J .raJrr,rrrs

6 3u!^J!ssPl)

{ .rrq p srl

6 !!a4wo)

sluEld P5.s

l0 classifiing

The Passhte voice

The passivc form of a vcrb is used frequcntly in classifying and in all scicr)lificwriting. This is because lhc cnlphasis in scicn(t is uslrally on thc acti(t],,?dl onthc person perfonning thc actidr. A scntence is drliv? if lhe srbjccl Pcrft)rms thcaclior. 11 is pa.uivf it thc subjecl rcccivcs 1hc aclioD. Look al lhcse examplcsi

scientists classify mercury as a metal. fd.livr,

Mercury is classified as a metal. (pdssir?)

Thc sccond scnlcncc ii prefeffed bccarlsc it conccnlmlcs ou how nlcrcllry is clas_sifiid. (wc know fial scicntisls do lhe classiliing )

Formula lbr a passivc scDtcDccl

Objccl of vcrb pKrPcrfrom activc + fonrl ol +

sclltcllcc vcru ld ,?

pasrpart iciplc +

Meraury

ACTIVE

Thcy Erow coffee in Brazil arldCohmbia,wc usc lasers in Dlace of ncccllcsin courlMrlisc recorclingi,----

Thcy discovercd diamonds inSoulh Africa in the ninclccnlhcenrury,JaDres Watson aDd FraDcis Crickfonnulalcd thc lhcory of lhedouble hcl ix.Penici l l in can cure tnclrnronia.

Cha ging Actit/e voice to Passive Voice.scntcnces 10 lhc Passivc lbrm. Bc carclll

is classified as a metal' (by scientists).

by"phrasc(optionnr)

PASSIVE

Collcc is g()wD iD Brazil andcolunrbia.

Lascrs .rre u$c(l in place ol rccdlcsiu conrl)ad ciisc rccordings.

Dianlor)ds wcrc discovcrcd ir)Soulh Africa iu lhc inclecullr

The lheory ol lhc doublc hclix wnsfoflrulalc(l by Janles wa(s(nl ar)d

PncuDrolr in cnn bc curcd bvr;"'iiilli..

ChaDge ca.h 01 thc following a.tivc

l{) choosc thc corrccl tcnsc (Prc\cnl {'r

Ilrhe aclkD is in thc prescnl, usc lltc preseDl lcnsc ol lhe ve r lo l,a: a il lhc subicclis sinsular, lln if lhc subicct is plrral. If thc acli(n) is il) thc Pasl, usc lhc pas( lenscof rhc vcrb ,o ,cr lvr?J or wrrJ, wllcn thcre is ,1 nnxlll, lik( ,i or n,ri'I, tlic ,1?,r I'i\tr tllust be, lF tlrc cxanrple at',)v(, rhc Lty-Phft]sc {l) .Ji'rrrafs) is nol us((l h('(nuscit is uDders()od, Hcrc are sonlc activc senlenccs arrd lhcir (orrcspol)dillg lassivcforDrs.

\

!i)qlv ^q

rrtt Jo lrPd D lq (tonlro))

.|lrtrnUorurrLIt L' (ltur)

ro rlilprriii^ iilltro(1 ,{q (irnr)plnuorLr)

']r)sro uiuqPs iql

llrul( Iq (irnford)

r.)pun (r)ôrsrf)

't06t ur urrlsurS

trirûDlrr Jo Jruor .ql

qsll3q €

urn.Iqrri Jql pJllpr urPrq

Llrrrds LrplnnH I'i\.)ro.(t uorsr)j rqt !L,ls r)1 (prru)

srrnlcl'llturt qiJrq,{t urrlrr :rsncJrq qrrul

qL'r0q u)8(xp,{(t rq.L9rl)rxorplrlrunrsspl(xl ro ltlllpos qtl^^ lpJ lcltlruD

'sJtrrrt ll.()lsrrlJl(

dPoS s

tuo:)

'01

'9

t

t'z

't lilp^\

'l|LlrU iJ nOI L1 Sl? t()t,{,tJN

Iq (rlulnllur)slruul(l rlll Jo stLllii^,r )lll z'(;rr(\r\ct

fu- \,rlt.l,Irft\tnf {q j , rql ,,lur {l)(ty.),

F'a/7"AQa al/trl)rxouoru uo(uu) l1) stuno(ul? iSlul ,rpJI qr!3 .l

)r', uts.rsrrlui,r(i lrt (tr,)^ iLIr.Jo ru.ror)^tssu(r iU,,,, ,,,,, -il;:;l];; j;l;;jl;

)rurtrlrr r)r r)rn(luo) D ro,{).urtp) .'qr su rrurijrt",,,, ,"oo,,j}'.1:',fili:l::tl'il 'r.)rllrHol slprtrrup pup stupl(l f)lll,)Lto,:rlarLrrs,qrsscl:, s.rrLrrr.rtiirs srs,;u1,,,1 .urx)ru,)rlt LI(r s.rrtD.rr | prslltr llq!(lord s.ro.rtrwcrr)t)Dq iolts)p troolq rrlt rn s.rlrsndroi :Dn1,u ,rq1

uonDrUrnbrl i(l rrD rrll rlro.rt rrrilollru t)p.lxr uD) stsrtu)q:) .Jtdo)(t ilrDLLI p) tI ,(tt:) o)tx)r! ur )le bqul,) 9g6I )rtrtl6t Ur lErrD:) curpued rLIl prl)rtllro) srr)$M

,,, ,:",' ,,,,,,,. ,iXili Iil;ll,iili;;; '99l. l ur ft:)]]pq r|lrJlr :'rtt prlurûr lrlp^llr) rSrrrt

Lrrs r^rl)e rql.l0 Drlqns .qr 3lIq L' .]pDlrut .at ,r qrr^ rLIl r(U

l I Sur,qrsspt:)

7cq,, "./rzxfo, ,,t"ol/ fvpaqra t1

lror )rrrprlo^ ttl()rj lulns Dplxr JA{ ,l

'J)urtu:)s r^rssed rqt ot tlrplrodurr sr (i)Lrrtrcql) l)Jlqns tcur,Stro rqt )u[ll no,( LrrqM )se]rJd(tpntd ro rptnSurs) rrqrxnu Drrror rql puD llspd

l2 classifying

READING SKILLS

Vocabulary Building

A good vocabulary will help you \ir'ith cvery aspecl ol conrmunicalior'l; il willimprove your reading and iislening comprehensiol and will cDablc yon 1o sl)cakand wrile belt€r. A good vocabulary will hclp you succccd in arry profcssiol

whcn you first sludy a language, you icanr cvcryday words lhal arc repcatcdso oflcn thal dley soon bccome pall ofyour permancni vocabtrlary, Howcver, allcfyou have acquircd a basic vocabulary, therc is always a dc'dinc in vocairuhrygrowth ralc. Reading and speaking lhe langualc will increasc your llucnry butwill '?ol aubnradcally incrcase your vocabulary This is beLausc lhc words you arclcanling appcar lcss frcquendy and are lhus n rc dillicull 1() rcmcnllrcr. Al lhisslage of languagc dcvclopmcrl, you must lnakc a spccial effofl lo acquirc new

All thc words in lhc vocabulary scclion$ in this book wcre selccLc(l liom thcreadirgs and leclurcs bccausc thcy appcar frcquenlly irl s('icntifi( discou$e Tl)ercarc Do rarc or spccialized words, Thc word parts ar('dln) lhose lblllrd fucqlcnllyin scicntifia lcrnrinology. In addi1kt1, the vocalrulary sccii(tls colltain strnlcgics forconli l1uing lo build your vocabulary, lhat i$, ibr Dlaking vocaL)l laly gr)wth nlifc!ime habi1.

voubuur! 1 Co text. circla lhc lcltcr of thc nnswcr thdt bcsl nralchos lhcnrcaning of thc ihlicizcd word as it is uscd in cach of thosc scDlcllccs

L Aloms arc it?,4t?rlt5i,rdl iD sizc,\!y' rrny b. hlgc

b, machincs

a. unable to bc dcnroycd b, unablc k) bc conslruclcd

6. Al onc timc lhc alom was thoughl rc bc fudlvirirl.'., a. unable l0 bc divkled b. nnablc to be sccn

7. Eilrslcin's ideas arc 1oo llbilr?d for nrany pcol)lc lo ulldcrslalrd.

2. Chcnrists study the compositiot of Datural trrrsld,?dta. malerlals

3. Thc whalc suddcnly efidrred frcnl thc walcr'a. atosc b. disappearcd

4. All maller is cithcr liquid, soli(i, ol gas, and solkls may bc srrlt,llL'id.tl inlocryslallinc and amorphous.

.". b.tll]r ,p q bi)kclLdown

5. Plaslic products arc hard 10 disposc ol becanse lhcy are alnost /r?/.'.{.1:!!i4b._

b. lhcorci ical

'slnoru Io Jperu sr plio^r

rtF llY sLtI()]D prllPr sJprrrp(l rrllr,'urs orî lo .|![r rrr silnriiow Jdorsor]IllrlujriMo(l L' qtr^ ui^r U)rs )q {)l ,{L t oot ,srtnrrloru prllDr iilr .red I() rpuurrrE stlr lr)t3 s oulsqns Uojll[u ]noJ upqr olu )rtl .Ipru ot s,.{D^,\ tu)r.ljlp urrurqu)r tPqt slu.rurlr Jo s.l({rucxr IID irp ruuolqr pULr ,!oqJcr ,I}lns ,ll rlrrLUnl!'ploiJ lrriJorp,.(q'rr.rijixO I stLrorLDI:r P;r[u:.rrP qrrq^{ ,.rrnpur

]o siniuu^ rlrrr{Jrp00t lnoqu ̂llro lo (1D.prlu rrp siJtrutsqns rsiLll ll! tpqr r)Lr)l:)\ jo strpJ itorzpururqlJo i(ro sr tt l)I] uuru ol Lr^,{oul \lrrutsqns uorllrru.rnoj rrô rrp rrlll

6ulpbau

'q(iulSProd q)L'rIo )r!rrttr)s )l(lot rql puIotB [] sli:,i)u.r(l r.ronbs t|(l ,ri{ussu(l lirlr()ll()t iLlt UI

( ill(lulilutp(iliqlo rrii,\{l)q Uottrsrrolt u suslrc.lo q(loriiur1]({-rJlFur r|u.tot lu|lituru Uorldns rLtlL']rro) ll rsnlr)iq i)u.)tr|Js rl(lolorr sr?ll q(ic.riJDrpd u.{llerrorsDrrO) r)u)lUir rl(lot :rqt ot itL,l).r plnorls q(turSulu(iiqt ul sirtli]urs )Llt llV q(lordl,lud i)Llt lo ilpptru lt Lrj lL,i(l(lu tl srop ,4liru.l.{ltrO ll ol (ln iilrpDil smuJturs liqto Lltr^{ ,i)Uituis tsul iql sl tl sJrurt jiq() lv 'trolllsLruJl .ro Lroll)npo. Ul uu rilu I|lui(l(lu ,DrrrlLtis pUo)is lt st tl si(tll !los 'qdDrlJuru(l ;)rlt lo i])uitu)r lsjlliql s,tL,^\lu lorr lnq il)Urnlrirl sl iruilUis )r(lot iqt

'J:)u)t(ris )l(lot .')rlt Ut l)rtul\ sIluqM saô.(l Jo 'sJl,t.rpl) ,sLIul(lx) luql uoll0uuotrrl sl luql-lullilutrr iitltJo(l(lnssuruluo) !l(iuriiuru(l Jqt jo t\ij Jql rl({uriJcrpd.)Lll Ltr !tolturulotul )Llt llt? lrô) olullriqturr tru rp sl)u Ll)ltlM ',lJr /rll /.1J 1r1.1r p ut p;)tpts illpnsn sl t(li)Uo) irll sl(li)uoJJsoql sl,(xklns tDqt ILrl.tJlpr|t l)uu !il(lJruoJ lo,{lutuul slslsrI()) iJuIt.tM )ltl!trl)S

soapl uloN 6ulpu!!

wotv lDu$allu{w a\I

plrqro .q prqsuD 'l'J)Pds rrr Frlqo

r;)qlorrp qtr^ li1l,r/..r rrlro $lltcln lrlrpl(l Jrlt tcrll tr)dsns sts UJt)s uoS Zl

rot nl \rt q r(u.r:{ltslp .P'lqirrl )LIl dr r(rrrr./r, .I| ll pi^1oqs srotrnb()rlr )q-L I I

s)l)r) ! s)LJJlJ.is l:'quPr iqt plrnojp Jr//.nrj u(x)tu )q.L

urql 'q l)qt e

'n')r lrsr.rl rlll Lll rpppr uo 1lr.' ot flq JuplrlrlD It

'01

uorlDrcdrs q ,{tr^ttrD lpJrLuiqr 'r

'isiri s npord u)ii,{xo prru uorr Jo ,orrr.lr .ql 8

aI 3ur,{Jrsseltr

l4 Classi ty ing

The conccpl ofatoms firn emerged in ancienl Greece. In 400 R.c. thc philon)pher

Dcmocritus theorized thal maucrcould be dividcd inlo smallcrand smaller l)a rlicles

until a point \aas reached beyond which no furthcr subdivision was possiblc. Thcse

indestructiblc particles wcre called alonror, a Grcck word mcanirg irdivisiblc Weknow taday that atoms are so small fia1il would takc nore lhan a million oflhcnlto equal the thickn€ss of this s!,c-c1-q1!qP-er' Dcmocritus' thcory, howevcr, was

not universally accepted in lhe ancient world, for many bclieved in Arislollc'slh€ory thal matter is composcd offour elcmcnls: earth, lirc, air, and rvatcr.

During the Middle Agcs in Europe, thc concept oI atoms was collsi(lcrcd l(x)abstrac! a nd was acco rd ingly rejeclcd. Fina Uy, in I 804 lhc Englishnan Joh n Da ko nformulated aD atomic theory bascd on his experimcnlation. Hc clainled ftal allmatter is made of atomsi lhal all arcms of a single elcmcnt havc lhc samc shafe,size, wcighl, alld behaviori and that aloms ofeach e]cmcnt are diffcrcnl ftom lhoscof any other elemcnt, He said that aloms are nol crcaled or dcslroycd Lrut rathcrform new combinations in chemical reacli(,ls.

Dalton roughl thal aloms wcrc solid, but ()day a(tns arc belicvcd !o consistmainlv of sDacc, wilh a dense nuclcus at lhe ccDtcr, Thc size of lbc nrclcLls illsidc

ff:l,.Lil";";'";i;i"",r'i'iffi31 n", r,'nball ncrd. Eaih nucrcus cqry.irillkr{protoDs, which havc r posj t ivc elc(r i ( charge, al ld n( l l l rons whi ih hivcno.cni l l ( r(Thc nucleus is surrouDJed by clcctftrnj, which l)avc a neFnli\c clcitri( chart}aTliinumber ofprotons equals lhc numbcr ol clcctroDs in cach alom, aDd thcrcfore thc

cnl i re alom has Do cha4tc. In l9l l , thc Danish physicis l Nicls Bohr l )rc )sed a

model of thc alon iD whi(h thc clectrons rcvolved around thc DLI(lcus likc thcplanels revolve arouDd thc sul'l Today thc movemeDt ofclcclrons is thoughl () bemore l ikc Lrccs hoveriDs dn)uDd-a hiv( Thc lorce of al l rdcl i ( \n bclwc(rr lhc fosi t iv(prorons jn ihi irucla[i aid the rrcg:r-ivc clectnrn\ v! hirlilF afinrr]J kecP: thc clcc-lrons in their padts.

?zz -

\ 'hd's

/; - - Itn

/ , e b i \ \

l I a o\ \ o . t ]

\ \ i r h i

2 /\ - - - z l

hsllum olom

what is ir'thal makcs iron hard, oxygen a gas, and mcrcury a liquid? Theproperlics of an elcmcnl arc dcrcrmi[ed by thc rumbcf ol clcclrons in ar a(nn,

rahich is (al lcd the alomic number' Al l atorrr ' lJ l lh, ' 'arrr , ( lcr '1cr) l are Jl ik| ] l l

youvr \ccn orre dlom o{ oxvgen, you\( sccrr lhcm.r l l H)JroFrn. rhc l r lnr. \ l

element, has one clccLron and onc proton, In faci, the hydrogen alom, lhc most

,commonalom ir lhc universe, is lhcbasis on whichourenlirc Llniversc {ras formcd

Oxygen has eighl protons and cighl electrons. U.mnilrln, one of thc hcaviesl elc

menis, has 92 protons and 92 cleclrons

ruPpL]llqP q',.rr.r os rrp .{JrJl rsnetr:q ,{tuEct i^rsurdx) rrEspuourer( z

'ztll

sitProrlP^r .q QIL'rPdrs roLrJ8,{xo plre rrr8orptq orur $rrd&rrrp rrlpx.i

'srrLrJtlrrs isJLIt Jo Lltrp:) ur prsn sr lr sp pro^^ I)rzrrnplr rql Jo SUruEILrJqr srllrrpru rsrq lEql rr.,\,\suc rql lo .lrllJl rqt Jtrrrl .rxrlrrD ut {-u4 qoxoA

S'I-IDIS 9NINAISI.I

'rs.ri)^tlnt r(lt Ln urole LlourLu)) lsolu )Llt st ruolE uJii,{xo Jrll 'u!)nlxo j0 sruolp ot llrllU.pr )rc !.tojp,{tlJo sluolv'Irri).r{Jrp r.rr tu)urrlr rlij ls u Jo surotc )qt llv

'suolord jo .rrqutru JLII l)nu sl()rDJlJ.10 r)qLrrrru )ql Jo lr?x)l lt st ll|Jru)1.) Uu Jo .torlrrIl]U )tulotLl )Ll.t, 'ltr^c.riJ Jo rr.rot ,)LIt,{q srltud ir,)Llt ot ldil )lp sUo_rlDIn

's I',1'€

I

's

'az

ii,rr^ro^)., suoi))iri )Lrr r{rrM r,oru iqr ,,,,"n,,,, " n.lllll:lli'il,!'ii:,'; .,,r)qurnu ilrr slcnbi s.oror(r sr.,o r)q..rru ,,,,

"rno.ru ,".,,n,r,1'l1",ll]il iilJ| . 'Jn.rorlr )l.lt.)rli )^|lL,li!l u J^!q sUo.lt\)N ,{l'srro.[))lr puL),slrojltrJu ,suol()](l rl!M lril)p(i ,{lrsu.)p )_t! strlo]V .l

'rru !r! Jo )/ts )rlt ()l lutrt)J st ulolp uu l)plsUr rn)l)nlt ! jo iTrs rqI .9

p.u 'sooloid ,slto.rl)Jl) to l)rso(lulol J.ru srr,.)tp ler,, n.rr,.,".rU, "",;11",1';:; 'pixli)ru,{l)pr^1 srM ,(ro)qt )[Uolp rr]l ,srHV rlpprW )ql n^uunO 'r)lpM plru rrp ,)ru ,qup) :srrr urlr rn0tJo pJs(xJrno)

sr.rilrL'ru lD!ll ,(.ft))ql s,JIrclsr.rV p)^)rlrq.)Lro,{rr^r,rr.rr) lLr)l) L, ultOSt rropq rsrx) 1oU pll) LrJolD rqt Jo ldDrror .LlI

Pf-Pa "lotq

@tr"w, ltat?a v,/t f4,,itlbl'sruol! upqt r) p[rs Lrr^J Jrp s)ln)il()w .l

,{q L,ors,,r,r,(r,,,or i,L,,r,L.r,,,ro,{ ,,". ",".,.,, l:1i,'l"lii:li,liiif;J:ii:l:1,:'lj rfrrr'r rLlirsrsuorul sr sru)ulJrL'rr iirll^{olloJ rqlJo Lt\pa 6uryDaa aq lu!pup$tapLtD

',{JrJLri rro iJLr^,ij,iJu,p,1'r5.,,Lrne.ruttrs,Hurrrrqr,,,,,, r,,^,,." 1ilXT,i,:'i:::'t#:Jsnprrq stsrxr rlrl llv .rrnpllrJo sr,Jrrits lpu sJlruULrr )sJlltJo rlrorflrq puE sUorl|q IIIIo rpEU sr Jo aoul pup r)s rd flurql,{rr^q :nLrolD J{r rpPrlr sr ptroM rltl IIV

(I 3u!.qrssPt:)

l6 Classi fy ing

.

t2,

4.

) .

5 .

7 .

8 .

Thc df,v i(c wr ' Ll l ivrn b\ n,echnnknl\ ' r [ t : l \a. ]nachire b. elccrrical

Akhough hydrogcn and oxygen havc sonc similarilics, cach hascharactcristics dral arc drsllr?d.a. similar b. diffcrenl

Sodiunl and chbrinc are the .onstirr?rtr of sah.

Oxygen is a very a.t,v? clcmcnla. stable

b. characterisiics

thal combincs rcadi ly wirh othcr clcDrcDts.b. unsrablc

sonle mushrooms arc safe $ cal, ard o rers are pdlr.rq|i,a. delicious b. d-cjldly

It was importanl 10 kecp thc temperatllrc ar,iJlrr?t throughout lhcexperimenl.a. unchaDging b. changirr!

9. Thc outcolqc of an cxpcrincnl is aflectcd by y44'n0LJ.a. subii-e;&s b. changing lbc$rs

Bcsides nilrogen and oxygcn, lhcrc is a small l,/rro,rio, ol olhcf gnscs in thcair,a, quali ty b. quanlhy

The noblc gascs arc a group of gases wilh l?o,rrorereorr prollcrlics,a, similar b. diffcrol}tt

A. mots\\ito is cdkgo zed as al1 inscct.a, alassified b. dc$cribcd

A flower can only /aldl, ils lJcauly for a short linlc,a. kecp b, bse

Note-Tekitrg

Many pcoplc likc 1() lakc a camera whcn they makc a lril) partly bc(ilusc lhcyknow that they will remember the pcoplc arrd placcs lhcy havc rccofdcd on filrrrand forget much of thc resl, Thc Dotcs you lakc during a lccturc arc likc lhcphotographs you take on a lrip. what you rccord, you will relainj nlorit ol thc rcst,you will forget. Without noles, ir a shon whilc you will u ndoublcd Iy .I(r rgcl nlostof the malerial prescnted iD a leclurc, evcn whcn thc subiecl mallcr is ilrlcrcstilrgto you, Just as wilh picturcs, your goal is !o rccord as nany imporhDl points ascleady and spcci f ical ly as po"iblc. Nole-tdkirrA wi l l l10, i r l tcr l (r( wirh y( ' rrr l incrr inson rhc conrrary. i r wi l l help )ou lo locus o; whal is Fin! sJir l nn' l rvoir l l ( l r i r \Fyour'mind wandcr. The succccding chaplers contain suggcstiol)s li)r Sood nolc-laking.

Take noles as you lisrcn lo lhc lccturc "The Chemislry ofMa(lcr,'and lhcn Llsevour notes to comDlclc thc nexl cxercise.

I 0 ,

Fi:ni,{,?lullll!4u9.r.rs uHEodvH

| -ln^f ^h t^ I |rf ,1L

'q(tcrirprpLl rrlt lst tEq^^,f/,0 plrp Lldprgprpd rLIl ul sr lellr Burqlfur^r ro^or plnoqs qrrqM ,rJuriur;Jrdol iql ur pJzuut(ltuns st eJpr ro tqBnoql lpllLliJ srq.L ,tq3noqt atJldruo) I sJssJld -xr rld|:.Itered LI)eg sqderiJpred otur pizJtll]&o sr lpurtpw u.;nuM ,qsrliJu! ul

sazraluas tyto"L

S]'II'S DNIJTUM

atr,teld lleql()oJ p a.^nJitip ,rllod e .tsliiolorP,{sd e alsd3olotoctrur ' u atsltu.Ll) p . tslilololq B tsrlrtul lrlitlLu uonsrulsselr Jo sncl,{t lpqM r)srid_

rljlJnds u loJ tolp e rqrr)srrd ol popiiu rq plno^t uoltBuloJUJ slql rtainqt pLrp 'lunlltor LtlLuelr^ ,lualLlo) lutns ,llril|lo)lolnrsSiriilJ ,trallloJ (ulllpos

'srFolpr 0l ilulplo))e spooJ iiullJlssplJ ul pilsrot!ll ,q tlliiFrt tslrloltlttnu V .{

aturlrnoJ ro LrMol e Jo rldood *ll asqol asle.urLru is'rt!ns :lulpere(]lllTZsrulu ZslmLI)s Zstp) .$uqeJ aspooJ ^Jlssulr plrn)t no,{ slDn nuos rlp lBqAA ,Z

almqrs .lo sselr slqt ul stlripnls rql IJrssulr no/ lq8lu ̂..toH .l

'slul uL()u pltD tlulru se pizpoiiaut lltuiltbr.rJ rtp,{nql'stlllnlllsl|oJ str Jo Jsoqt Lt(xJ NrlrJJIp rre $llsllitJBluqJ sll

.ol1lult ul punoJ z6 tnoqg ll() )ru rlrlll'srrlddlr uolllsodruor it!ulrif to M!l )qJ

sINrod Norssn)srq

'zI

'II

'01

'6

's

'iL()JO iJdrrrcxi ue sl UoqJP) g'rLloJo ildruPxr uc sr Illw z

'(luJnllrsu'\J \tr J() $llr)(ld(l iql (ltlpr rl 9'J|l)rlolu q)er LrlLlIM (uotp.Jo rd,{t JLlo ueqt olu sl ,JJqI

'suur(r lP)lrrlJq)

,^"rrrurpro ,{q SJJUplsqns rrldluls olul Lr.44op rrrlorq aq touueJ tl.)uo.lo rldllrDxr up sl lorlo)lv .t

'sur?arlr IPJrLreLIJrru ^q prlerpLt.s aq louueJ strrrntrlsuo) sll .Z

'uort]odord llrp or llrJsJld Jq,{pru sturnlrtsuoJ sI .l-n-'o)

pnnodtuor ro '(rt) rrntxrul ,1!,) turur:rP ue Surqr::srp se sluJrlr.tpls rsrqt Jo LlreilJlss.'lr o1 rrnr).I rql tuo{ uolteuiroJur rqt rsn ,{rsrrt) o! saloN rfio( 6ulsn

tI 3u!AJIssq:)

-

r8 Classi ly ing

The lopic sentence nray appenr ar th€Lhc rnain idcir . Or i l mny ,ppc.r . r thcsenlencc u i i lcs lhc pnraqrnph and rrrakcsThc resl ol lhc scnlcnccs in Lhc p.ragfrph

begn ing of rhe p. r .gfafh to nnnounceord ro sLi l l r i r iTc lhr l i ( lcr . Thc lopici l c lcnr ar)d u dcrs l i r rd i lb lc l rJ thc fc i rdcf .shrxr ld g ivc ( lc l . r i ls th i r r sut)poa, cxt r ld jn,

or provc rhe nlah poinl.The sanplc paragraph below is i rr(ompletc. Rca(t i l .n( l thi .k of . goo(t lo l) j (

scntcncc lo uDi ly i l . Also, l l r rd lhc onc scnlclrcc lh.r ( l (x:s /rd/ l )c loul l i lhc pnr-ngr 'alh.

Aslfonomers classi fy planels accordirg lo thcir posi l ioDs in rcl . rLioD lo rhc earlh.Thosc lhal arc insidc lhc (anh s or l , i t ( lhnt is. Mcrcury.r( l v(nLrs) i f ( ( l i rss(( t , rsi | r lcr ior planels. Al l the olhcf! arc cal lcd supcrior pi .ncls Rcccnr spncc cxIkrrar ionshave uncovered no cvidcnce of l i fc on any of thesc f laDcts. Plnnets mn-v also trcclassi f ied a(cording 10 lh( i r s i / ( nr( l mnss. M{:rcury, Vcnr.rs, Mnrs, ar( l I 'kr lo i r(sonel imL,s cal lcd lhc lc lrcslr ia l | la| lc ls bc(nusr Lhcy nr( s irrr i laf i s iTc (o 1hc caf l l ) .J lrpi ter, Satu l , Uranlrs, ard Nc|t l r rc arL' lhc nlajof or lar l j ( r plan{: ls. . lu| i lct isthe largesl, fol lowcd by SalLr 'n ard lhen lhc "twiDs, ' Urarr!s nnd N(l)runr.

Which of thc fol lowing is lhc t)cst lopic scnlcn(( lof rhis l ) . r .gr i r l )h?

L Plnnels nray Lrc classi f icd accordinl l lo si /c an( l m,rss.2, Pl incts may bc clnssi l icd a((o( l i r ! l lo l ) ()s i l ior or Jrzc.L scient ins classi ly nrarry rhings i l l lhc unrvcrrc.4. Plancls nr.1y L)c classi l ied acco inl t lo lx)si l ion.

scrrtcnccs I an( i 4 arc loo Daffow to bc thc topic scntcocc, l i ) f nci lhcf covcrsal l rhc infonnat ir)n in lhc par.graph Sc r( ]rr(c I is ror lhc l )r \ l l )c. .u\( j r j \ l rx)brca( l ; i r i t r lor spccj l ic ro this f ; ragf( ' lph. ScDlcncc. l is Lhc bcsL LoI ic scntcnccbccausc i t annouDccs cxacl ly whal the par.Uraplr is aboul-Do molc, no lcss.

whi(h sc[ lcncc docs not bcl(Jng in lhc par. lgraphl lhc scnlcDcc thi l bcgin!Reccnl tpa|e aql lordt iaf is , , , is rol rc lcva| l lo lhc l (rpic ol c l issi i icnt iolr nud lhcrcfofclhould n0l bc iucludcd.

writing a Pardgraph of Classificatiotl

Wri te a paragraph ol c lasr i f icat ioD based on onc 01 lhc l j iscLrssion Poi| l ls 111.11in!eresls you. Sla| t thr paragfaph with a topic scr) lc l l r r t ] r i rL

l statcs l l )c Inai ! l idca,2. is broad cnougb 1.) covcr cverylhini t in 1hc paragrir fh, andL is specif ic enough Io cov€r only whal i ! jn thc |aragr. l )h.

The resr ofthe senlences shoLrld providc lhc detaj ls that rc l . lc to, sLr lrpon, or rx lr l i j r rthe ropic sentence.

Always reread your paragraph, prelcrably al tcr sonrc l inrc h:rs passcd. chcck 1osee that ev€ry s€ntencc is rclated to lhc lopic scnlcncc.

6I

'))uJlrs Jo tJrdsp iir^r Jo lrEd e snql ,rp suosrJ€dllro:)

'r;ruP) Sunl puP SulIoLus urr^\rrq Iu!l p Jo turôrs!p :qr ol pil leLJl uoliplndodIPrrurB rql Jo rsotli qlrM s.u!lJ!^ IrruEJ Sunl Jo srqpq rqt Jo rrosuPdnrore sE/|l rI lJlpllos,{rql sp'rrpds ssal dn .!et ro'DerluoJ sptnblr rJtlto lle leql,Motls suoslledluo) uJq^ BulisJrJlul rroru sr pllos srLuoJrq tl urqr\ spnPdxerrrP^/\ rPql rrPJ rql rus tqlJo lq8lr^{ eqr sJnrrl rrrrlr rq or prD^Dsrp sr qunrrrql urq^\ e^rssrrdui srLUoDq iluo pe.rq Jo qunrJ E IrlEr uer tuE ue tpqr DeJJLII 'JIdurpxJ rog uollpLuroJul uo J^!DJd$Jd /\Ju e Jprôid suosUedluo)

'rlrt It puP'^trtrqPlrE^P lsor'Itl^!lrnpuor lerlortlr roJ porEdu-roJ rrp slElrlu snopE^ '3uFI^ Iprulrrlr .roJasn ol J)uetsqns qJ!q.M JuluuJlap ot 'JIdorexJ rol surrlqord .Alos 01 sn slquuJsuoslredLuo) u.lO t8prl^{ouI Jtr!lurtrs Surrue^pe prp^lot drts luEliodrul op3u!IELu ,rrâ ,{rql'tou soop i)uots pup surnq pooM lellt pr)ltou sBrr!Jq uplunq)lrots!qJrd uJqM ll puedx, oslE tnq uo!lelu,rolu! iSuEDe ̂luo tou suoslrPdluo:l

rtl.ltouP sl SulredLuo:) uolleui.,oJU! 3o!SuprrpJo,{ei{ cuo s!uollB)l.llssPlf sdlqsuoltel:)r 3u!Ir)s iq uollpLUroJul rzlupBro ot fut sts!tLrrlrs

NOIl.)NqOUINI

sl.uawalg aql

tulreduro)

7 lartdetlt

20 Compdring

Shott Reading

Read lhe following passagc al1d find as nrany colrlparisons as you can.

The wonder MetAk

Thi sludy of melals bcgan in lhc Middlc Agcs when alchcnrisllj scarchcd for.alechnique r( ' c inrvcrt 'brq( mclal ' , " l ikc ledLL l , \ g,) ld. lhcy rrcvrr \ rcccc( l(( l i r rmaking l io ld but at )cr ' t by c\pcr inreir l int wi lh lhc mclal \ ( i r r j , 'n lr . ls l l i , lhcancient Grccks, who only spcculated about thcnl) dlcy nrade nlany discovcrics.

All bul 20 of the over 100 elemcnts idcnliiicd to dalc are mclals blrl only 7 ofthese are common in thc carth's crusl, lron, lhc nlost wiclcly ulcd rctal, is rarclyfound in thc frce stale (not combiiEil rr'ilh olhcr rielals) and nrusl bc cxlr..lcdfrom nalLrral lv lccurr in! (rrmpounLis rorc: l : \u(h a\ hcr lr . r t i l ( , mn$ncl i lL. i r r , i l ) l r i t ( ,Thc bcaul i ful cok)rs ( ' f ro.kr . rr( Juc i rLtn' \ t c l l l l rc l ) l ( ' thfsc inir) ' , ,n)n0ulr ! i ' l r rfact, iron pyriie is oftcn callcd lbolt gold bcca sc oflhc sinlihrity ol ilt cok)r rcgold. Irorr is vcry slrongly magnclic, and thc la(llhal the earlh is a il4g_Dglt ilsclflip,pcd scicnrislspff 1() thc thcl drat i()n is a nlaior contponcnl ol thc a'anll's colc,

Pure i roD is a rclat ivcly sof i , s i lvcry nrctal lhal is vcry act ivc chcnl i (al ly ( lhal is,it combines wilh oxyAcn to clgoclc or form rU!!), It is usrlnlly nlixed with olhcrelemcnls or conrpoL )cls ro form qugys such as slccl, shjnlqls -stccl, or c_!1t! ] itll,which arc morc durablc and rusl rcsislaDl than purc i ron,

AILlminllft is thc mosl abundanl nlctal, but il wars l)ol useci ul)til a ccnlury a8obecausc it is so aclivc chcDrically and difiicult lo cxtract. Like ir)rr it is n)li, btlt incoDtrasl to iron and stccl, ahnrinuIn is vcry IiSht at)cj lDolc rcsislilt)t to corrosi(nl.Thcsc qualilics makc it uriclirl lbr airplar)cs, lraius, .lLrlonn)t)ilcs, l1)ckets, and houscsidinS.' ln ihe

1940s, magncsi l lm cnlergcd as ar inl l )ortal) t nrclal . Al thoLrgh i l is lcssabundanl iD thc caflh, morc chcDrically aclivc, a (i har(lcf t() cxtfacl tltnn alll'minum, i l is prcsclr l in sca walcr ar)d lhal means thcrc is alnlosl alr c l lc l less strDplyol i l .

In thc spacc agc, thc cxtraordinary propcrlics ol tilaniurt have nrndc il Lllc llcwwondcr mclal. Lighler aDCl slroDgcr lhnrr slccl, it is Drorc rcsislanl lo corrosi(D.1ndablc ro withstand hcal.

rhe iiiifiining malor mcrals arc sodilrm, l)oiassi!rnr, arrd calcitrDr, nll (x) activechcmically (lhcy rcacl vktcr)tly wilh rittci]l(ia usc ilr corrstrLiciioD.

ulnulurnlP > unrseuSPru :aruPpunqe' ' ' 'lLintlunlv Ltb|t !u'a tql ul ptltpunqt ssal s1 la ltsduqo tl lt qlha\lv

Iaals pup uotr < unurunlE :uolsoJroJ ol etuelslsat

l5als pup uor! < unununle tssaulqSll' ' ' '/ktltl/,krJ

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" l,$u fua^lls 'tos tla[lLrlrJ tt st uolt trnd

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SAf, N!IUEIJICI CNIISYUINO3

runultunlE = UOJ! :SSauIos' ' ' '[os st luulutunlvl ]t Ltofi tlt'I

plo8 - allrid uorr :roloc'ploi ot toto) s .[o [tulrl ul$ t4t la asnrraq pp6 s,loo! pdl]Dr ua{o alltlil Lto. .

s gIIIUY'lthlls DNravdr\io)

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IZ SuuEduro)

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22 Comparing

Sentance Pattefts

COMPARING SIMILARTTIES

frire Iu ,nn. . iu . i , I ' i - i ru ' '9 . | , ' , . ' " , . .

Las jmponanr asJ

r**, ',," hqll" '.} aruminum in mdny sr)\.- | para lers ]

CONTRASTING DIFFERENCES

f is unlike IIron 1is dtfferent from I aluminum.

Ldiff€rs from )

unlike iron, lIn contrast Lo iron, Icornpared lo i ron. I

alumrnum 's l '8nr '

In comparison to iron,J

fheavier rhan lI ron is l less abundant than I aluminum,

Lnot as sofl as )

, ,on ' , u {relar ivelv . }"urr .nerar.l(omparauveiyl

Ufiderstafiiling Compansors. Rcad thc passagc bclow () dc(crminc lhc oftlcr olthe sevei ilalicized metalli accordirg to thcir mcllir)g pojnts. Lisl thc nrclal wilhlhe rrrjre,I mching noinl /1,..r.

The mehing poiDl ofplnrirrrr is high comparcd to nnsl melals but not as high asthat of chrotfiium. The mehing point of zir. is lcss lharr half the mclling loint ofgrld and approximatcly thrlc timcs lhe mehing poi of rrdirrr. Mr,Irry has thclowest mclling poinr ofall the metals- clopper a|1(l uold havc similar meltirS poinls,b thc mcl l ing poinr ofcoppcr is s l ighl ly highcr lhaD gold ard lower than Dlal inunr.

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z4 Comparing

Creati g Sente ces. Writc a scntcncc comparing lhc itcurs in cach oflhcsc pain.There is morc than onc way to wrilc each anslver.

l. surface lcmpcralurer Mcrcury-3to'CVcrlus-475oC

3 .

5 .

maximlm l i fe !pal l : . kangaroo-16 ycarscat-23 ycars

cakxies; applc (mcdium)-75cgg- 70

diameten moon-3,480 kmcanh- I2,800 km

geitalbnpcriod: elephanl-21 monthsgiraffe- l4- l5 months

percent of y,/otld's water: Pacific Occan-46%Atlanric Occan-22.9%

6 .

credtifig compddsons, comparc thc items in cach ol lhcsc pairs orally ilr or)c ortwo scnlcnccs, Notc $al thc itcnrs havc somcthing iD comnlon, for odrcrwisc thercwould be no poinl in comparin8 tbcnr, A goocj way $ make a coDrlar ison is lobegin wilh whal thcy havc iD common. Inchrdc al lcasl onc way thc ilculs arcsimilar and onc way lhcy arc diffcrcr)t, For cxanrplc, 10 compare tca aDd coffec,you mighr say, "Borh coffcc and lca arc drinks, bur coffcc is nrade froDr a bcanand tca is prcparcd from lcavcs."

l. a lelescopc and a microscopc2. a submarine and a dolphiD3. a compuler bnd a calcula(t4. a descn and a juDglc5. a photocopier ard ar1 x-ray nrachinc

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26 comparing

READING SKILLS

Vocabulary Brilding

Interrupling n reading or leclurc ro look up words in a dicli(nrnry will breakyour concentration. Thcrclbrc, wher yoLr rcad or hear a ncw worcl, yoLr shoLrldalways lry 1o figurc oul its meaning fronr ils con1ex1. Sonlclimcs thf seDltncc ilscllconlairs a dcllnili(nr:

silver sulfide, a black chemical substance, forms on its surface.

Al other times, lhc surrounding scntcnccs or paragral)h givcs s(nnc in(licatiorr ofthe meanrnS:

cold is a ductile metaL one gram of gold can be dlawn into awlre 1.8 miles in length'

From these two scrr lcnces, you caD concludc that a drcl i lc nc(al is one lhat canbe stretchcd or pul led into wirc.

In the vocabulrry scat ions of each uni l , yoLl wi l l havc thc (hance to l i8nrc oLltword mcaLrings from scrrtcn(cs, Thclr , in thc fca( l i l r i ls alrd lcclurcs' yot can uscothcr clucs to hclp yoLr undcrstand thc wor(1,

vocabulary in Cortexl. Circlc lllc lcttcr ol thc answcr lhal L)csL ll)atchcs lh(meaDing ol tbc i la l ic izcd wo as i t is Lrsed in cach ol lhc fol l t )wir lg scl l lcrr(cs

L si l icon is a nolrnrclal l i ( c lcnlclr t lhal is i | rcxpcnsivc becausc i l is so dLlLtnLlnt l liD mincrals aud rucks.a. rarc @ plcrrr i l i r l

2. whc| exposcrl to air arrd nn)is lurc, i r i ; r ] wi l l . i r l ro,?c.a. rust Ll . shinc

3. when thc f lanrcs sr l l rs ided, lhc pol icc invenigalcd lhc cnusc of Lhccolll0uslL0n,a. bufnrng lr' ('xcltcnlcllr

4. The spantan.ous cxplosioD causcd .1 ld of damagc.a. unijlanrrcd b. planntd

5. Thc room gol s.tully and warm duc lo imfropt:r ventildliatl.a. heal i rg b air c irculal iorr

6. Many l ivcs could bc savcd i f nalLrr. l lprercrt , : rd s(rch .s canhqtrakcs nndhlrnicnncs could Lrc prcdiclc(1.a. rcsources b. occurrcllces

.mqrs roJ qslFtrs t

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6ulw rpls

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28 Comparing

L Rcad lhc f i rs l scDtcr lcc ofrvcry p.r i lgraph, which Ircqucnrly. al lhough notalways, conlains thc mair idca.

4. Read lhc summary (rr concl l rskrt a( thc cnd of lhc pasi i rgc.

Nrlc iToskima wholeb(rck,rc.d rhe f i rsL paragraph and conclLrsion olcach chaptcr

Skim thc fol lowing passagc t() discovcf i rs m.in lopic and thc inl i )nrr . t ion i lcontains. Thcn answer lhc fol lowina qucsLious. Tfy to do this al l in thrcc an(l .hal f minules. (You wi l l bc givcn Linlc () rcad the pass.gc rhoroLrghly lntcr )

t . Thc main topic of this readinS is:a. lhe induslr ial Lrscs of oxyi tcn, ni l ( )gcn, and hydr '(rgcn.b. how oxygcn, niuogen, and hyd()gcn ( l i f fcr j ion lhc othcr clcnrcnls.l : . thc importancc of oxygcn, ni l fogcn, .nd hydrogcn lo l iv ing lhin!s.d. thc di f fcrcnccs bclwccn (hc lhrcc Hascs.

2. A11 oi the fol lowinS topics arc discLrssed in lhc passaltc r ,r(r .?r1a. oxrdatron,b. a comparison of ni t rogcD and oxygcnc, ihc charactcf inics ol hydrcecn.d. the scicnl ists who discovcrcd cach gar nn(l lhc yci t o1 ( l iscovcr ics.

Readirrg

The Life-Supportitlg cascsl low lonJl can a hLrnrdrr t )eing l ivc witholr t oxy|cn2 Whnt i l thcrc wrfc rro

ni trogcn ir the air? J!sl how irnponanl is hydml.tcnlThrcc of our nn)sl alrunda| l nn( l in|ort .nl c lcnrcnls .rc rhc Niscs r) \)g( ' | ,

n i l rogcn, ancl hydrogeD. AlthoLrgh Lhcy drare nr.rny t)n)pcr l ics-.r l l thrrc .rc rol-or les\, odorless, ancl !astclcss at room tcntpcrnrurr-cach onc is ] lcrcss,rrv to l i {clll a urlrqlre way.

Thc sanrc subslancc causes nrcral . ; lo cof lo( ic, woo(l lo r)1, al) l ) lcs lo runr LJrrs. ,paint to harden, gas(t i rrc lo bLr r . and i l1n lo rusr. f i rc.annol hL I \ai lhoLrt i t .and hLrnlan bcings crnnoL l ivc withoLrl i1. Thi\ s lrLrst .ncc is o\ygc1r, n1r cs\c!1l i . lingfedient in air and waicr and lhc rnosl abuIdnnl c lcmcnl in lhc ei |1h s cfU\1.

Oxygcn is vcry act ivc chcmical ly, nrcaI i rrg thaL i l fcadi lv.onrbinc\ i ! i rh olhcrsubstanccs in a proccss cal led oxidnt ioD. For cx. lnt) lc. in)n rolntr inc{ wi lh {rxfscil rom lhc air lo producc ir(D oxidc, or r t rs1. Fo(xl . rr( l w.tcr comlr inc $, i lh oxvlcu1o fofnr dccay. Vcgclablc oi ls ured in p. inrq con)lr iDc si th oxygcn lo h.klcn. Thc\care al l examples of s low oxidat i(D.

Thc rapid oxidalr(nr of luels carscs conbLrsLion, (n f i rc. Someli |nes n l i rc st inssponlancously. I I a subnance rvi lh a lovl ' k indl i I lg tcnr|cr. lLrfc. such.s oi ly rag\,ncwspapcrs, or grain, is hcated in lhe ibscncc ol l ) rotrcr vclr i l . t ion, o. \ id. l i (nr nln!

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3 0 Cumpd, ing

are morc aLoms oj hydrcgci l iD our bodics lhar ary o lhcr c lcr rcrr bc( .u\c o l ] fbodies arc about two th i rds rvatcr l Hydrogcn is a l$ JbLI i r r rost l i rc l r nrd in n l lac ids. I t i \ the l ightes l kro* ,n c lcment and is h ighly f lannnaLr lc . Hcl iLrnr is . l r ros lJ . l i p l , r " . L v L i . S - | t , l | r i r . . | l ' r . f l . r n r n . I l L .

Hydrogen aDd oxygcn are thc main (onni lucnls of lhc wir lcr wL ( l t i r rk . Nj l r ( ) ! rc | rand oxygcn.rc lhc chic l c lcmcnl ! o l lhr a i r wc brc. lhc. OLrr cx is lcncc could noLL ' c t n . . i \ l p $ . r l r , , L ' r h , p r . , i r , t " l l r l . r , .

Unclef i la d ing the Readirg. Ea(h o l lhc fo l lowir )g nalcnrcr i ls i l i r rc( ) rs i1 lcn l wi lhlhc in lbrmal ion in thc prcv io l rs pa\sai tc . A l icr a c .Lc lu l rcacl i rU o l rhc p.ss.ge. lc \ ryour comprehcnsion by f ind ing thc crro l in cacl r sL. lcn lcnl and rcnat ing i1(onlc l ly .

I Oxygcn. n i t ro8cn, and hydro, tcn h.vc s in i l . r prot )cnic \ . bor only oxygcn iscsscnl ia l 10 1 i fe.

2, Thc, s(bslancc lhal carscs wood lo fot is nol thc sanic.r \ lhc or lc th:11causcs.pprcs Lo rur lr Dr{)wn,

L Thc dccayi l rg o[ f txx] isancxnn]plcol rnpid oxidat ion.4, I t is imposslblc f(r 'a l l rc l ( ) star l sponta|rcously.5. FlLrnnn bcjnls can l ivc Lrp lo 15 nr inlrrcs wirhour oxygen.6, Nit fogcn convc,rts to a l icc stntc Lry a pfoccss cal lcd sl)ontancous

7. Comt)arcd lo oxyl tcn, rr j l r )grrr is vcly.(r lvc8. I1 thc air wcrc purc oxylcn, wc could al l snrr)kc wi lhout hn nirgoLrr

h ( r l r h9, Nit() l lcr ' r is Lrsccl in cxplosi les bceansc i t rs so stablc.

I0, Oxygc| is thc Dlosl aLruD(lanl c lcnrcnt in Lhc Lrni ! ,crsc.11. Scicnr ins do Dor kDow urhi l lhc sun is Dr.dc ol12. l lydrogcn is rhe nron ablrndirnr c lcnrcnr jn oLl | l )odjc\ L)ccaLrsc oLrr l ) ( , r t jc\

l l . l ) c(trnrast !o hcl ium, hyr lrogcn is Donl larnnriblc.14. Tl lc cslcnl ial ingredicnr in fc l1i l izcrs is hydfogcn.

LISTENING SKILLS

Vocabulary in context . c i t . lc lhc l { : l lc r o l lhc . [swcr LIL]L t rcs l n l i lchc\ lhcmcaninS ol lhe i la l jc izcd v lo . \ i l is rLscd i r cr .h o l Lhcsc \cr lcnrcs.

c pol ishcd thc c. r 1() g ivc lhc l lu ish . , rJ /cr .sh ine 1, . dul lncs!o

'JSr-XJxJ rxrn rql ltrldruor ol s)lolrrrrol Jsn LIJLI] plrp ,,'slclJW snorrJrd iLIl,, nDal Jqt ot Lt)tsrl noi sD srlou iIpJ

'llprrr rol (Mop rlu^ ol pi r no^ rrl^'I L() snroJ pr[]rrdor 0Jonrru(lolrîp.q1 ^ôll(l non (llrq IIr^^ sltll rrcssrlrq] jr)s rJuorrlsEq rqr Llltar noI.vu''rt rct Itrr{ lLIt'c)..!rl tfl,r).)s !urqr fIr).,r puc f nr{rrtl|rr ,,1 ,)tqc.)q nr.cur.ql iztlri{o)rr llr,4 noi ssep ul ur)qr iciq no,{ UJLI^^ tBqt os snu)l Mru ol no,{iJnpon t llt/v\ iiurpair)rd 1$lJ riiontupl uill (I e ur 3ur,4pnts )rp oq/!r rsoqt roJlclllrissi lnq slrrprlt9 llr? Jol lnJJsn sl llulpearJtd JlnlJJI ssslJ lnol rtolrq litdsqj{ooqlxil rnol pe nolJr silou.rrllrq rlel lll^ nol .rrlcl ruJt0 Mrl^ .ro Ipnlsol rJpro ur rrnFil c.lo soJpl LIeLU rqt pjo)rr ol sl sJlou ilutlpl Jo cK)dtnd iqJ

6uDloJ-atoN

srJl ,) q',{tlrulJtlr pllp rErq Jo srophpuot t2 qel.|y^l 'aI

$llslrilJerell) q $r$n s'rlllulr ii! slett(u lêtLl llt2 to sa\adoLd at-II 'Zl

pnq$sqc qrnlP^ iLIt ul Prlrrlpr spM

dot ,q'LTEi))O iql lO 'Jr/,/nS JLII

prleodr|snsnoq iqtJo Jllcurl rqt. I I

urotloq !uo tpolj sBriqDl ol

----_ surl.)ilq !'rrry'r"rurrl tJ isnP)rq llturnbJ{

Piolqtuo) !'lJils iJrlpord ol

tlullsel iiuol .q

sPuetliqtlM q'ts|u slrljr_r tDql

.qqe1i5i;]ls,q

sru!qs epnll$ll{xl iq ol spDo ri^lls

pirpFli|puoil LltlM Pri(o//, sl uoq.r!f,

n) Iupqs tou lllM pue L()lto) uuql ,/qr./r?p itoru e

rlrJs q tsnJ .B'iLtliiut rqlJo slrerl u! l/o]'0./ror prsne) peq plre rrll 9

JnJ0nDiq e'ipeJ

srlrqq, r!trqlu^s ̂uPW /

sqrosqe PIPtr(u e sl IiJ]l ssrlulets g

't

rlqeleirq

"P'al!p,1p

fu.^ puE roDnpuo) pooil e sr tr rsnE):)q iluulM rltlril. roJ prsn sr rrddo:)' .lu1qs q pJuurts ̂trselc

rtqDVDut n\ \t ! ,\jncxq \t,x'r li, s,,J,tr l rr.) rn ',lUiljiliiit Jq uE, r',ul

))uep0nqP q ilneloqs 'e

.1Lu ,,r J\u,l .,qr I,,\r,', tr,r j"7//'rrr rq I

rt SuuPdruo:)

12 Comparing

Unde$tahding the Lecture. Usc your notcs to dcrclrinc lvhcthcr cd(h oJ rhc. r , l l . , w i r ! . l . r r , m f l I \ r , ' r u { r I , , ' . l , l i ' / | . . , , , r , l r . r L r . , r l r L i | 1 , . . r . . r . r i | l r . r (

T I Gold, s i lvcr, and coppcr are valuc( i for their lun(r nrxl scir tc i l ) ' .

2. Newlon was dre firs( to srrcceed ill

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

9 .

t 0 .

13 .

Copper is as mal leable nnd ducl i lc

colLl i \ lhc Drosl chcnrical ly.c l ivc

cold h.s a t)caut i f t r l loncr bLrl i r is

changirg l ) . rsr nrcl . ls in lo gokl.

ol nl l thc nrcral \ .

nol r \ (hlraL) lc as si lvcf

t 2 .

hr conrran rc Fol( i , s i lvcr tanr is ircs.

Purc si lvcr is a rclal ivcly nt l rrrc lal .

s i lver is Lrsed ior pholographic f ihr bc.nulc sonrc si lvcrcon )Lrnds rellccl liithr.

Thc propcflics of silvcr rcscnlblc lhosc ol gokl .11r(l eo|l)cr.

Golcl is r)ol uscd lor L, lectr ic wif i l rg bo(ausc i t is nol ( l t ] ( l i l ( .

Coppcr is uscd l i ) f c lcctr ic wir iug bcr i lusc i t is a l rctrcr (or\( lucrorthan gi lvcr,

BroDzc, an, l l loy ol r iD a|]d coppcr, is haf( lcf lh irrr ( i rhcf r i r r ol

Cold, s i lvcr, an( i copl)cr.1rc anrons oLrr rrn)sl .11)!r)( l . r rr l i r rrr . l ls

DISCUSSION POINTS

To compafc i tcnrs, bcgin with lhci f s inr i lar i r ics i rx l Lbrn t)() i r1r (nr1 l | ( i f ( l iJ]0f-cnccs. Avoid v.1gue statenreDls sucb rs, "Car A is bcl tcr Lhnn Car l l . " ln wharspecif ic ways arc they di f fcrer l? Docs C.r A hirven rnorc |owc ulnrolor?irslr) |gcr[xx]y? a iaslcr pickup? Bt rte.lif.

I comparc a conrputcr and Llrc hr.rnra|] brain. Co0rl)r . r lcrs havc l )ccu l )rogf. lnrnrc( llo l fanslatc l iorrr oDc laDguaitc lo arx ' thcr, 1o play chcss,.1r l ( l lo solvccomplcx n) i lhcDr. l t ical p()LtcrDs. Wil l thcy cvcr bc al) lc l ( r lh inki wi l l thcybe able ro analyze, cvalrarc, Drnkc dccisions, and nr ike iLrdgnrenrsi wi l l rhcfbe able to desigD, imagine. or crcatc?

2. Comparc .1 sporl or g.nrc thar is polLr lar in lhis connlry wi lh oDc lhi l i \fopular lD your counlry.

L Comfarc thc foods of lwo couDlr ics you know. Why are thcy ( l i l lcrurL/4. Comparc an Amcrican car wi lh onc l rom anoLhcr .oLrnlry. Coul idcr lhci f

fowcr, rcliabiliry, comlbrr, cosr, appcarancc. aD(l ra,orklltan\hlp.

rLrn|])lnrc llrilor pIq .4r uu !p.ro upql,{llsor )r(xu.snJ LIxrq tliJnoqrlu 'LLInu.lIip UDLII,{Jlspirrorrsrsr!Lunllufuiilorpill.josltuoJrrDro,4rrrL'rtn!UrlpLIEtLInr.rrlorc

6Z-8Z',dd'(t861 'slluM ulnuPrr :vo^ ^\rN).nl,ns .t.\tt1a .1.)',ploM urfiv

,,'(lols rno,t qrluM,, 01 ,Auq no^ Jl LIJ^J 'lrlllolllr Jo ouo 'rl)lJ

-slp s!rrqlunlr rooLl sr! illqM '1|)srrrrd prrnse.( oq ti^ill uer pue lle(mulluorsruu^ nliit.q srt 7a l).]rrqrunu rooll ou sttli)ql lrrq'Lrii,Mlrq Llr ̂e^ ller{ iq Autlr ll'qunot ,xll.ro.(n)u prllll rLIr oo r.qllt sl rl uolllsod lellSlp sl! tul^!3 rle nol',tros,tr r(n) lPrlar ll)r |loi.Jl's! illP nDo^)It rLIl dn trjlq ̂{oqJo iJolettu ttc sl-(Lu( tl il urulxor(l(lp) srq) r vr9

',trrJ /t-sirnseilu rillu tql qrluil iLIl 'sl leql'Lrolll()d iJoluuc sll iJu|lllsoJrr Jq lll, nol 'rillu p qll^4 trnscJtu pLlo ']uttutsLiq

rql r(){, rl ll (ln qiirl Morl Isu no,{ JI 't()llls(xl sll lnoqu {ulql uP) noi sie/\^

oMl )r0 Jr)ql rolu^ili LIpJ{) Iulql'Jlduexil u0 sv p)lullsL()tuip iq LlBr ll lnq'poorsrrpun iFr.)ilr slu^ lr? )ou sr ulsp lctltlp ptte tlols p LlrrMlrq i)LrirlTJlp rtl-L

'rlrur l|l pisI sl polll rr rlrlqM rulutri]ip purr,4 oltq srl(tucxi )ql pei)u

'iull 0 lp )llslltDelcLlJ illo suloll tlloq rledtrcl re povlrr{'pLloJiS iLll Jo lDllslltlJU.l!'ll)

iL0 rrlrll pu! [rr]l lsrlj tlllJo sjllspil)glDqr tLIl tqu)tta :l paqpw

rsruitl iirliu(iruo) Jr) sfollttlu )!seq oMl JIB Jltql s(uill ilotu Jo oMl ilooltlusDurl.rlllp pLrc srlll.rullruls iLIr Jo oo$isn)s!p l, s lnbtl uolio ilulllrM rulllril)s

6ultvduo)

S.I.IIXS 9NIIIUM

alotllIPJriqlo,)rI tPqr op rl)u) lrPr lErlM tlclutox)qd u plro iillllltll'd P 0dtuo] g

I

€€ 3ulrPdLUo:)

l4 Comparing

is rare, bur it is stable. Tririum, on the other hand, is radioaclivc and can only bcfound in traces on the earth. However, il can be manufacturcd by bombarclinglithium with neutrons, although this method makcs ir morc cxpcnsivc than dclrtedum.

Th€ first paragraph uses Mefiod I. Analog data is described firsl and digilal dalasecond,

The second paragraph uses Mefiod 2. The two itcms are comparcd charactcristicby characteristic: first lor fusibility, ften for stability, and finally forcost. Frcqucntly,a combination of Methods I and 2 are used.

Transition Words

In all writing, it is very imponant lo show how thc idcas arc relatcd. Wordsthat clarify these relationships arc called lransilion words. Transition words lhalare used to show contrast indude althoqh, brt, however, in cantrast, an the othcrhdkd, even rhough. nevethelest. a the contrdry, vet. in spite oI a]tl dfspit?. Orhelrransillon word; su.h as timitarty, likewise. inih; same t ay, n;reover,;iiJtnhtr-more, and besides exDress rhe comDarison o[ Iikc ilcm9.

witlng d Pdragraph of Compdison

Write a paragraph of comparisou oD one of lhc Discussion Points. Bcllin wilha topic sentence tha! statcs fie maiD idca. Then dcvclop thc rcsl of rhc paragraphto suppon the main idea, using Mcrhod I or Melhod 2 dcs(ribcd abovc,

g€

'pPo.M rno Jo s,ftJ^^ p!r! s?^\oq )ql rrôtrsrp Iqrrrql pup sNr^r puesuo!lPntrs tJruuor ol )JuJlrs Jo qof Jqt s! lI .slJJlJJ pu! srsnP) lo uorlJErr ureq)snonulruor P sl llnsrr.)qI .strlotp Lunluprn rrqto rllds u'lnj Lrt tpql suorlnrlrsesPrlor rl 'rrlcls s! LuorE rrnrrern Juo sv turl lpsnp) Io purl s[J) Jo :ldluexr upsl uorlrP rerlJnu v .prlLJl p Jo )sner rqt s)orlrrrq puo)rs rqt.to rJ{Jr Jtlt pop'luJ^r prro)is P.lo rsnpJ rql srlrroJJq JJUJrrnrJo ruoJo tr:JJ) )tll sJtrlllru()s

slur^r oMt rtll lpql prurnssp rq touuer tr,rJtll?r iq1 rprlr,rrr"n rrll",]:ttJ;J;.Llt JIEnbqueJ uE s! ,rrql Jt rrurnbrs ur p)urddlq ,{rqt rsncrrq lsn! rrqloueprsnP) lurî Jrro tElll i)lunssE ol lo|I,la^r^ôrl lnJclpr rq tsnlu slslluJlJs

^qeq p p.p.^B',iu. rr."' or uns rq'srrq,' r!)q, .,, ̂",,';]i'.l3.l"ili't i'ili;]lr"J srsner 3u!rl)rLLros 'ildrupxr roC .uol)drunss!, s!ql t() p)s!q sr crurt)s IIV .i)sne)

IDrnluu ! seq lu)^r lunlpu ^li^r lpql ,sl tprll ,rrntpu ul itllEsnpJ sl .rrql tpqlp)tso88ns snddlrni)t Dqdosol!qd Iirrg :) 1r ,{rD1oa)-qttrl rlll .DqJ) pur? isnl]) rojtur)lool srpnl)ur sFeJ )lJ!turlrs Suourr s(t!tlsuoltpl) Sullcrs Jo ss orcl ll

NOIl,)n(lou-tNI

punos pu0'1146!7 "tolo)

peJJE pue esnE]

€ raldPq)

16 Causc and Eflecl

Short Readiflg

Rcad thc Passag€ Lrclow lo (iiscovcf whal caLrsts r'rs lo sct diflcrcnl (olors

The Nature of Color

Why is th( sky bluc nnd (hc grass l rcen? Why isrr l thc \ky green ' rnLl th( grnss

bhrc? arcl why is a nrse rct l inncad of |urplc? whal wc scc ns colof is lhc wav

our bfanrs rcspond lo lhc differcnl rvavclcngths oi light

L{thl is a fo n of cleclromailnic encqly thaL lravcls vcry quickly on (lifiercrrl

f rcrtLicncics, of wavclcn8ths, which wc se( as di f l t renl col(rrs For cxarr |rc ' n

wavelcnglh r) l 400 rran(N(lcrs (nm) caLrscs us 1() tce vi() le l A w'velcrrgth ol 660

nn, causcs us to sce rer l The color Lrrowlr is in( lLrced by drc nr ix ing ol w'vclcrr i lLh\ '

Ycl low can bc prortucct l Lry ci lhtr i ls own wavclcnl lh of a rr ix l rrrc ol lht \ ' 'vc_

t. ' ' tgt t ts to rcd'unA grccr. olr f sk) l (x)ks i ) luc bccnLrse nrolc( l r lcs ol oxygcrl arrd

niLiogcrr iu thc air s ial tcr n()rc Lrhrc wavclcrrglhs than nny olhcr (olor '

redoran9e

gleenDluelndlgo

whitc l ighl rcsLrl ts l ionr a mixing of thc wavclcDgtl ls of al l colors sir Isnnc

Ncwt<rn cl i icovercd thal whcn sunl iShl passccl t l l rough a Slnss pr ism' lhc $'hi lc

i iot ' r , j i ro"rr"a inu, n t l t "c lrunr otcolorcd l i8hl Ncw()r l t l lcr l al lowcd thc spccLrur l l

i . , " ."

i l i r . ' "*1 3 *6, ' .1 1,,1. , ' In( l l r ( c( ' l " l ' ru"rnL' i rr" l l r ' ' r r ' r rr ! J l \1rrr " l* f l i , l . i * f . r l . i i ' , . i ' r r f " , ) , I \ c r , m L n l J c n r . ) r ' . r r n t ( , 1 r h n s h i r . l i ; h L ' ' r n l r r r r s . r ' l r l t (

. , , i " . 1 l ' n . , . p r : r ' r i r n a b t . r . r L i t r r l . r r r J h J m J r r ' r \ ' r l f l ( ' J r l r ' ' ' \ l r ' $ l r ' r ' r

, . "r f iehr falh u; d",ps of watcr i r thc air af icr a rairr ' Thc bc'n ol whi lc sur l l i l lhr

sDal lcrs inlo a rainbow of colors.' ; . : " ; i ; ; ; ; ; ; " invisiblc 1o human evcs wavclcnSlh\ shorrcr than thal ol '

\ i , , l ( | I ' r , , L l u ( c u r r r \ i r J \ | l i l h r ' l r . r r ( J r r J r n J t c ' k r r r c ( l l \ ' u r v ( ' r i l l r ' ' r ' r i ( r l r i 1 1

. h : r ' , r r h c , , , l r n J t ' " J r r i c i r r t r r r c ' l l i F l l r ' r ' r d i ' r w r v r ' \ - - r \ " r ' r ' l ; J r r r r n i r ' r \ '

we .onnu sce.ulors produccd by thcsc wavclcnglhs' bl l l wc c 'n nrcas!1rc al l ( l

prlsm

slletulls prSeurpp .- rq8!t rato!^plrln .-

!tsnv)/r)aNril

( sD{J'

qltualeê^{ ulllo sl!

sqlSualeÊn ,o SuFlur p + u^rotq tolor rql

( slJ4la JPr)Jrd SlPMI0 SiSn0J 'rt^JMotl'tlolllu$ap Ag a)urlues rql Lrl asnBj tqt sJpiJDJd t)ajlr rL0 s urttruos)

'|t|$uapûM Io 6i.1tntu aq tq prtnp i uMa4 raloJ a\J

. Flo!^ JolPql ueql ie oqs

sqlSuala EAr

PUp SJSllrr)JO alJ.{J e S! JlAqt SorrllDr.r|os ,asne) e cuoJJq LtpJ t)rJJJ uv)

,6tunp uttJ tt4i rq6ll r)lo!^ 4k ar'ryord rtlol^ lo ttt1t ut lr rruot4s stl;l]:;:ff,

uaoJt puP per ro}sqt8ueleÊ^{ aql }o arnlxlru P

+ ^{olle^

(sDaJJt,{ueur rJnpord ̂!ur isne) roo pue'srsnu),{ueul ,{q pi)npor(l rq êur DJ}J;) rLtO xolduro) uruo rlp slraJja pLre liisriuO)

'w 6 pub par rolsqtl; itlt^ttâUl lo uuxtqt u ro 4l6uala^bn uô l .ta|tla t:q p:,npakl )q uti ^rollr|

laJOrA OaS a^t+ ruu o0' Jo qlSurle^B^r

'ta|1ti ))s ot str sasnw (tua) salautouDu )ar lo tltEuatar,D D'srttrorlno JqlrJstp slJrJla'su)(ldsq

,9rrrqlaruos ,{qM urBldxJ srsnpl suollpntrs lo slur^r r}ruuo) stJ{Ja plrc sJsnel/

J)Adda aNv !rsnvt ^roHs or HsI'IDNa'9NIsn

/ t DJIr? DUe Jsne'r

18 cause and Effect

white light rcsults ton a mixi g oI the wavelengths ol all colod. . . . Tlle bca ofwhhe sunlight splallerc into a tainbow oI ulors(Sometimes lhere is a correlati{m bclween two evcnls that is, ollc cvcnlalways accompanies the other, 'vhcrhcr or nor thcrc is a causal connccli()lr-

white light --+ a mixture of the_--wavelengtbs of all colors

Se tence Pattens

ft**" Il ' . . ' , 1 ' c l n I

A mixins or.ll wavelenstls I il"^li,'"j. I a whhe liBhr.

. Lrnduces J

fcauscd by Il due ro I

whhe lighl is { lnduc€d by } a mlxing of wav€lengths

I a result of ILproduced by,,

all the wavelengths are mixed, a whilc lighl is produccd

IuIA while light ts produced lwhen I all fte wavelengths are mlx€d

LAS J

Note: Sone oI the above are ako predktio r akd can be .x\ersed withthetuture tente. Fot exampk, "$ all the wavele ltht are nixed, a whitelight wi ba produced." (Ptedictio,ls u,ill be ditctttted furthet in Chapter12.)

f f lYhen I

Identryittg 'Cause ard Effect Thc Roman oralor Ciccro wrole, "Thc causcs of

eve.rti'ure-eue. Inorc interesting lhar thc cvcnls thcmsclves " In cach of lhc fol-

lowing sentenccs, underlinc lhe causc once and lhc cffe€l lwicc.

l. When copper js hcated to 1083' C, il mclls.

2. changes occur in planB \,r'hen lhey absorb encrgy from fte sun.

rruiurrs rloJ0 llPd luuuodlur iql LIo snJoJ 01 nol s^1ollB uooelrrproqns D.Ilr puprsner MoLIs lurll srtrrrrllr:)s u! pisn ^llurnbrrJ st 'r.qp rlll Lrpqr tlrpuodru! ssrl root rlEulpnxlns s] .uo tEqr os s.snplr o^,tt Jo uolti)i)uuor rgt ro 'uonputproqns

uolleulp,toqns

'soooarqr^ rru.lo llnsrr e sr purM rqt Jo punos iq! q'pul,4 iql J0 llns u rre suotllrqh rv e

'pul^^ ,q] Jo pnnos cqt isrlcr llp rqt u! suo0etql^ 9'rle rLIt ul puaq ol s,{cr lqilll rsn€tr srBBrll^l q

rlp iqt U!8ulpu)q slpt lqfrl Luo.il llnsil Lrer srilprlt{ prle rql ul ijulpu.q sIlJ tqiJll iq prsner rte sriJellw E

'p erq urqM pllos sLurlt iplxolp uoqre) q,aplxolp uoqlsr pllos ijultt?itl !!to{ stlnsci se8 v e

'scii e s npotd (rrl &p) ,ptxorp uoqreJ pJlos SultEiH t

lriilrorts iq ot plru rlnr)lr rqt )sno) oJrct.Jo silrll iql .q

riiluorts sl plilJ )JrlJJli aql 'trsolr rru r)roJ Jo saull oqt uoqM .9'ppu rl.nrolo iqt riilLrorls rql 'rrr(u

Jo srull rLlt rn$l) iqt ,€

'p ur(! rq ot sr.ror sisnB) JiteM o! plJe uu tul^losslc !'rrluM rI| pn^lossrp Jq ot p!)e uu rsllBJ liuol 'u

'rotuM Lrl pr^losslp sl pljo u9 uiq^^ pcluj(ll rju srlol z'Jrltorid!uit iqt uuls|?JJJUI

1(l pi(npr.rl {rur u,rnrurt le)lu;rqr p to.1lcr ll! rr .r\cJllrt uv 6i) 'ntnlejtdl(tit ul )se )ul uu isncj suolt)ccj lelrrurq) v'rrort)D)r

lp)rrlltq) e Jo iler rqt srsoJl)ul i.lnlE.ltdl(lJt arF llulserl)Lrl I

'soJltJluas ts:tqt Jo q)er Jo nuluuituJrll sJrl)tlru tsiq lgqt raMslle Jqt,lo r) rlrql JI)tr) sasbJ4dwbd aulput$Japun

'01

'I

'9

'E

'lqnrlJo LrollJrljir trll ^q pirnpo{ sr rolo:)'slsu ll Jrorll Jql'.rlP lslour ol pJsodx, sl rrcJI rrour rLIl

'uootu )ql Jo IInd lelroltet!^er3 iqt ,iq prsne.r r.re saplt s,uPrro rq_L'suole Jo uotlez!uol rqt J:)npur srlrlupd prSreqr 3u!^olu-lseJ

, :)8ipq) )lrp.l, .^tlp8i)u c s.rnpord rllop p rltr^ qluor e 3lrlqqnlt'p;r rrdPr{ snulrl urnl sprrY

'poo.r4Jo 3u!l]lnq.ql Luorl rlns.r srqsv

plirj rrlruiJErlr s,rluEr III ol rnp sr rlprru sseduor E Jo uorlexr rql

6t IJ+JA pu! JsnP:)

i't

40 Cause and El{cct

by purLing i l l i a ,1ain . ldt^e, whik thc lcss imporLanL i( tc.r . r | l )c.r t in thr rut ioldiraLe 0r sc.ondary clausr:

Human beings cannot live on the moon b€cause there is no airor water there.

ThcnranrclaLrseofrhi \scnrencc,/?rrr .?rrr i r t l r , t r1a1l i4rnt l ] t . t i lon, i \ i1. l t td1. l .n! .which nleans f iat i l can sranLl alonc as . scntcncc. Thc \ccondary, or lcss inrponanl.idea (l,efrirrc there h no dir nt vttrttt 0n thc r?00r) is cxprc.jscd in Lhc rrl{,1/rr'rnf / .1l ]s! , , rvhich )s Llqa dent / .n] .rht : mainclau\e. I t caDnor stanLl i r lonc as. scnlenccl)cc. lLr ic i r docs nor cxpfcss a conUletc lhoughl b) i tsel f .

Nol ice thal the word , . . , rrr . . r l , i a\ . corrucc()f bclrvccu lhc nrcaui l i . t \ o l lhcIwo clauses. Thc connc(l ing word al i r i lys inlrodLrccs lhc rubor( l inalc of less inr-l )oiarrL clr( lsc. Notc nlso lhal lhc. lauses nray bc fevcrscd. l l is cqu,r l l ) .orel : l tosay, E.rdrrc lr.fd ,s /rd dir or wntr lhcrr, hLtn.1t1 btitl!$ antlnot lit r/] //r(, ,/&1/r, Nowthc subordin. lc cl ; lusc.1]) l )c.1rs bcl i )re Lhc urain claLrsc. And, ihhoLrgh rhr rvoft ll ]&rrrrr is rx) l localcd bctwccr lhc claLrscs, iL sl i l l nc(\ as n conncrtor s incc i t rc laL!slhc nrcir | r ing ol orrc lo lhc olhcr.

Recog1| iz i l1 l l Subordi f iat ior. h c.rh ol lhc lol lowiLrg \crr tcncc\, i ( lcnl i ly lhc rrrninclnLrse bf dclcrnr inin! which clnLrse conLnius thc cc|r l f r l i (1c.. lJn( lc i r)c lhc rnair lc lausc oncc and thc colrnccl ing wo(l LhnL l ink\ lhc r lau\c\ 1wiac,

I ,

2.

3 .

No oDc was ki l lc( i bccausc thc ivalanchc occLrrrc( l al r) ieh(.

r for) L lccontcJ r 'LLst rcsrs laDt

walcr wi l l no l ( loc{) r l l )osc,

Whcn si l icorr is addcd lo i foo,

Evcn whcn hcatcd l l ) I000" c,

4. Thc gas Drcsnr fc incfe.sc( l L) tcaLr \c Lhe volumc ( lccrcasr( l .

5 . Whcn co|r ]c ts or [ ]c lcors col l i ( lcr l wi th lhc car th, thc ca l r , \ r r . rgr)c t iL l ic l ( l

nl.y hilvc bcen rcvcrscd

6. A! thc lcmpcrature incrc.ses, lhc raLc o l n chcnr ic . l rcact ion incrca\cs.

7. Ncon g ivcs of f l ighr n,hcn.n c lccLr ic c l r r rcnt is p. \ \c i l Lhr)Ugh i l .

8 I i c i r ( r r r d iox idc is coolcd Lo 79" C. iL condcnlc\ r l i rcr l ly to . \ t ) l id .

Usi g Suborcl i at ion. Iu cach ()1 lhc i i ) l lo lv irrg cx.rnrI lcs, rombinf (hc ts() ( l .Lrsrsinlo one lcnLencc so that oDc idca is \Lrborcl i l r . lc lo thc othcr. YorL wi l l ncc( l (oadd a connect ins worr l nrch al r1, / , . , r . i f . ds, be t$t . ot l r tht i t .

r l lc fcLrry is hc. : l lcd ro 18.9 'c

,/rP/4 e IJot lec.lzl la -lS 9'

rLIr rcqt lllr,'!()rrl ')l(lrrruxr roC litrUL'aru str luru[lu.lJp ! lr]JJsn iq Uilto u!:)P.ro^'l u.io sl.rP(l rqt irurMou)t ( st(x)r pUU srxLlrr(l ltlt ro 1..r9 ruorj illrprl tsprlrI pi)lllrot rrc sProM qsrliluS Prsn IIuorL[Uo) llp jo Jluq Urqr Jro!\]) qtoq ro.loorrql Mo or qrrqM'srxrtlns ro'x)oi )qt irol)q r(ror rlrrq'\'l,srxrJrr(l L lllro) o\lpsP.k)M,{LrPtt upd urDUr rr sl Lt)lltM'r(x)r r] rLrorj pru r)t sr pro^{ rlsrl:jrrg uy

6u1p11ng tuo1nqmo1

S'ITI>IS DNI(IVgII

a,{iJrrui lo.surl.r rqt.lo t))}Jr rrlt roM llqM .i

a.prxorp,.{LI urltpos }0 spuoq rqt iirrl\crrq.to l)rllr iqr spM luqM ./

astrllrd rqr nu|l.tl]s Io D.rlr iLlr srr\ l0qA\ .9

a rJloMLrl sl)llr(l rprxorplq utntpos lt Ilurltn{l jo DrJtr )tprp Ultrr,)q] su.{ lr](lA,\ 'E

aisu ot JituM iql Jo )rrrlor huit Jqi pisnur lu(l^,\ 't

z^nrrrr)Jo r\LrJl).r rql l)isr1u) lcllM €auortroir i(lt dn p.p)rds,{lt^|l)u roqM Z

a(ln :,iuirq ot )prxorp,{(l rurlrpor iql pisnLl:) tLnlM I

'i\1,1 ol .rilL,M i)ll1 Io i)rnl!,ri(RIil lt iJulsnu) '1111;)rljo f o() iltr ri lo isl))lrr J].lt ! p l[srr spuo(] rso(lt Io ilul]lu.i(l )rl.L.rptxoip,{rl..n,f. \ r" \rtirt tc.irri,,f..r(,t u. ti.,.!ir. ^rr.rU.1 \r.l.rirIt lcql t\..r..J,1 . rlt i.\rlt')

oZZ i(l or r punot puLi r oiju Jilu^r )r| Jo ilnlu.ri(iut)t )ql l)ijnsuJlLt st!til)|llitll'pi^lossrp llu ).ri)^{ irLlt u)rtM.suoriprxo.rp,4rl pUU (unlpos olut IpJrq ot !Ui(lln_ur\nu)'slill)(1 rrll pil.tlts,{rqt,Uoll)pir irll (tn pi)({r ol .rrl0M.)qt ot )prxojp.{rlrunrpos lo slrlJi(r prppu rrql Lr)LIl .)

oa,t rq ol .trtpM rqt Ji) rjnt!.rr(i!!rI )rllplrnol i)ll-L lrIDJq u olLtr lrtu^{ i!r()s lnd \tu)pnls rtls[Urq) ,,{jolploquJ u rrl

Mo oJ lEql

t() uonilll]srl n"Ur^ ollol rql ppru

p qnrrrlll \iluor)q uosrr(l p :DrjJruoqs oor sr llDq),{i uc.ro urlll oot sr nrrl p :Jsnr:)

lrltM l llJ^l()sstp st plrD Lrc :a! pj

pirLuoJ r.ru suor :l)rJJrurrtlrlour e Io sDru)i )^DA l)r'nos D :)s'Ir)

prDrq sr otl)r UL' :trilj,riiruro plrp '^{o r,{ 'prr urnl s)^!.t :l).)ltr

s)lul)lrrr\rp II,{qdoft)lq) :i)sllurLuulr)u^ p L Ilntls sr llJq rJ :isn3l

pr0rrl Jq uDr punos ou :lr)il;)

IrIEN:l (I:ltol\

ruonsinb )Ltt.ri,uru0 u)ql puc )rriLrrurdxi uD'Ltdbr6orDd D ut tlaJJg puD asno) 6ula! 6Dad

I

It r)tjt3 puP rsnP:)

.Z

+: Cause and Effect

prcfixcs un-, in , fu , dk- and i/ makc a word ncgal ive will tcll yolr lhal rrt,f!diJ..rr''l'neans nrr ,?dcsrrd/y, i,rposJirfu ncans not polsibk ina(ttrttta ntcans ,?dr d.'rr,rld,iliconneded means ot cantle.te!1, a\1d i olti.al mcans tDl 1oilic.r/

A worll of caution is rrccded. howcvcr, for you c.rDrrol rely conrl)lctcly on nrchclucs lo determirrc meaning Englirh ls a laDgrragc thal has cvolvccl arrd changcdover many ycars, absorbil1g words from many langu.gcs. Thc clucs can sonrctirnesbe nislcading. For cxample, lldtltnabk .lnd irr4dl rrar1.' have thc sarDc nleaninlllThey both refer to $mclhirg thal can cnsily (alch Ilrc- (The anl(n)ynr is ,drllr'"'-dhle ot tninJlammable.l Thcrcforc, you lnun always scc if Lhc nrcnning (hnl you

gucssed fits lhc way the wod is used in lhc sc|lcncc.

Prefixes: hypet, htlpo-, Posf-, r r-. SlLrdy lhe f(tlowing lin of prullxcs and Lh(rrlnal(h lhe tenns al thc lefl bcbw wilh Lhcir nlcanirrils al lhc rilhl. You will nol

use al l thc mearr iuSs I is led.

hypet-; over, above,beyond the norm, hypertefisit,tr = high bloodpressure

,ypo-: under, beneath, less than the norm; hlpolensitttl = lowblood pressurc

postr after; postglaaial = after the glacial period

sub-i wder; submatine = a ship used under watcr

L hypolhcrn)ia

2. hyporcxic

L hypoa(idic

4. hypcwcr)tilali(D

t, hypcrsonic

8, submcfgc

a, p! l l u l)( lef walcr

c. subnof inal Lxxly LctuPeraturc

d. bcrrcalh lhc bol(nr ol thc sca

c, lcss acidic

excclsivc brcalhirg

hi !hly poisonous

faster thin thc sl)ccd ol sound

. i l lcr rhc o|craln)r

aftcr ( icarh

h .

i .

t .k

'lL'll(lsoq ,{rUDiiriuo ulr ()t|1. prtu.ta{sut1.t) ste?"\ Sulpllnq plo irll

IU Ur().uÛi q ss;t)ol(l .P'slJ^0ll pullos ll)lLl^{ Llnnolrlt 4r,p.r Jqt sl llv

pJr;) c)s q-1I)Jcs iuul(l oql dotplrpl o p.itrrr!.rrro.i ..Jr^^ stroJJr IIV

srii0lLri'u -(roqt a)s ur.'r aM os \lJilqo )lqlstÛl s.,/y'rt x/ i(I0)sojJltu vprnuctp \prilrPluJ u

lP)rIri|1 c'uoll).)rrP,)J' rr/.r/ rqt ur t(ri^'\ JJAllp Jrll 0l

It)()l 1lnpl(l u'.litc,M Jqt rll pit)rul)r su^/r isnoq rLlt J<t tl;D tl rqJ-

rcil) rlir,lil)un'u'lr rliinorLlt srssp(i tqijll ou r,r?rrdo sl poo^

lt( ' {i^ril ILI slrrup rr'trlDr J(lt uro4.rJlu^^ lt r4,/0r{, qtiDJ iLll

II

'nl

'{l

'zl

8

rnPrl^\ooI !nrrllri)J e-turlqorcl

)qt l() UorNIos ! ot pil ,orrl/lrrr srq ,uortp$.ror(lr ou pprl I rliirrollltv z

: \l).lli q urSuo O'.r.1,,os rLIl pLrrr or sr ru)lqor(r e r^los ot ̂P,1 lsrq.ql .l

'srtrurtlr)s rsi\r Jo q)e) or prsn sr rr sc pro^,r przp{Dt! .ql.jo ijurrrprur)LIr s)LI)rerrr tsrll tpllt .rrMsLrE )qt .to r.nrl rqt it}rl tr.arrot) ut troltlqnoA

{t lrtJJ3 pue rsnPtr

itP.rc(iJs q .tJqtillot iluo) ur.rqto irll puu Lll_rou $oii rl(i sp,iIr.'J rLIt lu.,6i.rrrp rqrpd o^ l )qI .9

urpprll xb{ q Lr^roul a})Pttfu'lprriplr)u sp^4 ullll)lu)(l.Jo turôrslp srrl rpqt p.lprlr/ ilutrlrrli s

Jr.)il) 'q tLrclls .0'll olur |rdluDll r.M ,tlrr.rrtlslllx, os soM Joop sselii illl .t

ll'l q l(lrui .P',nt|l)pA u tl l(n)ur )10 pLrp LlllpJ rllt ul)).,t,\tJ.l JJeds iql .€

44 Cause and Eflect

Scanhing

when you need lo sear{h Lcchnical maler ial for thc alrswcrs 10 spcci l ic qLrcsl iorrs,you will r'vant 1o locale drc parlic!lar inlormalior wilhoul rcading cvcrv wofLlThis c.n be accomplishcd by s.drr i r i the passagc. To scan lct youf cyc\ rurr fapidlydown ihc pagc and lmk for thc kcy or inlporlanl words lhil yoLr are scrkjrrg

Rcad thc lbl lowir lg lhree qucsl ions. Ther I ind lhc answcrs by sc; lnning the

Fassagc tbr rlle key words. Try lo do il all in firec mirrlrlcs.

1 Whal is lhc st)ccd of light2 (key wordsi a Llrge Dunlbci2. who or iSinaled the wavc Lhcory oi l ighl? (key wo|ds: a pft) fer nirnx l r i lh

(api lal let ters)L What is silvcr brcmide used for? (kcy words: silvcr tn'{nni(lc)

Readi g

Relecting o Light

Mosl of whal wc krrow aL)out l l lc world conrcs to us through otrr abi l i (y () "sf !r"with our eycs, olrr tc icscopcs, an( l oLIr nt ia()s(opes, Bul how ( lo we sce: Si! lh l i \not sonlcLhir lg dlat fcachcs o(r l . l io, our cyes. lnslcad i l is thc l ighl lh i l l f .vcls rdour eycs. YoLr sce lhis l tagc, lor cxi tndc, bccausc l i l iht , fcf lcct i l lg l |1) l l ] thc sr ln olao clcf l r ic l ight, t ravels l ionr lhc l )nfcr to yoLlr cycs

\iJ

,,Q'

lllliltltl t;.'i;lll il:ti ifl,l;:t;:;Hliti u:t'iJi' ;jl:,llj,ltlti :,lt::l ^,

i,:i:i*illili: j,""'Ifi ri:,:x#i$iiij:$fi, li,ilr'# ;*t# ;lllll,llll::r;jiliij-!;l'liiti,^'ir_i"li,i"l,,ilt,*llfllt;ulll:,llilt;: ll,iii;';li:1,i, ,l::'1.::,il:,,tii1,,'i:'iiill,il,,i:;i f.il tiliilin lr:ii.. i;ji;ir;

'3Ce|ln9qOnolego

6ullcaueru6n

'oceJlnsqpourSero

6uncauarlq6r'r

.suolDJJ!p,{uurrr ul

, j#ji : ir.: jii:,,, ffi ilu riiir iill''.ii ';,i lit;ffi rii:,il;ilidjilll;-l:iii[.,:;ilt,i:1,';trfi ,:tii iut:m n;j ll ill**ill":i,; ;: Tll't :; ii'lll,iilr1;,lilillli"l',l i iLll ll,,.,l ;lll;llHll*;i;,nm:r ,LuJtll ,is louuo) lrq JIB,r,r r:;o lpls tcqto cqt uo llrlolxl -rpJq ue) iM .rrclt)

lp &i.!J rrr tJ.1ull sr,

ii"{+' j:,,rui:n:.,::l1lln!:;:li'r,*r'ili*1";i$;}id{T,liiii:ll1:]-s.p-trredjo

srstsrnr ^llenlJe lqil{ Lor0 prln"n srq 11i^*el^I .",un1qrltrur5

i,ii,rui,'::,Ili* :lu fili:ily,,:;1,{; ili:frll ,l;:: lln;n:r,; ;ill;;Ii[i] i :i :iiii:il::.]:,"1,,?,[i:ililff ,#frilt,rl:,i#diT :#)iriii:, -:iiiiii:l:lti ilf ii ll.i"*,1 ^,:1,:i::",gsl'?j;,,:,ij::T r,l[::i Jo uoutnnq rqr Lr derl lerrs p u.rq,^Eq rrn* n,p"ri. qgiq,,l.,ir^"rirq:n,"

'Ii,,?i:'.;';,:"'1,:iJ::11i"li:,:ilT,i:ll i:Jl,i:*,,]lli,:l'i1",:l;::i,.$:;st IDJJg puP asnPi

46 Cause and Eflect

Light rays change directlon in water.

bl l |n a h(tc in i l . l l js (his l igh( cn(ryy l iorr Lh( sLrn (hal w. lrr l rs (hc c. l f lh an( l

enablcs l iv i rg rhirrgs Lo grow. Plarr ls gct I ight cncrgy ( l i fcct ly l r )nr thc slrrr . Aninr ir lsgcl i r l ionl rhc plar l ls they cal .

Making Inferences. A scicrr l ist nlr ' rs l r l rakc cvcry cl l i ) lo l rc l )rccisc l )y rcn( lrrr l

and o6scrvirr f carcftr l ly arrd nrc;rsu rrg .rx l rccor( l i r rg accuf. lc ly l r la(ctr |nl( i r r '

I i ) f lDal iorr carr fcsult in j l lcorfccl conclusions. I r l ( l ic i r lc whclhfr cach ol l l lc l i ) l lo\1 ' j l lg

slatcurcr\ ls is s laLc( j i r l l l rc Passagc (S), inrPl ic( l l )y olhcr i rr l i ) rnrnl ion in thc l )nssagc(/) , or rrc i lhcr sL. lc( l Dor impl ic( l {N) l )o, tut in( l icale whclhcl lhc slr lcnlcrr l rs l fuc

l . Thc rpccd 01 l ighl is 186,000 ni lcs l )c l rccorl( ls2 .

3 .

4 .

1 .

8 .

Lighr travcls slower lhn)ugh gl .ss l l lan lhl ' (nr l lh nir '

L ight t ravels l i rs lcr lhan nrtrnd

Moonl ighL is rcf leclc( l l ighl .

5. L ight l ravels f i rncr lh l1)Lrgh wnler lh iD ( )Lrn( i docs

6. Scicnl ins ( l i l l ro t i l lways kro lv lha l l igh l l ravels

Lighl l favc l \ iu thc s ime lvay ns v)Lrn( l

J-ighl lravcls al diffcrcrrt sl)eeds irr cliffcrcnt \rrhsril(.cs

Solrx l wavcs do Dol t ravc l i r r ( rn isht l incs

Mosl ol lhc v)Lurd ivc hear is rclleclc(i1 0 .

patuJ^Jid e'Jurtuur. puc rJp rJd,'rdLUr \9 pJJ put \p^ qtlcrq ruod \rH \

,bqPnb D

's,rrJltr nuql ,p/rl rJqSlLI p JAeq sJ]m^ s,Ltiuro^ ,lelJuJS uI .z

luiulrôlu fO srslou .p'roolJ tLIt Lrr liil uLr) rloA tet:n suo'iL1q!^ ,r ll por d lllM i'lrulqreu] ^êiH I

'sr)LlJtuJs i)scrllJo rl)Ba Lll pcsn s!I slr pro,4 pczlJllull rqt Jo SuJuecujaql siq Llru ts)q tPqt tr^\sup rqt .jo rrllrl rllt alJrl) $rrroJ u! [Jt4nqDxoA

'leluter p /lrual1br.J qtstq e ,{q przleDereqr p sitclult) Iprtdor.l -t

ssrulPr,M q qliturrls E's^pr s,uns rqt Jo,llrrrrlr4 eqt tuo{ SJIJ lno Ditord sJsselSuns .t

STlI}IS 9NIN!IISI'T

jrl(k)rd riîlJ iri^ rq tsnur stslturlrs E l'^8riuo rliq ()1 prllr^roa iq Lt!) ifirlrr lqiJlt .tl

'iiipllrl pisrr^rl r? st))[Jrr .()r.rl(r ruu V €l'Joo lur,rullsupll p uuql nlilll ilol! stDurr l)rlqo Jul)cdo oV Zl

'Diqrosqesl iJulpllnq lr,o.Joor ult iql uo iltrllluj llltlrltns rlll.Jo tsot\l Il

It rlijjf puP.lsneJ

48 Cause and Effecl

6. Becausc Lhc dr?pl i l rA!, of thc Lrnivcrsc is impossiblr fof Lrs lo conrt)rchcnd.wc nray never kDow ho*,extcnsivc i1 is.a, largcness

Dilfcrent wavck'ugths p(xlLrcc vdf,d/rdrr in colort.a. slylci b. diffcrcnccs

8. The ld, rc o l . r \ io l i r is N. l l l . l anLt r i ih .

1 0 .

1 2 .

').

l t .

T

a. sound qual i ly b. picc

To pracricc cnrcrycncy pfoccclLrre,i, \1,c srrrldr!'d nn iclrr.l cn]1hquilc

a. obscrvcd b. i rni lared

TiDy daorljtla dcvi(cs arc 11s('d lo ii(l hcadnga. visual b. sNrd

(innpurc|s can bc f,'o.rr.rrrrrd lo prcccss and analyze all l(illds ol (1.1... . dcsigned b. dcslrcvc( l

Al l lhcorcl ic. l rcscnrch was sLrsfcndcd fof lhc,/rr i?/ i ( , /7 ol lhc r , . r .a. Ptr iod Lr. benclr l

Note-Takihg

Whcrr lnking notcs dLrr ing a lectulc, always loc( l$ on lhc nlain i ( lcas, l , nclr i l lgfor thc nrain poirns is l ikc l (x)kiug lbr thc () t) ic \crr lcrrccs in i rcndir) l . l 1) i r \ \ng( ' ,: l l lhough i l is nrorc di l t icuk l )(( .Usc you ( lo not havc fara8lr l ] )h cluc\ lo l \c l t r for.r .YoLl lhus musr l istcn l i ) r thc gcrrcral ideas or couclusront ()1 lhc lccL!Lfc.

Fi lnl oLr l Lhc bpic or t i t lc of the leclurc so yoLr wi l l hnvc nn idcn ol whal i l iJgoing lo covcr alrd whal yor i need lo l i5 lcr) l i ) f . Son\cl in lcs thc Jl)cal icf \ l . lcs lhcobjecl ives al l l rc bc! inr l ing of thc preseDt. l i ( )n. Orc.sioni l ly ; r s l)cnker wf j lc\ i r rr_porlaDl poir ls on a chalkboar( i or displays lhcnr ou . s l i ( l ( or l f i r rrs|nrcncy. l : i r rnl ly.rhc spcakcr may sr innnrizc lhc Drain points oJ lhc lcclufc.r l thc cnd.

Takc nolcs as yolr l isren to lhc Icctufc "Thc MLrsic ()1 Soun(] ." I l1,1o wrj lc ( low'ral l the main idcas. ' Ihcn usc youf noles to conDlclc lhc ncxl cxcr! i tc.

uhderclanditlg the Lecture. ljsc your r()1r'! 10 (lctcnriuc whclhcr c.ch ()l lhcfol lowing starcnrcDrs i , i l ruc (1) or falsc (F) icco in8 l (r lhc let lLrrc.

l .

2 .

L

4 .

sound is prodLrced by air v ibtat ior\ .

Sound r\ 'avcs lnove in only o|c direct ion.

A bel l r lmg in a vacuum wi l l l ror produce n sount i .

Wc hcaf sound wbcn our car drum\ viL)ralc and seDd rrc\ \ . rgcs 10

arJI rnol uo .r.rnduor ,ql Jo slJ.llt )qr e leLIA4 8ZrSeuoqs ItnJ uJo slr4j) tlqlssod rLLIos rrP leLIA^ Z

auo|elndod pFo,^^ Jo uors edxr prnultLlor nJo slrqjr.lq!\sotl rtll.rP IDLIM '9

Zrrueld roqloue Lro {!lJo fu.ôrslp iqr Jo quPr uo slJ)lli )ql rq lqilllu lPqM EziJgds otln lJ^prl o1 ttiulo^'\ pLIu tJrrl sisnPJ lpqÂ tauollsroldxJ oJPds Jo slJ.lJJ Jtll.lo iolos Jlp IeqM €

Z,{Soloutprt tu.polu Jo slruJ, llluucq iql Jo rtuos E lutl^ ZZlrnlLr)J slql ul rJtlJlrs

u! sDuB^pe le)lilolouqJil aqlJo tlrtlrc lr-'ljlliluiq tql Jo tl(ros !)lP l!\lM l

srNlod Nolssntslc

( (rr p1

'srtsodur()J iJeld ,{eP tlrc III^^ sr)llldluoJ

'ount rlFoêJ rnoi ,{pld ot p)uurpriSold Jq ueJ rtlnduoJ V'J)!o^ u0onrq p rleJnolls ol alqP Jq rJ^JLI lllÂ lilndulo) V

'soorlPrql Jo suolleulqltnJ iuJrrJJIp sJ)r'rpoidlLrJLunrlsul q)e, Jsne)oq lJulrPlr e uo{l luilaJJlp sptrnos rPunts Y

'JPnllldLLIE

s1! sp ol prrr4tr s! 8u!,{rpr s! rêM pullos E ,L3IJUJ.lo lLInouE Jql

'i)uo llrtus e ucql punos rrpnol e s.rnpord lu p aSrEI V'st^P.t{ pmros Jo rzls rq} ,{q pJururltlip sl tl)lld

'punori3 ;ql q8norqt uPql rlP rql qinorql r)lsPJ slr^Prl plrnos

6t lrJJJll pu! rsnq)

'zI'I t'0I

'8

'9

-!

l-z

50 Cause and Effecl

WRITING SKILLS

Patter s of Organizdl[ot1

Whcn wri l ing n tJntrcr, choosc a logici l or( lcr 10 l )rc\cnl yolrr i t lon'r i r l ion !)thal oDe idca lc.ds lo nnothcr. You nr ighl orgnnizc -voLrr |nptf . rc.o( l ing () oncof lhc l i ' lk)wir lg concct ls:L Tirnc lchfonok)gy)

a. For cxn1nf l( , inovc Jfour thc iui l i i r l c j lccls oJ (orrr l )LLicrs t() thc rr fcrr l c l_t , L r \ l l l . t \ A \ i l ' l \ ' l L , r ' f t ' | f t .

2. Spacca. For examplc, nlovc f ionr 1hc cl lccts ol coml)Lr lcrs nl hornc to lhcf l lc( ls al

yolr school lo lhc cl l tc l i n1 i work pl i (c \rr .h as n storc, b,rnk, ()r ajrLintofficc

3. Lollica. Movc lrcnr rhc gcncral lo thc spcci i ic

i . lor cx.rrrplc, nrovc 1R)l l r thc effccls ol (on]rulcfs (nr thc wof l( t in gcrr_crnl ro lhc \pcci l ic c l l i 'cLs on onc |crsor l

b. Movc fron lhc l lx l i l i ( Lo thc gcncral ( the revcfsc ( t lhc f l )ovc)i . F ( n c x a n r p l c . r l o v c l r l r n r l h c s l ) c ( i l i ( c 1 1 c ( l \ o i a l u c l s h o . 1 l l c o r r o r ) c

pcrsolr () the gcncral c l lc(Ls orr l l rc worldc, Movc hom lhc sinr l ) lc lo thc (onrplcx ( l revcr Lhe fcvcfscl)

i . For cxanulc, ux)vc Jionr lhc ( l i r r(1 cl lccls ol conr|ulcfs lo lhc i rx l i fcclor sccoDd.1ry cl lcds

Rcid lhc pnfagra|h bclow .rr( l dclc ninc which ol lhc alrovc |rnl lcrrr | ol of_gar) izat ion is uscd:

lrr 195,1 a hyd()gen bolnb was lcslc( l al I l ik ini . Thc cxl) lo\ iorr I rx lLr.c( l lhccxIccrcd radio-.1cl ivc lal l -oul on a r lur)r lJ( ' f o l Paci[ ic is lanr is, arrr l also scal lcfe( ldcl i f is ovcr thousands of s( lu. fc lni lcs. As n r( ' \u l l , ( iarrgcfolrJ radio-.( l ivc nrnlcf inlsapfrarcd i r rhf soral l plnnl \ which l ivc i | r lhc sur l , rcc ol lhe scai thcsc r ' r ,crc c.r lcr lby sln. l l i r r i r rrals which iu lunr wcrc c. tcrr l )y largcf.r inr.Ls, notal) ly lhc l rrrr . r l i \hwhich arc aD inl ln)f lanl .11iclc ()1 ( l ic l iu . Iapiu. l lcncc a nlr |nL)cr ( ' i .L l l )a 'rcsciDgcnrd quirnl i l ics ol fndio- ic l ivc lbod.

S. A. B. l l rcr1, T l t t l l tu Idn Sl l t . ic ! :^ n i r lo ! ]v / . f l4nn (Hir r |cr6 Ro r , 1971)

1] 108

In lh is paragraph, lhc c l lcc ls o{ a hydf t )gcu boDlb 1cd , rc ( lcscr ibc( l in ch11)rrok)g ical

ordcr becausc i l is a chain rc .cr ion, lha l i ! , each c l lcc l i r r l r rnr Lrccomc\ lhe c.uscof anorhcf . Thcse e l leds afc iDtrx lu(cd wi lh lhc word\ t rodr .e?. dr d / .xr1r , iDd

,r.rcr. Olher words rhar calr inlroducc clf€ds iDc]Lr\(lc.t1 lcd, hldr.td,.anstitLmtlt,thrs, aI'd theftfore. Transitiou word! thal inlroduce c.uscs i clrrde ls .?rr..i |ry, rprokEd br, i! indtlc.d b!, happdls btcatse, and rr ,7,,e ro.

'!(leiiiBrpd )ql ol lnrl ol nreM no,{ tlutqrtur^)rpnlrlrr ()l qlinorrr pporq st lpqr irurllrrs r!(ftn c qrrM upts .r)dpd IIt tnoqilnorLllIrrrlsrsuor rq nrq':Idot rnoinJr tsrq In)^,tol sllrrrs (rrllol ro ,):rp(ls , L I) LmoDzrupij-roJo ur)lrcd r.^rll{l,M rsn snr()d L()tssnrsl( rrll.io Jlro tnoqu rlrrM ro pFo,Mrllo,{ Lro sl)Jll) slr ln(\P rlr.lM l)lrL'rronu)^L ro ,{ri^oJsrp.lulnlrrrs ruo )smq:)

Ig IIaJJE puP rsnP:)

trtl.JT put )snDJ lo r4riDt6tupd tt 6u!UM

chapter 4

HlryothesizingMotion and Gravity

INTRODUCTION

When a scient ist discovcrs a rclal ionship that scems to hold l ruc wi lhoutexception, he or she formlllatcs a hjpathctis, A hypolhcsis is a rcnLative ortemporary solut ion to a scient i f ic problcm or an cxplanat ion for why somelhinghappens. Ahhough a hypothesis usual ly devclops from the intuiLion of thcscient ist , i t is based on obseryat ions or facts. For cxamDlc, Charlrs Darwin'shypothesis about evolut ion came 10 him whi lc hc was r iding in a carr iage (hcwrote/ / / I can rcmcmber the very spot in thc road"), bul Lhc idea was the prcduclof many years of study and experimen(al ion.

A hypothesis does not always prove 1o be corrccl, and it may have to berejecled allogether or at least reviscd. Progrcss involves conlinually refininghypotheses as new information comes 1() l ighl . For cxample, s ince no one hasever seen the structurc of an atom, scienl is ls cont inual ly rcvise thcir hypolhesisabout what i t looks l ikc.

As evidence is gathcrcd to suppon a hypolhesis and i ! bccomes accepred inthe scientific world, it is referred to as a llreory (lbr cxamplc, rhc rheory ofrelat iv i ty). When a theory cxplains or uni f ies a grca! dcal ol in lbrmatirnr, i lbecomes known as a pri tltiple, ot ilduttdl ldty ltor example, Archimedcs' principleof waler displacement or the law of graviry).

rls oqt Luo4 aruetslstr JJoUJ qtlM stDr! 1l csnltiq,,ilLro ruotse uuqr {lMols rrou lleJ lllM sser8 Jo rpplq V Duplslsrr rle It lullorslp nol JI 'scrPr

Icnb, rP IleJ sc!poq llP lEql prulnurlrp l Slsrqtod,{q s,rllotslrv tulôrdslc'srllls rqt p)pro)rr puB rrl8lrq B urorJ slqSla,M snolrP^ paddorp ,H slue(ulli)d-xr rltlM turqt 8ullJlri^ lnoqtlM sgrpl tdo)J9 ot tuctuoJ tou seM orlllPD priiurl

lpll) iJ'.M riJrlFq piqsllqPtsr-3uol asaql leql soogl iulr rqt lllun lou sP.M ll'uollP^Jrsqo

lPruroJu! pLlB )!8oJ qll^4 llrJtslsuoJ nJoM ̂aqt asneJ.rq $9r.{pUpsr1()l0 o^^l rql prrdr$e rrr.M sesrqrodlq s,rFolslrv uollotrl ul Drlqo ue d'')i o]Iisss.)iLr sl ))loJ s puB tsar te rq ot sl Dofqo uEJo Jtets Iprnleu cql lpql paztsrqtod,{qiH ls.1.r (4 irruP) uirqt PUP rlrqM r roJ prllor sIP,4 le tl 'l)i\{qo Dqr() rc l)r).r PPqsncl rq ri^ruiqM luql prN.sqo rH uollour leluozlroq pJrpnls oslP rllolslrv

'tqSroM rlaqt ol leuoorodord ptrds e qtlM llPJsDafqo leqt puE sDaho lrltll LrEql DtspJ llEJ sDalqo lêrq lplll prolturatrp alorslrv'i)JlrilrJdxr {Pp.&câ uo pJsPg piâltaq ${aeJ} tuapuP alll lPq,M sl leql puv DlsPJslleJ alrc$ e tPql JJs uer Juo,{uv a)uols P ro ssPJSlo apglq e'r)lsPJ sllEJ q)rLIM

uoltow ltoqv suoltoN auos

lnoqd \rsrqrodiq- s,orlrle) pue s,Jllolsuv pug

tE durzrsrqloo^H

'Lloltoru

p P ^ olrq :BPssPd rLIl peru

qutpbav uo4s

54 Hypolhcs;z ing

Cal i lco. r lso ( l js l r ( ) \c( l Af inor lc 's h l l ro l Ics is . t )oor hof izon( .1 r ln) r ion. Hc r l rnro n \ n a r c d ( h . ( . b o { l y I ) u s l r ( l o n . s r r x ) r h s L r d r c c c o u l ( l g o | D u c h l r h e f t h n n o n cpushrc l on i rourh m1Lr. r . Whur n lLrL, r ic . r ) l su.h is r ) i l w.r \ Lrsc( l , i lnron no lo f fcwns rcqui rcd {o I ( r ( l ) lhc o l i ic r l in nro l i l )n . Hc (1)rc lu(1c( l th i r l i l .u oL) jc t l ( loc\ nolnrcc l wi rh rcs innncc ( lL ic l ion) , i l wi l l conr inuc 10 nn) !c nL. cor \ lJ f l s |ecd rvcDi l no l i ) rcc is . l ) t l ied

Hal fa r (ntLIy l . tcr , Nrwlorr cx lcrx lc( l c , r l i l ( r ) 's j ( lc : rs . rx l lo nt r l i lc ( l . thcofythnt . r bod) , . r r rsr wj l l r ' r r r ra j i1 ( \1 .u( l n l , (x l ) i r f i )or ion wiL l rcr r l . in in nn) t ionLrnless s( ,nrc oul \ i ( lc 1 i ) r (c i ( l \ ( )n j l Thi \ lhcory i \ vr univcnal l_ ! ncccl ) le( l i t i \r . ( r ( f . . ) . N , . v , . l l r . l s ' , 1 | l r i . ' | L

USING ENGI ISH TO HYPOTHESIZT

A hypoth( : ' is ls n tcn laLiv{r l r r ) l )os iL ion th i l fc to lvcs. I rn) i ) l (nr or dnswcl \ i l

sc icn l i f ic qLrcs l ion. A lhcoLv is n ht |othcs js lh . l is gcn(r . l l ) ' . (cr l )Lc( l Howcvfr .

lhc i \ ( ) r (1s rq, ( t / , . t r ' r . rx i / /?r ! r ' r ' i1( l fcqLLenLl ,v Lrsc( l i l rLcrchingc. l ) l -v

Thc lo l lowing nfc cx: ln l l ) l rs o l hy l lo lhc! (s l |1)nr lhc ( i ( t ing:

objects fal l wi th a speed proport ional to thcirwci8h1.

Thc natural s lats of an objcct is ro be at rcstand a forcc is necessary to keep an objcct inmotion.

,1f r.\Ir,rld'J /?t,ll.tlrct.tl

All bodies lbl l at cqual ratcs.

I I an object does not meet with resistance, i twi l l cont inue to movc at a conslant speedeven i f no force is appl ied.

Mon hypolhcscs nfc s l i r led j r r lhc prescrr l s i r l l ) lc lcr rsc. . l lhotrsh iL i \ l )oss i t r lc l t )

hy|orhcsizc . rboLr l \ ( rnrcrh ing lhnt h i r l )pcrrc( t i r r rhc p. \ r o f wl l l hr I l )cr r i thc

l i r rLrrc . Sonrr l i r cs n hy lnr lhcs is i \ cxpfc\ \ r ( l i \ i prct i j . l ior r , Lrs i | lg lhe l t r tLL 'c lcnsc

wi lh r1, / / / . Thc mcnning is l l rc \nnrc as r l lhc f re\crr ( lcr rsc nf f r t r \ (o. s .yr rU

v)mclh ing. lwnys hnI l )cr r l 1 \ lhc t .nrc: rs l ) rcd i r l l r rg 1h.r l i1 \ ! i l l h , r I l )cr r .

NoLc rhi l al lhouglr i r rruf nI t)cnr wi lhin i r scrr trrrrc, lhc h!Polh(sis i lscl l i \ r l \ tafs

in the Ji)nn ()1 . ror\ \ l ) lc lc scnlc|r .r . , , . t n scnlcrrrc l |ngnlclr l or. ( l l lcslLoLl

C.i/i/{,.)'r /rBxr.,J.\:

'(06t ur olrlsulS urqlv iqplroM iLIl Jo uorlnrllB rLIl ol lqSnorq su^{ rdrroor srqt Jturl rlnlosqe ro IE:)r olrs!)r)ql 1r^rtDIr.r sr ,Llotloru pup DPds rIII 'rttln snql'AIuJrqJlp rlu!l oqr ̂Jllurplplft)/ oolDrrlp nDrqJlp e rl )srr^tun rqr lo lled riq()Lre ur iJullr^Brl lroiuerng pilrid(lPq rl iruI rql rrrsribi plno^{ que, )10 uo srsolr:)lrs'.rLlls e uo pirrnrroL()!soldx, LrpJl zt)rrjor s! lrll q)tllM uopuo'l !r! 'N r 00:9 pur-i s.lriJuv so'l u! 't{'v

oo:0J Lrrql sl lt ,{lll IroI ^4rN u! r1jir 00il lc sulScq rlueS llPqlfi! B tsoddlls

all sl a!\lll rvHM

'LldPriluiud ilulMoll([ rLIlrr! ,foiqr ro slsiqlulirl oqr iulpopun '4dt,t6b,tod v u! slsatlrodtH D 6u!/I!uapl

'lorilsiloll) olullloJ llt-i slt"'JLu ittqJ l)Lto 'JsDqJ 's8t3 q'slJultn lr.)Jll Jsllu) lllilllu lorilsiJ l(xlJ .Jo slLrrlotur? t^lsstrxS ! /

'u,Murq rlrqt ol IEl()luodordtou iril^ $nllrq rllrll isrlr?JJq Dlrllx) tluortq tAPq ̂errr $ngsoulc q

'uJuq Lrptunq rlllolrql r)iirLrl slrlL'rq i^uq sislo(lnxi puu 'sullldl(D 'stlpq^^ 'sllrutJdrJt i)uos 0 9

. si)ild.,o suotllltu olu! pipoldxo'iupol)srJAIrIIl ill] Lr! tultslxJ.4iiiui plr! rilt0or iLlt IIP ijltlltlultro)

'll3J Jllus{I) p u)qM o,'iu sjrlii uollllq 8l troqLi oroq slM Dsri ILn iql q'zz6l tll i.ll!stuil srnloiD

tqqv'lr0l)llsor.qlPor UPI:ipg P Iq Prsodoid rs.rlJ sr"'M ,(rorql illrsg:jlg itll lr g

'rulrlqrrt) iql sl olerq Ir.Jo up(l l$:jlel )ql, q'uluiq rqlJo ipls lrl iL0 Io rrorlrl|lll P rq ()1 lq:lnolll sl iilcniiup'l D t

'rniipld rqlsu qjrrs 'sJstJsrp rrlPlr)J lr.),ljt ol P)sn rL).n )lsnlu 's)tv Jlpprw iql iiuJrnc q

'ss.lrlt i^)lli)].{etu rlsntu.jo sJ(l^l ululr):) c !

. sall)l

llrrr.)t|p lp IIut or srrrlqo srs|!]) rPltl nlDlr Lrl )rroJ IFIU E rq ieor )rrql q'srr\lcrj Lrcql r)lsr+ IIEJ slrou '0 z

's.rcts r(t uns .ql Jo Lrolrlrfi{ iur .{q uouulltllr rlJrl Lll pJPl\3 .q ,{Ptu sprtg ro'rrlltolrc 01..r.'l(l ill() Llrl)rl slPrLr!uu Jo luJuJ^oru luuosP:)s.qr s! oollPrSrw Y'l

'srs 0odlq P prr)prsuor rq uur rPqr ro JLtr )rDrrpur or srlt.l-Lrrs.to srrcd rsillr lo qrDr ur q ro p rlJlrf, saruawds w sasaqtod[H 6uttIt] apl

gs SurzrsJqtod,{H

56 Hypolhesizing

o

Ptobability

Hypot lrcscs arc oftcD cxpressc( l wi lh woft ls lhat jndjcalc lhci f tc l l ta l ivc Da(ufcor unprovcn status, Thcsc words.fc vcry int l )or lanl . To say , ' lhcrc is l i lc otr JLtpi lcr ' ,is enr irc ly di f fercnr fronl sayini l "Lhcrc may bc l i lc on. lLrt) i lcf . , , ln rhc l i ) l lorr ' ingl is l , f ie I i rsr sentcDcc cxprcsscs probibi l i ly rnosl s lroul ly ar( l cach rLrccccdin!sentcncc cxpresses i1 sliglrlly lcss slrcngly,

There ls life on Jupiter,There must be life on Jupiter,There is probably life on Jupiter,There may be life on Jupiter.There could be life on Jupiter.Th€re miSht be life on Jupiter.It is unlikely that there is iife on Jupiter.It is impossible for there to be life on Jupiter,There is no life on Jupiter,

Identifyitlg Probabiliry. There arc many ways rLr cxprcss probabitily. Circle rheword nr h ord\ thi I lnJ(. Ic prnl ' . rL.r l i ly i e.) , t r , . r lh. .c .c, I ,cr. , . . .

Ligh! @ 1rl lravel in wavcs.

The accumulalion of carbon dioxide ir fic air is bclicvrd lo bc warnin! lhc

earth to a clangerous level.

I

2 .

'15?1a1put2 2u!utDnat'llddrat'pttp')ttddr't2tllttqtott ahD4r'atD^LtrDat Dluaa"L'pnp0t.13t tsu)l:))

'tlltLptar '4ol]14111,1r rpntJut setduexa 'sqD^ Mru uooJ ol sqrr^ qsrl8ull rJtJroûEm or p:pppeq,{pu -3t 'AFe:rIutS'lulrtj,, ,tu,A o,r BuruErur)r,r ̂1, = atu + -).t'eldrupxr roc r!\oui ro,{ sqrr^ Jo rrqunu rqr rsErrlrr ,{ilse^ up r/r, SUDJrLL.Ix[Jrd rql ]eqr SulMoul tsnf irelnqp)o^ rno,i pupdxa ,{llerr8 oslp lnq sp.ro^\ ,Mru,{Jlilrcpl oo,{ dlcq iluorou IIrM supd pro^\ ral{lo pue saxU dlo.SprlMorrl y

dutntng [.hJfiqoxo\

s'r'rrts DNtqvau

aplro^l rLIl punor! insnpul SLrlzluoltnlo^rj sDlnd!u0) crv Iarler snoDlJlrDp ! tp SulsEc.rrlrl plloM rql Jo Lrollelftkxl .qt st /

zaJcqdsoLutPJql ol Ir\tLuJurl slrolsoldxr tsJl reJIlllu ruo4lnolleJ o^rtJsolpsi ;)q) st 9

zLllrzt Jql.lo iJeFns iqt uo iJulôu ro ijulllrp stLrolr0r()J Jrlt iiv'gasrlxuleij ilulpoldxr /ilturlol^ srusr?nb i)rv t

zLlliui iqtJo uollulor )qt ijLrlMols s)plt s,Ln?r)o iL0 rrv '€

aDLrltxr ijlrl(uo)rq !ulrlf Lrl sr?puP(l )rlt rJV 'z

HurplrEdxr rq ot srp:rldp rvJ^run .]qf'{retlpJraq sl ilrsiqo lcl0 srsJSSns qrrLjJsar luJrru:)

's.r!ls Lro.rt|.u llurLrrr(ls trtprder rq or slsnuJrrs rllros iq lqijno4 rrp srpslnd

t< Butztsrqrod^H

t, '..r.'(,.r tr tor\r rtD|J.,rlr \4JUl .,s r rc,\r, n

zqt.IPi ino nul(uru,\/r ,,I).]JJa isnol]Lri.rjn,, )qt sl l

'^tol)q sr)uil0rs Jo rlcd luu trltJo UrinPd iLIr ilulMollol )q plnor )o'irq t4litu'tq tfu&/'rq trr&/ t)LItl.r qll.^4 sr)Lrilu)si)tPInturol ,4 0t q.ra^ Jrll rltr^ pJsn ,{llllrnDi{ E slupor! )s)LIt 'nultlil )ulllrilrs ol'sriqto rLF ueltt,{lllrqeqordjrSuorts qrnur E s,{)ûo) rfl?/4 lupolu )qJ p/ror puD'nlljlut'A:wu tsnu slt2poLlr rlltJo rsn Jql qtrM pJssrrdx, )q,{eu ^trlrquqord sqrJîlpolu lprlr sqrr^ ,.terlrxne Jo dnoril p arp slppoW tt! qbqord lo slttpovt 6ulsn

'nPpol Jo p:IuPrrpun

i-ru luql sip^\ ur JlErrr pup ullrsrp ol rlqp.q rM srrlndruor ',{ e) orqt I

nea

rrlnl0,{qr rtuos Lrr illlltrprlllor pup ilurpuedxi sr rsrJ^run Jgl trqt rlqrss(xl sr tl Z

!

'b

'(

58 Hypolhesiz ing

Ik)wcvcr , a w.r l l ing is r lcccssary l i r r sLu( lcn ls o l Errg l i \h n\ . sr (on( l ln l rsu. lgc

M a n y E n g l i s h w o r ( l s L r c g i l r w i l h l h c l e l t e r s , f b u l r r ) l l h c l r c t i r , - f . s u ( h . s : , f n ) r r n ,rtvolv., rcj(t, reJlc.t, rctin, rdllrjc, rcr.rL'., rdr. tLth, tavrdl, 1.Jir, a,.Ld,-r./rr.d lrllcr(sr-

iDgly, i r l rhough thcr( . r ( n lar) ' vrch vcrb j , rhey o l icn (or1.1 in rhc nrc.n ing o l . '4n, ,

or n rcpearcd .cr io l r , a \ i \ r rue o l r . rTr 'x , , l ] r .1 i l , , fv idr , 1 . th( . r t t t1 l , r l r r j tb t t , ant l

Pref ix : t rans ' . S lLrdy lh t io l lowir lg l ) rc l ix and lhcn tonr l ) lc lc thc lcnten(c\ t r t l ( )w

usi rg . d ic l ionary i l nccessdrY

Ldr?r-: over, across, beyond, through

translucenl-allowir'g liSht to pass through

I

l. Metal and woo(l irrc ol)aqtrc; Ijlnss and w a\$ atr t!!1Jg4494!--

2 .

5 .

7 .

8 .

so yot | wi l l hav( lo / , 'd l ,J

bkxxl

i r l

Marin docs no1 spcak Engl ish,

lor hcr.

Thc hosl) i ln l pal icrr t rL 'cci lc( l a

. f id io.r pl i l lcs Lhc siUlral without

irr w.vcsi i l c. t l r lo l l r .vcl ln()Ll8lrLrs ing a vacr l l , ln l l ( lbc.

SoLlnd is l , r r l r j

1o anorhcf t lu ivcrsi lY in his

Mrny l ivcs arc sivcd bY ki( infY

lroln orrc pclsoD () .rrolhcr '

Light cr)ergy can bc r,d,r.\

vocabulary in cor l?xr. Circlc thc lc l lcf of lhr nnswcr l l ] . lL bcl t nr ' l lchcs lh(

lnca| l i rg ()1 thc i la l ic iTcd word ls i t is Lr\ct l in c.ch ol lhcsc scrr lenccs'

l Thc rcsul ls o{ lhe extrcr imcnt rc,r7i . . / thal orLr lhcory wa! corrcct

n. c l ispr{)vcd U) Pn'vctt

2. Thc lcsson w.s ,rx l . rrd.? onc hour l () nl l (nv l rnrc lor qucslrolrs

a. lenglhcnc(i l r ' shorlcDci l

!ru JLll sJtrlllod rlJlq^{ JplxouoLu lroqiu) lr.ix, sJllq(xLlolllv < I

tllrlôs 'q iltllsn P'lllq rqt dnisr )rn qsnd ol i.3r.ui.r1o llu rirllrrrr rtur.) tsil ol ppLI rM tl

rLilniJilrl q iulrliitr 'r-i'lunbrrr! sipls llc lt0t!.tttuuu/is st Plp(rt Lrl lutlet\J !!f iqlJo uiilsiP iql (I

iltrol]s ! IgnlD o'p<rrrrlr4 JriM srllr]it oMl JLI] rsncJiq rl)lerll poo:i 0 sgM itllud lllqlool tqJ zl

'JUo slql Lreql .{llPrrHololttlrilprrLIr^PP rroru r(l IIrM tunru.) rxrlr rLIl lPql ilunsse ol /r,!0/ s! ll 6l

uorleulqurcJ 'q rrcrlPredis D'Lrr3,{xo plru rrrilorpirlJo srsr4/r,(s rqr iq pilru([ rq uPr ri)leM 8l

frô.rdur ! prillreq) e'I! opir ot puLI r/\^ pue llrJtulr)dx. .ql Jo srlrlso.r iqr /rart, illplturlq oql zI

l)illsn(i q Prllrld u'rtl!^ iU iluolu lpoqllEs,ql prrr.ldrd pu!^/r t\l 9l

qrosqe qllo i^!n e

PiirSLj 0

(l11 tDl',r,]rl\ q

pr iiDslp q'stroll0Dtdxr r!rLF LIIJ^^ trr.trr'/srol

nDA llrrlull.)dxi iL0.lo sllllsi.r irll isrloJJq ptsDtFl tri,1 riliqJloJsJl iql II

iJltulslp q dl\$t()llPlrl u'J ot z s!r.lP^ Lrl Lriil^xo ol lriiio.lPiq Jo to4Ja,/orri rLIl 0l

isliAJJ q l)rllo) u'riPro

lr-i)lliquq(lll" ,rlrnrj ul prlsll Jrr?\ sJlucll ,sltliPrls Jtll 6

Ipoq q (ll]i)o r.l'quoJ L() Jjrrr pLrr-)l lstiJrul ilql dll Jllrlu PItv P!l! Jdoln! 8

nurqqN 'q )nu c'rr0.,/rl, Iq lrro rrroM t,li),4 sJlll Jllqoluonru JqI z

'lllquMop prlrlls rr rrrtl^^ /.r/r'l.lr.rj, I)rul iql 9

,(lrôrPr|rl ^lr^llrD P'runrlL'J Prrr riqlei4i l(\ Iq prsnuJ se^{ r4rrrr srH !

I)^)l 'r'sl\od /r.rrDr rnol Lro n"u!ls).r sr rrnl)Illrs )ql f

6g ButzlseqrodiH

'srlrlor ls.^ -lsPi ilPrlpur dettl :)\1 t'o s)ull/rlrazuaI .LlI t

60 Hyporhesizing

Fitlditrg Main ldeas

A good way kr rcad any tcxrbook is ro brackcl or highl ighl lhc topic senrcDccol cach paragraph or sect ion. Latcr, lo rcvicw rhe nlalcr inl i ) f a tcsr, you only necd1o read rhe topic scntcrces for a \Lrmnrary of all rhe nraiD poiDli.

Re^ditlg

Pui squarc brackcls arcund thc r(Dic scntencc otcvcry paragraph in lhc tol torvingpassage. Note thal hcrc lhe topic scnrcnccs are LrsLral ly I i r r lnd toward lhc crr( ls ot 'the paragraphs because thc infornlal i (nr buikls ! | lo a conclusiou.

Newton Explains Motion

[etrhough many s( ic 'nt ists studic( i motioD, i r was lhe grenr Sir lsnac Ncwr(nlr \ ,ho formulalcd lhc lhcorics ol nlor ior '1, vcr iJying and cxrcndin! thc ra[ l ier workof Cal i leo and Cofefnicus.] Ncwton nudied horizonLal and vcr i ical nror irn.

Firs! Ncwlol t srudied thc qual i ry of iner l in, of lhe rcn( lcncy ol a L)ody ro fcsislchange in i ts shlc of mori( ' r or dirc(r ioo. A lcDnis bal l , Ibr cxarnplc, hirs l i r r lcincnia; i t is easy to get i1 $ ntove, slop, or (hangc dircct iotr , A trucL, on thc olhcrhand, has a glcat deal of incr l ia, New(rt conclr cd t l ral a l )(x ly. l rcst wi l l fctrrai t rai resl rnd that a body in nlolbn wi l l rcn)ai tr in nlot i (r t unlcss son.rc outsi( lc l i ) rccacts on i l . This pl inciplc is cal led thc law ol inc ia, or Ncw()r) 's l i rsr law of r) tol iorr

But Ncw()t 's cur iosi ty was nol sat is l ic( I . Hc wondcrcd whal causcs a chaltgcin nror ion. Why docs a body al rcst begir) ro nn)vc or a Lrody i l l nrot ion changc i lsdirecr iolr? He dcrermincd dtal i f a body is at rcsl , no l i ) r(c is .cr ing oD irr horrycvcr,whcr) a fo(e acts on a body, lhc forcc wi l l s l )ccd up, sk)w ( lown, or changc thcdireclion ol lhal body.

Morcovcr, Ncwt(rt dhcovcrcd that thcrc is a relati(nlshif bctwecn li)fcc at)daccclc6l ion. l fyou push a swiDg genl ly, i l wi l l rnove slowly. I lyolr puslr i t ha| l icr ,i l wi l l !o faster. Newtor) Dorcd lha! i lyou discounl tbc f ict ior l involvcd, tbc anl(nrnrol lbrcc is direcdy relaled to the amorin! ol accclcralion.

The accelcrat ion is also relalcci ro rhe mass ol thc objccL. Mass, whi(h is thcquanl i ly of mal ler iu a body, also dctcfrnincs the aDnruul ol incnia aD obiccl hir .A rruck has a greal deal ol nass, a bicyclc har nluch lcss. I l you usc an cqLri lamounr ol Ibrce lo push a bicyclc nnd a l r6ck, lhc bicyclc wi l l go lnuch f ;rs lcf rhanlhe lruck. Thc larger thc mass, the less rhc acccleral ior. ln hcr, rhc .ccclcr. l l ionol a body is inversely proporr ioral lo i ls mnss. Newton's n'cond law of | r(ni{rrstates lhal lhc acc€leration ol a body is direclly rclaled lo lhc lbfcc ircliDg on il rrdinversely proport ioDalto i ls mass. The direcl ion ol lhc accelcral ion is in rhc dirccl iol lof lhe applied forcc.

Finally, Newton explorcd dle qlresrion ol lhc solrrce ol lbrcc. Hc olrscrvc(t ihildre forcc acling on a body comcs fronl anolhcr body. BL lhis kic. by ilsclf w.snoi consislent with his view ol a balanced and synnnerrical Lrnivcrsc. He lhcrcfofcconcluded lhal whenever therc is a force plrshing in one dirccti(rr, lhcfe is nnorhcr

JBupqr lsrsrr ol ,{poq e Jo lruJpu Jql st prurut

'enrrur Jo ̂\pl rql sr ̂êl prtrp s,uolMrN

'Iro^^ s,rrolMrN uo prsPq rrJM sPrPr sioJlne)

't

t'a

'lsrrJ rq1 seM LrorMJN ',rrououl PJrpllls srsuurrtrs

'cô(lr-' riiPssed Jql ul uonPuuoJul rqt olsl scJ ilLrJs ilLrlMolloj iqt Jo qJcc raqlJqM JleJlpul

,.iuEtt' qStloqrty r J

BurproJ]u ({) esleJ ro (J) rrlrl' orlptt a& a4! 6u!p ub lsr ap u n

'sJei',^

prlpunq oMl roJ PIroM urrls)M rLIrJo ilurlurl0 lErlldosouqd pue 'lP)ltllo(I 'lPl)os IIosle rnq pFo^{ r$n(rrs rLIl ,{lln rolr p)rlr:)llun! s^/rEl lernleu r(liip.ro'lsrlSol oliJLllp.ror)e slrclDu|U JsrJ^lu )LIt lpql tdiJuol clll uoltoru lenrozlJoq pue IsJlrc^qtoq rztsrqllris pLrB :)s.rt^tlrl )LIl ul rriq,4,{riî olqerlldd! rre s^'rcl s,LrolMiN

'uoJl)rrlp

,llsodcb.ql Lrl sli)I)ol illllllrdx) iq uotlrrrtp ro piods sll .rotle Lrr) ilrrLli^ p'orpdsUI p.llr/\^rot rclror cqr Sulllrdord r)roJ rllsoddo pue lp br R llrxr lrrllt Llrlrl^r'siscii slildxi tJl)oJ illl Mul slqt uo prseq osle sl IJI)or e Jo tu nlôrll rLIl

'lsll

ll UO i)rOJ CtlSOddO pue lPnbr UU SUrXr t)ilqo pLrO)rS Jql',])r(qo pLroJrlr U Lrc':)JOJ U StJOxi Dolqo CUO DICLTTLI,4 :Îel prlqt SIq prlPts UOIMaN Srlql alllo JU'Msr,rt i|qouotnc 0p ̂qM ziLult iluol P io, urJLIt Lro LrDq rêq no^ riuE noi trnqrr{ r1o.{ op ftlM pLrB 'tr1o rsr^^ sroqs rnoi op,iq^ 'tiq rnoi lsutpS! lruq qs[(lt r siop roou Jqt )Lrlqt Do^ Jl puv uolt).)rlp rtlsoddo rLF Lrl rôu ot no,{ srsnP)turll no^ !r(J cJJoJ E nulurxi sl IIPM Jql llPl .rLF rxo{ EMg ) o(u ot lruts no^'rld!ucxc.r(l'lood iiu$ululMs r?Jo IIE,l )ql lsulpiJpJJo qsnd noi u)qM lllilllsrq.{u!usilqPt PUE slleM Jo itl)ltsel; ,ql Lltnoqlle 'tuitxi iuns ot )ltsPI. )rP slelritPuI lluistrr.').rq c)roJ P lr)x) LU-)J n)rlqo ilqPl P lsulgiiP ll ssird ro.{ Lr Il4 JJruu rno,{ olsuiddull lEqn ))ltorr oslv no,( uo l)pq ilulllnd ll Ir.T llr^'! uo,{ pup pupq Ji)qllnr! uo n^Lrrltu(l .{rr ruq'rlrlBolur ()1 llrlrrrlrp rq,{Eru t(ir ror slql IrEq Sl rlsnd r)joj

'no^ uo arol allsoddo puB l3nbe ue su€xe l! 'lle/$ e qsnd no^ uaql^

I9 Srrzis)r|odiH

62 Hypolhcsizing

5 .

l .

9 .

l o .

l t .

t 2 .

Any changc in nroLion is producc( l by a lorcc.

Accclera l i ( ) l is f roponioDnl ro nrass.

Thc d i fect ion of ac(c lcr i l ion is o | l )os i tc 1{) lhc ( l i rccr i { )n ( )1 lar .c .

Pushing of f ngai rs l lhe s i { le of a swinrnr inr |ool i { .1r t cx. I r t ) lc o lNcwLoD's sccol rd law.

Ncw((D br l i (vcd lh i r l lhc ur) ivcr : ,c is syrr l r r )cr f ic . l i ln( l L) i r l .ncc( i .

f \ \ r ) , . l i ' . r , r r , \ i . r . ( ' , I r ( , t r . . r 1 . r r . l " t ' , r ^ r r , r \ . \ ' i , , I

A rockct fuDct ioDs on thc pr iDcip lc of dr l i (nr nr( l r (ac l ior1.

According 1{) Newt(n, yorr sln)er wcirr out lr(causc yor.r .fc

LISTENING SKILLS

vocabulary in Cohtexl Circlc thc lct('r oi lhc nnswcf lhat L)cst nralchcs lhcnrcaning of thc i la l i ( izcd woKi as i t is r , rscd in cach ol Lhcte scnlcnccs,

wcaring lhe w(Dtj Lrrand.

13. NewloD's idcas inf lucnccd rvor ld thinkiug in l ic l ( ls oLhcr rh. |r

L Gravi ly kecls lhc nnx)rr i r r i ls o,-r i r rr)un{ l lho onf lh.(O) |ath b. posi t i ( rr

2. Scicnl isrs afc sl i l l spd(r/dt i l i , aboot thc or igirr ol thc univcrsc.a. rhir)k ing b. cxfcr inrcrr l in8

l . Obiccts lal l downwa bccausc ol t l rcca h's r /1rvir . r .a, pul l b, nr()vcnrcnt

4. Thc p() lcsmr was always on t imc and bcgan lhc lc( lurc tr . 'c i l i i 'A,at rrooD.a. . lpproxinratcly l ) . cxact lY

5. Your wcight vdr ieJ l f ( 'm day l( ' ( lay.a. chaDges l) . i r rcrcnscs

6. Asrronaurs cxpcnencc r,.grrlesrrs$ whcn travclirrlt iu sp;rcc.. , I n v \ . i r h r L l r u r r r r , ,

7. Thc fdld/ivr advanLlgcs ofcoppcr and silvcr wifc wcrc sLu(lic(l .rr(l

i r . conparar ivc L). jmponnrl

8. Ncwlon rr lcrrrcd thc sizc of lhc plaucts.a. compulcd b. rcpoacd

'strr^!Jq.)ql ur lLr.)LtIJôur LLro.rl\ lr rt lr )L'\i I li.lr tr

"r",t 't"r",lr r"t$.)\ | J

'rrrrl)rt .\tr ur rrorrL'uu(4ur iqr ol i'urpro)! (i) i)slq ro (./) )nrlsl sirrlrru)s nrllr\oll(f )qr Jl) rt)t.r r tlrqr\ rrurtt)rrt np27 )41 Uutpullts.rdpun

'isrJrrx. rxrlr rLIt rlilruor or srll)u Inol ;)snu)ql pue,,',{tt^P.r5 I() ML'_I rqr llur,{rqo,, irnlrrt i)rlt ot oJrsrl rotr sp sJroLr r:{pt

' 10 tr Jlu^'t

"uru sr pjo^^ c jt i(tlr^ .'c truuJ .rp nol sp.()M to surnrpiuauoqs isn Allro :.rroN

rJrP^{ qrIM xtruluorrod Itrutu

OzH/^{ xlur%06

LU8 I'rJnp € llEur

rusr8 ouoelllrnp puP elqeellPw

'su()llulî.r(l(le 1)0u si(nlLl|^\ r\n z

ssard solule eJnsseJd JueqdsorulPlJe tuerl)r^|r)P IIIe)lLuoq)l^ oul !)s cSprl^ oul )lJllurlrs

l).ro^\ iil|ol ! to l'lc(l rs.rlt ,)ql Iluo l.rM I

rill l Iuur slulLl n"!r^\olr)t )rl-l_'riNl l)pq r!r)Llt l)c)i l)l|!, il)i)lrrt) (!r)rllrtl.rr\ LrD:r nol \L' tiuol sP Ll^().rno,l ,)sn lLnlt nol r o Pr^Jrqqu l).rPful,lr ^1oltlot ̂.russi))i)u,drl sr tl sLrol!rî.r(lqu l)UrJ rlo(lLUlr sL) IIJ^1 srJ rP.roM nuol lo sr!r.rolP)(|,)r.roll\ )sI or sr strlr 0l) ol .{ua1 l)(x)ii ro .(l)rnl) irr.r^ t\nru I0,{'rn)trrrLlI

'rlr(xl uo lunu.IUDuo:) rlrq,\,\ Ur ur,is rrll r! rstr!iLrrqtitUos rtrrM pLr! n"Lrrrlt rLro ol u)tsrl lr)rruu.).rJIL'irls JÎ]pu L) u)^3 n_Lrlstl!!r )irlnoi 1!qr $ur(xl nrL'uoikur ijurljDru rq ,{!ru fuD iiUr)lDl llrl{ sr rotrnnEUr rLll'tirrrtrrM).rP uor( rtrqM IPLIr sr urrlq()r(l liiqr IL )lsLrr SLIiuillDrp ! sr srn)u iiurlpl

ll I lrrf rr,{'rrr rt r' l .r, .f

.,nrrri)ltrP q'Prlr(t(ioLUiq rlrl'\)sDrsrp Ur!lr.r) pUU,{rnrirrLI

puPs qLIrDrq )ql uro,

ur)^rlrq r.r,r/irrrdr P sr )rJLlI

luJ.rlllr uD)ro fsljrq\ ris iqr prqrPM.rl,/r rql

s;)ijul\'rl

ur uoou' rql r)\ rM ll

UOrl).)Lllro) !,'{l

I

f9 Surzrs)qtodiH

64 Hypothesizing

2 ,

3 .

4.

5 .

7.

8 .

9.

1 0 .

Planels arc hcld in thcir orbits by the forcc of gravily.

Your mass would bc diffcrcDl oD Mar$.

Astronauls weigh lcss on thc Dtoon bccnusc lherc arc no goo(irestauraDls lllcrc,

Aslronallts cxpericncc weighllcssl)css whilc tl..rvcling in sl).1(cbccause they arc loo far from lhc graviLrti(nlal pull ol lhc enrlh ollhe moor,

Newton calculated the rclalivc wcights of (hc plancts by studyingtheir gravitational pull,

There is a strongcr force of altraclkn Lielwcelt tltc slln nn(i lhccanh than betwccn lhc eardl and lhc moon.

The ocean's tides are caLlscd by cclipses,

Yqu cannol feel thc gravilatioral pull bctween yolifscll and lhcperson sillinli rexl lo you becausc il is lio wcak.

The law of graviay is univcGal and applics cvcfywhcre.

j . r \

E

irP lrqr rrolJq rolprlr rlll rtErs ol siurpntsrrorsnpuotr rlo^ loLr i^!q oq^\ rsorll ueql.ritl lrs rêq oq^! noepnts tpqr rJdEcl rno,{

'Lr. tr^^ r^pq noi reqM Jo i.ueJU[r8rsP rlrr,r 'IllDurJ uotl'ldo rno,{ ro] suoseJrplrroqs qdurBerBd rLIt lo lsrr III Duolu.sLrotssnrsr(I rql ur P)tEInulor s.srqrcd,{q rLIt

rrnbrr plnoqs slooqrs tpql rq lq3rurIooqrs ut rrneq op slPot leuorss{ordLrl alets notr rsoddns 'aldurexJ lolJLII sJlPlJr lPql luJnrrtels HLrrDnlruo)r^r3'sr lEql ,sls.qtod{rl rllt uoddnsrtdot rnoi sr srsorllod,{q iqJ nrrrodlo.rro uo prsPq qdPrSPrPd c rlpM

uocnpuoJ It t4trltfi 4dDr6orod e 6u!t!l/A

'l/osr,r.r sr4l -/q/ prr! tlllt lo .'tt1trr.q os Itltonhsltor ')tu)tl 'tu!]'unsr)1.t st4t.ttll InfirD$

'.).rdl.r.r.)rl rpnpur LrorsnlJrror PiJurru/\^r(l spI()M LIo!rsLrDrl

ao| r)prrr rLlt pllroqs l0q^{ art tnoqP.oop.q ucr ruq^{ zi)^Pq rl llt^^t)ijji lurl^{ ztrrutro(hur tr sr,{LIM LT)IuM seM ruqMJo i)ruuruluiJls iqr PIrx €

'turod rrlpur Jqt !rorJ ttr)raJJlp iq lotr iulu fuPLLrLullsu'rr(lu(l tioqsoLrt lr ,{JrDl).I{) Mr!^rr or L()lurruoJul .ql rTlrurlrrrns z

'rJLrrtuJs Jl(iot llliLItl.rM)j ro NrrlsL',rrl(iu,rud si^loûl slq-L srsDq(hLrJ.r0t turo(l Llruttr DL0 aletsiU I

rilurMoll{)l i)!lt Jo i)Lro op lprr| i)rlritrris ijulpnl)u{)) V rrqlutru-i.r ot ,ripui.r l) )u0M notr riîlprlM rullro) Plllotls trolsnpL().) iql 'in)lil)q,L't)udrrrl lsiil(roIs irll surl snrll l)rrD.lJpr.r)r Jql ot lraAIij tLliinoql Ieull itlt sl lr )snu)aqt!rutio(hursrrorsnl)uorv,{|(ltuqr.rillrtPu,rsnllopu,)rsuluolsnl)!rorpiûqPlnoLIsri)(lp(l riiiool u luq 'r!r;)(rilurs ill l)nl)(ro) o rrnbrr t{)Lr sroP qdur:Jui!d uorls V

suolsnlzuoJ 6uulJi4

S11I>IS 9NIIIUM

'rcu op sr)qlo rllq^\',{llsDl)spLrrr.u rIL'ru ol ru)rs \tLr)pr!s.u()s,{11/,!\ rrrL,ldxJ ot srsJqt(Xllq p ttrroJ

'lsrt ! rro tP)rlr llrM's{u^\rrqro rll ls)lloq qijnoqtlD'nLrrplrls luos trqM UrDI(ixJ ot srsrqnxltrq c rurot

'rrurrl

pJr({\ iqr urqr r)rs|J oH sr)ûp,{Lrpl!r fut^\ urut(ixr or rrsrqrftitrq c Lruol'sre) Iaql

ur llt)q rurt.r!r^{ rou oP.ldord Jtuos IqM ulet(lxi ol slsrql(Xl,{q P ujoc'looq)s

Jo lno (lorp \lurprrs ru()s trqM ureldxJ ol srsJtJlocl,(q p ruroc'sir_nrP qtr^r ruituIl)dxr rlLr)pnl\ oluos,{q^\ r]ruldxJ ol srsrqnxl,(q e uuol

'lleJ',(llllqc lcnbi qlrM 'sri)qro tlrLl^,r Iro^{I(x)qrs rrJLIt rrr pJ))r]s stu)pnls rurcs lqM rrrcldxr ot srsJqnxilq p uuol

's

'I

t't'Z

Sa iurTrsrqrodAH

slNrod Norssn)sIc

Hypothesizing

dJmil t t l l . Or yuu mi! : l r r {rAsc\ l lhJl lh i \ 'uL' i ( ( l r r((( l \ I r rnl (r rsr ' i r r(h rr ' l r l \ r \ (

v( ' r rr hVnr ' t l (s i \ i : lhat \ lut l (rr l \ lnkc tLrrS\ l \1 '1rr \( rr I l \1r I ' r ( \sLrr( Y"rr r)rrSlr l

i rn.t,ri" rttut *" """4

ro changc thc alti{ude ol young pcople loward (lrrg5

Be surc lhat your conclutli|g slalcment allswcrs c/rd of ll'tcsc qucsli(nls:

t . t \ l ry i r yuur hyPolh!. is i r rr ln ' r larr l '2. What cl l t . r wi l l i r hrvr?L What can bc done abo l il?4. Whal shorld the readcr do?

L9

-_:r r

'possnrs!p Sulaq s! leq^ Jo slderuoJ lu rJJrp 'retql uf,q/!{ ln)ro s8ulpuPtsropuns!l^t sllqrrer$I Itqlo iq poolsrep!n tre iaqlns alPru lsnll.| slsltlrolJs /lu)urllpls raqlo ro slssrllodiq s Sullelu llaqM

NOII)N(IOUINI

[6nug

tup;yaq

g raldeqc

A definilion answers the queslion, "what is i1?" sometimes a deliniiion isnecessary because a word or concept has more than one meaning. For example,wherhcr carbon is a mctal or nonmetal depends on how yoll deline carbon Aloiher t;mes, a definilion is required becalrsc a term is being uscd in a spe(ialway. For examplc, physicisis use thc lerms lL,otft and erfltu, in ways thal aremore specific than thei( common meanings. A dclinition should be completeenough !o include all thc items in the calegory yet narrow enough to eliminateirems that do not bclong. The Greek philosopher Plalo oncc defined man as atwo-lcgged crealurc that has no fealhcrs. His critic Diogencs lcfl the room andbrought back a bird withoul fealhcrs, declaring, "Herc is Plat()'s man!" Theproblem with Plato's def ini t ion was that i t d id no1 dist inguish a man I iomother twolegged creaturcs without feathers, Communicalion betwccn researchersis dcpendenl on pr€cise definilions of substan(es, conccpls, processes, andideas.

Short Reading

Read thc lbl lowing passagc to l ind dcf ini t ions for as nrany typcs of cncr l ly i rs

The ManY Fortrls of EneryY

Ellcfgy is thc abi l i ty to do work. whcu a hammcr slr ikcs a nai l , i ! cxcr ls a l (nccon thc nnj l t l rat (auscs i t to nlovc. Thc novenlcDl of thc harl)r l rcr has lhc . l ) i l i lylo ( lo work aD(l thcrcfore has a l i ) rnl ol cDergy lhal wc cal l k i l rct ic crrcrgy l ( i l rc l iccncrgy is lhc crlcflly of molion,

An objcct Inay havc cDcrgy not only becausc ol i ls nrol ior bul also Llccause oli ts Dosi l i r of shapc. For examplc, whcn a waLch spriDg is wour , i t is s lor iDgcncrgy. When lhis cucrgy is rclcascd, i t wi l l do lhc work of nlovirrg lhc harrds ofthc walch. This lbrm ofeDcrgy is cal lcd polcnl ialcr lcrgy Polent ialcncfgy is s()rcdcncrgy. Walc| i l r a dam is anothcf example ol polcr] l ia l cnergy.

Thcrc arc many lypcs ol k i |c l ic and polent ial cncrgy, inclLrding chcrnical lhcFnral , mcchanical , c lcclr ical , and nuclcarcncrgy. Chemical cncUy js polcnl ial cncfgythal is s lorcd in gasol ine, food, and oi l . Jusl as the waich l ln ir lg rrccds to be rclcdscdlo do rhc wofk ol moving the hands, thc energy stored i lbod moleculcs nccdsro be releascd by cnzymes or subslanccs in lbe body, and lhc cncrly slorcd igasol ine musl bc releascd by lhe spark plug 1.) do i1s wofk ol propel l ing thc c.1rIbrward. Thcrmalcnergy lnay bc dcfincd as rhe kinelic crlcflly olnn)lecules whcrra subsrnuce is h€aled, thc molccules nove fastcr, which calrses Lha! slrb:iLance 1olccl hol. Mcchauical energy is cncrgy relltcd to the movcrlcnl ol objects ElcclficcDergy is cDcrgy lhat is l)roduced by eleclric charycs. Nuclcar energy is Lhc eDergythal is norcd in lhe nuclcLls of cer lair k inds of abnrs, l ikc urar iuln

uoloru Jo

Iro^\ op 01 + llllqe =

( rsPrqd lPuonrnr(lij(lro .sc^ld J^lt$rllu! lru Jo uuoJ JLlt .lp1 sJllsu.lrprP\r Jq1 s.urltJt|ros)',ouatu.lb lut:tla d4t tl r';at)u. .lttt|u)t )lta\ ..p ot t:tltul, r\t st ,lI;.t)|3

stJelqo Jo tueueôureql ol peleler (sl lPqt)

( prlrl)p rr)rq suq ,r.trl,ll to'n4 toqt'rplry'l1 rl)qM ul isuDl) i^l)ulJ.r u su.rpJ(l(lu sJLurtJruos sJltslrit)u,rur,lJ.)Lll)

$1140 lb tnut.lAo/t rtl ot p)Nla.t ̂fuillr st t\li.Dn l\.\ur\rrtî

iSrJuo ISrJueIelluJxoo lEJIruJqJ

. - ,{8rau.Ie)luprl)itu

,{8rJur)lrautI

^3reuJ

- IIo pup'pooJ + 'Ju!losed u! pJrots s! lpql

\ ).Qrltr ro 'oqM )11tlJ Llll,tlqll^ SulLILrl$q isnLrt) )^nrlJr E sp rDrdllD srtlst.rrl)erprt) It

'nIurnbrrl)'tlo

Put '|loal attUosDll ut p)ot! !t te4t lli.Dn lt)tlLt)lad (b' lt) tD)|u)rt)

srllslr.Dereq3 + ssel3 = urrrl

:PInturoJ uolltutJrq

':ti.Ju nuat ,\i)/ 11 qtLi tt)uit"D utl)t.4v u! r e )J.ltrit;y 'sP qtrns 'srllsrr)))P.rPqr rrJrr).ls pLrP lL,u uo L1 y )I{t1.t16 V .\e LtrDs ,l|o pJlrssPIr c rpnpur Plnoqs {Jerrn" p Jo rrortrlfitrp p ,rldruDxi rorl ssDlr strJo sr)qriul

Iiql{r ruort uurl rLIl r)P'l{rrrrurp tpql s)ltrl'Jlrpreqr ruD)ds Ir snl(l tur)l D IorrollP)rlrssPlrlPrJurit)qtipnl)UrplnoqsLri)rtrurrrppoonêleqlprlsrlJSnsrllolsr.ry

69 Sulul.lro

ANICA(] OJ- HSI'IDNII )NISN

70 Defining

Th,rrndl ener!! lnd! b( rlctnc(1 asthc kineti. tnerlt| oltllr ec lct.(Thc use of thc modal ol fossi l ) i l i ly ,7dv indicatcs thn! rhcfe is nlorc lhnnoDc way 1() def inc s0nlcrhing.)

thcrmal kinel i (ener8y enerSy

Patenltd! cn(rlll ts slarcLl e erll!(Sonlel imes lhc (hrrrclcr is l ics prcccdc th( c lass.)

enerSy+ €nergy

N0lEr whcn dcl ining. rcnrclnbcr (hc tol lowingil . Def ini t ious rcquirc 1hc prcsenl s inple tcnsc al ld lh(r vc lo l r f .2. The def ini le .11i( lc, rrc, is usLr. l ly not uscd wi lh lbc lcfm bcirr ! ( lc l i r rc( l bc.ausc

dcf ini t ions arc general stalcnlcnts. l i r cxa|nl) lc. wc would ( lc l inc d l t i raf lc ( i r rgcncrnl) , not l re gi faf lc (a spcci l lc gir i r l lc) .

Sentence Pallerns

DEFINING

+ sPr,crhrc cH^R^cr.nLsr r( :s

who fstudics rhr univcrsc. IrhnL J rnr.rrur(5 r i ! p,($ure. tbl wh(h lhua' i< rJnstLn(r i lwherc IcxperimeDLs arc P(rrol'ne.l J

,r. . .rr, . ]

f r " x 'on, 'me' ) f " ' . " " , " IlA brrumrrer I IJD insr lurnetr l I

1 condu*i"n I ' '

I" p--* fLA lahnhLory J [ . r pr.rr )

It***'] ., In,,'r',,* .|

I**,:ll,"ill*;t'J [*lt,ili, ".J lr,u:; )

I r t r e s r u r t v I J u r n , a r L e r a n d t n t r l y' -

l J u , , i r J I t ' t m i r ' u r r n p e t c r t r i . a llPhysics I[A volr ]

'llrrlrrrl) LrLr sr urnrl)PN I'snorriiuDp h;)^ )rp siolcU.rol 9Ir,'rlrrLru luJr D xtrr st Lu()rrrrn y ! 'srrrJds rrl0o pur lrrrrrrs orlcH Jo rlppurddp tuorrpnD uD sr rfr V .t

l.)rl(t s (tiJr()r u sr srltrlrlul €'rsu P lo,)7rs irlr rnoqL'pUp 'l)rr 'p no' sr.)t(dp Uy .a'Arorql s,ur,,$req .)rl tuo)qr u sr ,(rorlll }trlu)r)s v I

uzzr(l lr urrr riÎr slq oLI^r L rrlrpw D ol ii rttorlstrrPl(ixi ,,tpi ol pooii,.{llcir torqr;rluos sr !zr(l p,, rpqt n_urlus r^rr:rrftlo rg .

ir sr leq^ t,usr ! tpq^{ Mou) rr1 lrql^{oN rrorrrLrrril) r.(or(1 u L|rrM tr Mo oJ urLIl rng |rpr iJtrorM ui^!Ll )l(lo lIrrrLIr notr r1i)(1M,,'.lilpr)irJ^ Lr llxr sr otLnuol u,, rlrl s oltlLrljip.)^11!n"itr rsn

irnJUor l')u,^luirlr pln(rqs Uorlrurjrp v.n r-Lrlt)p i.ru no,{ Lur i(ll orrql rlnJ rp rrollr ]oLr sr Uo rLrrr)p )L|l rins rIol,\l

'irItrlror s)rlripp,,,{rLr1)uoriJL, s)rlt)L'r(l r)q^\rlosJi(l u sr lsrruouorilu uu,, ))ill turrurlols v s!oltlrrrJip juln)jl:) lo i. ?^\rt{

zs)suil .rillto (ro.lJ lt )lt?0ltrlrJltl) tprlt s) st.t.')l)uruqr :)llDr(l\ .)LljJ.rL' tPrlM 'qtnou.) x)U sl ,,scii u st )lrtrotl) u(xl.tu),, lrrlt n_ur,4uS Jst)Ji(l J!l

'!urit ssul) )rl) r.)ul(lii loU plnorlr,4)rll Itrl ,LrolllULJil).rno,t olp)lr\1.)ur iq,{uru s(losl. J(lLUo).to ,sUoll(lt.lr(il) ,s)l(lLltu\! ssflJ ll ,tlllrriIl

'lt )ôi(lrur plnoM lroi ^\orl ssrrr\rp puu uoltl(rt,)f rl)p) rllr^,r nÛo.r^,\sl tPq,\\ JurlurJlxl slronrurJlrp uJllu^\ il.tood r()s i.tp iiutMollol plrp suo tutlJl)pooii iiLrr.l^l .lot srrrllrprniJ )!uos rro xoq iql !tl l))tsr't tuoutu{ao 6ury to)

',tpoq tprrsrlrr rrrllouIr rttqr0 rPrlt 1p(rtl tp|lsrJr] u sr )trlt)lr!\ y .8

'IUIL'uo. ̂rrr rql jo,{trnrs rqt sr..ttolo)a .1

punorii rLIt uo rr r()t tr,,ql pnol) p sr n-{U .9

'irl:rtll:;rl:r ro lL'Il trnpuor plr srop lL,qt:rrlrDtsqns p sr rolplnsul uy .!

'noruosDr.r Jo r)tu)) rLll sr tpqt urcjq rqt Jo lrud,qr sr unrq.Ir) iLlj .,

'.'JqrcLrD ol ru.rot ruouorl ,rtu)Lr) luu(lslrDrl lpLIl lr^rp e \1 .)rrrLppru v t

_- __ lI ,J J] rlro )rp Poronrrd .z

.)tqr:ltllrrpulrorr pup ]qij! sr tpqt sDiJ !I|| Up sr tunrtrH .l

JrtMl (s)rttstr)trl'rL'qr rlrrlls rql pup'rrlro s\Dt)lulrrrJn_ iqr )Llrlr)pun 'sLlolrru(rp ljr ^ô oj Jr Jo rt)t:) |t sLlourullao Gutz/llouv

I/ tu:u!tr(l

72 Defining

8. A conrPass iooks i ike a clock

9. A amphibian is l ike a frog or a r"r l lc

I0. A suPcrnova ls a blg nova

RehTtitle Clauses

A clausc is a pan of a scntence lhat conlai |s a [oLrn ' ( ] a verb A relalrvc

a".,t" i, "t.i,l*ir,.gi"s

rvilh wlL' that \rher'' at wha wl?rf, and '?'r 'rc nn)sL

i.lll-.,riv.,r*l i" '.i"'ce dcfiDirions; w'o is uscd when rcferrins ro pcopl! Sclc'rcc

def ini l ionsol ieni l lc lLlLierclal lvccIaustscon!ai l l inSlhccharaclcr is l ic\Lhaldinin-glr ish an i lcm lrom othcls in thc class

Llsinq Riat ive a/d, | \er ' L ' ' rnL' rr ' ( r( h ol rh( I ' l l ' s rrrF ' r l j r ' I i r" rr" r r"

; ; ' . i i . . , " ' ' ,

\ ' , r ( , ' ( . l c r r r ' | i r ' r n r ' l r ' r r ' l ' i v e ' l r ' t s

L Pfolol ls aIc posit ivcly chargcd paniclcs They arc (ont ' i r1(( l in lht nLrcleLrs ol

^)'.,)))l) "*,r*to*t+

'l*'t"a **t"o u"l "* *"t"o*a *

lh" ru,rlzrz el an altn'

2. A Lr lack holc is ar) arcn i i r s l)acc l ( has a gf ' lv i tal io lral l ) l r l l solowcl l rr l l l raL

, iilllli,liilllil,iili'l,llti';,;iiiiili"", *,ai, "ni,'nrs and r,ran,s,ha, rivc i,r,rrc

i liii ;:"1':llHl'l',lti::i:i"lllll'iliilll:i'ii'i; l','l'iil'il,,iliililxiliillil;"u. fil'i,ilii u,"*,.' lbnn or lile on carh arc bacrcria' r'hcv afe sinrPlc li)nnii

, Srtl],ii.1ii, "

**''cal rcacri(n rt ir\volvrs thc loss ot o'c or r.orc crecLforrs

. t"]'::l:X'ili:i1l;

,0 pcrcenL ol the air Ir is a tordrcls oLlo css Aas

lgK,';1lii,"':fJ'li,1n."';:il.1[l ]l'l:ff;l::,'i;':i,iil :ti':"il'll:li: "

L af amt, tb. r , ,ne cel l rd animal/ constanl lY changcs i ls shapc

4, aorr"'lta a a aze cdlzd' adl44d l/4aJ

J r ' , r ' I l ' . i ( . l r L r g . r r c ' u a r " ' r a J t r r : c .

llr[g / orgal1 / Irrcalnlng2 .7 .

no,{ 'lrlrrr4 Jo ilu[rE)LLr rq] Morr) lpprrlp no,{ Jr

,rFhupxr rol Mou{ .{pD.rp no,{)1rc Ol pJtPIir sl llJr ,as ol sr proM MrLr e Jo.Sullturlrr iql ssinil ot .{e,M iuo

0ltlryng tJolnqbtot

s1'lIXS TNI(IVAU

.)|un$ s pue sJEe 6tq qltM leullue ue sl lueqd€te uv

rlrnI'|cnb0 ou 0l,ulrler'6

snrr^ u il

'({1.!l P..)Lr noIJI rr iJursr.)^il iq ro qrur tsrl puP sp.ro,,i ilLrr^,\oltor rrtt.to rppr r(n

r()nruurp I rlElnrrroJ )lP'rbrpeur sr uouruurp iqt teql \Dor^qo sr tr p.je )u1J4ht)ttD st lplutua ut 1)3 .^ 'llltutLt1 uL1 st )ut4d4) r, :)s.ra^Ji )^r.j] ,JldurcxJ lol 1lJsli^ir or sr rlrldruor sr Lrolt$rl.p p ;r rrs ot Ip^ poo8 V .suottlL!{ao 6r1!bat)

litoloiit Slll.rrlrrrq u i7

,,(P r"x uu €rirpFq P z

uorDurr IPr[urqr D

€/ SururJr(

su(nP rc rrltrnu ;)qt sprpqluoq / sntplpddl' / uorlol),{r '8

lPiq s userur / trun / Juol!) 1iq prfueqr lolr sr rnq dn spir(ls / rruetnlns / lslletl'r '9

pooj rrllrEJnupu stuDld / ss.Jord / stsJtltlr,4sonnld splrnos / JruJrJs / sJrlsDorP t

?4 Del ining

can gucss tllal the woRl ,frcr'.r/r1 refcrs l1) (nnclhing good lltla(c(l wofds 'ln)

help you 1() remcmbcr a ncw word For crnnldt, il yolr krr()w lhat r0'tr' rrcaDs

poi(nroLrs, i1 \ryill be caty 10 rL'rrrc1nbcl lhal //tdxl.drrd rrleaDs lx)isorrcd wilh drugs

or alcohol. And i l you know l l rnL rhe ror l f f is thc l ine whcrc Lhc sk} sccr ls 10

mccr thc earlh, vou will rcnrcmber rhat a hotiza'1h l/,rc gocs Uorr 5i(lc Lo snlc

r r l l r r r l l r | . r p . r r I i , l { r r .Howcvcr, iur i l as woft l fans can sonlcl inres bf nr is lcading, rc lalcd wo|( ls cnn

occasioual ly lcad you astray For exanrl) lc, ahhough nr l t?/r ' r nrcal ls cnomrous or

very lnrgc, l,?rrirctnrdl rncans liny or v(ry snlalll Thc onlY iv']y lo guar(i agirrnst

nrai( ing nl inakcs is lo sc( i l rhc nlcanins yolr hnvc gucssc( l l i ls the s( ' l r lcnce ' rr( l

Iaragfaph.

Prefixes: ecto-/exo-, endo_. micro-. maclo- Slr'r(ly thc ftrlkn^'ilrg lin oll)rclixcs

ancl then ma(ch thc tcrnrs aL thc lc l i bclow wi lh lhcir nrcinir l l ls. l lhc r i l lh l You

wil l no1 tsc al l thc n1L'anings l is(ed.

cclo- or sxo-: outsideexogefious-due to exiernal causcs

endo-t lnsideendogenous-dve lo internal causes

,nicto-i smallmicroscopic-loo small to be seen without a microscopc

nacro-i latgeflacroscopic-lar9e enough to be scen with the naked eye

a L eclol) lasnl

2. cndoplasnl

L Nicx)bc

ir . thc enl i rc r ,rDivcrsc

b. a l i t t lc uni ! ,ersc

c. a ur iuuLc l)cf i {J i1 ol l inrc

cxlcfDal l .ycr ol pr) loplnsnr

intcnrnl laycr ol l ) folol) lar ln

;r very nrilrrltc org.lnlsnl

fc lal ing to srrral l qLr.rr l i l ics olhcal

h. a l i r rgc, densc DLtc lcus

i . an insLfrmcnl Ior mf . lsLrr ingdin: rnces or anglcs

!1 .

t .

ll.

5 .

6 .

7.

(, J'nol 0r{l'.rrr - g :spro,u irl) -rr, = t uollPnbr Jqr ur r renrt rql Jo SuruEJnr JrtJ -€

G letlder p roJ lool-rlJu.rC 'ggll :sproM,{.I) ESZI ul sr8upqr lerluJqr prrpnls oq,{ tslubqr qrLrarC aqt Jo rleu cql Z

(p ruap .Iro^^ :sproM !\r{) gr,1,r Jo uolllLluap v I

:But^ôlloJJq1 punorp slJ)j)erq lnd pup ssal ro s nulur cJlt]t ul a8essed Sul,l olloJ Jql uers

6u!uuvrs

uoll9redrs quo!leLrlqLuoJ p'IEltuj raSuorls E salgur teqt slpt rl !,ro[Ir Jo oMl Jo |loJJrl p sl ,{ollB Llv 0l

JtPl'poui qtl J,llxJ p'tuluo,î arll ul rrlpl ,Jrrlul ilou lot rrlptlrnour oql Jo dot Lro ploJ ,LII 6

Sululqtuo) qiirrllllds e'l)l)nu )ruroleJol,/orrry'rql r(q [trsp)pr sr l8rcuf 8pas9rrJul qrpr] tis P

'lrsrrlr,/ se,l^ Jprsu! )lnssrld tql lle ,prddpJun sBM olltoq cql uJqM /

csl9J e' rl)lp u J0 Arotslq rqt

ul qtnorqUgaiq loleul e sp.M pug /rrr aq ol prôrd ,{tooql ulcS s,'Inotsed 9

)nI q

rsnp quiDals B'MOpUl.M

0q1 Io oplsul eqt uo ptlglnurnJJp Jodr.l .pJddorp rjlupjed(url eqt urqM .E

.JruI .rno Jo tnssl luPuodu4uD s! slslroJ puP SJJ^D sB q)ns 'sEJJnosaJ lunlpu Jo uollp asuoJ agl .b

uollp^resqo q

urlorq q

uollPlresercl E

,loq.M 3'prtrr prureurpr ;ul8uc aql .uolslllo) uo-pprq arll eudsao €

'urrols rql SuFnp pesearrur purM rql Jo rirol/ rqI .z

| ,{lrltlun .q rtqpqord (!)'sptezp\ erg p1!r21od e srr!^ lprrrlrrlr pr/p.f .l

'sJJuelurs rssql Jo q)ea ur prsn sr lr se ploM pJzrJnplr III Jo Sulueetuaqr saqrrP(rl $rq rPql re^ suP rql Jo rrnDl e\{) dpt\J #ayo) u! tkDlnqvroL

gt Sulugrq

76 Del ining

Reading

E = lttcz

EDcrgy can be iranslormed or changc(l I r()rr onc lypc to arrolhcr ' For ex'rrrplc '

an apple hanging olr a l rcc has po(cnlhl ercr l ly, or thc cnerg) {) l losi l ion As r l

fal ls. i t loscs potcnl ial cncrgy bccalrsc i ls hci8h1 dccrcnses At lhc s 'rnrc l rnrc ' r l

gairs ki ie l ic cncrgy, or Lhe energy of nnni(m, Lrccause i1s vcloci ly i r r(rcrscs Po'

lcnt ial cncrgy is bcing l ransfonncd inlo kincl ic cncr l lyFrcquen(ly, the transfcr ofcncrgy i rrvolvcs a l rarrsler I rotrr orre bo(ty lo 'nolhcf

whcn you liti up a rock, yor'r ire charrging Lhc chenri(al cncrllv ol Lhc lixxi votlhavc eatc| i r lo mlrscle cncrgy. As yolr l i l i lhc rock higl t , yotrr mrrsclc ctrcrg) is

chaDginl t in lo the rock's polcnl ial cnergy

Muscle energy is translormed Intomechanlcal energy.

whcD encryy is l fanslbr 'n lcd kom onc ty ] rc 1o anolhcf or l ra l rs lcnci i In) r I onc

bociy ro rno(lrcr, no clrcrgy is losl Whcn ra'c ficasufc cncrgy. wc iliscovc! thnt Lhc

lora i i lnnruut rcn i i r rs in lac l sLr | l )osc wc l r rc farcd, cookc( i , nr rd thcrr a le sonrc

lood. I f wc wcrc ro n lcasure cnrc l l l ly n l l thc cncq]y that rc lnain\ n l thc cnd o l (h i \

*ffimffifs sez

.&,.r,,' @ * 'n''",n

-s'-w I

i:#

'(lt!r(rl ilrLtolp U lr) !torn)ld\) )Llt rrl iiutlln\ir ,,{n-rrrri Io tUt\otltu in-rtrl p sisurli,r

pLru ill)r(lL'i i.ri^ i)!l(i rrlul !rol)pr.r !rurlr srrll sruolu .raqlr trlrts Llnl u1 1jq1suoirniLr (ln sr^riJ l|,ljp(l! tll(ls st ulolu rLrnr(rolnl(ljo rrrnr!tpjt\ u uiqM .uotlstt

l)illLass))oid u 'sluotu LLrnlupin iJL ]lrl(l\ ,{(l pJrurl).t J(l l)lnor ilj)LtJ.Jo slunotUl? sIo(r-.l(xr) )orlt p,)l)ô)slp sea ll u,rLlr\,6t6t ur ptlu^ rq ol pi,\or(l trjoiqt s,ur)lsurJ

.lrliirl lo p,))d\ rqt ol l0nbr tuptsIor D srr puu '.r)llo!Lr

lo tunorLru Jrll sl ll/,iilJrLr,) jo ttluo!up Jql slu)s).r(irl j/.)r)rl^,1 ,iJxl = Jtro0u]rbr snor(|ul slrl L p)srirdxt sp^\ l(lDLto) srrll ,ps.l)^ i)r^ puu,{n^rJuJ olulpinuurl) rq llno) rrltprlr lurll prl)tprr(t rH .,tiirrui puu.rJltPruJo uo|!^rrsUo)Jo ^\ul

lt-,!rel Jlnuts ! sl Jlrqt llqt,st lLrql ,ssululo onD^.I)suor )qt ruo.tt rjurtsrp lorr$,{il.r rr lo Uortp,\rrsuor )qt tL,LIl piTuorllr urlsurt u)qlv,.r pl r.r!i,i truuW 'sslrrr jo uo|Lr^r)sUo) rql I) Mpl iqt prllD.r sr srrll sslru lplol rqr ur )ijupqr ou slrr.Llt'\nlll . ! rqt Lrr uiitlxo :')qr Ellld l)oo,r )ql to tqijr)^\ leuriluo rllt lpnbr llr.{'{tLliit;xr Iuror rrll'.rrq1rn"()r p)pl)p r.l|r sr!FL' puLr,rodr,,,r.r.rru,ro,rprxorp u,,qrc:;qt lt '.rc

lt otrrl ssld qrrq^{ ,nxlp^ r.rD^.\ pLrp r|rxorp uoq.rDr ru.()t or Iu rqt Ll urn-,{xoqllM sJtrrr}Lro) l)oo^ )Ltt ,n t )rups )qt tv .urDru).r siqsD .p)Urnq sr poo^4 jo rrdc U)LI^^',rl(luDx..()c rnupqr lDrrruiqr D L ssptu.lo wrt ro rrrpt oLr sr Jr;)qt iDlllpill:rtsuolurp rrrsroût olUy tsrtu)q) rl)orrt iql ,g8Z l ut .priortsrp roU pilp)r:)rq rrl{ll.ru tnq rrqx)up ot rtur)r ruo ruo.lj piurûo) rq Lrpr,,{ijr.ur rlrl ,riltpW

.^.r:)Lrr lo IonE^.r)\0or rql to ^^!l .qt prllp) sr srqt

l].),iollsrp ft) pillrrr]r^ru tnq rJqtolr! ot rtlroJ rlro ruorl pit.rrûor )q snrlt oe],ti'rJtrg (llrrrLrinni plrp t!.[rr l) s! qrns) qlr^\ pJuuts i,$ sD,{iiriur I() ]unor!!.ru!srlll trnrpxr pun s,{D,,nl! plno^ r^'l ,(ID)LI puD ,)tiLrrl ,lprllrixrd su qrns) ss or(i

Zt 3u!urJaA

'uollceer ulEqc ie6tcnN

ffi w &"4"

# @

78 Defining

Al lhough i t maY see slnnge, . proccss f ia l is lhe cxact opposi lc ol l lssion can

alrn .cteur. g.eur luant i t ics of energy Undcr co di l i (nrs of in lc l lsc hcal ' r l rch as

are foun,l al itrc ceirtcr of th{: ntn. hy(lrogcn aloms combilc lo Ionr htlirt|n atoms

The transfornal ion Lr l hldfogcn nl to heLium is cal lcd f l rs ion When fusioD t 'kc\

place, lhe hYdrogcn rrons bsc a tnal l aInount ol mass which i ' i uant icrred Inlo

er.crgy. t"usion produced on thc crnh rcsuhs jn a hvdrogen l)omb s4tich is mlrch

more powedL,r ihan Lrrc or igi la l atnnic bomb Bu lhe pr irrc iple d lLrsrcrr can aiso

l . . , t ia u, r t -a. ." "*rgv

Ior peacclul pu4rosts thal 'nrr sLrpf lv nl l o l Lh€ ntcds

of lhc human ra.c lbr a iorrg lilnc.

unile$tun.litlg the Readirg. lach olLhe iollt,s'ing sLnlc tents is inconsislcnl wilh

thc informaLion in lhc prcvioLrs passag( Tcn your readjDg compr(hc[sion try

f inding thc crfof i r r cach slatcnrcnl arr( l rcslnt ing i1 corre( l ly

l . Encrgy can bc l ransi i rrmcd fronr orre lypc lo anolhcr, bul i l ( 'nrrot bc

tfanslcr led I iom onc LDdy Lo nnolhcr 'l 1

I 'aeXq,/ .'/t ba ,L""Lu,ua,hed W ,tqa tr+Pe ta a*touen a't

tia"dk'rwA h4""1 a.1P bol4 t/' *uile.2. I( i r rct ic cncrgy is lhc cncrgy o1 posi l i ( r ]3, Unl ikc nratLcr, cner8y cal l l lo l I )c crealc( l of dcslroycd4. Potcnthl cncr l ly is whcD you l ic i r r l rcd lhinkjng ol al l (hc, lhirrgs yotr havc

to do.5, EinstciD said thal thc conserval i t )n oi l l rat lcrand Lhc colrscfvat ion ol c lrcrgy

arc unfclalco6, Eiustcin 's thcory about lhc conscrval ion ol nlat tcr:1n( l c crgy was ncvcr

provcd.; . ihc dcvelopnrcrrt ol alorr l ic encrgy demor\nratcs Ll lal cncr l ly carr l )c

convcrlecl into Inallef8. whcn au alom is spl iL, i t g ivcs off c lcctrons9. An alomrc exprosron o(ctrrs rs d rcstrh ot thc slour cl la irr reacl ion of 1l) l i t l ing

10. Fusion takcs placc ()D lhc lLln wl len two trraniuf i arclns afc conl l r l r lcLl

11. Exlremc heal or cold is fequifcd lor l t rs i(nr to t .ke placc

12. Ful im produccd on lhc car lb rcslr l ts i l l an alomic cxlr lo\ ion

LISTENING SKILLS

Vocabulary i Conl?.tr. Circlc the lellcr of thc nnswcf lh'l bcsL r alchcs lhe

mcaning o l lhe i la l ic iTed wof t l ns i l is Lrscd in each of lhcsc scrr lcr lcc\ '

l . Sc ienl ins do r rc ! r$rr l e somelh i lg is ruc LrDl l l ev i ( lcncc corr l i f rn \ l t

@ o.."p, b dc'Y

uuoj Iqesn sset P ol r :8uEqr @

uortrl)uo) q

rpDr8 rItH[J Por srSuPqr SIDAIP i8Jrug Z

J^ ,{3riuJ isn J^{ uiq^{ JsnpJJq ,{8rauJ JLLu

rnoi .sO rruilrelpts eseqr Jo q)Er s)trldnrcr lsiq3 nrrrtr irt rlnrtrrl rqr Jo rcrsuJllrrdurotr rno,{ lsJr

spriu sla^ lP plro/!,l.rlf I

'llD:)rr no^ dlrq 0l srloLrlEqr rr^lsue r$ J(J r'1rt lr

',rnud1 aql bu!\1uttl epun

'JsDrrxr rxru Jrll JJIdruoJ 0l sJlou Ino^JSn UJLI1 poe ,,JSrJ^ron JLII to pul JqL, JTnDJI Jql 01 LrJlSrl no,{ s9 silou iDl

'drqsuowlJr rlJql lJuplJ ol 1lrl:,rl no^ Jr sruarr JLII rJllelJ.r ro rJqutnLtarUPJ no^ ssElr rJ+p sJlou rno,{ MJr^rr no,{ U,LIM ,,aS r)qumu Jo O rJnJl slLlt sl,,'Jldrupx).({ 'ijrllulrlt JLun Jtsr?^^ ol tur?^\ 10u of no^ tu([ alllllno puts !D ̂{ollolor iir rcu op Nq 'p)pt urEttr D Jo s)rdor(lns s! stn)]l lsl ol 0.pt poo3 ! sl rl 'oslv'lql8lrluuiltr Dq ot uo1ls oot DJc lpql sisuJ(ld Jo sproM iliJuls iJursn l)ro^V .rJtPluri)qt puii notr u lM isurs iluur ol rlBnour rDrl) rrP ̂irll rulll )rns rIP(u lsnInoll(itjxi sJlou ino,{ JJs o) Suro8 sr Juo ou lpqr pl|rllr ur (lJi)l 'lpLurtlpjij t)irro),ros.)JUJtUiS l)iJiJ(l LrlituM ot,,fut to(r ol)'Sullul-ilou Lrl trrutro(lLUr sr pDids )Juls

6u!4r!âroN

oJ^cs 'q dn pisll s

'lrl.1./,? )q tref JUo,{prr sJrrnosJr rllo'fJ^rJsuo) lou sr l)nlJJ 6

prôrdrul ! prlr;sion P'uortcrrdo rql )trds.)p p,r,rrrrt p seq tu)llpd .)tlt Jo rrortrprror JLlt 1l

prz[rPBros'p r] p)z[rEBro e'npiosp ul ser'J. tuoleroqpl rql Jlnptrrq sDded rqt port tou plno) rM 'Z

ss.rJord P',J4r pllos slr rrr rrlP,4r sr DJ 9

pjcalrcq lur^r 1l prc^ rol luJA P'turLuLrrdxr rql qtrM prlrrJdid,(Jrlt 'streqlJs rllds)O (

pJr']r ! pr1!)tplrl p'.rr^4 puE LrrEd ,{q t4rrrrrru sD^'\ ssr lrrs srH t

Jôrdur q J)npiLE'Luroj lnJJsn ssJl r.' ot ,{SriLri teUt Jprrr'rl J^\ 'tr&JUJ Jsn J,r\ uiqM €

ss:tpu.r 'q prrrul P,/44rrr,/.r'rrlr rr).4\ s.InosJ lprnlPu rno lqinoqt rrrrc sP^^ rt.z

6a SururJrC

80 Defining

L Al l cncr ly rv t r l lLr i l l ) wind\ t r l , i r \

t .

7 .

a. mosclc energy

WhcD you rob youf

Encrgy always flows

Narllral proccsscs nlovc Iroma. oftler 1() dis{)rder

Pcrllrnc cscaping inlo lhe aira, o cr 1() diso cr

b. hcnl crrcrgy

hands, mlrsl : lc crrcrgy changcs 10b. kinel i . er( ' .qy

L). disordcr to ordcr

an cxanrplc of thc chnnlrct) . polcnl l i l eucrgy lo

cvcnl l la l ly bc in a slatc olb. disoder

kineLic crrcrgy

8. EvcfyLhiul t i r l d lc l rnivcrst wi l l

Separate the salt and pepper?

9, Wc do not nccd lo worry al)ol l llhc dcgrncrat ion ol the urr jvc| \c bcc. lusc i l

l r . woD't happcrr l i ) r a long t inrca. won r nappcn

10. Thc rnair idca ol t l r isa, cnn't Lrc dcslroyccl

DISCUSSION POINTS

lcc t l r fc is lha l cnergy - .I ) . runs dowI l r i l l

Bc low nrc vrnc nonscieDl i l lc or "creal ivc" ( lc l ln i l ions Thcy do r ro l l i ) l low lhc

Ionnl r la fof a sc icnt i f ic dc l io i l i ( ) l r inncad, lhcy arc dcvcl )pcd L)y (hc wr i le f lo

cxpress an opin i t )1. For c . lch of lhesc crcal ivc dcf in i lnJ|s , lc l l $4r . r l yoLr lh i r rk Lhc

wriler nrcanr and whcLlrcr yolr agrcc ivilh lhc wrilcr.

1. KDowledgc is thc anlidole 1() lenr. Rdh t WdLl. Etlltttotl

's.rsn slr rqursrp ot sr Lrortrlrrrrp Jo r(irit srlr irPnlrlro) or 1!^\ poo; v'\Iro^{ tr Moq ro uourrrdolo rldr)Lrud srr to (rorr!upldxr uY {

pLIn llo rl)L'l|r sr rr lPq^{ lo uorrLlur\rp Y zrroll)) prrP )/rs'idLnis !tl se rl) s'r)LrLrrfr(l(lu strJo rr0rxlu)sip v I

:s! qrns s)rr!ui1)!.rPrt) JuLrorrrt)|! it) l.)ur Ilnoqs q!lurir_Pr!(l tl l1) rs)riql

'srlretlPq uo slron^ leqr 1q3!l rlqPrrod e sl lq8llqsPu v'rrnlpredlurl SuFnsEJru roJ erl^rp P s! rrrrluoureql Y

:srnsrr.nr! ruqr iiurqsrniJUrNlf snl(l ssEIr ll'sr rPrtr 'uotrtrllJip luluroj P iil plnorl\ rrlrrlurs rrikn rno^ rrlscol ro 'rolPlrl)lDr'nt3|rlseU rrLr)drprls lrJlrrd uuJ )ul.)il) ,lrlrluoruriql rr^.J 'ssuLluro) P so qrnsrrl^rP.ro lLrrLurlrrsor it(lu|! r? lo rrorlrurJrP PJItrrlx.) tr! lfur^rii qdurlurP(1 u rluM

tlo!t!LttJiQ PaPua$A uv 6utl!t8

'sirlrrrlord Iu)rs,{!l(l l)tru P.rrLu)Ltr sll l)rrr r.rrrluu trr s.rr)Do lr ir.)tlr\.)pnprrr

l)lnoM l!)tlLr l) .ro ru r.rrlr uu lo (r1)!rrrru)| |rItr.lxi' rrv r'rnr ILrP ',trorrur^rr(l

's!ror(llLris sr rPnl)L|| llqu(1o.r(l Plno,/'\ isu)sllr rr lo tr()LlrLrlrr| |il)(r')rxJ uv l)ilqo,{lui^p l -rrLl1()Lru rIl^\ Lro\lru({tL().) ! fu! 1ll.ru,r .)tll ()l r))(lsri rrl trorl0)ol sll il)nlrullliJllu (liruo).ro riuL,l(i u sD tl)ns) r))lqo lull\rlr.) u Jo l|olll(rlI.)P P)ptrilxi trVsisn l)uu s!roll)unJ rlr ipnl)rrl ll(lu(loi(l Pln(r!\ r(rrLl)uru c.Jo rroll tLrl,)p p)l)tr.rlx)uv st)ilJi luu s)snur il)rrurr ,{1Ll'rq(,r(t l)l'r'),t\ ()rLu)r.r.rr\tl .lo'.)lcnl)Lllrui'is(1rl))uu su q)rrs) rro( !()!r l(1 luinr!tr ! lo tlolllllll,)l) |,)l)tl)lxi llD ',rl(ll(ruxi.lo:l sllul-iP.r)Lllo ro '(rorrutrul(lxr 'uo!urD(ktro.) 'trorlu)rJlssLll) \rl(lLtrux) '!ror](ir'r)srP,)pnl)

-1fi tr!tlr trrlt uolru!!r.rol!rl l!uorrrliP!'s! llr's {f (\rrltr.rrl)eiPrl) t ssrl)l Lroll trrl,)P

lP!|r.(I !.1{) nrc({ )lsfq rL| srl)nl)Lrr LrorlrtrrlrI Prlrrrlx) Lrv l).)l)))tr !ir rrorlrLrrlrP

l)il)Lrrtxr rru 's))o)lrlr\ oMr .lo iur) r11 l)itlllrI J(l ol xrltltul)) o()l sl ld tlo) uu.)qM :{ooq ! s! q)nrlr 'ic.ro DU U} P s! )lllll \r lo l\r{tr)) \Pru uorlrrrri.rl v

suo!t!ullao P,puaJxa

S'T-II)IS SNIIIU,|t

,ast)tuE rpqil r/tlr)-, )Lrl louufr )^\ lutll i](rr^lotr) rtil sr )nprl,!\orr)lurwru! oll11A\ 4rl/,Ir - rrnrq Jql

r)L'ru nori \lu)tLIuJdxr Jro(rr )qL lLr trrrr(lx.) tLL" \r,lrl llYt)Lttt\t ).t)Llt)H rtuo,)2 ..tt\.tl

ruop r)^)u i^.noi rPrlM olr ol )lqD:rq ol-\'re)rlr trorlurDpl ,'

rr11lru )'l]r'! rr:)l I()rJlrrnlp lou .rDiJ.l() rilsPtrr 'rrii ol IuLrr\ irr \r rnPrrrr)f

IDuDtt llr111la 'i/s sr r)rr)Ds I sr rrv

t!(,\ryE o^lv sruk\lJ- ttorlDlr(l\rr(l rLI;)rrrd 66 'LrorlDrr(l{rr rLIJ)rr{l l !r \rrrLIr:)

nllLJ ,-/1'l! ol) or lrrij!lqo lolr \r '{|oq ! r:r^rrurld

Io nsrsrror,t!,t(l IrUL|op ol I.rlir/rllr sr (l)orl ! r)^;)rrq,\ Jl) \lsr\rror )roA\

I8 Sutultia

.L

!

7

chapter 6

ExemplifyingHeat

INTRODUCTION

After giving a definition or making any 8en€ral stat€mcnt, the bcst way loclartfy a potnt is to Sive an example of it. A chinese provcrb says that a picture

is woith-a tholsand words lt might also be said that one example is worth athousand explanations. An example brings the general or abstracl staterncntdown to a specific or concrete image For €xamplc, it is one thing to say thatsmoking is bad for your health and anothcr to say that a regular smoker-loscsabout fi-ve and a haliminutes oflife expeclancy fol cach cigarctte smoked Thcexample adds impact, making the statement more mcmorablc, more interesting'and more persuasive, as well as providing evidence for il'

Scientisis use examples to explain or clarify a conccpt and 10 give evidenceto suppo it, Exampl;s can somclimes se e to tes! the validity ofa point lf

no example can be found to illustrate a point, therc may not be a point

Short Readitrg

Read the passage below and underlinc examplcs of how hear affc'ls lhe prop-

efiies ol matter,

a2

' pllosE st rrle^{ ',/lôlaq ro ) q0 Jo rrnrPrrdru.l e le 'rlduexr Jod

(lI rr(Xl(lns

or rrurpr^r )^riJ' lru JurEs JrJr ]P pLrf r.)lr.lr lLrrcd P rIPrLr srl(iluexS);r.rttt,.t;]dur.t sjL,lq l)F3Jlt st )rut1!sqns a fr ?ui$ latslq.l )qJ

'lL|lo(l rLlr rtP.nsrlllr or r^rrs rPrtr srt(lurDri :)$rr:)rls iq pr,'w)llor r1 lrrrLLrrlPls rlrca'ri]rlPtu slr{Je rrnlPr)(i(rI Moq rnoqp slurDp IurJ^Js srlurtl i)3lssrcl rôqF Jql

ACI]dWAXA Of HSI'I'NA DNISN

ruJq )q) Jru-rJlol n)urru) luLll stutltluillo.liL|]() pllP lrlrJlruq

lnlllrorl llrl or )u)rlr:{oo) pru llrrrr rzln)rsL1(liM'il(lpul.kl iLUUs ir0 JLllSn ,rnru-iDdrtril.Jo s LriIxJ pLruts roul|uJ siLIqt JurAIl Jsn!))q 'srr tJ)toid ol s)/'!ris ullrdilll ulu(l lirl Pl|!l)lo)-roxnl r{ri^ ilurqlir!()s rlrno) i,\,1 uiq^{ pirJrl(hrr)x) sl slq.L'siijuurl) irnlori(huir lluurs ili^ rJrp(l!uo) or )Îlslris,Ui)^ riu siJrrql iJul^]1

'sr!(x).r p)uoIlpuo)'.rlP ul rsrrl uorr)Irl si)urrl.)uLU.)^rltsurs i)qro pu0 s.ri)rno-luol s)ulqlDru riiour!| uur rprLlM ']lrJllriô!!r lu)l.rl)ill) ss.r)x, isnLrr sJlr^\ P)lL)iH'i)iiuq) l!rl-rlr.)lJ ol luclsrsJ-r ss.)l sJlrr)Jloru iL0 s)riuu silnri)lotu slr.Jo lu)tu)ôruprsrJIUl l.L rrnrBrrdurJl slr rl!^{ siuP^ lrl)lr)rl) rsls)r or lDlrur !.to IlrIqP iq.t

lurrq or rr rsnur llr^{ rl)rsur rrnssr.(l p)|D)J]LII |l'l)rlerq sl )rlnlssullj prsop p ll r flEnror rLItJo s cM tt rlrt^,r JurPrlto)',{lprdEr rôtu ol LI8)tls)lnrrlou nr 'P Drqsr sP8 c sv seilujorrnssrnl rqr sr).)]lp osl! JrnlPrr(tlrr.L

'ls).' )LIl llEql

,{ ) er ..roru splrDdxr pLrE dn stErq ssElH rqr.to upd .snc.).nl rt orur prrnoLl sr rrrPMSurlroq UrLIM lErrq,{Ettr ssEIH v prl(nr rIL'irq] u.q^^ l)prlllor puE p EJq rre 1)q)(r)q^'\ puPrlx) slPurlPu tn)w Jrnlerrdrurr lq pl)rl|r sl rr.lrl0 P .lo Jrrs iql

'toll sr r UJLI^{ tqijrl rtrLI^l E.llo si^r3 rr.tr 0rrsilunr slr .roJ 'rluPLlr rclor!D.to )ldlupxr rrqup srprôrd qlnq ll1 t [rJ)srpup)ul Lrv (pri urnr ;'ôrr e LIoi.runq uorr rql Lrrrs rÊq no^) srrnrPrJdur)l qSrq ilSLrrsEJ.rrLIr rE )rrq^ LI:)t0 pLIE'rilupro Jql'prr srunr'JIdurpxr rot'rrort rirlDUlo rolor rql e.rJrle rlrnPrr.ltu).I

'rrntrlrd(trJt Iq p.t)r.JJD,{trDtrurs r.rD s)ruPlsqns .rigro IIP rsorutY (rrPrls) sPirr-'or surnl rr I o00t lE pLrE rprnbrl P slrorJq ll I a0 rôqa r())r) pllos P sr.rilDM'^ olrq r0 -J

"0 lo )nnPrJdllrrr P rP 'rt(luDi) loc )Illpr)dlller nr iq prlrrllD sI)rlrErsqns P jo ilPls IPrIsIqd rql pJ.'illP )'P s)IlrrLlord sll pLIl lrlsrl Jôttl s;)lllrJ

lollr srr ,lJlloLl nJil JruPrsqns e sY s,{P, ,{ PuI ul rrlrPu slr4jc JlnrurJdutrl

ta SutlltldurJxE

atnvrad tal lo slDllg a4t

84 ExemPlilYing

Tempentur( nlters the coldr ql nldtttr'

i ,qn "*on,pt.

ntoy.untt ' r ise a l tw wor( ls a \cnlcncc' a 1tnrdi l raI l r of m('rc ' '

Ilon, for example, turns red' lhen orange' and then white at

increasinBly higher temperatures'

The size ol t1n obJet:t is.LtJIeitul br,tunpcrdtLttttFx.molcs are nol always lnnrk((l wilh (lLrc words \u(h ns /'"xd'4"' /d'

),?;i:;'';; ;i1;';',,',t.' a nti oricn carr ornv bc i(rcntiricd Lrv thc co'tcxr .'1

thc faraglaph )

A glass may break when boilin8 waler is poured into it '

TtfiNraturt t1lsa allcctt he pr'r"n/rc "/

d '.Jrrr'

lf a closed glass tube is heated' the increascd pressure insidc

will cause it to break

Thc abilit\t ol'a fittat to rctiJ/ c/itrrlti4' vdfi(,s r|irlr its lckl'ttrtltur('

Heated wires €ause excess €lectrlcal movemcnt' which can

damage machines'

l"irilllthihllt drc vcr''/ !!nsiliw ln ca'll11drttli|tll sDtdll n\1+xrdlttlr tltntr!lc\ '

i i , ,n i" , in, i l , nt , , t" , t ton ' )r lc cxarr l ) lc is usc( l lo cxplain lhc vnr iolrs asl)c( ls

of a col l (cPt )

This is exemplified when we touch something very hot or cold

and feel Pain'

' . . We pasteurize mi lk and cool( meat to ki l l harmful bacter ia and

othe;organisms that cannot tolerate heat'

'rcri,4rJ^r Ilp^{pH ol plsptV LrrcrJ dot\Uou \irLl

.rrornunr ^|Pn.r rql nLUtsi.r lroqlr^r sJrll|]srp srlorurolrr Ir^rI \prr(l uos z.LL:li\x|

lrrp U)jr, rf\q qtt$ U,,lrrullt|r '] rl

L(trlr r|l|]r rllr|-p !trr,x]LrnD]-ru pril o -pnnannn-.rtrD,9n- r

')rMl sJl{huexi Jrlt pu! i)uo strrruriturs ILi.riuin" :)rlt iurl-ril)ul1 'sirruinrrs.lo sdnorij ro srrp({ isillt.jo \)c. lj oltbr{l4aaxA (iLt!?llol.tv

'tdHti'ttd )tlt J0 )xr)rr) tt),kt pltltu)p)q 1\tLtr u111 tL1u0 put' st^i\ )tIr qJtt\t lt:t.tDtt s^l1^tlr to! uo srttltuLixs t

'ltdtuoo nry) urwltltltitt ).trtur s tl't tt;,r.tt, t.it p J0 rt lut xr tnTlod ttt, l! r'tttn[^np 0 pur 4i1fi11!) lo l^ttlr'lprrru uJo itdurpx,uesr rrddoJ,r/.xr.1sirtr ,iutlJsn )rJ t,dttt, lltt\1

L! .r,/rdr{,rl, $/.rrljr., .ljrr/r tltJ 'ltnt l]tr.u],ttt oJ tltsf 0stt1 t.u, nltl.ln']:t a

,1stnt rldtt!! ttn d )ttt r! u411.^\ ,i t1tl1tl ,1.tr )/npl ! t,\dutx? |:6rL\\o il |t ottutitai $Itt!r1x,1 ULttt.Ln m|/A :3r)t,i

'p)rerq u)q^{ piI u,nurddo, p(rr u<l:r {.u,iil] *'' '

I pJ|e,'sntr' IlprlJllott'ix', l

s! rot(') itutr)r lr lP)rt to Kl)iuoi II

xotor Surr)rljp rerq lo rdn)uo) iqrI s)r'rrsn rlisrlJlou'ix'j

't)rre)q u tM pir surnl leqr $u?rsqns P lo[,ro'relsnrrr url

[ "*"*Ji'iJ I DuPr\ur rur I 'n)rpJq urqa p)r surnr 1-t,rurr.,j rll rr,!r

'prPrq !! I urrtM prr nunr

f .,re:xnrrr o r

I ra",*".,.

5NI,\lttdl lexa

sg SuriJrtdrurxE

sutzllD.l )JuJlu;ts

86 Exemplifying

3. Parasilcs arc living lhings lbat fced of{ other livirg lhings lhr minlctot l)lanl

livcs off apple. maPl€. and poplar 1rces. 'ausirg them lo dic lrom

mall]ltlrition

4. Several lhcories ha!e becn prol)osecl lo explain thc nalurc of lighl Christian

Huygcrrs suggested lhal lighl travcls in w'rvc! Albcn Enrslcirl proposcd thal

l ight is l ransmil led as Liny pa(i ' lcs, (x l lholons

5. Symbiosis is lhc .oexislcrlcc d livinf thirg\ lbr Lhcif nlulLral treneliL Pla'rl

l icc or aphids l ive wi lb ants in a symbiol ic relal iorrshi f

6. Alomic rcsear.h has led 1{) thc dev€lopmcn! oi arLi f ic ial ly prcl)ared clcnlc 'rLs

Einslci l l iu ln, termium cal i forniLrnr, an( l berkcl iLr ln arc al l manmade

clemcnts.

Rz,ognizing Exanples Er ' l t ' l h(\ ; ( r(r-r l \ r ' r rrrr ' ( rrr ' i \ ' l ' '

- ' ' l l l ] ' l : . i

, c n L i ' u e . . l " . , r i l ' , . ' ' . . ( r r . l ( L r L l r r r , ' r u r ' l r ( ! r r r L . r . r ' ' r t r ' - r L ( \ r ' r l 1 1 ' f l r n (

gcncral s latenlcnr. Onc, two or thrcc scnlcnccs nlay L)c circ lc( l '

l . Thcrc is l i l t lc l )ossibi l i (y that Lhcrc is l i lc on anf other plarrcl wi lhin our solar

( i ) ucrcurv and vcnus arc !(x) ho( rc slrppon l i lc '

Y Therc arc onlv ninc plarrcls in our solar systcnr '

@ urunur, Ncplunc, ar ld Pluto arc cxlrc rcly cold nn(l dark

2. Vi lamins may bc harmfi l i r cxcessivc doscs

a. vilamin C car bc takcn in large Lloscs witllolrL h'1rln

b. Exccssivc arrourl ls of Vi lamin A may incfcasr suscrpLibi l i lY lo di \casc

c. Vi lamin D prcvenls Lhc discase r i (kcls

L Tempcraturc may bc mcasured by diftcrent types ol rlrcrnxrnlclcrs'

a. Tl le Cclsius and Fahrenhci! lhc rolnclcrs mcasl l fc lc lal ivc lenl l )cr ' lurc '

b. A baromelcr neasures almosphcrlc prcssllrc

c. A Kclvin thcfmolncler lncasLlrcs alrsolrtlc lerrperarLrrr'

4. A machine is a device that lranslorms cnergy fron one form lo anolhcl .a. A carcngrne cotrven! tne cncmical en€rgy of gasol inc i t r() nrcchnrr ical

energyb. The food wc eat is convcned inlo cncrgy in olrr bo(lies

.. , l g"n..oro, u. aynal o changer mcchani(a1 encrgy inlo el tc lr ical c!rcrgy

5. Encrgy has nany lomrsa. lucLear energy comes from sJrlilting Lhe nucleus ol uranilrln or lllrlo ilrlrl

alomsb. Radianl encrgy comer ir lhe fonn of nrnligh!' x rays' or ganlma rays

c. EnergY maY be coiverl€d from one form to anothcr'

'?^1t^

s!4t t! ryat D aq $ u anql '.tduPx. Jog -,{rllqPqoxl tuols ss.xlx. or ptsn oslP sl rt w}

(:IPrtur rou)

uoqrPr Jo sroclE^ rql'uolredsu ue aroJ.q

puP sno osroo rre appollrerlrl'E

rorcr)u.8 Jql t (Jli, urnr ilPMle)

'lpoq iqr ur {)rnpord)

lq (.ued)rd)

slpr poolq crrqM 3ulra3 lBquor or ipoq cqr roJ €'plre rlrnJlns pare4ua)uor qllM sprrolqr unlpos 3u9p3q

pl)p rlrolq)orp^H z',{lgssaJru

uaqM (rus$!u$p ̂Fro) -- Fata/Wt? po 4@ 7.tn1t't s(e*x 'r

'scstqluJrEd Lll qit^ aql Jo ul.IoJ ,^lssPd aqlosn pup lsru ppe'saJualuas 3ulMolloJ oql Jo q)ea oL ttlssataN lo slopow 6ulsn

'SulupJur aurps rql , pq saJurluos oMl rsrql

.uolsoldxa aqllo eeJ! eql utort pawrrtb\a aq tsnu leuljostad lEtluesseuou J[v

'uolsoldxe aqtJo Eere aql ruo{ prtrnrvâ aq mfioqt lawrtosred lPFuassauou IIV

'Ittlr, ugotu ol p)sn.{lluenbe{ sl //rorlj SBulurs,1^ roJ ,{lrplnJlued 'suolDnrtsu! JPrluqJtl ul 'Ioê^,|oH

'uosPas ,fup eql Sulrnp :/"ep ̂E^5 peraM/tr 2q nno4t dotr slql

'uoll?pu)uuro)Jr E scssaldxe srullrtuos pue ,Jxrt uBrJl eleJepou ojolrl sl //,ro{.s

1!qro u! uPuler ol alllelesaq7 rc! ?eulbtultu aq tm / rnoq rad selJru 00O'8I Jo peads V

'rlqlssodLu! sl asle Sulq],{uP leql selcltul ll prruSuors &a^ p sassardxr isrr,v rr!o^.^!sspd tql uI ,{llensn 'illuanba4 rsou readdPts a pue nnaTs slpn lppeds rt pesn rre qepolu e$qr'srlruM .!:l?;;,"i,"

'plno|s ot )^t4 + ls w arE ,{tlssrrru Jo slepow aql ,{llssarrr ssrrdxJ ol prsn oqP a IPslEporurlsrlSuE,&lllqpqordssrrdxrolprsnrreslpporu,MoLl,lêsnoi'rerdEqlul

49 SuttIdrurxr

le4ssataN lo sttpow

88 ExemplifYing

6. For humanlifc ro bcgin, an cgg cell ilr lhc larllalc

(fcf t i l izc) I )y a slcrn

(ncvcr nl low) lo conrc

i r l conlact wl ln walcr

L Thc faccPiecc scal on

ul lsa lc a l l r ( )s lhcre cvc| 1 l

aD oxyitcn breathillg

(ncvfr rc lcasc) ln a l l

inhalalbn bcconles di f l icul l .

Fotuulaling Sentences with Nee\sitv l-"rrnulnr(

po, i \ ivc \ ' \ i (c. I , ) l lowin! th( f i l tLLrn L' l lh( I r \ t r l i r rscu(c|lccs r,r$ing r_l?d,/rl in thcof scl lLct lccs, i )c low

I Thc clcctricity is not shul off'U.. ./o?.Ih;..l' LfuuLld.. Ue JrUu ar.

2. Thc bl f i1J Jon( 'r t i r r n( ' l bcrnF l( ' j l (Ll f t \ r '1r(1ni ' ]

i . rhc rar l iat ion moni lor inl l dcviccs are nol Lrcing cal i l r ralc( l rcSLrlar ly

4. A firc cxlinguishcr h nol availablc in thc lalx)ra()ry'

5, Th( cxl ' l , ,s lv(, lcvl(c i arc 11.\ f r^11(r lv l l l i l r ln l fLr

i . i i ta t" . r tn ' .1"n' ot" rr ' \ bcins fK'rLi t ' ' i l r ' \m (rc(\ ' r \c r i r l i l l r ' 'n

7. The Dccdlcs are ro( beir lg sler i l izcd trc l i ) fc thc i rr jccl i (nrs

8. Thc Dat icnts arc rrot bci ;g inmunizcd agai l rst thc f l t r '

READING SKILLS

vocabulary Buildirrg

Knowing whelhcr a word is a noun' vcfu' adicct ivc' of ndvcrb wi l l s( tneLrrnes

** #ixi:m;;l'il,,iii."ilil,rlli;,ll',i:l H'ffi: Ji;:#'f :'ilxiiliii:o",i ,"',iii".""'" u r"lltiws rnc sui'lccr (r"dl') and has arr'c'r e"'l'l l]l11'll' n | \ | a \ t t a L ' | a t 1 ^ / d ] I w . l | s . v t u ' u l | k . | . | c ' h l l

,,,, \,.,,r,\,. , .c r,.aan ,nNC. a,kd,l l, i ; i , i ;.:,,t i l , i l . j .,,, l t l . l : i l 1,, ' l i , l l lan act ion, s ince i ! appcars In l rc pos

arattnd lhe earth give! you a flrrlher clLrt lo its Inean'rrg )- ' t | | i r ' r . ' r ' . * " - . ' , A i . l : . l j k ' - " - f

" r - ' d l h ( \ l r ( r r r ( r ' r ' v " l l L . r ' ' ' l " ' l r ( ,

- " ; ; j . ; " ' i " ' ' p . c h r " r c \ r r r ' l i ' v " r r r ' ' L r ' l r ' ' r " u r r r " r r ' r ' ' L r [ [ i \ - " ' r r { l

for verbs iD thc silnpie pasr lense ald lhat thc nrflix fu can Lrc addcd 10 mnry

",r':".ii.\'"' frr.rl * 'ili .; cdrctl/) ro orakc rhcm advcrbs (s'll1r' 'df{tr'h')

s o1t|l rôqu sqrr^ i]l- rqr lo

8.L

',lrrrr' ikrtplrc pup r 01 ,1'JLl1 ijuriupqr i(1 unooLIJUi lriûo:) !|](nr u sJleJlprrl ll0rr.r- xljjr)s i(ll

'9

t

a

nirtrurtrl)

+.ruila i)jcllr ot 8

qtt^\ riJrpqr or '/

prllllrq rleru 01 '9

+irl(i rluru ol

NprnDrl nlutu o1

*ildLLrexi LrP i^ril ot (

ffitrap oJ rArnt:,t t ttF f rrrj L\r I

€'z frlos i\r.ur ol

8

'9

'€

'z

ul riiupllJ uos irlrlbar.LIl Jo LuroJ rtelr(iord(ie

'fiEuolt:)lp rno,l ))iq) '&pss.)iu ll ilulll.dsqtl/\^ spro/$ rql sr)pds lul^/LolloJ iqr ul qrr^',1l- xuJns rql qtl^{ pruuoJ rr.r sqr)î)rlros

slsFrlsPiqt rltr^4

lqnrErlsI:)ctq '91

'sl'tl

'I I

zl]I

uosqriiLril

orPqs

lqij14

nlilutl

ipt^l

llPp(lr.p

qlnurrls

.sool 0l

rq.rr'6

pPoIq

7/4"t1./.' utitls I

'rr- ppu rsnl '.r- Ur spur pnr^\ rLIlJI r/.! x4Jns rqr nûrsrl'sqr)^ or sr^llllpupur-' \unou asiqtlo rlJua lrJûo) preq nurlllJruos JIeu ot slrealu qrlqM r.rp.lr4o/ (lrJ^ rLIt,)lr.Llr Lr!) a^{ 'Prrrl J^|rJlpc JLI1 ruort 'uorler- 'A}l- 'ue- :sax[lns

68 SuriJrtdurexa

90 Exemplifying

Vocabulary ifi Context. Citclc rbe letter of the answer lhal bcsl malchcs rhemeaning of the italicizcd word as il is used in each of lhese sentcnccs.

l. To open the door, firn irrerl thc kcy in rhe lock.a. tum tb, enter

2- The submarinc was complctcly s bnerged iithe water and could uor bc sccn.a, sunk b, uncovered

l. Sollnd cannol bc .ordl.led in a vacuum because there are no air wavcs 1.)transmil il,a. carried b. absorbcd

4. wies were ins Lated ro prevent the trans{cr of clcclricity or heal.a. covercd b. cxposcd

t. Flrids are Dor rigid aDd caD flolv from onc conlaincr ro another.a. sol ids b. l iquids and gascs

6. cerms are irririr& wilhoul lhc aid oia microscope.a. unable 1() bc sccn b. unablc lo be dividcd

7. Altcr the fire, the nuclear reactor was er?itlirg radiation,a. giving off b. abrorbing

8. The sun fdlidtes hear and light.a. takcs in b. gives ol l

9. when there is .1 drrprrill bclwccn lcsl results, ihc lcst should bc rcpcaLc(i.a. sirnilarity b. differcDce

Scdt ing

Scan thc lbl lowing passagc i l t !hrcc minutcs or lcss and pL( Lrrackets aroLlnd t l tcfollowiDit:

l One example of conducl ion,2, onc cxamltc ()1 conveclion, and3. one example ol radial ion.

Keep in mind lhar cxamples nslral ly comc dircLl ly af ler del inir ions or gcncfal

Reading

Ho$, Heal Is Trafisfetred

Hcal is the energy thal warms our houses and cooks our lood. 1l is lhe lransfcrol cnergy fron a warmcr body to a cooler body. How does this heal lransfer lakeplace?

aru.bs roj qslliug 3

'sJLro tlrp urrlt l;irur;rotu DJ0)r si))e!n\ lJllsrto(l .{tq3rH's.rotor )rcp LrPql,{3r)uJ rrour trrltJr snrlor rLliJrI rrJo )LLux lr)Ltir lnq,{triu.r rqlIIP qrosqP lou op sDJqo'IttDnsn rJ(tl'J Jlll o1 r0 ttl()4 li];ur ijlrr.lrqslrp.ll srlrll'auo .rJl(x)) rqt uPqt iijrrlri Jrour .llo J^rn" Ilt^\ l)rulr^\ st lpr1l iuo Jqt laqto q:rp:)rDJr ire stJrlqL) 0^\1 Lrrq^r 'rldlr'!x.) rol rronprppl 'I(r J,\13 ro ,lruj;r strilqo llv

'uoltetper go a^!6 s6urql v

rLrnn.)u^ u qirnorqt srssuo luJq p rrPD.r'lurqprl)iûo) PUu PiDnl)uo) or r!!.rtrro) ul 1)1.()^\ ino rururl puu )r)qdn)turu iqr rl{n"lli)qr'qtr!.).rll) q)e)r \iu lt uirt,r\ lnq'l)tor lup liup sr uns rqt l)Lr! quu) rql.,.1.1$,it \)\1. .r), .r'ir,,..\,t,,r \ltLr\ | \.\\)'i..rrl)r,crlliui III ol lqn_rl pu! rllLUi!^{ r',r.rP) l!rll s,{cr )lliuilurL()il)il) rrll luqr rr uollelp!.rs,rns )ql t() l)r(ls! ijrrrlcurrs!l rO ,{ijritr trtijrl InrL, !Jrrl s,uur rql Jo Uoltplpur iqllro trr)purll)p st rt!ci uo rtrl llv rrJsl|Dir rDrr{ lo l)orit U pirlt lt sr uorrErpuurr]rrDu rr l)Lrnol uorlrr^rro) lo 1,)l(h!rux) )ip \lI)rin) !rc))o pup sputM p)lc)q rq ol

lrrjul iLlr orrrr UMDrP u.qt \r rPrq^ 'rre llor rql r)Dld)i ot ruooi ! otrr pDrol

u.)rll |LrP l).)lD t sr rL'LtrrtM LI's)rPlrrnj rr! x)rl LI |rrr sr uour)Îo:) s)su purJsllrp ssrl s mrrq tr 'luDdx) ol.||u i)Lll \)snP) luirl Jrll sv 'uor)))^Lro).1(J )l(lLLrPx)uL'sr jotprpL'r p rôrl! ijur\lr Ip loq )q.L ,rol)q rLr()ir lriluJ(lr.ru I II sp s)lnrrlolrrvi.r' I'r rl'rt J" \n. Ir l.'$'Utrs,l |.1,1. I ii..r\r, ' r'|| '\r'"' i.l r'.\rl.rrjsu!.0 i)p lrqr' )^1 lrr^ tl'rq Drlpuor n)u op prnU D ur \)lnrrloru qSnoqttv

'tDJLI )q1r.)lsLrDrl o) s)t'r)rtl) r r)rr \LlLt I }llc)iq rotpIrsl|r tprt)r LrP.)tcur ptno,!\ru'r'|E^ V uMop pLrE'sots)qsD'rspttrrqq'too^\ sc Lt)Ds're |o st))rod dDrt tpql.()10 J.rp slDlr;rpu tsrlrup,\\ )rll ,{srrur JLtl lo sspil o) Lt)rlt,$ qtr^ trptui)r rl]lrllrJ^ J)jpru s.lnrrtou rqt )\nprrq notrnprio).root{ r.rp sIrnbrl puD srspS ,{t^ ots os^nrrui) r)lsuPrt srlrn)loLLl rrJrll Jsn!)Jq srolulrsur sc lJu l)oo^\ I)('e ')rtsDlo ssDl.;)Irls))LrEleqns nlq'rD)q )uor lrnpuoJ ri;))oDlsq'ls ltv 'rLl)ouLr ol )lur)l{)ru )uo [rorJ,{trpDrr srJt\uDI rr)q )sDpr.(t s.rol.)Dpnor pooi rr! st$ILr )Irt r)rlrDtsqnS IEnbrrrP sfnrErrdrlr )qt |[rn iuo];loor E or DJlc]o r:urr!,n P urorl s,uotJ rprH

'l)rl)npuor.ro

P)rr{suL'r snLF sr iiirJut rJrsPI rôur ot prrr Plor iqr lP srln))toru tulôtu ,!(Is rqrsJsDrr qrrq^\ tn pirlls prrr p.firlrrLtrls.qr lE s.tnrrtou rqr rsnprrq sr s'LlI x[l

rrcrrq itJrErp urur IIrM rroor:ls.rqr Jo rlFrPq rql 'Prl niq lo rod c olur p)rr;)slrl\r uoods ri^lrs L'lr'ildru€xr ro:I srDklo o^ll rrrr,{,\rrq;)rnrprrdrurr ur rrrl)r{Ip! !r Jr:r| LrII^r )rP[l sr)El rEqr r{srErl lE)rl Jo poqi)Lrr Jtro sr Lrotl]npLlof

l6 3ulilldurrxa

92 Exemplifying

The lhrcc modcs ofhcal t ransfcr-conduct ioD, convccLion, and radidt iolr-arcsubiecl lo lwo condit ions: First , hcal is Lrauslcrrcd ouly when lhcfc i \ a ( i i5pir i tyin lcmperalufe. and secold, thc f low is always lrom hoL 1o cold.

Dlauifig Co clusions. A scicDrisl musl bc ablc Lo draw conclusions fionr Lhcavai lablc facts. For examplc, i f i t is Lmc thal wood is a bcl tcr insulaL()r lh.n r l rc lal ,i r is a kr i t ical conclusion that wood would nlakc a bcLlcr |ot handle than nrctnl .

Af ler rcading thc pfeviors passagc careful ly, iDdicatc what conclLrsions l :dn bcdrawn f f tnn thc infonnarion i t coDlains by circ l ing rhc lct lcr ol lhc nnsrver lhalbcst complclcs cach of thesc scrllcnccs

L I i lhc molecules in your Lca arc m()vjug vcry rapi( l ly, yoLrr tc. is

@l,r b. cold

room and n col( i orc wi l l aausc thc2. Opening thc doorlcmpcralurc in lhca. cqLralrzc

3. Oyy[cn i \ r - cnl ] . luct( l r L, fh(r . .a. itood b. poor'

4. A doublc- i i lass window tha! t raps air is a - insr.r la l{)r .a. lood b. poor

t , Sin(e cork has air pockcls, i l is a - i r rsLr lato|a. good Lr, poor

6. An air 'condit io lcr that causes hot air () r ise o|cr. lcs on Lhc pr inciplc ol '

b, increasc

oD a nor, runny ( lay ls. b. dark colorcd

be - lh , ln one wi th ( lark rval ls .

bctwecn a warnr

7. On a l r ip l fonr thc canh to lhc nxxrn you worr i t l pass lhl tnrgh

a. cold b. hor

8. -1hc canh ab$rbs hcala. and radialcs h b. bLr t docsn' l radia lc i l

1 0 .

9 . The mon comforlablc clolhinga. lighl colored

A house wi lh whi le walh wi l l

ro llnrujrp s! leql lurocl ̂ue rrqurur pup puplsr.pun nor{ dlrq IIr^{ stldruexg-rlersnllr lrql slulod rqt rr+E ,{lt)oilp aruor,{llpnsn rrnl)cl p ul srldurpxa 'lpfrtpnr

uenu^ r sv srldruPxs sp qrns qlelcp lPuolllppP uMop a1!.rM osle 'rtulle^Pq no^Jr'rr^rMoH serPl uteur aql uo rlelusruor 'ernDrl P Suunp saro SuDIPl urql

rspjoslp B

JO tlgls ! tler auies iq1 te rnJJo suonJear lE)ltulqJ Jllsoudo UJLIM I I

6u!4oLatoN

SurBueqrun q 3u!8ueq|e'lrrl3ror sr ralpM ut uii3ixo ol uc8orp,(q Jo otlpr,qI zl

DtlBIBq q

pcids'q.))PId P',tr.r S Furple LrEie Srrlspr.Drrl sl uollelndod pljo^,l aqJ Ol

sslulrp q'rlB oqt lrl ,rr,rqoa Jo IrEI e ,{q pazlDtJprsqr s! eurllJ unsrp v 6

saurnbll qstlDrod9^t e'al!1r10

q l! isnDJaq prl pasolJ ^llqSll e qtlM rrulPluoj e Lrl rdrl rq Fnlll lluoururv IpJr lP)s qprDqlPB e'pl)$ ,qr rrô IIe s)êrl aqt PtsradslP Pulr'r'' ntrL L

4rnbl qtzFode^ e'rlloq uado ue urolJ iplJlnb ,Jrlodrn, lll^4 or.unJrad 9

lltu|E

llMoF e

urprPq q'qtnou! prtoor JI 4fpros IM ptnbl V g

q8nolri q,{l Enb rl8lq e'urnrr.r ot tou trq dpl rql rleu ot ,rur oqt lrl rullosgii trrprhr sl Drnq,L t

IIFIde|q'DrurpM Bu[uo)rq i{//r,rprrt rq ,{etu quer rqlJo r]etullJ trll {

uollEredrs qroll9uuoJsuPJt'r,'qJle^,r ol tulleupseJ

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Sl1IXS 'NINIIISI'I

94 Exemplifying

uDfamiliar. Thcy can also bc nscd lo provc or subslanliatc your poinl when wrilingan ar$wer lo an cssay qucstion,

Take notes as you iisten to the lecnrre "The Changing Sta!c of Matter" aDd thenus€ your rotes to complete the rext exercrse.

Understanding the Lect rrr. lndicare wheiher each of lhc Ibllowillg slatelnenls isrrue (T) or false (i) accordirg to the iDformation in lhc lecllrre.

f t. a change of state cannot occur wilholrl adding or sublEclirrg hcnl.

2. ody a few substaDces can (onvcrL Iiom one physical slalc lL,

L The convcrsion of a sdid lo a l iquid is cal led evaporal ioD.

4, All substances nlelt at the sane lempcrallrrc.

5. cases such as oxygcn cannot bc solidificd.

6. Hcat ing a l iquid causcs dre molecules k) novc laslcr.

7. Fog is an cxamplc ol evaporation.

8. A volal i le rubnan(( r5 onc rhJt i r <talr lL.

9. Alcohol is a volat i le l iquid.

10. Thc coDdcnsal ion point is lhc samc as the boi l iDg poinl .

11. Equi l ibr ium exists whcn thc ralc ol concicnsat j( , l aud thc ralc olcvaporallon ate tnc same.

12. Clouds are formcd by lhc process of cvapornt ion.

DISCUSSION POINTS

cive one or two cxamplcs ol cach ol lhe followirg. Explairr your answers

l. Scienific facts thal still amazc you.2. Machines you would not want !o l ive without.L Machines you wish had never bccn invenlcd4. scientifi. discoveries you would like to havc wilnessed5. Things you wonld like somcone to iDvcn!6. Placcs you would like Io explorc7. Things you $ink sciert ins wi l l never kDow

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chapter 7

Giving EvidenceSmoking, Drugs, and Alcohol

INTRODUCTION

Oncc a hypothcsis has l )ccn prcposed, lhc qucsl ion is always askcd, "whcrcis lhe cvidcn(c?" Thc Bri ! ish scicnl ist Sir Ht lnrphry Davy on(c l )Lrnrcd diar) l { tx lsinro graphitc, igoorju! l the cxpc|rsc, ro demonsrralc thal diar l ror)ds and graphi lcarc both crystal l izrd carbon. Hc a( lc his point.

P(rcf or eviclcncc is usual ly lhc rcsult ol obscrvat ion or cxpcri lnenlat ior) ,co bincd \ai th reasoning. Thc rheorics lhat arc acccptcd arc lhose with themosl suppo4ing rvidence. In thc sccond (cntury, c laudiLrs P() lcnry p(Dostdtha! lhc planets and the sun revolved around Ihc carth. His lhcory was a.tcplcdbecause i t prediclcd thc posi l ion ol lhc plancts wi lh somc a(.ura(y. Bul al l"proofs" are !cnlative, ro be discarded when anolhcr theory cnrcrgcs that cxplainsmorc lacts. Thir teen cenlrr ies later, lhc Pol ish scicnt ist Nicolaus Copernicus"provcd" that lhe plarets revolve around thc sun by dem(mslrat 'ng thal histhcory explained ihings that Ptolemy's thcory could not, l ikt lhe seasons ol lhcca(h and the relrograde or backward mol ion ol lhc planels. Then, in 1905Albert Einstein shook everyone up by saying thal motion is relat ive and thatwhether the sun is moving or rhc ca(h is moving depends on your point olv iew! And on and on wc go, always slr iv ing to get c loscr a|rd closcr m thclrulh. Bnt scient i f ic theories can seldom bc prcvcn bcyond a doub1. After al l ,no one can stand far enough oul in spacc to observc the planels rcvolvingaround the sunl

96

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Z6 .ruepl^q 3ur^tC

98 Giving Evidence

smoking-related illness is nol ,lways suiilcient to enable hcavy smokers lo quil

Despite all thc infomlation madc availablc lo the Public since 1964 in 1985 thc

American Luig Association enimated thal thcre were 250.000 prcoralrrre Lieauls

duc !o smoking in the UDited Slales per year'

USING ENGLISH TO GIVE EVIDENCE

The main poinl , or hypothesis, of the previous passagc is thal snoking is darr-gcrolrs io your health. Thc arglrment is bascd on four stalcnlcnts, cnch ol vrhich

is supporlcd by evidcncc. (Note that scicnLilic evidcncc nlusL bc Incl. /?dr opirr()n')

Smokifi! is rdated ta fian! heart and citttLldlor! ailtlktlls(Evidcnce is iicqlrcnlly int()duccd wilh wo s like indialcs at ilr lontrt (s

ralhcr ihaD lhc stronger wor(l frrvas This rcllcc(s lhc "trrrproval)lc" nalurc

of nrcst scient i l lc hypolhescs.)

Ix has been demonstrated that nicotine increases the rate of thellear!' . . .

Snlokin! is th! lost s1nilicakt lhclat in rcslittltot.v tli,.,.ltts

I t can damage the t iny hairs (ci l ia) that l inc the brcathingpassages. . . .

Research also confirms that the tar in cigarette smoke iscarcinogenic, . . .

Therc i! aba a correltitian bilNeen !11aki1!l dtld birth dtJtel!

The evidence indicates that pregnant women who smoke a pack

of cigarettes a day have a greater likelihood of having amiscarriage. . . .

S|/,ake^ aflen be ne phlsirdlb' trnd Psrtltolalitlllr tl41utla1t 0n thcit hdlli!(Evidcnce is not always markcd wi lh a cluc wofd and ol lcrr can orr lv be

idcntilied by drc conlext of lhc paragraph.)

Smok€rs often.. . suffer withdrawal symptoms i l they attempt to

stoP.

Even the onse! of a smoking_related illness is not alwayssufficient !o €nable heavy smokers to quit.

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't

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tou \r tnos f p rrtpM,,r rl.lpruuJ,lr.I \r .\'l\ctd I rrl

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66 rrueprâ 3ur^!5

i00 Civ ing Evidencc

4.

5 .

7 .

5 .

Thc sfacc bctwccn lhc sun and 1he ca(h is co ld.

a. Thc s l rn is no1 as hol .s i l used 1o bc.b. Thc r rys of f iesun waf ln whal they t (Nth l r t l l . rc r rot hot lhcnr lchc\ '

ID a crowded room, carbon d iox idc graduaUy re| iaccs thc oxygcn i r Lhc: ' i f

a . Humar l bc ings inhalc oxygc arrd exhalc c . orr ( ln)xrc le

b. Hunran bcings inhalc c t rLmr d iox i le .nd cxhi l t oxygcn

Wh(n . bcan leed is growrr in rbc dark. thc l )L l l r l \ (n)r r d ics.

a. Bcan p lants need l igh l to \urv ivc.b. Bc: ln p lants rc(d l ighL Lo tLun grccn.

Alcohol cnn b lur your v is ior t .n . Alcohol a i lcc is dr iv ing abi l i ty .b. Alcohol docs nol af fcc l d t iv ing abi l i t r , .

Elaluat i g Er ' idence. Altcr cach ofthe fol lowing l)roposi l ions scvcrf ls l i lcnlcnlsrfe givel l . Circle lbc IcLlcrs ol lhosc statcnlcnls lhnt givc cvidcncc or nrPl)ol Ioftbc p(r lxxi t iou, Thcrc rnay bc nrcrc thaD onc answcr fof cach

1 AI(ohol is dangc|1)us l i ) r dr ivcfs.. . Alcohol is addicLivc.b. Alcol() l icr bui ld up a $lcrancc f t )r i l l ( reasing nnnrul l ts ol nl(ohol.

(( . ) Alcohul inr) i r iA iud{m(nl.

0) M.rny i ur, | l r , l ' . lc . r( i L lcrr( . Jr( . r lc '1h"1 f t l - r t . l

2 . A l u r r i n L r n r i s . l i g h l n r c l a l .a. Alunl inLr ln is pr(xiuccd fron bauxi!c.b. Alunrinuru is onc ol rhc nr{)sl abr.rndn|r l c lcn]cnts.c. Al lnr iDunr wcighs lcss thaD i Iorr , Tinc, s i lvcr, gol(1, an( j co|pcr 'd. Thc [rehinl . l poir)r ()1 al l rnl inuDr is 660" C.

L watcr expilrlds whcn il freczes.a. walcr f ipcs so rcl imcs cra(k in vcry cold wcathcf.b. walef icc/cs at o" C.c. Difi$cnl slrbstanccs frcczc al diffcrenl tcnrpcratlrfcsd. Mosr sulr l tanccs coDlract when frozcl l .

Oxygcn suppons combu(roir .a. BlowiDg on i f i re makcs i l bum morc br ighl ly.b. Ioresl llrcl are worsc in a s!fttrg wind.c. Ni l rogcn does not suppon combusl ion.d. Smolhcr ing a f i rc wi l l pr l i t oul .

v ira|nin A is csscnt ial { i ) r a healthy dicl .a. Lack of v i |amirr A may {ausc r l ighl bl indncssb. Vi lamin A is lound in buitcr, cggs. and f ish l iver oi ls.. \ i , d n j | l A r i u . , ' r . . , . f i n l r j l ' l ' r r F . l f t 1 t r , , r

d. AD over&)sc o[ vilamin A can be roxic-

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'7

n

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LrltltosDad 2^ltrnpul pLtD aA!lrnp)o

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e sl Ju!z'aroJaraql'l€lJm P s! Julz

poo8 rre stPrru v

102 Giving Evidcn€e

6. AIDS is a vencreal disease. It is somelimes traDvnilrcd by bi(x)d Allvencfcal diseases nlay bc lransmitlcd by blood.

Hal ley's Conet passcd near the earlh in 1758. lEl4, 1910, and1986. ttalley's Comcl will retu lo dre ea|lh irr Lhc year 2062

Autonobilcs givc oll carbon monoxide. Carborr nronoxidc is apoisonous gas. Thereforc aulonobiies causc air pollr.rtiorr-

7 .

8 .

Using Reaso i g. Deduclive rcasoning can somclimes lcad lo {nlse corclusiorrsHerc arc two examplesi

All stud€nts are lazy.Everyone here is a student.Therefore, everyone here is lazy.

All gases can flow.All liquids can flow,Therefore, all gases are liquids.

How did wc arr ive at su(h r idic lr lo lrs coD(l(r t i (nrs? ln lhe l l rs l cxnnule lhc or iSir)alprcmisc is false, Falsc frcmises lead to lalsc (onclusiolr$ ln lhe sccon(l cxanrple,thc conclusion docs nol lb l low froln thc prclniscs, lbf . l lhough gascs and l i ( lL l idssharc onc characlcr ist ic (bolh can l low), this does not mc.n they are lhc sanlc i r lolhcr ways,

lrducl ive rcasoning can also lead lo lalsc cor ' rc lusiolrs. sonlel i l r rcs lhcrc. l rc nolcnough cxamDles. Sonrel intcJ rhc cxanrples arc l r() t fcPrcscnlal ivc of nol lypicalADd somctimes thc con(lLrsioD does nol lb l low funn lhc cvidencc

h cach of thc lbllowing, discr.rss why llle conclusion is falsc

t. I l i r is a bi fd, i t can l ]y.A chicken canno{ fly.Therefok, a chickcn is nol a bird.

2. EiNtcin was noi a Sood sludcnl.Einstein was a geni l rs.Thereforc, aoyoDe who is not a good sludcnl k a gcnius

l. All metals are rclid.Sulfur is a sol id.Thereforc, sul{ur is a nrclal-

4. People, kangaroos, pcnguins, and ostrichcs all 14'alk on 1wo lcc!' I h e - e l u r c . r l ' e y " r ( n ( r r b ( f . u l l , e ' d n r ( ' l t c . k '

5. Archimedes discovered ihc prnrciple of water disltacement in the balhtubThe displaccment principle i! a major scienlillc discovcryThereforc, Lhe placc 1o make a major scicntilic discovery is iI the baLhlub

6. Some clcments arc gases, and olhers are liq idsSulfur is an elemenl, and it is 'lot a gas.Th€reforc, sulfur is a liquicl-

Jlulrlsur oli'€

'z

,n ?t?vuq) Daunoa ot I

'Irpssi)ro Jr ,{rpuorlrrp rno,{ )rrq) 'riuL'qr SurllJds p irnbrr Isurlsp u! qtt^{ sprcA{ stslxr I Jr ,- IeLrU rtil rlor0 ,.r-

xujns rq1 :urppp ,{q sunou ol sqre^ 8L ̂ô oJ Jqr rBueql .ro- /uoF :s?rrlns

BururoLu rt.ql dn r^rs ot rldorri 'rros ,prrr.trd o, ryfror, 70, ,n^ ,f1q"qu.,A qr,tir'ii'qtuip iq rlqpqsrund sE^,r Sutlulrp rillor urqM srllrlt rlr^,\ ,.lrl0 ,tspg rlpplhlJllt Jo sJrpld ulEtDJ ul IJ4JJ Jlues iq1 JJnpolcl ot pcprao Jle srsop liLISlq teqlos DUI{Jpr roj rrrr.rilr, rserrJtrl ot .lqlssod sr tI fiutqrtnxa Bulsne. tt1lujt14 irlupr sJsop q31H ,|n1, )lorll plte lr,r4 ssJI Ir{ Irsn Jqt o)ieur Jur:IJpr.lo rro?lrditprtpow LuJls,(s sno^JDtr rqt sr/rrx, leqi ':)uBlsqns p ,i)uriJJcJ sulstuoj J4Jo:)')).ll rrjJor u ruo.{ s)trrrq Lritr-" ppq irqt r)tlD ir..r\ stpoiJ srLI ,{Is!J ^,toq pJ]ltouoqM s)BV olpplt\l)ql Lrt {Lrou c ̂q p.rrôrsrp spM i.JJor,pltJilrl ol Sulpro)rv

lu!)rtrurqpinnllBJ

,ral)PsJlPlnru s

]IJJPJlILrJlLrUt)p

,trlllqerpr!

srule)

Irr)l)rJJnsLrl

'prlsrl spio^\ rql II! rsrr lou Il1^\ DoA^roliq lsrl )Lll ruorl urluou,{s p qltM rldurSerpd iiul^\olloJ Jrll ur proM p.zl)rtLitrLlrpr )rplr1)t 'pro/!\ l]qtoup se )trlns rqt sln?rtu lerJl pjo^{ u sl ru,{uolris V

l;utpllng ltolfiqbtot

S'I'II'S DNI(VAU

'lPruruP rrE sr trluo) e 'JloliuJrJl.lrlt P sPLl tJruoJ v

trPr P sErJ lr 'lPLLrmP uP sr lr Jl '8nrp snorrSupp E tor sr Dueniupru 'rrotrr:qJ'lnJturDrl iq ol urôrd urrq rcu spq pucnluew

prpq )roa rou prp ortrlP9 ,rrojir)ql

srlrlrrn P sP^r o)lnE)-Prell p.:{ro^4 :)rl ro snrur; e sp^{ orlrrp9 r.rltrg

'spmbrl ueqt rJtq3n Jrp sprros 'aroJrr.qt

rJle,!r uPqt rrlllnl sr poo.M rlPo

'ot

,8

aor rrurpr^g 8ur^r)

104 Giving Evidence

gravilate

lubricale

cl iminate

5. to

6. !o

8. r()

10 . l o

l l . l o

1 2 . 1 o

I L t o

15 . r o

16 , t o

17 . ro

spccLllatc

[ ,)rmuhte

change thc lbl lowini l vcrbs () noLl l ls by addi |8 thc sLr l l lx -of D() l ) lhc I innl-c i f i r cxins.

$.tlr4pgtan

() i r lsulate

l .

2 .

3 .

t .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10 .

() acceleralc

l() lubr icate

Vocdbulary in Corlexl. Circlc thcmeaning ol lhe i la l ic ized word as i l

I r L r ( r , ' l r h ( . . r r ' $ \ r l l r . r r l ( . r r r r r l \ L r ( \ L l r (

is uscd in cach o{ thcsc scrr lcnccs

I The droughl drerdd condili()ls lfi thc larmcrs

a. improvcd (, chaDgcd

'prtpdlrnue lolr,rr^{ tEql srrrrrrAror peq lururtrrdxr )ql .6I

ol JrllElslst|q Jo re.I .e'J.rrllcrrdrrrl r\I saut lxa nl )tal rl rl r^pq sSl aq rrerrnH .81

p.!olo|q idPqs Jo nro .P'p)110$tp rE.rl<le llr^^.rrlc^^ ur pili uqns lrlls tllSterls v ./I

ul?Jlsrr .q JSP.lrr .e')lltrdc{p srq rsrrlldrr ot sllKl loot rq ,tq8rr^{ rsol oI .91

pl|tu q ,{tperp .D'tr slrerlLrcr oq^,\ rllofi i^..r0J ssiull /r4rl e sr sctv,s I

lonunq q JniilteJ .p.(lot )Llt prqreJ.r,{J(ll uJrl^^ r./o4s/?rrlf, uo.rJ pitiJJns slrqull) ulutunoul aql ,rl

tslu q tsDI .u'pJuueld su^{ luillllD(lxi puo)Js t? os,a^lsnlauo)Ul suM qrlprs)i /rrrrr Jql ,€l

IP,\OLui|Cluoltjisu! c'rolrrrlrnq) inliq p/rllrits liu^'l ilp''U )ql ,z I

Jrtrq qiiullspl iiuol u 'ssrulll ror,/) r-i prdoli^ip rq UiqM qol srq (((xJ pirl)o.r iH .l

ilorlr:)J qrDrJ u 'ssiulzTlp lo ,ro?trJurs u p))npold uletunour iql trx)lj Mi)! rqJ .0

sillJxi q

uclton .q

str!nb u'sritoaj i^JJU iql l?lrl?4/4s nJ. o) 6

pi,.(olls)p !'rpl.()lllr u llrler Jo slsilolt)ip ,qt um{l prrlr14, sr unl)lp) .8

i)IP^ P 1.1 snolrsuorlrn ,e'14r0.r r rl sp^'{ DLI rsnEDq prrrrddeq tpq^/l ̂toul tou plp uflt)r^ tuiplJre rLIt ./

suJsruenro .q sJsPislp .e'srltoqllup qlr,4,\ patn) rq nnruE) s,/orrrlrr snl! .9

ruPtsr!J|q'ssrul| or r/4rdrrrrr..roltl noI o)eur llrM Lrcrlrpuor IErlstLId l(Dd

'snoq ^{{ P roJ Lrrpd ,n.rrlr.r I0Lrrnbr{ IIrM Ur.Idsy

's

',

JSPJ!rp rl

tro\. dtp ud f.\r.rt.4\ fIp \l.rr,,l \ca Jrl\ 1

nqllprqun qSLrluuoJ trqEq e 'cln lr r^tH loullp) Jldord ,{Ltelx tpql ,r.tlurlp, os sr Burlorus rn)tptrl .Z

EOI rJuJpr^E 3ur^r5

r06 Giving Evidcnce

Skinmi g

Skimmi g for mairl icteas is a rcading skiLl lhai is useful in a number ot waYs:

l. Always skirn a lcxlbook chapter bclbre reading it 'losely' Il you folloh'lhis

proccdure. you will rcad fast€r and wilh greatcr intercn and colnprehcnsxrn'

Z. Wtren you need 10 write a rcsearch paper. skim rhc reterenccs vou lind in

the 1ibrary to scc whi(h contah the malcrial you need

L skim any passage thal YoLr fird difiicull Once you havc a gcncral idca of dlc

contenl and organizal ion, you $r i lL be abl€ to rcad i l lhoroughly wi lh bet lcr

undernaDdiDg.

See p. 27 !o review skinnrirrg l€chniquesSi im the fol lowing lassage in rhree nl inutes and dlcn answcr Lhesc qucsl io 'rs:

I Which of thc lbl lo lv ing is Lhe nlairr cala. Drug\ arc alwirys lolcnl ial ly h.rJnl"L'b. Drugs irre nol hnrmful.c. l l rLrgs are o((asi(mal lY h.rnrful bt l t Lrsual ly l )crr t t i ( i ' l

2. which ol 1hc iol lo lv ing dr l lgs af(r discusscd irr lhc lassi l l lc icocainc. anlphclarnincs, PcP. inhal i rr ts, nar(ol ics, rnl l ( jnc, m' lnl t rnn'r '

barbi(uralcs, and hashish?

Re6d{ng

The Dakger of Dtugs

Drlrgs. l rc sLrbslarrccs Lhal al lcr t l lc Lrody chcnri \ l ry. Thc plcal i rr ! l c l lcd\ ol any

drug should bc weighc(l carcful ly ag. insl i ls scr iotrs d.rgcr 'sl . tar i juarra is a diug rhat has bccn nlLrch discusscd an(l ( lcL)alcd l t fc laxcl Lhc

miDd aird body and fr(x lLrces a l r lcasrnl , happy lccl ing in nlany Lrscrs Al lhc s ' lnre

l ime, i r can al tcr f l rndbrrs that may al fect thc mcnr{)ry, coodinaLior l , nn) l jvnl1()11

and al lcnt ion span of lhc Lrscr ' Al though iLs cl{ccts miy L)e lc\ \ l raf l r l i r l lharr alrohol '

i l shoulLl nL' lbc aslLrmcd lh. l iL, or any drug, i ! hanl lc lsNarcol ics (codciDc, hcrcin, opium a|cl mor|hirrc) arc consi( lctcd "h' f ( l drLrS\"

.1Dd arc addicLivc, or habi l f t r rDl ing They a(! as dcl)rcssnnts oD 1he ncNolrs tv\ lcr l l '

re l icviDg pairr anLl decrcasing alc| !rrel l . r v igor. Hcft) in mnkcs thc LLrcr lc lh;rrgic

and highly susccpt iblc lo infecl i ()D, cona, and evcn ( lenth lnrDr ovc( lore BccaLrsc

heroiD is addicl ive, i t o l icn leads rhc Lrscr ' to cf inrc to pay for lhc high cosl ol

oblaining thc drug. Anolher nafcot ic morphinc, is Lrsc( i b! hos| i l i l \ a\ a |ninrel icver. occasi ul ly, pat ients rcceiving nn)rphidc becor c addirLc( l

Cocainc (or "cokc") is a dr! ! lhat st inlulalct Lhe ncrvolrs syslcm' fro(tLrcrrrg '1

leel ing ol wel l -being alr( l q lrong sc| l l iar i (nrs sni f f ing cocainc | i twdcr ovcr ' lo| lg

pcr ior l car ca se paranoia. hypcracl iv i ty .nd chronic insomnia "Cfnck," a lonn

ol cocairc lhal is snroked. is cspecial ly i langcrorrs bc(drr\c lhc tr \cr tan Lrcco' ]rc

inrcnsely addicled i rr a v€rv shon pcr iod of 1imc. Likc hcroin, iL l rcqucnl l -v le ' ( ls

'IoLIorlD LItr^^ rrr)el LTJLIM snor.Suep llrElrlrrliDtl rr! \ erntriFDI'IPrPl )q rcLr ̂lqcqoid IIrM s)Lrlurctrridurp Jo )sqxiô up u.^3

'^nr)ua Jo $sln(l

Irprxhu.l rprôrd trrql rsrlrrq s)L tUelr(tdurp rsn sru)ptrls ||oS'r^rDrPpE loLr sr rpllt nnrp i)lro st e)o)

'striJlJ InJlu.]ELI tturl ijr()t ou sL'rl JL p.]ol

'i^rrrrppP os sr lt lPtJl sr urcjrq.Jo r.iJrrpp nrp]$ruiJrs V

rr^rrlr.r ureou sD slDtr(s(nl i(l |rsn Lr)qM !)^ rrppE |o))q t(x[rcr I qdrow

'01

'8

9'E

I

ssrtLLriurl^lq!(lor(r sr rrotJjrqt puu loqorlu uuql snoiiiiuep ss)l sr urrpntlrp!! .t

'uorlc^ltoru ul JsPir]rPu ILru crrPnlLrDLu jo isn arlt urJ^\l)q ltollulJttor oo sr )r ll

',trstrLr.LI) s,lpoq I jotc strup urul.rJ:),{luo

z

'iiJl'ssud snolîrd.ql ot turplo)lp (J) islej ro (J) inlt slsrtr)(Ll)rPrs iJLlrMollql flr.lo qrec .lcqllM ill?)|)ut 6utpvaU ar [iu!pur$)apun

's))uinl)isUo:r srlor.ris illelllr))(xl rrll to irrMu iq plnollsIiup,{uu ilutsu ii|Lrrprsuor )uo,tlrv /illpturpr.)J! UrIut sr lltnorr|u letpJ c p ! ,rliJrrl,{l\no.riiluup iq,{uLu J)uprrlot s,t)lppp uu sJ!!ltlJuI())^.stlJl]i uLis iLIl Jîlq)u olsisol) lJulsuir)ul iiuuruh)r 'Jnrp

I] rll ,))up.rrlol o dn plrnq srsn i^|])rppu rrLrsiirip )ôqu )rll Jo ln)ru tuqt srtp)rpur LI).tlJsJi 'nuonlljp(l

lo uolt(h)xJ )Lll rlltM'uoru)rl

luD',{t)rxuP'rrrsrrpr'ssrurzzrp rpnt)!rt sl)rltB .-reds pUr )tlrrl Jo rUo .ro)srlr Iupn)r^Pqrq fuD'iiu'tL ql'poorrr ur sriluDLl) rsne) uDr srrtrprqr,{sd .)t.tDDtpr.rll(l

lP!t^\JtUos rIL' slrrui rl)Ll.L sr.)pn)srp IprLrJtrr r)Llto pLrc \Lro pL rnlluq rtrnpordtDql \J p r.rP '(.rrll'rsJru plrD CS t turpnl)Ur) srrJljouDrlllDq ro ,s)rtrprLl),(sd \ 'tclul Jq l)tlu sr lrrr HL Lltpirq J\l s$Id(lr)!'tuD) r)LIl)5ol torl('rlu PLrP srturlllqrPq Jo isn rql oorsrllror IDII r pLrL] ,rl)rrdsprr IrlF 'r()r)uLl|l)I(J(') JpsrlttrJo ssolrpnt)ur striuJ JqI ss)urd)rlr rsnc) pup Ilrrxue))rp)r ol LIDrq rqt Io spJrp Llo trp'(slt SLr Ji)ts) ,,s.rru^,!op,, ro,s:)tprnlrqrlg

'JPTEJ Jq UPJ SJLIIILID]Jq(I-rLrL' I() )sopr;)ô uv ss)ur^'ssrIiJSE prrp

"{lrlr.1!l rr ,ur'rtsnprtxr ,rrorss)rdrp

Jospou)d .{ol iq pr^\o ({ )rp tDql 5ut.q-ltr,\ prrE ,{3rlrr to sSL t.iJ Ien|l uo SuuqsrlrrLLrul)Ll(lorc Jo !rrcnrrlirr rr^rMoH rtrtiddpl|rqr rsprrtrrp olsrrtrlp.{q p p.DuuLruoJrril IDrrsnq(l IJttl rôrdrur ot sJtrll0D,{q,rlpMp ipls ol srr^r.rp pr! nLriprrls

I(l prsn )rp ,{i)qt 's]lrnotue llprlls ut ,{8riu. jo srsrnq tErr8.rrsn rqt r^r3 ()1 LuJs,{s

sno^rru ritl Ietnurns plrF JrnssJ.rd pootq i'ql ispJrrur siJn.rp rsrllt )L rp)rllil^l pUr:':)Lruprxrc'irr'rp'rrJa rpnlrLrr (,,srrddn,, ro,,pJrds,, p;)llEr) \.)ultup]iqdrlrv

r0t 'uJprâ 3ur^r9

108 Giving Eviclencc

ovcr( losc.

LISTENING SKILLS

Vocabulary h Cotrsxf. Circlc the lcLlcr ol lhc answcr lh.l L,(n rlntthcs Lh(rrcaning ol thc i tal iL izcd word ns i l is ul icd iD ca(h ol lh(\( \c lr lcrr(cs.

l. q)cainc has p/?',ji,,/.,.tiir'.1 a\ well .s |sy(holo!ic.l eI1c.l\.

k) physict l tJ. nrenr. l

2. Excrcisc is 1]d?{r i t i . r l lor I hei l l lhy i r1( l iv i ( l t rnl .n. dangcrous t) . g(xxi

3. Thc nrcssagc wns /rr?rJrr l l l . t? lry clccln)nic nl .r i l .a, rcccivc( i L), \cnl

4, Thc accidcnl o((Lrf fc( l l ) f tar.rsc thc d| ivcr wa\ / , , /oJr( i r / r t .a. arrcslc( l l ) , ( ln lnk

5. Ol( i age br irrSs lhc $r ' .dLr i l . / (3rr . / !?/r tr oJ l l )c Lror l ! .a. s lrengthenin! L), wc.kr l r i l rg

l l . Scient ists ran prcdi( l , i1h rca(maLrlc .((Lrr i ( f lh( c l lccl \ ol LSI)

12. A u\cf who bui lds Lrp i r ( tcfanrc l i ) r a droi t is h (1.1u!er ol r l . r l . l

o. l l rgh (1,^(\ , ,1 r i ( i i .1Li( ,rrcarr al lc( l rc l) |1xl t l ( t io1r nr1( l (r t rsc. l pcrson 1o hc

t) unal) lc to hnvc chi l ( l f t r )

dctdrk,rkr l c l lccr oD youf lccrh.l ) . ha nJir l

thc cnginc, inrpaif i r rg i ts lunt l i (nr.l ) . !arhcfcd

l izdr( l l l is lhc.14r,r . l^, 10 g|.{) \ ! a nclv onri a ci l r locs

L). i rL) i l i ly

a, srrong

7. SLritar has a

8, l ) t rs t daarrr , r / . l l ! ,1 or la , cvaIoratc( i

9 . I l a la i l is c l r l o l f , a

10. Thc cor ldi l i ( )D ol thc L)ui lding,fu/ ! f l . i | , r l . , l bccnusc Lhf lcnarr l ! t l i i l nol l ikcpr{)per cnrc ol n.n. worscnc(l l). irD|ft)vc(i

Note-Taki g

After wri t i rg dorvn m.in idc.s. l ry 10 wf i lc ( lor ln nuy cl i i lcu.c thnl nr l )por1\lhcsc ic leas. Factt . stal in iG. rcnr l ls o1 cxpcdurcnls, . |d cr l l i rnnr iorr ! . rr f \ \ ,or lhr\ t i lcjorr ing clown i f yoLr havc l inrc. Thc cvi( lcncc rcl l r lorcc\ lhc nrain .onrcpl\ nrr(1help\ yolr ro fecnl l thcn l . r lcr .

asr)!l(i )rtqn(l l|rrut |iuLrrq Jq iur)ot's pt'rorts 1al)rn"UeLl) rq iUrlL rp.roJ riJL'l|rnru|| rll irl] ptnotls 9

(rri)rrtrn.)t iq !oenrupr(I pJrlorls si,\L'^\L'ur:{ur lrsuJ:)rt rrrqr )êrt ljurût) LrilrijrjI Io piDr^Lror rt(lo)(l plnorts t

asrl(hLr!. rro sijruI SLIsn.k)l looLp\ qtrq u)rr l))|r(lxi rq nurpnr\ plnoqs taPruuP! )(t Lr)Lto)lf rol ii!r,iirr^l)! ptnoqs z

i| rru(l r(l si iiuiJr) .rot ijlusrur^p! plnorts I'op n')1 ,iu^1 rLtl rjuqt n()tr iq,\.1

rot r)t1iPr^r n"rrrrrll() \rr(ll)) rsrqr to ro rro rro|l rlo rnoi )^ri r)t 1)rrp(1.)r({ .]u

SINIOd NOISSN)SI(I

st)ilJ) r^rlDilJrr rr.rrl-,!ju{)l,({l l))qn_riMlno,{llpnsn rr! lorlorl! lo rl)iJjr lelrlJ.)u)q llrrt-lioqS Zt

'loqo:rlu Io sl)iur)rll )rL()).r.ô uos.r,)(l ! (llill llr^\ r{Jo.r )rulq iiro.rls iJLIlutic II

'sr Ilo rrLnlt illsuJ a.roru pit)rpP! Jluo))q )l(lo)(l aluos

,{)rLoull)r(l Jo srlrroLU,tFD)ll r,rrtLr lorlorlu rrunsuo) ot rrrrLrl)rl t(ruuliri({ iol t(liir.r ll0 sr ll

'uluil irlt !lr)Jlu Io!lo)lL) tPrll ,))uil)rî ou sl ).r,rq.L

.rr^rt r\ruo l))jj) lPr)!i!rrq u suq 1r)qo)lc's,\ur\.r,)Lllo u1 lrrlrur0rl Lliinorlllv

'01

',{lrlr.rJls irnp) uL)) !usrloqo)lLj )luoirl:)

.l.tuitq

iql lo tLriL!rin"iLllur r\rP) l)rrr sil)s1r!!r i!ll )!LDllLrl uP) r!r\rloqorlv !'rLr.rl!,(r ||ro^.r r Jllr rr)rltp lorlo)lLr rL'rll r)u)l)r^)

1l )l(io)i{ p)tPrrxolur jo uorsr^ |)'|'|ntq t)uLr q)rrds r0)trun rq.L'Uor\!1)l r^Jlt).r i!rLr lorto)lP jo sr tlu!nh ll!rus

'rlur uDiq rqr ss drP IorlorlL'to \rnrnr!]rt) llL'rus ur^3 z'.rrrlrq

tr)t (Lr)Llr.))!LLr \lLlnorupiiirrl 'pooiJ

t)ri )l(lo)(l ))!u tortorlr Jo iLrrrourf erur )IIS II

') InDrlirul sr sru rrrllrls iJurMoll()t' ).u11D'r )qt autyuotsapun

'i\rrrr\r 1\irr iqt rlil(huor orlrlor .rroi )srr Lr)rt-L srLlorl orPltr :rqt or uonrPlD ur :)ru)lr^) rr^()l )tu,r\ ol irl.. lorlo)tv jo sl)r a ll1)rijolorslqd iql', J.rntrrl rllt or u)tsrl nol \P \irolr rIPL

60I .1:)crop!^3 Bur^r5

8

;rqr ur Lroufrtuojor )qt ot iiurp!))P (J) )strt ro (./).),t I,,,tlf.,-..,t.,r.4.'rr r\.'lr.i, .,r,,r' I,.i., I

l l0 Giv ing Evidence

WRITING SKILLS

Giving E lidence

scicnl i f ic wri l i lg requircs lhal yolr providc evid(ncc 1o sr ' rpporL yoLLr t t ' r lcr crrLs'

Thc more cvidcncc you havc and thc bcLLer i l is, the nrorrgc' your sl(r lcmcnt ()r

argunlenl wi l l bc. In Chaplcr 6 we di \cusse(l thc usc ol ex'r plcs' L)"1 thc( i fe

oL'her forrns of evirlence, including i.lcts slillinics, obscrvali()ns tesl rcsulL\' !Lrfvcy

resuhs, and expcn opiniorr ' Discuss which ol lhcsc lbrms ol cvi ! i (ncc arc rrscd ir l

each ol lhc examdes bclow (Arr txam|lc mav irrc l l rdc nrorc lh 'n orc lor ln ' ) l

l . Thc proccss ol cvolLrt ion nlay l )c ovcf l ( rr hurnao bcinls For thorsnrr( ls oj

ycari , htrnran bcirrgs have l)ccrr charrging their cnvironnlcnl instead ol t rc ir lg

changc(l bY i tz. , t dai igcr cxists rhat 1he ozorlc in (hc trpfcr alr )s|hcre n1'y Lrc dcn()YC(l Lry

nrnn-lnadc che. l icals, albwing barrrr l i r l u l l ravi(r lc l l ight t () rcnch Lhc crr lh

This was l i rs( Ll iscovcfed ir l l98l by a (eam ol l l r i l ish scicnLjsls wlro ( lcnnnr_

slr i ted lhat col lccnlralkt ls ol ozone vlcre dccrcasins i l ) thc slr ' ( )s|hcrc

over A| l rarct ica,L Thc dcnl l l ratc l ionr l f . l i lc ac( i( lcnls orr lJ s l l ) ; r( ls docs rr()L incrcnsc orr

hol ic lay wcckcnds Al lhoogh lhc r l t ln l l )cr of lh l . l i ( ics i l r (rcascs l )y ai)ouL ol lc

perccni, thcrc i tc aboLl l lhrcc pcrccnl nrore dr iv( ' ls oD lhe ro'd\ '

4, Drinkin! apl)cars () i l rcrcasc lhc incidcncc ol hyl)c(cnsiol l , accor(11n9 lo l fs(s

pcr lorrDcd orr adr ' l l t n lcr l hy rcscarcl lcrs al Stanl i )nl l ln ivcrsi ly '

5. by thc rr i ( l ( l lcolLhc 21sl(cnttr fy, a sigr l i l lcanl l ]an ol lhc wof l( l 's c lcclr ic j ly

wi l l L)c sLt l l ) l ic( l by conlf t r l lcd lhc nonuclcar l i rs io| l . ' lccor lrr l l l lo rc l)or ls

i : ' \u(, ' r y ( l r r U.S. D(l \ r t l r r l (nr , ' l En(rt !6. l lescarchers nl a nl i ( iwcstcrn col legc ol l i rcdici l rc iDlcr! ic rcd lhi |1y crcnl ivc

wri ters an(i l i rLrn( l aD associat iol l l lc lv l 'ccl l cfcal iv i ly alr( l nrel lLal ( i is() l !crs

'u. l r r \ ( l ( t \ i* . i , "r nrr , l r rr . r ' r r( i ( l n\ \r"rr '

Writitlg wilh Evide ce

Wri lc a paragrdlrh orr orrc ol Ll1c Dit 'Lr\ l i ion Poirr ts Firsl s l ' r lc yoLLfol) i rrr)n 's

the topic si 'ntencc-an,1 lhcD pl1)vi( lc cvj( lc l l tc L() cn' t) l ish thr cfc( l i l ' i l iL] o1 yotr l

poinl . ConcluLle by slrnnnaf iTing Yotrr i ( lca\ ' \ l ' l i r rg lhci f \ iS!r i l icnrrcc' or rcconr' r r , n r t i r , ! . , , 1 i t r . . r ' r ( r ( . r . 1 ( r ' r r ' l r r r " l

ttt

tj d'(?rat 'sloos trre{:loI rj.N).rrrr's 'rr 4,r,t !. i.urrrv ' (no rsv rursl+

'pu!u ordo ue puP rir dlPqs E drrl o1 sprru lsllurlrs JLll'3u!lu Ulridxr rtrq14 prrrôrslp re^ s.{Pr-x 'snqJ 'r)dPd IrPlq prlPllrurd

siEr rpoltlpr lpqr prrlrou urSlurou tulrqllM lsllurl)s uPturr5 tql '<681 uI'uillpturd prrôrsrp illEnliplr)P pPq rH plolu E Iq piôrlsrp uirq pPq e'r'DPq

Jros lPqr prJlroLr SuIrutll i)puPxrlY i!s rrqrrers)r LIsInors tqt'JIdtuPxr rol'626I ut ruiurrrrc{xr u! Jo sruJplrrP rrr.t srlirôrslp le S iuPW prpurlu!

.rrllrrPtsrr rql lPtl^\ LtPqr rrqlo BLr!LIlruros srôrci lurLulreclxJ ue s:LulrJuros+,,11()rlPJl.llpottr

sll JJrOJ lsnru 1! qlLM luJlslsuo)ul sl ro slrlpPrluo) leql uollP^rJsqo 'l8uls

s 'uolreT!lErru.3 ! rno .rPrq ol purt srt^rtsqo Jo suo!ll!q qSnoql ur^3,, r;)lor^/\

ôlursv rpr?sl lsttuclrs-r tr,M ,{rnlurr-Lllrllur,Ml .qI ptlJ!pour ro prptFr rq

rsnLu slsrqrcd,{q rql'sls)qlod^rl s lioddns lou op sltttLuIlrdxt II sPrp! pisErq

ro )^lrrrlilns ireuluttlt ol rPeu s! uojJr,{rr^r'slsrll(xl,{q P Bullstl urlt^{'1! lroddns ol rru)p!^r sr rrrul ssilun

prr(lir)B st rd no) rullorl)s otr 'urLll r)ulS plle^ s,4uMls lou se^\ tuluosEor

s,o[o]sFY luql piôrd sluitulrrdxc s,o)lllcD lng )l3ol puP ijuluosurr uro'|l

)srr^lun )qr lnoqa riJptlMou) rlrql pou!utqo srtqdosollqd Irr'rD luiJ)ue 'ql

NOII)NOOUTNI

Ms4au6aw puo flnupal{

Supueu4radxE

g raldeqr

112 Experimenl ing

Short Readifig

l tead thc lo l lowi l lg t .ss.gc lo l in( l d i r tc t ions lor l )cr lorn ing.r r r c \ l ) f f i rncnl

Lightni g Strikes

You kr) { )$, lh . l l igh ln i rg is . lc lual l } t lcc l r ic i t ) . BrrL how t lo ! \ l iShl r r i r rs or .ur l

Thc:rnc icnl Crceks nol i (c(1 lh. l \ 'vhcn thcy rLrL,LJC(I i I l r tc o l . r r r r l )cra \1 j lh w(! ) l

or l i r r , thc amL)er woul( l a l l rac l or t i tk u l ) !n) . l l l ) ic .c \ ( )1 l i r .Y( \ or l lu \1. l 'h i ! lv i r \

ca l lcd thc.nLrct c l lcc l . Thc Engl ish t ! ( ) r ( l f / { . r - i . / / r ronr( t l lorn lhc Crcc l ' $1)111

f l . . r -cr , which urcnns i rn lber . '11) dcrDolr \ l fn lc lh is (orr (c |1, Ic f lor r l l th f In In! j r r f

l . An 'ange l iny p icces o l l l l t rcr o | r . r r . l r l r .2 . RLrLr n t l in ic (orr ) l ) wi lh nJnc wool( r r la l ) f i t .

:1 . I - lo ld 1hc cor l rb ovcr Lhe t ) iects o l l ) i r l )cr .n i l oLrsrrvr $ l r . r h . r | |ens. l l l (

p . lcr shoLl1( l t )c .1 l rn( l r ( l L( ) thc (orr r t , (N,r / r ' lh t (orr1L, r r r t r \ l hc r t rL)L)c( l

.1gain r r ) !Lrs la i l l i rs nrrgnct i . c i l t ) i ( i1y. )

In th( c jghLccrr lh ccnLLrfy , sc i ( t l l is ls d i \ rovcrc( l l l l i l l lh f r r ' ar r 1\ \ , ( ) t f l ) (s o l cLr . ln .

chi l ryc. lhc Af i rcr i ran l lcu i i | ]1 i r1 l ' fnnkl in nrnrc( l l l rcn (hnrgcs l )o l r ivr n r ( l r r t l l -

a l ivc. l1 wns noL(( i th . l l jkc.hr fgcs rc lx l cr ( l r o lhf f nr l (1 Lrr r l i l i ( (h . f l l rs n l l f i r . l

l r ) thc exIcf i rncnl i rbovc, Lh1r nr .grrc l i . c l lc( t ( )c( r . r r \ l r r (nt r \ ( f t lb [ ) r r rg l l ] r (or l r t r

causc5 sorr rc c lcc l ( ) r rs l |1) r ) l thc c lo lh Lo n l l r o l1 l ( ' thc (o l l r l r , T l rc c l { ) lh l l l r l r l l , ls

fcwcf c lcc(( r r ls (wl l ich r | , ( ' r rcgat ivc) .n t l lhLrs l )c(onrc\ lx)s i1 i !c ly ( l l i l rSr( l lL l ( '

conrb rhcrc l i ) rc has a( ld i l i (nra l c lcc l11)r rs . g iv i r rg i l . l rcg, l l ivc charsC l - l rc ( .or l l t )

a t t racLs Lhc pat)cr bccausc o1) l ios i lc char l lcE ( t l l |a( l S inr iL l r1y, yoLr havc lJr { ) l \ r t ) l !cx l )cr jcr lccc l au c lcr l r ic shocl ( whcn you r r rnovc( lsYrnhcl i r ( lo lh i l rg I ionr . r ( l l )1hcs

drycf , combcd your hai r , or ( )uchc( l a nrc la l doorkn( ' t ) d l l ( f rv . l lk jng i lc foss. l th icL

rLrll.A spcct . lcu lar cxalnI lc o l th i : ' l )hcnonrcnon occrr$ t lur i r lg a s lofnr . I r ls i ( i0 n

c loLrd, cL l r rcn ls of a i f rLrL, agniusL lhc r i l in(1f i ' l )s . As thc c lc(1n) |s i rc r ' t r l r t rcd o l1

oDc c loLrd bcconrcs posi l ive ly chargcd arr ( i iDothcf ncgal ivc l r " ch:r r !c( l l 'hc ( ' l ) l ros i lc

charges . r t f .c l cach o lhcr , an( l .n crrorr r ro l rs \patk o l c locLr ic i l l iLr r r ) |s 1(rnr or)e

c lNd t ( ) a | ro lht r or l rorn a ck)Lr( l Lo Lhc gr(nrr r (1. ThLrs, l i {h l r ) i r r r l is l ) ro( i r r ( r i l

USING ENGLISH TO GTVE DIRECTIONS

Au cxpcrin 'cnl is n kind of pr()(csr i . we an. lyTc i str t \ \ l . r r(c, s lrch .s . i r . L)ysctafal ing ard idenri fy ing iLs.omponenl5 Wc irn.r ly/r r l ' rocc\\ L)v l i ic i l i r rs i rdow| inro scps of ptuccdufes .rr( l arf .ngiug Lhcr in chronolo!. ical ordcr ( l l ic

or ' { icr in r ,hich rh1lur happcn).

'Anrbcr !s . h i . yc l low i \ | h ( )wn {n ) \1 i f . c l , r i td Ln . . r r i i r ) ! ) i l \ '

L' \l

'tror rqr Llirrlo.rtll lrtrnftLr ! lrrsul {

'rrql)lol )rr^r )ql Jo sPLrJ iql rrl z

,r$Ji ll" r -1" lr'\'\r'|'l^ |

's{lr)^ )^rrurlltlrr itll llf rurlrit)rrn \\Dor(1 irll ur (lJls rl!ruors

rLri)lr qrP) rPql r)rloN ,{rrrr.rDrl) s)rrrpoftl ttrsrl)tLiluru Motl ilut^toqs llrrturrrd

rl! ilrrrruot.li(l roj suonrJrrp rttl )r! ^\olrtl sqraA 2^4ohdutl ElttzluaoraA

'ru)^ Jql Jo is!lil lLl)sil(l II (uol, pitrllol )lP 'plrD r(n{)i) l)iluls /r,r/'P)rl(ltul sl l0tll l)tlilns s )ûtl t

l)snul) lr Jo lJLllLluliiilq irtll lr.) lui(ltlu zltloll))rJp lo pue(uruo) P )AIn I

is(lr).\ i^llorr(lL!|l

sq)aA 2itllbJaawI

'LrollrrrP P r^tii x)Lr srop ll rsnurrqqr.^ r^rrrrrdrlrl LrD JÊLI l(nr s)op ( ,4 !|t|oqs.t)tlttd rrlJ) Iu.lrris ruo qri)^

J^ltp.rrLkur rre !l]l^^ slrrilrq rmDlr ,turâ l\rl rôqP iLll Io uuol lrllDrrd JLll oslD

irlloN srrtr^nJe IPrrsiqd p P lDlLrrLLr qloqr')IsuorlrrrrP r^lniutu qrr^ D lDtll r)rloN

'qruor aq101 p.lre4lP aq plnoqs rrded aql sueddPq

lpqn^ rnrrr4d pue redEd Jo sereld.ql rrô qtuo) rqt p/og t'rlrqPJ ualoo^ euos tlrl^ quror )nseld P 4,'& z

'rlqel E uo rrded Jo sarald ArJl]} a6utt.tv 'l

:p)tDls rr^.o 'p)rFIurr sr (no,() lr)lqns :)qf prsn sr qr)^ )qr lo tLtrol r^nErJ(lLul rql'q(llliiprpd ! ueLIl r)qrPr s(lilsJo lsll P sP suollrrrrP.lirM ol rlqPr.)Jird ^llPnsn \r ll

tl I Surlururl.rt(ixE

ss))ord t ruto{]'d oi suotDatlo 6u!^!9

l14 Experimenting

2

2. Il is easy lo prini a simple mcssage on this (L'ml)ulcr

Movc dre magDel back and Ibrth !hrolrgh thc coil.

Place a conpass ncar lhc wire blrl away frcm thc nragucl.

Chcck lhc compass 1() see i f thc nccdlc is nrov ing. {A moving ncc( i lc in( i icatcs

lhat c lcct r ic currcnt is f lowing lh(nr lh lhe wire and thal nragrrcLinn cnn

producc eleclricily.)

4.

5 .

Remove the bulb ... alter dlsconnectlng lhe elecl clty.

Aftangi g ltefis Chronologically. When cxplainirril a l)roccss, it is csscnlinl ()

descr ibc slcps in thc order in which lhcy happcl l , thal is (hror)ological ly Ntrnrbcrcach grol lp ol s lc l)s bclow in chronok)gical order. Thc l i rst s lcp has bcerr i r r( l icalcdin each l is l .

L Thc hean pumfs blood !h()ugh thc hunaD body.

J The oxyiten-rich blood retllrus 10 thc lcft sidc of lhc hcan.

/ The r ight s idc ol thc hcarl pumps blood into thc lur)gs

4 From rhc lef l s ide of thc hcan, thc bbod is pumPed out lo l l lc rcslol lhe body through lhc arleries and rclurrrs 1o lhe hcart lhrcughtlre venrs,

In the lurgs, lhc bkJod gives up carbot dioxide (which we brcaLh('oul) and absorbs oxygcr.

Turn oli lhc computcf.

Typc thc {lrsr line.

Tun on thc compuler-

Prcss dre RETLRN kcy aftcr typing cach line.

Press thc pRrNr key beforc lyping each linc.

rrpn)Il'rrnol(nrorqr or )rP sLl s IID r.llrs )lPru pru ql'^.)^tleri(llul rre qtla (li1s qrProriji8 tlBo c poe'rrM pilrlnsur'turDeq p LIlr^\ truiJuluorlrrl) p 3ur)p|u roJ suorl-)rrlp irtr^^'iptlli P sc uortcrlsnllr iur,loll({ rqr ijursO 54rrl1 a^lpQ.lul6u!sn

(ln 3u[Iirr^Jl3ulx[Ll'sntunq puE slro.r Jll] orn!aô stJasul pup s(uJoMquu!

's.pprEd

ILI] ilLIJnpor({'s)j)or iqt ie^û ruiM ulul puc'puus'p lM tsllJ'lro.r

Jo s.r.)l(lIull rql ol sntunq iJurppp snql'isodrrrcrip puu.)lp slrrcl({ uorlJ

'pi)tlr.(! u)rq suq Ilos pooD -

'ss))or(l iirrol I sr LlollurLOoJ Iros

'suoJtlru .lrlllo JJo ilul^liJ 'stllds snrl)nUiq1 'L()InJLr U ̂q tlLI S! r()lu tunluurn p lo sn)l)rlu allt LriLI^\

'su()tc runlruin r lto tllds uiqt sl()flr1iu Jiqlo II',^nliui) Jo lllnouu snotruotli)

Lrp iiLrlsurlJr 'sruotB SLrl ll(ls Jo uolt)BJr ul0qJ ! rrl stlnsar slrll -

'uotr iql Jo illrllt!lds i(lt iq pi)npord sl uolsoldx, ru)l)nu u Jo r;r^\od cqI

'lli) aLlt Io sprra Jlrso(ldo preMolIlrd pup sdnort oMl olul )tp.rpdrs ot ulSJq s uosoruorLlJ s,llJ) JLI.L'p.LruoJ llJtaldruo) lr''q snqt J^cLl ,,sllJ).rJlrl8nPf,, aleredis o,\\I

'llir )rtl Jo rrluJ) Jqr q8norrll suuoj lleM ll)) v

)pr^rp 01 surSrq lr /rzrs LrrPlrrr P ol s^!or8 ltrr P LTTLI^^

'9

tlsorlw t 'uorsr^rp IlJr lo ssJJord Jrlt sl

'Lrnlper ot suint'J^llJcolper oslc'Lunl]oqJ,'pr.iJl ot s1.rJ^Lro) lunlpPu

'alqels sureurJr pue a^nJPorppr lou sr pPc'I

'rcnuoql onrt sr;uErlJ'llr u.lr r^rlrEorpPr P -runruErn /

'pPJl or pJlrJûoJ uariq SPLIlPql unllrPrn sllto tulloruP aqt SlrunseJr ,{q pJlel Jle) sr lJor P Io r8P rql

5II SUIIuJTuJIJdxg

116 Experim€ntidg

verb Fofms: Infi ithtes and Gerun*

ln an English scnlcrrce, whcn ol)c vcrb {bllows anothcr, the se(oll(l vcd) can

takc ol,lc of thrcc lormsl

L an infinitivo 1lo irdvrnce, lo tlctecl),2. an iDfinilive \tilhoul lo ladvanc. dclact). or3. a gcrund \advdncikg, dctectinl)

Slud(xlt{ of En$lish as a second langllage {icquenlly lirr(l lhis conlirsins How (lo

you cic ' l , l f io iL.( wlr ich forn ol lhc verb 10 !sc? The ar ls lvcr is Lhal thc f iNL vcrL)

iletcnrri,rcs thl lbrnr of lhc sccond For cxanlple, thc vcrL) bci]i,? rllay bc lblk)wcd

by an ioliDilivc or a gcrlnl(l. Thc vcrb p/,tr nlust bc lbllowcd by in infinitivc. Thc

modal ,{rsl may only bc followcd by aD inlinilivc withor.rt rd Thc vcA d,.tcrr. r)l;ly

bc tblbwcd by a gcrund or ar) il)fiDilivc wilhoul to. Hcrc nrc son)c cxanrpl0si

Elnstein began to study the photoelectric effect.Etnstein began studlifig the photoelectric effect.Researche$ pldhheal to /epdd, the experiment.Researchers ,tf rep?4, the experiment.Astronomeru orssrved the supetnova exploditrg,Astronomers oDselv?d Lhe stJpefnofa explode,

Bclow is a l is l oI somc vcrbs thal arc usclul in saicnt i l ic wriLing:

l, vcrbs folbwcd by inlinitivcs:

tai l

bu!lqrntt 4)nn rLIt l'1rMttrr exr)tqL11lu1 ttll ts)u tt.rlt ut btttlxpq\1.tnl,tttrrtrt!t,\r1t ttl']|'rl(lL!!!i rr)d -urnrrS P {q f.^()rror i(1 0sru Lru.r s$r^ is.ril*

rPiq or 1l .supe.q D'ilunrrqiill rqt rtus ;r'a : Iu rrponlll iql - pilr,)(lxr rM {

rsol o|q iolsol u'suo.rtJ)Ir - purr ,(.qr rsuPr)q slllrill] iiu!)!rprr |rlll'r .lu \lDlrw z

rr ip or '(l lriltP o'r.r)Ll(lnnrlc ll ot srp|ru(l urFltP -

1)lLr,r) r)l^rp iitrl(nlll(xu rqI 'l

'sJltril!lJs istql

lo q)ci ul qri^ )qt Jo rrlroj DirroJ ilql jo lrllrl ,\11 tl.rt) surol qraA 6tt!soo4)

3ut,{pnts pDp!o^e 3^r '8ullpnls peqsluu a^{ '8u!,{pnls peddols aMe^!rp ol piuueld I'e^Up ol paredotd l'5^!lp oi pturerl I

' ot II!^r I'o3 rqSlu l',o8 ieul I',o8 plnot I',o8 uet I

:l!qutl ! sitllo)iq isn pir'()) jltLF Illtrnsisurrld uorlr !rl r!r)qt ijtrlsr Dlt)L'rd ol sl sruloJ qliA tsiql iJlsPtu ol icM Pooit V

ilI

t.rni

rruIurtstuu

rrrilnr l(lurnnulni oJ '{rl

.\lunriiJ ri).'I rlllM (i^lrrLrrlur rrqlli ^.1 l\.'latrllrl sqli^ t

(ll)q

l1l BLrtluJutrJdx{

:spunri3 {q pi,l ollol sqrr]\ t

r!liinu

lslr,{!t.p

rrt\

IIl^1

:or nn)LIrt/'a s.^rrrulJLrl Iq p;r/vloll(! s(lrr,\ 'z

l l8 Experimenting

4.

5 .

Thc wourd sloppcd whco prcssure was al | l icd.a. bleeding b. to blccd

Some scient ist \ bcl icve that l i fc mighl on Satrrrn's ln(xD Ti lnn.a. cxist b. 1o exin

6. G.llilco's wL'rk inspircd Newlol _ moli(D.a- 1o sludy b. s lL ying

7. wc lc l t thc house _ whcn thc rrain wenr [)y.a. v ibral ing l ) . lo vrDrare

8. Mnny aninals woul( l _ cxr iu(L i t rhey wrrc not bfcd in rapr iv i ly.. r . L,eLo,r. 1, . Lr. , , ,nr.rr .

9. The caietcr ia oI ly alk)w\ sl l |dcnrs _a. snoke b. to snokc

10. In lhc 1920s, cvidcrrcc. began _ rhar i l l g i l i rx ics ivcre |1rdr i ] l { . l$, .ry

a. lo inLl icate b. indicnrc

READING SKILLS

vocabulary Building

I - ikc Ircf ixcs aud sul l lxcs, word r(x) l r ( .n h( lp you n(( luirc.n(1 f(ntcntt)cf ncwworcis. Thc rool ol a wofd (sonrcl imes cal lc( l thc r /(r , , ) is lhe basc l |1)rrr whi(h i lis fonned. Thc roor is lhe pan nn)sr l ikcly lo i t ivc you a cluc to Lhc ntcaning ol thcwo . An Er) i j lhh wonl nray bc bui l l l ionr onc or nr(nc |1x)rs, wi lh or wi lhoulprcfixcs, sulfixcs, or both, IIcrc afc sonrc cxatltplclil

ty/rchrcnize-to happen at the same timesyr" (prefix meaning together or t lith)-throno- \rooL mea,tring timel-ize (suffix indicating verb)

drlsdndr.e-unpleasant soundd,s- (prefix meaning ,or)-sor- (root meaning rd rd)-dfl.e (suffix indi€ating noun)

photoelectric-pertaining to the emission of electrons when asubstance is exposed ro light

photo- (toot 'lreanilrg light,-ele.r/o-.(root meaning electficityl-ir (suffix indicating adjectivc)

F

JS'IJAJI

rqr PUP,{3iiur ler|lrPqrrur olLrrtDJq jo LrorsrJ^nor Jqt lo Ipnls

(rp) LIrSixo Jo Jru.srrdrql ur IILr0 sr^ll ruql tusrlllnro

Surql tur^ne lq nuJ(.ti) Jo uolllurqulor

.rrie.M nlrrsol Jo ssrroro

rJIP^'r lul l0tL()J

slPurltrc Poe slLr0ll:r

Jo uoIrso(rlro) )ql Jo ^prlrs

rcnEjp^q)p 6

:rrlnurplq 9

snorpiq.Z

srl(!leuipo1urrL0 9

tLltsoLu.rrL s

iqortu t

sJTLLI?LL{l)ol)p {

slsrqru,{n)lq z

,i'r)slu:rtl)olq I

'q

'ii

l

parnpord AlpFpelo = tq!.ynapo4trt!italeÂ i-otpl4

SuFnspeu.I roJ etl^tp e = Jatawou)aLlllleeq t-our,4l

Sullerado Jo 3)uJltrs 3ql = stlttrouoJat!tle r-o12,)

sgulql 8u!^!t Jo ,{Pnrs aqt = [6oP!q1alll t-o'q

'prlsll sijLIruP rr rql lle )sn xrLI IlrM noi'r,tiu.,11r rr'\:rrrr"'rrr rrilr lr s $"1\Irl\'\rlr r'\r' rir 'irrrrlltru r''rl r'r'r'no'\l

l,r;,M t.' F I i,r'\s'.','t rl' \l rrl\ -orpIq lolur)ql rorJP rolq 1/ooy pJotl

'ulPne pue

oretP rrrrll i)s nol sP rPnrluPl Jttrorrq III^'I snxt r)qlo !t'e JsJtll 'rlrtl'4'\ c rruY-spro^\ rrrrllrrrrs LII punoj IItroLlrLL()r Jre Iooq slql ur nlilnPl sloor proM tql

'(qrr^pp ro')^rr))lpP'qrJ^ 'LInou) Ll)rrds Jo ued Jql srlarlPtrr xl}ns Jql xxx

.qt Jo lillur)lll rt1] ol sppe ro srlllu)tll xPrd rql ilurtrurttr slr ol )nlr ls)tuorls

i)rtr sr^rn_ rertr pro^\ .L| lo uPd Jql sr nror trll 'srldtuPxr JôqP rql IIlr ur lcql )n)N

6II 3ulurlu!rtdxg

suuJru luJltleLI:)Jlu.lo1 rrnss)ld ril!^{ lo rsn p

sJs0n .lrLll0 ptle

rlr? lo lLlJttriôttl Jtll lo Ipnls

irlllu.li(lLuJl.(x)pul Hullulnili)i .lol i)l^)P

trllûlti

)Lll>ds iiL[trrtci)tu .()l ltl)ttln nsul

JaMOd rale^{ Iq

leeq

'lJerJrlP

120 Experimenting

Vocabulary ik Cor?l?xl. Circlc rhc leucrnreaning of thc i tal ic izcd wo(] as i t is r |sc( l

t . Oi l and watcr rc lc l each olhcr.

ol lhc answ| | lh . l L)cs l In .1(hc\ lh(in ca.h o l lhcsc scnl (nrc\ .

rcs is l

2. Thc possibi l i ly of I i fc exisLine clscivhcrc in lhf Lr l r ivcr lc i : , t r r l t r l l / , . / Lo nr.rn)

a. f i r l icul(rus b. i | l r rcsl ing

L Maric i rnd Picrrc Cuf ie wcrc al) lc lo 6. j /drr a new r:r( l i ( ' .c l ivc clcnrcrrL,ndium.a. scparalc b, crc. lc

4. Thc br idgc was Jl /r / , fnddd l ion cablcs sup|]ortc( l l )y lo ivcrs.t c i thcr crr(1.a. hlLng b. sct.r . rc( l

5, Thc hands on lhc dial plydl .d as rhe gas prcssurc rv.s rais0{ l in( l l { ) \ ry(r((1.a, rolalcd [r , rcvcrscr l

6. Thc blucl)r in l l i ) r lhc nra(hincry was drar, .dr i ,cxccJr l J i)r or)c crror.a, corre(t L). in(orre((

7. To nrake slrrc thc rranrcs wcrc choscn l)y chan((, thc (onrl)u(cr r \ 'nsprogranrnrcd to list Lhcm 4t fdrrorr,.1. wi lhout orcicr l ) , i t r o|1icr

l l . During thc ccl ipsc, lhc cal th, sun, .nd nnx)[ wcr 'c d1itrr , . / .a. jn a l inc L). our ol l iuo

9. The cxpcrimcnts wcre conductcr la, in thc sanrc placc

Scohning

t i tnu l l t \ t l ro i l l . \ ) 11 Lon( lorr arr ( l Ronrc,b, at thc sarnc t inrc

Scan lhe f( t lowiDg fassagc in rhree minutcs ar ld put nluarc brackcrs;1|1ILu(llhc answcrs to lhcsc qlresl i (ns. (Firsl i ( lcnt j fy lhc kcy wor( ls.)

I Who was Wil l iam Ci lberL?2. Whcrc is thc magncric Nonh Polc?L Whal dki Michael Firnday an(l J(xcph Henry l )orh ( l i {cov0r?

Readihg

The Magic oJ a Magnet

Whal is lhc magic thal enablcs a magnel lo pick up irn i r{) l l r rai l l iut rr(n i1 r ,oo( lc l lpcnci l , a rubbcr craser, or a coplcr |cnny? M.gDcLi\n, l rnlrrc( l l i r thc.ncicntGrcck rown of Magnesia, is a l i ) rrc of nar lr fc thal m.ni lcsls i tscl l d iJ lcrc| l ly in

l]_

'1'|urH q(l)\of u!.)u)Lrv rqr puc,{rpcrD.t IrcqJlW uDrrLt\rtiJlrg rqt,iq prrrô)\rpil\r")rrrPrlfur|s rPM ,{]lrutr;rlr pup rusrtiuiJDLu Lrrr^4riq l|orlrruuor rrlt'a€8t uI

't)rlprr rL| tr) ilo(l quou rqt ot prtrllltD sr drP r.)1lD(l )rlt lo .)l(xl qlnos rqrPUD'l)trijour i)qr lo rtorl qlrro\ tt ot Iit:)pr]lp sr (lrtr ir(lpa rLIt l() rt(nl quou rrttrr.L[ r.^trsur)\] uiJrtD or (lrL:) ]'(l!11 )rlr.lo surcu)p )!)!ileru,{uI rql U sJs erl)uiJpLU )ql to iriol lj (lrlr ri{lud lrrls u slr qrns lDl)ru lo sDrr(l pJzrrruiJcl||Lrn (ln

t)r(1 rM r.)rrn"u(r p,{Lt^ sr l'l(lxr srLll rrrrtPur r !c Du r(xr IlrM uorr rql'prtLrDrro.\lur')P'r!r.)rr? surp'rr')p rs tt uiqM pirrrrui-L'ur sr uor rqr'priirrL'rru iUrf.ro

r.rf \uroLUoP i\iLI rlrqM rurp'u()l) l).) c) sfiiu )tt:)lrijpur ^trrr ltrpur l') dr' .)lrL,trrr(t or uri\ i)q ucr uo.l| I() D)Itl

uol' paz!lau6eurunuor!p€z!lau6eht

-) -:...:

iL)s.ri^ ))r^ l)u! il{)J rllr()N )llrLrJuttr,)qrritLr()),)q,)lo,t rIrlos )lliuilcLu )rI sL) Jlis! s.s.riîr.{ ur1r.)u l)1.)lJ .)lr,nrJurLr s,r{r.ruriLlr'rll.rc),)Llr to A.rorsrr| )Lll uL ,ruIl ol r(Ir ruo.rt rurlr l),r.r)ô)sll),)û(l sr\rruJr.)s'!)l)o.r

to,rn_! iLtl iiulipnts,tq uo tPl)u ut rll.ru) )Ltl l() silrl\ rnxl(lo (lt)L'rr l0 r,)^rtoLr i.N ^,)r.lt l)uL1 s,rlotl lllnos pUu rlt.roN )rll uro.rJ \)llui l)rf\r(irI u.r,rô l),)rP)ollllc]lr)u.).r! \,)l(xl )l|,)lriuLr.)rli ruLI r)ut ,)r]l $ l.rirr,{r1L r,)ql()0V rustrilrileLLr !rls)\')l 0r)r (qriL))l)q1 Io.Jillrr) rLtl lLl ] !0001 r)ô) {ruiq rrrrn rf rsfr.),nl r,nrnurIl P,)q t{llr(Lr') r.r(') tL'rll'i.ro) !ro.rl l||rsDrl rlliDi iqr qnnoq)lv rrru {rx,) or )l(lP UJ,)q suq)(o oLr LDlrlM DrLips lr) silrir!fur lf)riJ )Lll lo )Uo \r rLr\r,nriirrrr s,Lll.rur.)LI.l-

'li)uJurrl )rluciJlN ! \L'^ lli!lr qlrLr,) rql r!rlr l),rrLrln)r({t (ntM'.rol)r)p s.rltrq!7rt.t rliina)'lrrqtrl !uDrllrM ̂rt 00r)l ur p.rLIL'l'l\riq(l \rq.t. \\D(hLror.rrDrrIL'1ri^ D iiLrr.lpru \nL|'qrno! l)L||' L|l](nL rU(rl lrrt ro^r(l

Ptno^{ r'P!,)rI P uro.rJ t).)l)I|.r1$]| r.riM.)t|or\.)pot Jr).r.)luLtll\ Lr ll lcrll Ir.rrôrsrl)r\ruLq1.)ql 1)0 rLr)I)qr Iunorr'r)lc't \firrt tuirruDiL|]r)r uMr)u) \r,!\\r)r'!l\(lns r)rlro l)uL'u{j.f DLrrN r)r'sruot\i|ol i0'\rro uojl)rrLrnLrr Jr) ̂lrtrlr )ql.

'iuolu l\rx.).rr^r(r\rlor{)I)uiipr^j rl1)(l qrno\.rLtt ltr(xj pi]Dlo\r rq louupr )lo({ LtLr)rr rqr')11)({ rllro\prLL'rllrou ! rllr^\ qrcr'srrunLrltr rnot r^cq Plno^{ r^1 '\lrunL'ur o^1r.)f.)Ltl ln) {)r).rir\ )M .lorl r|no\ |rrP Lluorr ! qrt,r\ rlrl')'p U]oJ r.r! sr.)uJ!(r ̂\ru o^\r 1l!Llur fr) !r rrLriruur P LrrllM rcql DL't rL| ^(l IirrIurLl Lr.).rl \If^\lr r^!q \lsrrr!i,\rld

'rrqu) q)r) trPirl! \il(xl LIrno\ '),sr.I,)rlr l)uf r)qro Lpri l)(Jr \ilo(r rJuou (|^lr,sr.unrLLr rqt i.)t1l! sror)r r)qro q.)0.)LUo.rt lD,!\L' rtsn(i !|Lri r Io Iuu rirl1i) qrri Irc,()r Lr^lPrlJ rir tIur tlrDu)r q)rLl,!1rllr^1 r)rot lrl-rrMo(l iL|] ̂loul ro,{'sr.uii!LtI o$l rlrr\ l))trft(l rr^r )^Dq nol JI

'\rptij lrLrp r)(l(lo)'r)qqnr'fooM

s! qrrs stur.r.)rPrU LtlrM UPLII Ii.)rs l)l|P rrorr q)rr{ t!rIrrM(xl )roLu LPntLI rr! sD)lJrrniLrl0Lrr'i,)ln-ip )lLr)t 1)l )rl.)uir[LtJ sr ))ue]\qrl{,{rr^r Lliln')q)lV slfu Dur rlr,)rillrl)

IZI Sultu)Lugtdxg

122 Experimenting

Tiry found f iat whcn a magnct is passcd through a coi l ot wire. i l p()duce\.rreleclric current in dre wirc. This o(curs bccausc thc wirc conrains un.(achcdelectrons. A magnct ic f ic ld movinf near lhc wirc pnl ls thcsc frcc clccrron\ atongthc rrilc, crenling an clcctric cltrrcnl.

Not only docs a moving magncl ic f iekl induce elccl f i ( i ty. bL lhc opfosirc isalso true. Electric crrrrents p(xluce nragnelism. Whcn n corfcnr ol elcdricily i\passcd through a ronductor, a magnei jc f ie ld forns around i l . Thlrs a nr.gncr irf ie ld may be induccd by an ctecrr ic currcnl . Scicnr is ls bct icvc lh. ] l i l t nr i iDet icfields arc produccd by elcdric currcnrs. This is the rruc nagic ol n ntagncr.

U derstanding the Readr'rg. ID{ti(ate whclhcr each of lbcsc scrlcnres i\ lnre (7.)or falsc 1F) accordinf lo lhc l)r.cvious passagc.

T

7, Wc know thr l lhc eaf lh is a ntngt)ct bccausc i l has an iron cofc,

l . Al l subs|ar lccs are somcwhal magDcl ic,

2, Magncl ic poles lbnl arc al ike al trad cach olhcr.

A nagnct can cxc( i ls ldcc across i l l opcn spa(c.

A norlh nolc of a nragncl c.rnnol (xisl scpararcly liour . v)L hpole.

CoDrpnsscs wcre uscd by thc ancient Grccks.

Wil l ian Ci lbci sLr l t l jcstcd rhal a contpnss ( 'cdlc poiDls | lo h at)( lsoulh becausc lhc c.rr lh is a Dral . lnct,

The Dlagncric polcs of l l lC eanh arc l ()cal( ' ( l t ) rcciscly al lhcgcographical Nonh arxl South Polcs.

Thc carth's nlagncl ic f ic ld rcvcr{s i r \c l l pcr io( i i (al ly.

A picce of i ron is magnet izcd whclt i ls ( lontai trs .rc s(. t tcred i l rdi f fcrenl dirccl ious.

Melals are good clcclr ical condLrclorr bccausc lhcy conlain nrany

Magnels can prodLrcc clcct l ic i ly, bu1 elcclr jc i ry cann( ' t I roduccmagneli!m.

3 .

4.

5 .

9 .

t 0 .

t 2 .

.u(,rlrtrj srsnPr ruql rrrct 1\tL | 3-

(N,44) rD)p'ru lcra ro'(Ns) irrpno liuorrs '(E) rrl)LriJDLrr-olr.tr'(9) IuuoIBrêi3 sr srsDrq(l rsrql J0 rtrpr Ur frqursrp rrlot iql r)qtrq^\rle)tprll 'irnrr.)l ll Lrl uorrc(uolur It uo p)s!g ar1tr21 a4t gulpuDfrapun

'aslJrrxr lxru rql rrrl(huoJ ol $lournoi isu rarll puD ,,ri)i)roc .rno:I rLIL, rnlrrl )ql ol Ui,tsll n{),{ so srxnr rlpt

'rlLrll ls.rLlrqr ^lic)lJ rlu^^ 01 l.r(l[r rLIt J)ol l laritlrLr I] iiutqiosqu rdrl )rc no.{ 'tu(I,.(t roiJ(|rldor irc no,{ illqM sit(xr rnol iiul(1,{l .() iirlidor iq ull )tsL'M toîrr 'oslV

',toIM r1otr tcll^^ tuo iirUnil !o tolt 'suJpl )qt uo alcJlu.)J!lo) ol)l(lc )q or ruu^4 noA o)lllrM Jûq no^ lcrlM pui-ri.r ot llniuJlp iq ûtli ll rulrru-ulun sl raltr.rtr Dalilrls )qt JsnP)Jq luql IrrltLr ul d)a)l 'spjoM

Jo sru.r(l p)uil.()rls

POr.r suoltulAiJqqP )sn noi qijnoql ur^r'si)x)lr ijullut u l^4 /.ilicilJ itlt^ sluMly

6u!4bJ-aNN

itLrulrroP (l J/rlrji)n)r| Ll'suo-rl))lJ J^llulJJtr/.utrt,.1s(rotor(l i^!llso(i isnu))q JiJr0!l) ou surl rL()lu (rV I

nru.ro!riil (l'srlur\l)rll.ruJ jo luirLll rqt Jo

lrrdo q'puuoM )qlP,rrrl ol li)^/lot lrurl)

)rroj tsJlo)^^ I.L z

snolJstlo:) P,Jr,r1, iru suclur{lllluJ '9

JI]'P

u p:)sn uu(rr)rl(xl iq.L <

:)rsuq 1l .)lulPr(rru|ultL'tU tu.r Jo )i)ul

I scM i$rc) l'ilriTrrp ru 'rrn tsrn)t rLIl p)lrlts )lt)rpiir) lll D qiirorlllv t

uoll)PrrP q )Illslp usJliuqr lorulDlr r)rlJo !o^Jr.rr.r ll prrr)ou rlluir!.rl L|lturlirig {

.lu-rrPou q rilnrt e'rtclo)cl IUDnL p)ltrt III oIx.W Ur rlcnbqurr ,,rrssrllr c '996t Lrt Z

,{jDurilDrur 1t llur:r.,.e;rq fn) 'srr.lq() /rasrl.rr Fqro plrD 'uoolu rL| 'uns .qr prrprlrs sspt) ,t"uxro.asu r!! 1

'srrurlr.s rsrll].1() LlrPr ur Prsn sr lr sa p(),4^ przrrrll-'lr rqt Jo SLrruerLllrqr sitl)relLr rs.q reqr rJMsrp .qr lo rrn)l JLII )lr.rr:) tx?lroJ u! trrtry1qfioA

tZI Surrunl| rid\f

S']1IYS DNINAJSIT

124 Expcrimenting

) .

5 .

7 .

1 0 .

t 2 .

l L

Thc

The

Thc

Thc

Thc

Thc

Thc

Thc

Thc

Thc basic iofcc ol chcnrisrry.

nn)st inrportnnl jarcc.

forcc lhnl holds at(nns and nn)lccr l lcs lol tcther.

lar\'c thnt hol(1s p()rons lollclhcr.

k)rcc th. l s l icks tapc to.1 | i rcc ol fnpcr.Iorcc that kccps l) laner\ in ortr i r .

lor(c th. l appcars iu radioacriv i l ) .

I ixcc thal a(fact\ bLl l ( locs nol rc l)c l .

1wo lorccs that l i rncl ion only inr j ( lc i r rr Jtonr.k)rcc Lhat is n|()rgly lc l l bec.usc pl lnr ls. fc so largc.

DISCUSSION POINTS

Givc verbal di fecr iorrs () lc l low slUdcrrts ro conlt tcrc somc l)ro(cdurc. yoLr nr ighrwant to cl toosc front thc lbl lowing soi lgcsl ionsl

I l 'L1y a ganrc l io ln aDother counl ly.2. Cook a dish l ion .Dothcf counlry.L Pcrl i )nn nn cxpcl i rncnl not discLtssc( l in lhis class,4. Makc Knnclhing by hand.

-t . , Pcr lbnn nrr act iv i ty such as changiDlt Lhc oi l in a (nr, fepaif i rU a ra( j io, or.dcvclq) ing l i lnr.

P l . r n \ ' \ r t a l l ( . r ( f r r l l v \ , , r l r . l | l l n ( \ c , \ j n . l ( t r , . r r c i n i l u , i r . j . A I r . r j , r n , ( t r , -lo l i l .n ncwspatcr oncc pf intcd i r rccipc lhat in( ludcd a slcp that said ro rcnrovethc chicken from thc Nl. UDli) f lunarcly, rhc stcp rhat said to l ) l | r Lhc chickcn inrhc pot had accidcnLal ly becn oDri(cd. Onc l idy w() lc rhar shc had tbt lowc(l lhcrccipe carctul ly bu1 was vcry confused whcn shc knkcd in hcf pol for rhc chickcnaDd could roL l ind i ( l As you prcpare your ralk i

L Lis! al l lhclrcps in thc proccdlrrc.2. Make slrrc th.r ! c. lch stcp is scparatc an(i disr incl nnd lhat nothing h.s becn

omil lcd.L Arrangc thc stets in chronolo| ical ordcr.

Your lopic sentencc wi l l bc r natcmenl of lhc l )rrrpose of yol | | la lk. A goo(l wdyl() concludc is l rr cxplain how this inlornral i ()r r l j lh l bc Lrscd.

'u^1o rnoi

Jo rldot p ro stulod uolssn)slc aql Jo illo asooql tulqltluos aIPu ro op ol ornp-$ord e liup{olloJ roJ suolprulsLll allrM /aôqe Polsll saullaplnB rql EulMolloc

tuolpatlo gulrltl

'sdi)l1i Ilgssa))uuniue prpnlrul ro ilulll ee piltlruo tolr n^DLI l1o,{ lpql rts ol IJiLI) 9

'sill?p

pur? 'slrriluorrlsgi)ul 'srll0uenb )$ljids sc qJlls 'sllBlap lJessJtiu IIU )pnl)ul E(rrqlriior dJls nuo ouqt oturndlouoc) uotls IFIBJ sr)uilltos tql dJi)l t

'.rcpro l!)dolororqr t)!rt1i ul sdols i)Lll tiluul]v I'qr)^ .^!lPDdt(tl LIe qll^ (l.ls tl)|]i Llltitfl Z

'ssi)or(l rql ul sdils tLIl lle ls$ I

:sLmlDi)llP ilLlltlr,1^.roJ s.ull.p!nil ilP illrr,4ôll{[ tql, r0rl)irP suolDrrlp LrJlllrM rlo^ irns Jleru ol 'tslnoJ Jo 'sl liols sllll,l{) lPlotu iql

ill Jlqutssr ol Moq L() suo0Jr.llsul nulsnJllo) Jor8pd ro qllM siJild )lerpdrs 009 ul loqor rql pul ot .{luo llpJllJxi ll urdo ^rql's.^l r? xoq illl lsel rv ruludlnbr illl tlqurssg ptll-' stx)lDrlrlslrl rql Moll(! uu)tpql loqor 0 a^p)rr lllM iiql plol are itql 'luiluerlpr.rd rlrql Jo quer 4l!x)ll ̂iqlnrLIA/! lrrJttdlnbJ aql iiullqurJsse IoJ srlolllnrls l LlilllrM il0 puPlslJPLln l{)rtlle)i 0 .)snerrq )!rr?ls o)eds rlrtll ,lerrdo ol rlqeun are quPt tt()4 reJ uolssllo e tloslllDlrcisc o^,rl'ôrursY rocst rJluM LrP)!r .uv Jql ,lq ̂rols L()1])u JruJlJs P ol

s o!pat!Q

S'I.IDIS 'NIIIUM

SZI SuluJmtrrdxs

chapter 9

CalculatingLiquids and Gases

INTRODUCTION

To a largc cxtcnl , mathematics is the languagc ol s( icn(c. Thc a€curacy olpredict ions depcnds on the accuracy of lhe measurcmcnLs and (omputat ionsuscd in experimentat ion, Wc have comc a long way since ancicnt t imcs, whenmathcmatics was regarded by somc, l ike plato, as mysler ious or supernatural ;when numbcrs l ikc seven or thir teen were thought to have magi(al powers forgood or bad luck; and when mcmbcrs ofcertain brolhcrhoods were pu1 to dcalhfor rcvcaling mathematical //sccrets" that arc commoD krowledge today,

f126

--{- --l .r- --r-_.i_ _-..1 -j ..1 -.- (- -r--.

"^,."{

JLlltLnltsu!a(uslqt'LIIrraicnbsirdsfunodltl ollunt)Jsrliîl Pisl!rl!alllJolrliili^\ irlt'suotttpoor rttpurtJ) tpuuou r:rpun llln_tiM scrl /,ltr]nlru rlc t!rlt piôrdo)l!l!9 $erjq prlcqxi r)qt ro pl|l^1 rql lir] plnor ,4rql .sr1Pr)q '))r"'(ls lldu.,{li,ri((r 1(xr spM tl turlt'\l turlt'i)o!lsqns puq rlL, luqt,!\irr:,1s)iirD tuilJl|u iql

'rrlrrirq rr ll (llrLl or LrriJi\o.rlur srJqrrrl.) 'surulLrnow

L,trulPu||H )rl) su rlrns 'srrorlu^JlJ rliiq ,{r)^ llr urql o\ sr -ID Jqt )srrr))fl J)P(ls o]|rlsiur(l(lpsrp,{llDnpurJ )r lr)u n 'oll noI irrliiq )rltiiuLILll ,tl)^rsr)r3oid sl)il irV qtrun.rrll Io rruFns irLll.rurLr rlulfurnr)r r.riq(lsouIu rno jo srsull rrlr 'lln(l

Icr()rrprrûIil:r(lr or rnp 'lrul ul Lll.r!.) irlr ol i\()p il.rrrldsorulu ll \Ploq ,{lr^Prn^ rpr0 trl(kulssr r.),!\sLru rrll r)P(ls rrrro orur i(lc.)sir rou sr1)l).IU.||'o lq,!\ .rrPUo^\ rLlilttu noI'.r)Lrlr?luo) i!ru llrJ ot puLlrlxi sisPJ i)ols .rlu sl qtlM r!lllluul tsl)rrr irr i^{ sDli i)rll

'irrs\ird prll!r sr DoJjlrs r rro srlnrilour Il.Jo lJurururnrp luursLro)slql qJnot irqt Dujrns ̂uo otrrl pu! rillto Lplr o[I ilrrJ(lrun(l ]no(lc.ôlu puL'p)q)cnr,{lrs(x)l r.ro siln)rloLU )qt's)spiJ ul srlnr)loru ru.r(I srrrotulo sdrrorS llurus'.rlP )ql u)s i)qt 's)lpoq rno 'quP) )10-srlrolP Io )puru s! s11 punoir nolqt^r)^!

,p!llo) salnlzlow sv :zrnsszrd

\drqsron-el)r lPrncrurllluur ssri(lxJ lflll srro)trrrs Pou or iiirss|r(l iir^ôfl(rr Jq) pet)t

6ury0ad uotls

'rrldxr llt^{ uns rno urqM rtun rql ol qupr aqr uo prrer{jde r$l stulql3ul^!l utq.tt rrep rqr uro.rj pue :rpq etouera e ur sroolpr Jo rrqunu rqr or srplsJo IxptEB p Jo rtlpt.M rq) tuorJ :uns rql Jo lErq rql ol urSorplq Jo urPrS e ulsruolP Jo rJqtunu aqt uorJ Surqt,{lr^r rlPInrlPr slstnrrtJs Durluts s!I{r Jo putrql le polr.d rqr uo 1lJ plno:) e!eDPq puEsnoql prrpunq lerr^rs teqr oslP lnqrlqlstûl are irqr reql IIPrus os :le slrrDPq lPql lsnl lou Moul ti puor:s rrdsrlllu 000'98t Jo prrds P lP sle^Prl 1r rPql lnq rsPJ slr^Prl lrtBtl rPqr,{JJlrtu tou'rtdurexiJ rol 'sn II.r) suoltplnrlP) rnO J]urDs ot uorsrrrrd sr^13 srleutqr?W

IZI 3!lletnrlP:l

l2a Calculat ing

. r r . r . . | ' . r i I r . . i ' . l 1 . I 1 . . s r t r l r r . , n r r . . r . , . , ' j . l r ' ' , , , , . , l \ : ! \ l )donl wc fcc l rh is cnonrroLrs I rcssurc on our l io( l i (s? Th( I cny)n is t hr l i t ruo\ |hcr i f| rc \ \ r r rc is n ivcAnl ; j t .c ts in n l l d i rcc l ions ( ) | .11 sur{nce\ \o th. t i rvcry lh in! or lthc c; rah is in bal r r rc .

Thc l r . ( \sLIc ins idc yoLrr l )o( ly cqunls rhc t ) fcss! rc oL| ls i ( lc Whelr ]1)rL i rout) j l l.n c lev. lor or n i fp l r rc , voLL Ice l !orr r c . l rs poIp iuf beci rLL\c.1r thc . i r gct \ lh in Cr,Lhc 11Lrnrbcr o{ n lo leculcs "h.nrnrcr in ! ' ins i ( lc yoLrr c , r r cxccc( ls th( . r rLrnrL)cf h, I r r -nrcf ing" oLr ls id( , unLi l lhc nn) lc(u l rs havc:r .h: I i ( ( l ( ) e( lLr . l izc

I lc .aLLsc thr r rc lccLr lc \ arc c los{ j L(uelhcr i r r : r l iqUj( t (h.n in n {n\ , thcf j l i | . r ( ls l i r lc ovcr i r r r ( l i roL r ( i c .ch o lhcf , (xcning | fcssurc rnr th( !v . l ls ot lhc i f (oI r .Lnrr .YoLr fcc l th i ! t ) fc i iLLrc whc. ,vou d ivc L)c c , i th lhc \ur tnrc ot r t r r w. t r r . ' l he | rcssuf(o l Lhc wlr t f r is ( l i rcd ly pfot )or t ion i l ( ) lhc ( lc t ) th . thc | fcs\urc o i ( l iv r r i r lhu\!qu. l to Lhc wr jqhl .o l the . lnrosph(r i r I ] lcssure l )hr \ th( w. tcr t ) fc \ . ju f r .

USING ENGLISH TO CALCULATE

Mathcnral i ( .1 .c l . l ioushi |s!.ltd! |a. ts !fulotlinrl1l nJ,,1t)d

thr \ \ ' i t l l t t r l thc d i t t l l

i r r scnLcnrcs Lr$in! l rhr i r \ .s l ike i r

11.7 t ,nrnd\ yt nlut t t t ' ikt l l

14,7 poundsI square inch

I l t ( l i rc tsr '? : i t .J i l t . t ,n I t l , . ) l \ n l | . t l ! th ! ln$Lt ' { , r t t i l t

pressurcr = pressure

Tht fr$surc nn d,livtt it thtt! nl|,rl lr tfu vtj4h! tl tlt( tt! n)rttt|,).it prls Itlrrrr r//r' ndar /r,1ssr/r..

pressure on cl iver = atmospheric pressLtre + water prcssure

Ttu !rclsu]t t)l tht \t\tt t it ditt.th' prt ti)t!ll tn tttt dtpttr

water prcssure 7 dcplh

Nr/ . ' r Mathemal i .a l rc lnLionshi t r l i . fc cx l ) rc \ \c( t in rhc pfcr , (nt rcnsc LJc(nu\r rhc) .arc uDivcr \ , r ls . Thcy nsLr . l ly conr i in rhc vcd, r r , l r ! .

Understandifig Mdthe|tidtinl Terns Thc lcicn.c o{ ph!sic\ i\ conccfncrl liflclrwrur lhc nrc i \urenrcnl o l sLrrh physic i r l qu int j l j r \ . \ lcngth. L inrc, anr l !o l rLurc.M.ny o l lher ! qLr in l i l ics i rc fc larcr i . Er .h o l lhc l i )1 lo$, ing {cr lc cc\ c \ t ) r r \ \ r \ d

'1rtrtrtrl,r,',ruorerrJ) st)f.os tiro^ irorrit Prsf s*r:1:joolt 1,) sl)ur'os [ruuoror.r)].q pim srrr

(rntq ro frr \e rt)r1s) rolor B Jo (ll,rrurij L ) rolor(trro.'t:JLI|.Ip r^\ purl rql) sselS p ro (rJlrels(lns rql) ssel8

(Prrnos r!trr.Iul'd D) punos p ro (turirrril ur) punos

'p.)sn rr! lrql Morl Lro iJL prri(lilr,rlqprunorrq uu) lJurIr^\ rrtrt(r.rrs ur ill!Jrtrijl pisn su orr ru)s t

(.)t(tf nrnor r()U) uopnfiod "llo,{rrsrtueqr,rrddorlrtqutuno)) Jsrl p,apor-lrJlr up ?edorsrlJt s

srl)ll.rc rrrrrrpUl .r)ct ldr/ op rlsrln_o3 Ur il(lptuno) lo .). ? lprll sunoNr!lfn_urs i.r!,{rrlt Lriq,.!\ srl)rtru itlurlrpUr ,)lut qsrliJLrS Ir il(lrrtUno) r.r!

trrlt s!0oN lou ol).)tttos pltu s.)1.)[.tu J]ll liput iltt !UnoU lp.tll(ktou .)lUos .z

.srlBnbLIuee Bu!.rns'au,, ioJ sert^ep erp sqa".rtiHi::trulnirL s)

.eI€nbquso uE Suunsseru loj 5r!^ep e sl qdllSo|"Uslrs V

,)l)rl-ru rllLllliplrt iLll ilur rr^.)u srrnou l[.I]ld Ir).ru sil|rl rrruuorlurl ln)ur iql siteniirpl Lros ul

fprll rlcrlnu:t r ̂|luijr rp l))s i.I|r rlr/11 l)uu r) sil)ltru,rlrULlrpul .)rl.L.n- lsrrJLro.)tu)^ Jq ,{!or s)l) .ru rqr Jo isrr )rll ,rtlunii!ul

l)rI{)ris L. sL, qsrl:irrt.lo stulrpr.1ls .roj

elrluV at!ulapul

'o^\t' \l.rrrI snurru tr)qur.r(lul E))rn)p \)urI sqrrrrU )^|l tcrrbr sIrslr:) s))rit.C'rrr,)(lrup iql s uu (!) r(l \tl'nbr rplr D Jo r)Lriritrun :)rr].)q.l_

'pi.rPrrbs Arrolr^rql \iunl ssL\U ,)L| Io l)npord rqr llDLI,)uo su |rlplnrlDr ! ,{ltrilr) rrrrlrr)l

.)rult^qlio^ ljrlrt)r^r|,{! frN(luor !r tr:rLI()p sr ).ro^,r LIJLI^ ul r]er rqt srrrMo.l

'lqSroq rqt s;)turlrtll)r^\ rr| s uu LllJu)t tt iJurlltllt |ll iq lrlplnrtrr sr Jqnr u lo ILrnto^ )ql

ru'n,{q JruDlsrp n'Urpr^tp lq p)l!lurtrr st ,itpolr^

fxl:n 'str! )).ri)1 .rqr qrrqn\ qiirrorqt ):)LrDt\lp iLlt srurrt r){)r 11) l)nlord )qt sr :lro/ll\ I'tlrqsuonDl

Jr 'l)ur r()l DlnLru()l p .)Ir^^,rJ{xlluis sD nrllJl n^rrrso (hqsuorl!t)r l!rnpur)qrpur

6ZI SunPtnrtetr

-Z

l l 0 C d l ( u l d r i n g

Usitrg Indefi ite Articles. hrerlan indefirit€ article (d or/rr) v\'hcncvcr rc({rsmyin dre Io l lowi g scntcnccs. Not every b lank needs ar a | l ic l r .

I S i f A]exaDder F leminlg d iscovercd - |cn ic i l l i i r , d . drug thar is

oL ' .d-r reJ t rurn - !o ld " ro u\LLl r \ , ! -u I r

2. x is r lnrught dlat qlrasar mry bc gi lnxy r l rar i . j cxplodirg.

L In comparison, _ zinc is _ modefntcly d(t ivc nrct. l .

4. Wc krrolv l (xhy rhar _ hear is encrgy.

t . Thcfc was irrsLr l l i ( icrr l _ l ighl in the lalrofalory, so wc insl . l led

cxl fn I luorc$ccnl l ight,

6. Elcclr ic i rcns arc not made of i ron, and gl i rs\cr nfe not

alwiys nradc of !hss.

7. Radioa(( ivc sobstanccs cnr i t alpha rnys, bcta rays, in( l

8. Oxygcn is (olof lcss, o( lor lcss, .1nd t<lsLelcss l las.

Defittite A icles

Thc dcl inirc nrt ic lc ( l r r) rn.y L)c Lrsc( l wiLh plLr. l r rou n\ nr)(1 wi lh. j lhcf.ounr. lLr l (or uncouDtablc siDglc nol l rs, So|]rc conr )()D rLscs ol rhc l lc lhi tc a( ic lc i rr scicnt i l icEngl ish afcl

I lo spcci ly of fcfar () sonrelhinl l th!1t has ! l l rear iy Lrccrr nrenrioDed (Noricc lhnLlrc is uscd lhe: iccoud aDd al l succccdin! l inrcs a DoLLn is r) lcnl iorc(] , )

In 1986 there was an accident at a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl inthc Soviet Union, causinB the spread of dangerous radial ion.The reactor was shut down. The accident awaken€d concern forthe salety of nuclear reactors al l over the world.

2. Lo fc lcr 1o sonrcrhin! rhat is uniqrc

a planet, th€ earthan era. thc Middle Ages

l. lo rcfcr ro somcthing srcci f ic

Thc do€tor performed an operation. (gcncril)The doctor pcrformed the bone marrow t.ransplant. operation he

was famous for. lspccillc)

spro,$ :riqur.urrr ol lLrE^,{ noi spro^,\ rqt rsooq) tsllc srspq 3ur03uo up u0 srsopllPrus Lrr prqrosqp rq ot pJru sproM sproM to nsrr Suol urort lpnts ()1 ful t,uoo 'rr .rzuour u or UoJJJ up r)'ru 'proM E Jo SurUlJru rqt prur?rt r^pq no,( rrlro

qulnmg [.ttlhqqrot

S'ITI)IS 5NI(IVAU

'uouorosqe lo e.r - pup prqosqe uorlprp!r jo nrnorupuo surrdrp sSurqt Slll^rl - Uo uonElfpr lo ]r+Jr -

S'rJrnotuor )ruorl)i)lJ-lle

ls.,u - prutrsrp Ilqrnuw - pue !r{rg -,9r6t ut .,

'nns ol palladxo

I.)ql lJrrroJ - tor| seM t! lnq 1iurcr - prtll8ls sr)ttrcuo.nsc Juros {'plro^ - u! i'rlplrq

r()lso)dsl1s ls)i1LOI - sr uflrt|l8 lcir9 rr] citplJg liqunH - z

'popiitr iq 5lllutuB aU, Lllt?lqo lolr plrlor lossjloid

JsnB))q pJluroti)d iJ^ru suM tucr!lridxi -{

sittl u;tu||.l{

uo ruiruurdxr zr'z, op ot prluuM .rossilord illsltu.rqrolLl bl I

')l)ltrp Lru sp))u lLrDIq fu.)^J toN'sJiUJnlJs rs:lqt ul,{rrsscrcLr JrArurLI^{ fl/t ro 'rr '0 tllstrl salxluv aIu{to 6ulsn

'struld LrlEuil Jo sr!Lr.'u )ql rllr^,'prsn,(lLro sr t)up )tdor(l jo srureu qtrM prsn rr^ru sr )po.rp rl[rrJ,)p iLll:rroN

ullltrturd Jo ̂rr^orstp aqluaSixo Jo raqtunu rltuole aqt

,{-I^rrEIrr Jo ^rorqt rqr

Jsprrtd/i, up lq pr^aolt(I sr tcltt U ou p q ^{ 9

asdnrr tsel aqlluaruatr qunot-Irrulu aql

^rnturr qlurrl.utu rqr

lJ)rl .rt0 pt'D'rspl 'qunoJ'prgr'puor)s 'lsrtJ) sj]qtunlr teurpro qtr.M (

{s4 }tnJr.}Jrp tsour .ql ,1uaturt. lsel^prq aql

IfI durlElnrlE)

sJ,luPlladns ssJllxr ol t

l12 Calculat ing

lha1 reclrr of ien, lhose uscd irr yoLrr I ic ld ol s ludy. and olhcrs 1ha1 yolr know wi l lbe useful in your general vocabulary. Then wri lc thrcc ro f ivc of rhcse wods o1raD indcx card or piccc oi papcr. Wri te 1he ncaning of cach word a[(1 a phrasclhal shows yoLr how lo Lrsc i l and wi l l providc a me.niDgl l r l nsv)cial ion:

chronic-lasting a long tim€; a chronic illness

Carry thc cirrd or papcr wi lh you and usc spare monrcDts lo rcvicw lhc wor( ls.Makc scntenccs wi lh each word or lhink aboul ln)w you woLrkl Usc i r . whcn yoLlh r \ c r i . l , r ( ' r r h , s , r , i \ , , \ . r r r r ( r r L r . r c t l ( . I L r ( l j r , \ . . . l ( , \ ' t l l r , . , 1 . 1 , . r . ' i . . 1honc and rcvi('w lhem from linle 10 lime.

Nufiber Pfefixes. Study lhc lollowing lisl of prcfixcs and lhcn nratLh thc lcflnsal the lcf t bebw with lhcir nrcanings al lhc r igbr. YoLr wi l l nol use al l lhc nrL'aningsI istcd.

I2t4568iii

l 0100 or rk

1000

d binary

pcnral lo11

d i . n r c r c r ,

( lcci l ircr '

decal i lcr

krlogrirrl

mi l l igr . lnr

a .

b .

(1.

L

stu( ly ol r ighL l f innglei

havin! 4 r j ( lcs

l i rc lh.r cutr a ci f ( lc i r r hnl l '

involving 2

haviu! 6 nnglcs

singlc colof

g. I ivc-1 i ( lc( l l igLIc

h. l0(X) , r r .1nrs

j . l 0 l i t c r s

k . + o l , l i l c r

.,1lr1Lr6. .)r/jrid pul,.r/rt.)rd sL, IIrâtu utlut kt lfuDil l)tLln4 rpnlr r tq ur Ll) srnb p'||qt rqt r{)r sl)ro^{ /tr) ,rldttlpxr.ro,J Lrorls)nr) )qt !r rur(l(l! xrLr op l1\lt sproM rpnl)Ur ,{crLr spro^,{ ,{i)t :rrdN

Z)l(lord lo .{lr^priJ rLlrrr(ls rqt sr lpqM .€zto()t rrqn) .li(l spurrod tg Jo itrsurp D scrl J.]ru^,r.Jo rdll rpqM .z

zJl(roulr(r,srp rllll)rv sr luqM .l

Ispro,\,\ ^ry rLtl 1'ou)pl tsju) sUoltsanb rs tt ol sjr^^\uc arll|ulrorP srrlruq rrPnl)s tn( pUu \.rl|]Lrltu rr.rql rrr rilussu(l itor^,\ollor rllt uprs

6utuuuJS

rzlli q uoluo(iol(l ,c'auo 1)l o^1l ,o 0r4r u Ur iii.{xo prl|,) Uiijotplq sLrlL,lr()J laluM

prtPlnrlu|q pirns! u.u'nrur-'l(l

ll Jo slqiilr^,r rrlt lxrtr.tror uo)MilN

ss.)Uloo) q ssrulJlllt,l.'illll(llsl^ .roo(l sn r^pil iiot iql Jo ,t/lsrrp irll

Iunoruu ,(l ^lllPnb ,P'p)^lo,\ul slrililo r!lt Io i71s iLll uo spLrr(tip Iln(i luuoltutlûjlt Jo rr.rr.? i)rlt

snl(l (l ssrl u'xlr slunbi lnol Jrrl1l/ !r)I

itltul,nh .(l illlunh P'liil )lqnJ ul pJtnslJ(r iq !tu) rr(x).r u ut ll0 Jo,nrrlr/ Jrll

pilrrtor(l q piijri(rqns .uurrs irl.t,)ijuol oU plnor p(ru.ril0M rqt ul firl.rrj,ll/r )!!ru)r(l ilI)rnb i.iorj rqI

finPurPP q Jo rrDl(i rql lilct .P'sDrllo iu!ru ul sr u^,\JdIl l.,rrl./e, r^Dq srossrtrord ptoM

,OI

'I I

5

'I

PrPrq .q P t)tcM .u

'rlnnLls r)P(is rqt lo uorsoFlxi rrll l,r/.r.)qo srrMrr^ Lrotsrîlrl rql .t

rtqDlUrs q JtqllDou .L,'r)rPM qsr.rl ut Lrpqt rrlsM lPs r ltl|lintl )tt)r| IrJl sr uurr,l s z

strP.lruol ,q :Prrrtxr o '.1lol

ol.t6 rll()it li4,.r r uoRr.rrllt rrÎ lrrqurlllDt p Uo rrnler)(hLrl rLlI l

'sr:)ortu)s i)rrql.lo qrc. Ur pJsn i 1r slr pror\ p.zDrlDrr )ql jo iiullrD rl.)rlr srqrrDrrr rsr(l ruqt rrMsrrf )qt 10 rrnrl Jllt .pj|l /xrtroJ ut DInqwoA

€tI SuIlPIn)lPl

l l4 Calculating

Reading

whal Makes Obiects Flo.||?

As a chi ld , you may have p laycd wi lh objccr ! in rhc bnl l rLrr l r , no l i t ing thal r l rc

bar of sonp sank 10 the bol lom ol Lhc lva ler whi lc lhc p lanic soaf d i th lk)nred on

top. Why is i t tha l nany obicc ls , fanging f ronr a p icce of cork 1() a l r ocean l incr ,

wiU f loa l , whi lc orhers wi l l ro1?

Thc forcc Lhal nrnkes objc( ls l lonl is cal lc( l bLroyarrcy This concc| l wi: ls csLab'l ishcd by thc l l rcat Crcek nr i l lhcnlat ic iaD Archinrcdcs who alY) l ) l .ycd i l r lhct) ;r1hrub. Archinlcdcs obscrvcd lhat whcrr hc got inrc his l )athlub w. lcr 'w. ls ( l is_

placcd, or plrshcd oul. Hc dctcrnl iDcd that any obiccl inrnr$scd in a l iquid is L)noycd

up by a forcc cqual to thc weiShl ()1 tbc f l rJ id disl taccd by lhc obicct lh i t is Nnowrras Archincdcs'pr inciplc. For cxamflc, supl)osc a l1)ck wciFhs 100 DolndJ.rr( lhas.1 volunc of I cubic l i rot . whcn lhal f t )ck is subncrgcd in walcr, i l d is l) laccsI cubic f )r ol watcr, whi.h wcighs 62 pounds Thcrcfbrc, thc gravi lal ior lal PLrl lon rhc rock i ! 100 DoLrnds downwarr l and rhc buoyarrt forrc is 62 polrrrds upwJoul of thc walcr, you woLrkl Dccd lo cxerl a lorcc of 100 Pounds lo l i l i thc fo.kIn rhe watcf you would havc ro cxcf l . l i r rcc of 100 minlrs 62 poLr|rds (of l8

Thc buoyanr lofcc of a l iquid, or horr nuch i t pushcl upwnrd, dcpc'( ls on rhc

dcnsi ly of lhe l iquid. A body rr i l l l loal i f iLs dcnsity is less lhan that ol lhe l i ( lu i( l

in which i t is inrrncncd; i l wi l l s ink i f i ls dcrrsi ly is grcalcr ' Icc i ! lcs\ ( lcn\c lhnr l

walcr, so icebergs l lo i l (m lhc surhcc of f ic occan Slecl thip\ i r re dcsigrrcd lv i th

many spaces f i l lcd with ai f so lha! lhcir dcnsi ly is less than thnt of u 'nlcr 'Density is conDuted by divi( l iDg rhe wciShl ol rhc l iqLr id bv i r t volur c salr \ , l 'a lcf

has a dcnsiry of 64 toun(ls per cubic l i rot , whi lc frcsh waier has:r densi lv ol 62pourxls per cubic lbol . l lenct th( buoyanl fora_c ol sahwatcr is l rcaler lhan lhnt ol

f rcsh i{ater, which explains why i l is easier ' i ) r n swinnrcr (r f loal i i r thc otcarr

LrPrrrlr?lurqtctu )iir5 rr^rt) f .r:u).)q r^!q ts U !ip rlrqrrv .01

Arûrii rrJrri(ls)rtl to rsnDrrq

sruJlLror iql JtPijllsrÛ1

,i""* "q,

u,q

Jrr(rt lLrll\onq l.ru('Ju'or Url ol ,{sc. st lt .6

IULrI rqr lo

Itn('rtss:{urs rqnr r L ? Ir .ilrp(t ! lV .8

rJlL'M llus Ptur.r,)ltrq leou llrM iiiir uv z

rilcs\ud rqt ut l)Jturs t{)tl rl (l [{]pq iqt L .u' --

sl ,{l)ôJstp JlJtlrjat)s u rllrur or r)ol(l tsrq )q,L ,9

.rrtu^t trur.)l) q .l)r?,{,\ JIol .uur .r)L{ntq tuou ItrM (trLts V E

]0]-11- ".,0 n.^.,,,*,u,,, ,",,,Jlj,l, ,; ,

-_!I1,1,, ro,ir uurll ss)l rl .r)ru,\,1 Jo turll Lruqr ijoru .rl ' -- sl ,,(tisrr.rp slr tL)L{l Morrl )M ,r)l!^^ ur sluoLl:l.ror lr)L s ,I

roolJ rl llrls .u ' - lllM tl ,l(xl )r(ln) rrll sl)uno(t y9 ueql rroru sq ;,r, tlrqs:u y1 .7

.r'., ,j.r.. -. !r.t r11.r1 1-,,gt,,rrlT) .,r.,r \i1.i.,t I. Irir r.)t .rlt-r,lJ.rrs \\,r ,iur! v I

(nI|.r r ,. i. s ,llrt \rll t..rlrL.r \.rr)t,t ,,i. r\lr\.1 l.r.l ..1s\r,.,.)rltt,'.rrli \| i", t I\ \.1 \U ,1,,,, r.,r,,I 1J|r..r .rrtrrrr,r r$. ..rt p.. ,,r\ t, inlprl^^)rnrlfLrr,,\llnJrrcrri-pssp(isnor^rr(lJLIrJ,rpn",,"t]y.ruorinlruu3iwirr"17

.rrrrtDoU rLUD.r)rsp;) Lru J^pq llrM Jr(UrrJqlt)uc uos.rril urql I upql ,{rr^prB rUr)rds ssJl spLI uosr)(l tpJ e ,:.r;;;,rH

i,rrn; slrrqt o,\{r rrP \)rpoq ino lelll Jrrrr:rprsuor,lJursu.tlrrs x,u,,.,q1 .r"r"nn y., 1nq,::-..1::lP:

rlrr \r torqM '0 r ,rr.)rumrxord{rp ro .{l^DriJ )rr)Jds " "i"ll,;.,,,q .i*,,"f '.rrtLr^r

Io 1I\u)l) JLII or rJlrElsqns p to ,{trsurp iqr Jo ortpr rLIt sr ,{lr^prH r!r)r.ts

))lri:l lil:lrll'll "rr J'''|c '|rl"iJ 1, '] "' ,' ,'ll":'i;"'"1, ,",1'11:i.-..,'' i.n' .\r\,, I,,,r, r,L,'u r,, ),r. i,, Jn, \J",'c.",',,r.,.Jr ,ql .)rr ''f t' \r. \r' ..'M,.. \r1t t.u,,1t r\r ri\n t,,un,ru., ,t r.r t r |Jn,is Jitr .r)r luDs lplll rlp,|{ to sspti E Lrr reou ltrM rqn) lr up ,,.{tjptrlUrs ,1"j n ,,, u"qr

stI Surlelnrlpl

nol )uup. x)n lo Llrorxxl rqi 0r

r.nlr^{ qs)rt q

136 Calculat ing

LISTENING SKILLS

vocabulary in Cofircxt- citclc lhc lc(lcr of lhc arrswer th.lL bcsl nt'lchcs Lhc

mcaning o{ lhc i la l i t izcd word as i l is us(( l i l l each ol thcic sc lcncc\ ' '

1 Thc wea(hcr was d &rrdr in thc dccision l {) carrcel lhc: j l )acc Jl i l rhl

(t) a r(ason tr. ar cvcnr

2. A ln)g or lLrnlc c.rn l ivc in ci thcr a land or \en drv/,1 ' , ,k1?r 'a. ren{cfature b nrrroul ldings

L A nn)ving obitc l wi l l cont inuc !( , nn)ve l rr f i lcd rro lorcc suclr i ! l r i ' r i (nr

a, as lol lg as D ln or l lcr tDal

4. Thc noukeys wcrc. i r ,?y'red loi l sni l l c. ! lea. cnck)scd in b. rcleasc(l lionl

5. Thc price ol gisolinc \\at qtktdrtt\ltd, airl thcrc wcrc l('irrs il would go (vcn

highcr.n. nlul l ip l icd by l i )ur t ) div idcd t)y toLrr

6. Ncwlou's discovcr ics d/ iLlP, t l lc Phi losophy ar)( l scicncc ol Wcslc r

civ i l izal i (n l i l r scvcral ccnl l l r icsa. in l l l rencc( l b cl i rproved

7. A scicnt i l i ( analysis InLIsl I rc , l /a, l l lnr l ivc lo L)c I fccisc.i r . nr.r lh( r- I i ia l 11. I rr{{ iv,(

lJ. Al l lhc i / t rr lxr?l /dr?s ol thc al(rnic cxpbsion al l l i roshir l la. l rc l i l i l l nol krr(nln

a. causcs b cl fcds

9, Thc co,{uc$d of cval l (xa( iorr is col ldc|rsal lon.a. rcvcbc b cl lccl .

10. ln br ighl l ight, lhc ptr l ) i ls ol your cyct idrt l l t - r .a. cxParrd b $ir ink

I l . Succcss was dl l , l i , rc, / . f lcf Dumcrotrs cxpcrincnls.a. denicd b achievcd

l2. Absol]i!r pftxJl of li(nrc concep(s is undttaifiahka. nol desirablc b. nol Possiblc

Note-Taking

I l is ahvays a good idca 1o rcad ovcr yolrr nolcs rs s(x 'r1 ;rs pos\ iblc lol lo\ 'v i rr i l a

lcclure. SlLrdcnts laking InLcs f fequc| l ly conl) lain that lhc in\ tr l rc lor 1a1l\ l (x) ldn

l l yolr arc havirg trouble keeping lrp wi lh lhc inslruclor, lcnvc sl)acc\ l l r ] ()urruorcbook as yoll lakc nolcs. Aflcl Lbc leclllrc ad(l () yoLrr llolcs dcl.llls lhal 'fc

'ot)l atnlosqu Jo )rntL,lr(ku)lc urunD ol i)lrlp rrrM st\l)tsilld luqr illur)rr lrrlllr lorr suM ]l

nufll{ r(! r ltu.^ poon sr :) o€lz- Jo i)jnl!.'rdruJt v'{xrz ol pDtll)il sr tuql ,sciJ t Jo r[rnlo^ rq] lou ,siltlJaloru

illlJo ^nrrlrr )qt sl rt ) o€zz ru tpllt pi)Kxk)rd ur^lr)l pn).]

'funorer1\or ol rjr.r(s arout rl|nbi.t s)ln)il{)!Lt ,s)lltulJ(huil laMol ly

'sJln)iloru Jo li)qrt|n(r iluus Jql lult()r s)spll llc Jo s)tunlo^ lcnl)J

'srsi)rllo(lAq luln)alorlt rqt sp ol piJlal st ,4,\p.] s,orppilo^v'iirlqtoLr ot )iullqs lll^r

sDil uJo ittlnlo^ i(lt') o€lZ- lu tuqt p)ôr{t sturutl.rr(ixr,siltuLI)'rrnturJdulil

1lr ol l)itllir ,tlt)).Ip sl suil e Jo unlo^ JLII lplll piriôJslp sJllDqf'prleitl urq^\ pUp(lxi sisut UtDlri]:),{lUo

'i.lllSSilrl Jql ot luLl()lt.()(k)l(i il.)s.liAUl s1 spil u,o )t!tnlo^ ll.oJpuno^v ̂q pil)ô)srp su,^,\ Mul suiJ tslLJ ,q,L

'llp urrql uirs a^,no1 ,l')^pLli(l sc3 ruo uiis a^, ol Il. unlo^ pllr , trssJl(l

'Jrrrlr,rrid(urt Lll s)ijrrprl.) o] tD{qlrs st sJsu3.]o lolûll)q .lqt .l

€I'z I

'I I

OI

'I

'L

'9

's

I'z

I'rroA 0lrq

ol srn)rr rno,{rsn r.rnDrl )ql r rrooDrurolur )rll ol nÛr}uo)r ({) )slp}ro (J) rlulsr srlr:rlu)rPrs i'rllM('ll({ rLIr.lo LI)pr Iiqtrq^{ rtD)tp\tt arnpa,I t4t qulpuDtstapun

'JsrJlaxr lxru rql rt)l(lLtr()r ot srlolr rno,{ rsn UJqt,, srrP5 I{) ror^Dqr8 rtqlr)Iltur]t )qL, rrnDJl rqt ol u.ls't 'ro1 sp srpLDlD-L

'ittonuo(l(lo rrD )^prt no,{ sp uo(x s! tiLruor))rt) iLF L tr prIlr ro slrp)ru lr IaLIMn)lrnrl\|r . rol IsD ril!,t l)Uu,u )lr.rr),(sfunos tr .{!^,\ rqt) ,{ltp)l.uoqd Lll.rM'furoD rr str ssrnn_ tolrLrp) notr pou )rnD.l Jqt ot turlro(iurr sr tDrll pro^{ rprltruDlunLrP icrll noI LriLlM lxlv .ls()l rroriq o,{ plrlr J(lol lxru rLIl ot 0o siôru ssplriql oj)rl puPlsrrpun t,uolr noi ijlrrqt,{Ue r'.Jutp ol suonsrnb Irv lsprl rno,{ L,{t.rl'rp rr^()p r.rM t,Lrprp |ro,{ rrql turrtt,{olr D)I]o) ostv pl ru rno,{ Ur qsJ.rt II|s

tat 3u!lPInrlP:)

l l8 Calculat ing

DISCUSSION POINTS

I wha! are some things lhal a biologisl nced\ to calc(r lale? arr a\ trononlcr? a

chenris l?. Physicist? a Scologisl?2. What colr ld you mcasure of calcuLlLc i r l yonr ( lassroonr? (Think bcvond

lincar nlea:;urcmcnls lo sLrch lhings as wciShl, volumc. tcmrcral re, siTc and

hu r idi ly.)L Some pcoplc havc suggene(l lhnL we r.rse th( (lccimal syncm bccalrsc wc

have tcn f ingcrs. Suppose wc hrd 1he snrnc trrrber ol l imlrs as an octol trs or

a thrcc- ioed \ ldb? Whar kird of nulrbcr inr svslenr do vou (hink wc nr iSht

havc?4. Thc ancic|1 Hindus devebl)c{ l Lhc conccpt ol rcro, which wns lalcr adoftcd

by lhc Afabs. why was lhat concel l so inr ln)nanl?5. Why do you (hink n)nrc ancienl l )coplc Lrcl iev(( l runthcnral ics (o Dc

myslerk)us? Why do yoLr lhink.c(airr nr lnl lJcrs wcrc (onsi( lercd n)agical ,

lhal is, l l rckY ol t rnluckY?

WRITING SKILLS

whcncvcr yolr havc a l in ol i lenrs. i t is | rc lcraL)lc to wri lc thcr l i r r farnl lc l lornr,

rbal is, wi!h all thc ilcms in lhc samc li)nnat For cxanlplc, tltc senlcncc Ell',? /ilftto pditlt. stNillni\, drl ddr.f is unacccl)t;rL)lc Thc samc scnlcoce may t)c rryrillc'r

Well A lbert,did vou qet it

yet ( ! (

'tuerldrlr uB Jo lLlSliM i\l illlnJleJ ()1 .MoH I

'qri)^ illl Jo u|loJ r^r]eridufl It asn 'uloJ

IJlleJpd!l(luilurud ino,{ r^lii ol rnplo lrJliolol(rq) ur r.l! sdits llr-'rtns rleW prlldltlnrrrro'pil).())ir'prrnsp u rq ot spiiu tpLIM Jle)lpul ,sl t0L0,ssiJojd It uJdrls qJuJlnoqe rUlrrds og 'ilLDa olloJ rLIl Jo ruo lo, suolt)rrlp iju!^13 qdBlSDrori r? atFM

suolpallo atow Duuyil

,saÎosslp l! Ilxun lles eq1 rlls .relpr\ eqt u! llesJo dnr p JIBq e^lossrp uaql .Dleî qll^r raulptuor lJpnb.euo p JIId

;rllsllollgred,ro'AJltrlslsLlo) til rtrLll UJLIMsJuroJeq Lldgr8grDd aqt irru)l) q)nu ,\oq rJlloN .J)!oA r 0)9 pue a^lssed pupIrrcsli)Cl pJrql pue'puorts'tsJ!l :stsuet sJXIu lt tsneJeq:jursntLloJ sr qdoliJ0J0d oql

.pr^lossrp se,i{ ltr ltrxun parrlls spn lles EqI .relpn eqlulllesJodnt p JIeq e^losslp uaql .J'tp^r qll^{ reu!€luor upnb"euo p pellg J

;itlr^^ ol Jo, ̂toq Jo rldrupxo SulMolloJ iqt lo loo,l '(!ro osprre'ullot'ilqt'tl 'rilr'ay') uoslrd pllrll ro,(ro,{) uosrid puo)as 1(r.rl ro ?) uosradtsJli iq) Lrl rllrM ol 3uro3 oJe no,{Jr epi)ap utql .lnoqSnolql ,sltrl terll asn puptlPlrdoJdde lsol! sl Jsurl rjntnJ ro 'tuasDJd 'lsed Jqt Jl rplJao ,uolJd pup islrJlur ,{ruslntsr ro,{Juolslsuor ILrcs oq plnoqs eJ'ql qder3erpd,{up ur ,,{Fp|rurs

.eruPp pue ?ru!/t{s ,lulEd ol sJrlll urlJg'e)uep ol puE /lulr!\s 01 lulPd ol sarlll ueJJg

.SuDuEp pup ,8uuru!îs ,3ullulEd sa{I ua g

:srurluJs IeuDrro pqt upql peal ol ralspJ pup ,lrrsJlJ ,rJrltoorussr sJldurExr rs:rll Jo qrer ^,\oq rrlloN .ruroJ

Irllprpd Sursn ,s,{p^4 llrr.rqJrp rr'lql

6€I SurPInJIPtr

140 Calcular ing

2. How ro calcula(e the dillcrencc betwccn thc amount of time you spcndstudying and thc amount of time yolr spcnd rir'arching lelcvision in a week.

l. How to calculare lhe speed (milcs or kibmctcrs pcr hour) of a flighl frcmParis to Tokyo.

4. How to calculatc thc hcight of a lrcc.5- How to calculate the percent of your weekly expenscs lhal gocs toward

recreation,6. How lo calculate what i! would cost you to drivc lrom Ncw York 1o san

Francisco,

tfl'tsro :]qt Jo strrr^, l.(xlrr

: -_i.::.rrP rpql srsurt qrr^ lurrrJirp.)rlr )rrtou l)(re )5!s\frliirr,\'rollotiLlt prix

Eutpta\ UoLIS

'Suruodr rlunrrp'ror8rllrlur uocln rurpuJdrp st uolteJrdoor.to tdlr slql suoJJrllnot rir^4 tpql sltrrurr^.lrlrp ]rJrlurps rpilB Jo srtdlllexr rr(tro :.)rP uoolr rqluo uetu E lnd rPql Drlbrd rql pup rrrndulor rqr.lo ruiLUdol)^rp :)qf E)uIuYpuP ooorna Lrl srsllurtrs rrlllo ^L'eLn puE 'lllu.rc o:)ulrg 'Illog slrrN UIJrsulEu:)qtv Jo lro^{ rqt uo prsEq sE^\ 'rtclu'Pxr roJ 'iSrrur rlurolP Jo nrilurJotr^tprqJ )j.ro/\ s,rrL{ro qret uo Bo!pllnq srrurrersJr qrl^\ uo!rPLuroJulJo rSuEqrxrro 3ulrpLts e iq 1nq uosrrd ouo Iq poLtslldluoJrp ]ou )rp srurô)srp lsow

'r8prt^ôut rrJrrurr)s Jo uorsupdxr prdpr IlSu!sprrlrt rqr or 3u!peil'uollp8ltsrû ! Jo sqtEd ̂\)u srs)88ns ,|r^(Dsrp Ll)pg srlnsrr )ql rôldstp ro {liiôt stroullridxi urro,rod ot srJllto Sulllûl'slPurnot ur spoqlJrc lPlu)nr!JdxJrlr(ll errp pue s:lulpul.j rliql rrod nsILr;)lJs'iPpot srurô)srp rrrqr IeIUo:)ot sqt8url 1err3 ot rlrrM srslr!)LlrlP tr 'sr8v ilpp!t rL| nt pFo/\^ )qr tl()|sBurpuU r lt prLl 'srprroBEqlid )rlt sri rr,MouI'slrpt)!rELu)LFPttlJo Irtl)os rr]r)sr'JJAJTD luJlJUP Ol aUOp StrP,Mle 1OO Su^\ Slrll suipl rlrLll tulls)luntulllo)puP si)l.rrôJs!p pur,) slro!tu^risqo il lt 3u!uodiJ prl,rsls rldo)cl lltun a!ttqIllprr x)u plp r)rrrlJs uJrpour 'rrî^\oH tuJruLrorlû:) rl ll plrp sJ^l)sul)qllnoqe srlriô)slp Iuurrr )pu(u r^Prl siiulrq uL,Lunq 'irolslrl lnollSnorql

NOI.L)n(IOU-LNI

artt lo u161tg a41

3ullrodeu

91 ratdeqr

142 Reporting

Ho$' Lik BegahTo discovcr hor 'v l i fe bcgan, archacologi l ls s ludy fossi ls. Forsi ls i rc rhc rcnr.r ins

or imprir ls of ptants and animals of k)ng ago rhar havc bccn t)rcscrvcd in Lheea h's crust. The snnpl€sl forms of l i fe appcar in 1he ]owest or oldesr rocks. Although scient ins can (al .Li latc Ihnl thc carth is 4.6 bi l l ion y(r fs ol(1, l l rc () ldcnrocks that show any lracc ol l i lc arc lcss lhaD.z bi l l l (D vcars old. Thercfofc, alx)Lr l2. t bi l l ion yrars had passed on 1he earth when l i fc or igir . tcd. s incc thc ol{ l (stforms of l i fc wcrc al l sea l i fc, Dr. ]ny sci(nt ists bcl icv( l iJc l ,cg.n i lhc sr. .

Wc do rrot krrow (r .c( ly horv, bLrt in sonrc mir.(uloLr! wny, l l )c r ighl k irr( l oJnxtccr lc\ happcDcd ro cor:binc in lhc occan of i l r c l .y 1o lonD a nr inurc ofgnninrrAl1 l i fe has p()bably e\,ol \ , td l rorn rhal s ingle (r f ig inal ccl l . which m._v halc bccDsonrcthing I ikc lhc b.cl(r in oft(x lay. fhis oirc 'ccl l (d org.rr isnr .r1(, ! ( \v, f (sporr( lcdto i ls sLrrrolrndings, rcprodrlcc( l i lscl l , an( l sprcad throLrqhoul thc oce.ns.

Prolrably lhose f i fs l1i1ly organisnrs wcre nor al l n l ike. sorrc wcrc betLcr nble Looblain f(xr i or adapt lo coldcr *,alrrs. l -hc n(rngcr c( l ls survi lcd i r l ( l lhcir chiraclef is l ics rrr lc passcd on to thc ncxt gencri l i ( )n.

Thc caf ly cel ls LcpnxlLrrcd simply by l i iv i r l iDg ir l l rvo. Al ier . r long Limc, singlccel ls becanrr al tached to onc anolhcr, nnd cach (el1 becanrc s|( . in l izc( l in i r t i l {crrnll i rnct ion.cradudl lyorgdnismsbccinrcnroreindrnorcconr| lcx. ' l ix lay,nrrnl l i ! ing(hings arc Ir1;r( lc u]r ol n conrl) inat iol i of (c l ls; or.rr l )o( l ics nfc (()rr l t )o\c( l () l s l i i(c l ls, bloo(1 ccl ls, nrLlsclc (cl ls. br. in ccl l \ , . r rr( l so or).

Thc Hri ]dLral nr i i t raLion ol I j lc l |1)r l r Lhc occi ln ro thc lnn( l rvas anolhef nraiof rrrpLhal nra( lc nrany a( lv.n(cs l )ossl l ) lc. evcntu. l ly pl .nls !rx l dninLrl \ ( l v i ( lc( l in lom.lcs arr( i l i ' rnnlrs, nn( l tx)ssi l ) j l i r jcs i | r (rca\cr i l i ) r ( l ( vf lot) ing r)cw irr( l v. f ic( l s1)r( icsor rypcs, To ( i . r lc, rr(nc lhan 2100,000 s|c. icr ol pl .nls rn( l 1,200,0(X) \ t )cr ics {) l. r r i rnalsy'ravc dcvclopc(1. Gra( lLral ly, lhc scnscs ol s jghl .1 ( l hcari IN inr l )()vc( l inauiural(and br. ins grclv aDd dcvcl i ) t )c( i . I r inal lv, inrcl l igcrrcc 1)r 'ogfcs\ci t , lc i ( l r rgro lhc r lcvclol)rncrr l ol hLrnr i ln bt i rrgs.

\ /z

V

J.ssed pe|]. :2surl Parad tspd

p4Dut6uo elt ur4tt ttyDa aU o passtd pttt stral uonttq S Z tnottD t.to{tr}qJ

gr{rr rsvd Nlr^r9 y s{oJ3q q:t#t'ldwol Noulv Nv

pe^loê seq :asuat trr{)rd tlasau

(ilur^lo^r llns sr.JII 3t tpqt 'rtoldruo)u1 osle sl Lroltrp slql)' ' ' 'll pulquo ,l6uls tb\ aLdl pe^pâ MDqotd stq |Ju ttv

pedoleêp e^Pq :asuai pa.Lad Uts d

(trnlnJ iqt olul cnu|uor,,llqpqord lll,M pup'Moucrpld Sullpt sl 'cLult Io polDd l? r)ô rrpld LI'IBT spq teqt uonJs up sl slllt)

'ptdolzirp aAtLlslttunuv {a saDads 0aa'002't pup stuDld lo eaDrds 00a 00, u04t afiw atbp oJ

NOIIf,Y qAIgldWOf,NO NY

prssed ara^r :uti)J ir^tssDd'tsu nDd aFuS

( uoll)e rqr lo rrlru(lFi(rql uelll llrPuodrul ,roru sl rrclDs rql rsnDJJq pasn sl truqj r^rssDd Jril)

ualrrtuzq lxdu t4 at o pAsSvLl ,lXtrr 9lltllXpltltq )lt4l

a,tar'^ :|suat FDd nldluls

( uortrp up Lrpql.rrLIlEr Lolllprlo) e sttodar r)u)llrJs slrll)4nD tP tou tM sutstutJqto [u]t lsltl)5041 [tq]jq d

peerds 'pernpojdrr 'p.puodsrr 'MrrB 'rtp :)sw tsDd )tLlwts

(prlrldllror rrp plrp ote.Lu 3uo1 c rreld or)iL't rÊrl soortrp rsJlll)'sut,1a a\t ,loql;nor|) pt)irds putl full

p npordat squryunortns s! al papuads'[ ̂\t16 alD ttuttlito ptlti )t1o i\J

NOrrfv aaraldwof v

',9ul]u.d r$lurrrs rrr prsn ,(0lrrnb:){lsotu aql sr tsuJl lsed Jldlurs rql suorDe lsEd !(xlrr ol prsn rrE $surt turr:tlO

{}t SulrodaU

IIIOd:IIT OI HSI'I)N:I DNISN

t44 RePortrng

Sentehce Patterns

REPORTING AN UNCOMPLETED OR RECENT ACTTON

(PRESENT PERFECT TENSE)

f often II arleady II t " " II \e l om I

Bi( ' loFFr\ I l ' "" , , -"r '* . n, , id( | n(* di"r 'ver i<tHe/She

I n", no, y", I

I recentrv lI slill nor II usuallY

REPORTING A COMPLETED ACTION (SIMPI-E PAS'T TENSE)

l o u b l i s h e d ID a * ' ' l ; " " . , , " . " d i

h i \ r h e o N o r c \ o r u r r " n I n ' d - ' '

tProPosco l

REPORTING AN ACTION COMPLETED BEFORE A GIVEN TIME

(PAST PERFECT TENSE)

Bv lh€ I m. wc rarrhed" rhe bamh lnad elph'dc'l '

i i , i . :r . n,., i" ' t"a t"unched rh( r iht srurn'\ '

:3i?lJii"ll iRili*iH*f iiJifJ"'""'flliSl'"1'""'""'"'".'Darwin {was workinS} on his lheorv whil' in the Galapagos'

' ' ' l f u t r 5 b i l l i u n ) e J t s Jrhe universe ,ha) been expdno'nFr

l \ ncc i r< rn epr iun. '

Darwin {had been riding} in his carriage whcn the idea came ro nrm'

NOTES r\her tepotfto ftheub?r th,? fotl.Mittd tttead) ,ad u\u.llv, ,fc I.xJ,v rr..d (. 1,

t. A^ei, aJ tme and hequen'v 6,.,] llj orren '

, '!;,'::,:;:::lX:":i":,:;'es

Me nelude,l ab*, tu rckftnce Haw'|*'/' t'l".) dre ot dis"t\std" i,",ii,iiliii;';,'***'v do nat ac r Jrcq"lntl i'1'cicktitk 't'ihn!'

aryw ur^{rPc stlrEql I

'uontrL' arF i.lr.r,1r.l tr.lqnsJqlJlJIrJJr./Sl ll :uollJc J!11JrrJor.rd lr)lqns Jql.llJnr,r, sl rlllrlllJs v sisrllluJrcd

ul qrJ^ )ql J0 JsLrJl lsed tl(llllls )LIr Jo (lol )^lssP(l ro J^llJc iLll lrqll) llastll'L()r r)p prrrl(kr o) p s.qrr)sir p sJrlrrllrrs isiq r.lo Lpua 2s zI lsfld a4uls 24! 6ulsn

'ollp sreri Lrorltrru S I lnoqL'(rprdd'r)

uor rq z irc lPql s)jror oo (pUrt)

l'l,Lls la utnle )4J \ltuM)

r-) rrotiq srn))o tpllt oolt)e uu suodi).l

L'PIU lsrll rLIt €'Pl1) siPri

\tr\\'rl I { Lr.l iql i

aruoj J^rtJP ro i^lssr?d II Lll l! sl q

apisn sl )srrDl luqM u'tsPd rqr ul rltrll )gptds

lul0 rJlrJlui)s l] lo riqtullu i)ql illlM €

zur.()l r^0ru .ro i^lssu(l )qr ul 1l sl q

'uo!l)u Jlil(ruo)Lrl Lr? suo(lo]tr-'Llt J)uiturs

iuUot J^lssu(l

- L()lt)c |il)l(lllro) 0 slrooir luql rltl)lllis

zprsn sl osrrir lpllM u

Lr lo iiqutlrr )qt itli^ z

ro i^rtrp )L|] ul rl rl q

t pisn sr )sul)r reqM rl

e Jo riqllIlu .)ql i]!rM I

'yNc lo siln))lolu Mr) o rl)1,{,r llr) )liJols D su rlrl rlllibq scq-Ipoq llPtunrlp io ',{slpp u 'ruu LtP 'orrldlo| !-ilutlll tor^rl iJr^a (9) slsolrrtr l)rllc) ssi)ordu uJ sllrr rrrlliirlPp Iurrru.Pr o^^l LuroJ ol JlDq trr iirrlrr^rp ,{q DnPor(i.r slli) (/)

'rtnJrl')u'

Nulfurur-uolcuroJul )qr sr vNd leqr pu'r rl'lrJlorL' nLrtrols oorlPrLuolrr! rql sl

vNc IPL PrPs,{)ql (9) Iruf sr)Lr!.u pueuoslPM $llrDf ,{q prlPlrtlurol urrq pPLIr|Drlolu vNc )qr lo rrnl)nrrs rql iJlllpiuiJrr trro.ql e '{(arl ia (E) pr)P rrJlrnll

to rrnrDLr rqr p)lpnrs slstiiototq sru).{ roi (t) (plre rl)lrnL()qu) vNx puE (prrPrrrltrnuoqlixo)p) vNc iprr! rlrt:)nLrJo NnotuP.t]pl D surDlLIor srrrlrnu rql ({)

.lJltral lorluol rLIl sl l!tl1 sn)pno e qlr,]^',L sDldol,{j pJlleJDrLltsqns r)rrillrl P Jo pis{xhuor rru sllrl (z) rrnlrnrls trl .IDIILUIS ,{lqE)returr.rLr sll)r Jsftll req) pLIP'sllJr lo.pPLu:)rn'snurJq oPLunLl ol slPtullrP prr] sluPlorldtnrs (uorl sllrsrupSrc lirt^ P rPqr rrurDs J() slr4 SuIzPruP iql Jo .uo sr lI (l )

]',13 ) !lHl

'JSI]I:)XJ

3or^'\oll(I rr0 .lildluor Lr)10 pul' LldPIilDiDd rqt pcrd 'srsrrJ lsDd Eut[lltuapl

glI Suruodru

r46 Reporting

4. About 165 mil l ion ycars ago, gianl drnosaurs ( l ivc)

(s l i l l not f ind) for dre conrmon cold

(tu m).

6. The first living o?anisms 1 r ( j r ' d u . c ) l \ , l \ i ! l i n S i n

ha1f.

7. Thc fossi ls ofNeandc(hal ]nan (discover) in Irrq

on thc car lh.

5. About 4.6 biuion years ago, lhc earrh

bclween 19 51 and 1960.

8. About l8 mi l l iou yea.s ago. v io lcn l ca hquakcs a long C. t i forn ia 's Si

The Present Perfect Tense

To describe ar incompletc or rc(cn!ly (omplcted action, thc prcscnr pcrlcct lclrscis used, The fornulas for forming Drcscr'rt pcrfcct tc,Dse arc:

= has ot hate + past participle

= hds or have + ,een + past participle

Using the Pteseht Perfe.t IsrJe, Each o{ihesc scntcnccs dcscrilres aD irrcornplctcor recendy complclcd action, Insc( cithcr dtc passivc of aclivc form of lhe prcscntpcrfecr tense of thc vcrb or verb phrase iD parcnrhescs.

I. Ait l'ol]i:rion ha4 leeo/r/'3 (trccomc) a major probtcm irr

(rotale) Lhc rror lhwestcm Mojavc

D€5crL about 25" c lockr l rse.

z. vany studies /taue leelt natle (makc) ro dcrermine thc

cilccls of smog on the 1ungs.

l. Morc thaD a hundred clcmenrs

5. A salellilc of fic planet Plulo

'U"Inr.)u1l \rx,.,rrrl.rrrt\ iri \ri,.nlt rqt rlord!ln ol

stLr)rLrr.dxJ rrLIto (Lru(trrd)srrqp pnP rnrrsed srno'l .t1lstsrlLrilrs ,trrqt.ruls sSurql iiur^n rrqto ruo{,.(llro curcr siJL ql 8r ^n rPqt (.terlsuo,llr.p)llrrlulr.dxr rql rel pllqt iql Jo tsuuiôr jrded Jql

rro ro tr?r(' i)qt ut (pUU)s,93r oN rl'l puoDs .rlt Jo Dô:)

Lllolr iLIt uo pup r?l lrido rqt Lrl le.rr rqluo siJ.3r (,{Pl)

srlu'(Iu):)p)

rLIt uitlM rrdP({ qll^^ (Dôr)prlql rqt plrP'qtol)qlr^\ (riô))

pLroJis iql 'uJdo (o Brl)

rr'l\) iql ,{q ll)P.rirc)

silurql ilor^q olll (,(ol]s;)p)

tu.^r itrl'lniirr (rJs)

sr rr)rtt (^\orrl)

ollrr (o3 tsnl)

/tI Sutuodru

snrr.xl uErrnH'6

r rr0:) s,Ir PH'Lroou rql uo {rl orr

s]slllrJrJs ',srP),( lLreur toc -/

.trqro

:)]IIIJIES JP!TU.LIPTU IJq]OUY '9

r!l tsrLJnll vcl,),)rql ur tfllru (,r)Lrl(l)rH lioirll slLIt tlprrrs!p ol

lLlrLUuadxJ [rp (Lru0trJ(i)rpill o)sr)Ltulc lsltu:)l)s Llpll!tl

LrolMrN :rop(l stsllllrl:)s teo.lij iql ilulpnl) ;)ql 899t ul LDqj î^tuH LuPrllr^{ plr!

-nr il&)rd ,{uuru ,{q (pliq)LrortDriLriij snoruDtrrodr J0ircntlt sllll lurlu piûJrp lr()4 sDJsur pUL) pnrrl ruo{ llsnorLtctuo(ls (itBtiutii)

srlp(rs puu siJorl reqt ()^rJliq)

'rusrue o rJLIlo iuP Lrcrll

NOrrvugN39 snogNYINods

'rldurilurud tol^,\ollot DL0 Lll srsaqturredtrl sqja.^ JLo Jo isurl lsed t)rllo) iLF ]lrsul .2srrJ Itbd lra o) a41 6ulsoo4J

lasual qulsootlJ

148 Repo4ing

Forming Se tences Thnt Repon. fornr i r senlcDfc rc |or t in{ caf l l o l thc l t l ( ) ! \1 | , r

I b i r th of lhc l i rs t ren-Lul je bnlJ f . / LDl t ; r i rd I I978

the fu.ul l"X lul,z I'al'// ",a,i

kaa a thqk4l ,4 /g7S2. dcvrbpmenr of t r inci t) l rs ot gcorDc(rv r FLrrt id I At( : .ndr ir . E{vpL /

100 u ( lL classjJicat ion oI plnnl \ r ( l .n inr i ts I C.rotU\ t_tnnnc|\

l 7 ) 5

5 .

I Sr |c i l ( . r r /

Chin. r /

re(c ip l o l Lhc Nobcl Pr jze lo f ( l is .ovcrv o l | luLonj ) .n i tMar ic Cur ic / l j r . r l r .c r l9 l1invcnl ion of f r in t in l t rv i rh rov.b l r l f | ( I p i - \ t rcnS /

erevcntD cculury6 conl ro l led n l |c le i l r f i \s ion o l Ur . I iUnr r EIr lco t ] ( , r i I I l . l f / 19.1:7. l i rs t Iandin l t on thc r (nrn / An] t f i .ar r I , ( ) icr t A l )o o r t96( . )6. ( l is rovcry o l ( i rcu l . r ion o l b lo(x l / $ / i l l i . | l r t rJn.( ) , , Lngl . r ( t , 16} j9 . l l r s l s p r c c J l i g h t / Y u t i ( l n c i f i r ) I S ( ^ c l U I i o ] l I l 9 6 l0. dcvclo l ) rncnt o l l )o l io v .c . i r rc , .Jorr . rs S.r l l i , Anr( r jcn / t r54l . i r )vcnt ion oJ j r lcan(1cs(( r ) t l . rnr t ) 1 t -hor , r ! t i l ison / r \nr ! r ic i , 1879

READING SKILLS

Vocabulary Building

l| lCrc.rsing youl vocaLr i ;ry docs rror lrnvr Lo lrr, t((oIrt) l i \hc(t whllr \ i | l i r) i t , ] l ,rr icsk with fntrcfs, boolis,.1nd l)cnfl l \ . tJ )oLr cnn) r .nrl of strrrL ol n()t(, tr,r l)r ll is t ing lbuf or l ive ncw r \or ls , lor (a t .kc: r ( t !d I t .gc o l t i !c or Lrn nr i [ t | t$ ] , ( juhavc whi lc vy. i t ing i l l i l i r rc rhc l ) i r r l ( or id r , ) l l i .c , r j ( t i r lN , r t )Lrs, or c ! f Iwr i r jng lor lc l ( ,v is on .onl lcr ( jn1\ ro r . (1. t r r rqucl t \ t ron nLLrt ) . t r ( r i , ) ( l \ wi t ,cnmrc l ) ( )dUcr ivc 1h.1I oIc $,cck lv scssio| r r ! i t t r , r lor ! t i \ r .' l i )

s l l rdy lhc word\ , l i rs t rc .d cn.h ( ) | r rnd i ls | rc . r I i |1 ! . (Chfrk w j th r i l jd iorr r r for a nar ivc spc.kcr i f yo . l r Lrncctu i | .bour pr( ) !L | r r i . l jon. ) Th( . | . r ] r . i l (c J t !c\cntrDccr wi lh thc wof(1 or invcnl in i r l r . r : t in . f l ,cor lVcr \ . rL ion in !v t r i rh vou ! \1)r l { lusc the \ , !o fd. This tcchni r lLrc l1 ' i l l i ] r . rcnsc nor onl f voLl | !or , r t rL]nr ] ,1)ur . r tso r r )Lr l' l u c D c y b y p f o v i d i r g y o u N i t h a n o p p ( n t L r n i l y r o t ) r i ( l r c . . \ t r e r k j r r ! , r v c | w h c r ryou havc no o l rc to ta lk wi lh . Con\ ider lhc r \ ' , rv nunv t )cot) l r (c \en n, r l iYc s l )c .ker \ t )f rep.rc lhcmsch,es l i ) r . job in lcrv ic \ \ , or , I r nr !unrenl \ \ . i t t r i rc . rhcr or t ros\ t , )lh ink ing lh f t )ugh rvh. l thcy l ) l .n lo \ .y . Whcn thc l inrc t ( ) r lhe co vcrs. r lon .o i r rcs,thcy. fc ablc t ( r cx l ) fess lhcnrselves nn!c r f f rcr i lc ty l ) ( rnLrsc thct t r .vc i l l rcn( t ) .fornru la lcd lhr words in lhe i f In i r (1. As . r )onn. t i lc \ l lc ,1krr . vou wi l l l )cnf i i l j io | rth is habi t o f " f rac l ice ra lk ing" imnlcasl r r ib ty . tn orhef wordr . r . tk ro ) r )LLr \c I t lB rt rc sure ( ) do i l in Engl isht)

'nlrJlLru.dxJ s,orlrleg Iq /r,rp.]/-rsrr Jr.^{ trrql',srunlLIJrr({ 1r rq or pr^.!ti)q rrrM uo'l(nu Jo sruoilll s,JoolslrY qnnoqllv t

f) ! 'r!l{rl q

sutPrqo q'!.rlr trrrpunorrrls rrrlu) rql roJ .'(ll)llJ.rlr s.rrr'r:rrrt il(nreJ rLlI Z

FJr,I o'sJIllJ illl ul lle uPap rnl.1il.l ol JpPo ilul)q alc trcJg l

'sr:)LrJrtr.s t$LIr Jo rlr!.r ur Prsn sr lr sD Pn).M p)zDrlell rtll lo nol(rlrul

rql soqrrPrr rsrq IPLlr rr^^snP )ql J0 rillrl )LIl rlrrr:, ixrlro:, u! [Jtltl.lD3ot

urrs )LIl iiulrusurllr loJ orl^ip

il)qdsotlllP s,LIlls

rq1 Lrl Lrtrs lsrll lLlaulili sllorslril

i^t()ldxi liJrt(t tlitlq

,rull iiuol c r(I Hulnullr()J

lrlHll ̂q PililPotu stll.ri(lord

IUJFI)Jli Llll^ Jqlll runn)94

)slrAlL l

lt Jo rrluil) Jtll su tlns JtF ol rolrns F.Jo -rJlLIt) :)Lll ol iJunulJl

lqiil Io il)luDtl

ilu!l iiu!rrsurLu,lol luiLunrlsol

,{il]iLri)JutJJla silnpord IPLF tLrlq)utu

(unllrLl .8

)lrLLlL'utrp /

)ptui)o!l)q 9

o(rpuip s

)!LI{)rqr't

r)tiLuoLrorLl) [

ll.) rlIlJJlton)LId ',Z

LrotoLlo I

q

3

'p

'J

'q

uns eql pre^^ol surnl 1eql lueld = aclollollzlluns rql :-orrry'

r\l?'reue = rluDuIPre6od t-oulP

eurll Jo repro ul luetuegue e = {$op orqtewrll t-orroJLp

lq8ll Jo uolpe rql Sulsn sernpld 8uplP1 = lqd,rqott"idTrl..8ll rotoqd

'pJlsrl siiultrPrur 'ql IIP rsn loLI llr^! no^'tqilu rql le siiuruE.Lu rlJql qll^^ .t\olrq IJI Jql lc sturJl rql q]lEur u'ql PUe sl(Dr

p.ro.\^ lo isrt Nur^\ollol )ql trprr)s -otleq leu^p rouorqr roloqd :stoox ptoll

6tI Bu!1loda[

150 Reporl ing

4. Numcrous rpecl!,r of aninals are in danlcr of beconrirr!l extincr.b. habilals

5. Tlrc.rrhlidr? in compurer lcchnology ha! accelcralcd sircc 1980.

6. Alicr the bombing, lh€ ciry was rebuih by rhose who rrryivc,a. l ived b. d ied

7. I t sraicd to rain when rhe nir was rdrr ldt f l wi lh moinor(.a. I i l lcd

L Gal i lc{ , discovercd rhe cxa/cr. . ofJupircr,s moons

9. The camcl is dddpl.,/ ro dcserl lifc and can So wilhout wrlcr tir long

10. Einstcin 's lheorics havc f ,cfal led throughoul rhc rwcut icrh ccnlury.a. la i lcd b. dominaled

11. A butcr l ly eyol les l ion a careryi l lar.a. cs(apes b. dcvckDs

12. The subjcct ofaborr iolr has been.rr?l /dr/r j / r / lbr a loni t r inrc, .nd lherc wi l lpf t)bably ncvcr bc complctc agrccmcDl,

b. adjuncd

Skimrfiing

Skim lhe fol lowir lg passagc in lhrcc miDutcs or lcss nnd lhcn ar lrwcr lhesc

a, lnrcrcsun! b. disputcd

l l . Ncwr(nr pe ormcd expcrimcnts to cdr/ i r / l? wha( Gal i lco had |roposcd r l )oul

a. verify b. dispx)vc

L The main lopic of rhh lassagc is

a. thc search 1o discover bow hlrman Iifc cvorvc0

b. Arislollc's vicw of cvoluli()r

c. lhc l i le of Charics Darwin

d. thc scx l i le ofan oyster

sJq)trll p)llPr sPIrq ioclnoli{ e Io srDrils rurrilJrt) .{rrPtu prlDnrs tq 'sptrPtsr Suuoqq8IJu (ro 'u)ql pFo^4

Jr| ur .\lr JIIt^\orr pr^rl ^lDs rq rlql slu(UlLrlr )LIl Jo IuPlU lPql DPJ .qr ,'(q )l:)lrllssEM ul^\rDo rrqler^ lprd(xl trr Pr^rl1!ql urnSurdJo rdil p puP'spono{l p punq

tcr)^rs PrqiirM laqr srlurlr Prrcl lLr0r3'spreztl lulur!t'r^'ls iupnli)lrr 'urrs rr^rlrpDq )q lelll s nrDrrr Jo sr(l^r ,(rr"'Lu pr^rJsqo Jq ir.)ql PruJurv qlnos Jo lsPo:)rql JJo s]xrPtst n)iJPcieleg Jql 01 pi)I.Êrr ur/'!uPo sipeql pJruPtr lsllcrrllPu qsllSrra3tn1o1 v piLlotr^rp |L'rl stptl Lrp puu srolt(l io s)rrrds rurlrljlp luDtu os ̂ôqJouorls.)nb Jql rrotdxi or LruiJ)q slsrlol(,'q '^rnlu.rr qlurrlrlrrLr pltu rt0 (rl 'trrtll

L|srLI prl )il.)srP IPLI sruitu!idxr p)tllroJ.rr(l rprr orsJruBIc lsltlrrDs ocll!ll )qr

relll g99t Irun r(xr sD.4'\ ll srrnrErri ilol^ll LrrPl.rrrJo u0llerrlrrH sno.lrcluods )Lllol pr^rll)q )Folslrv r:)LI(k)so|LId lrrlS lprrii JLII or^. :)'fr II'uLrrr rllrnoJ rLF r.rl'psri^ a)l^ pllu sl!u!uu 1)lL U)rLl Jo suollgu.rclsllurl ldnlqc io s)le] sJpnl)Lll plloM

.r! jo sliP(l ,4upro lo rrollloJ rtli plrl)i(rolu ol ^4.u lli^llElJr sl lt1i](ro) srlll'LluuJ i!ll tlo JIll ijLllArJsir(l slrqr 'JIJ,{J SLllnunL()J c ul riLllouu

ot alrl 11) Jluuu )tll l:)ssEd rusltreiJjo iuo .lJ^/lou ltlirD(l lr Iq p)]lri.l) sprJs tuorlsMorii.lr,MoLj v spitq ruired,{q l)..))npo.rd iliii rr0 ttl()rJ prqrluq sl prlq V sltri}iu(lstr srlqurisir iJurqr ijul^ll c Jo ilLrrrdsuo .rll r.lrl r)qlo lt'orJ trluo sin'or rir-l

uo!ltllo^x

6u!pbau

,,lsilng rql lo IPÎ^lns,, Jo nuruP'LLI rq|p

uDlrr lo uriluo rlll Io lrols lerrlqlq rql )

IElsltrÔllLlor os seM ,uorql s,ulMleo Arl]!{ q

,'torlll srq PrlPlnuroJ urMrPC ̂\oq D

' - ldrJ-Yr SurMolloJ rql Io llP lroqe uonPurroJlll ptrlr IIIM noi Z

ISI SutuodJu

152 Reporl ing

As a result ofhis obscrvat ions, Da , ! in fonD l . tcd. rhcory of lhc c!olLr l j ( )rr oJhumar l i fc. He knew thal mdny ofganisms pro(hr(r m(nc of l l f r in{ rhnn (a1r i r . lLr. i tysurvive. For cxamplc, ar oysler can sparln 100 mil l i (n r lgs.r n l i ] ] rct 11 nl l Lhc\ccggs sun/ ivcd, thc o.ean woulcl bc s. lufated wi lh oy\LcL\t Sincc. l l c.nnoL n l jvr .lhcre is compel i t iorr amoirg the indivic l . l ls in. sfccics Iar loo(1, \ { cr, ! ! . rnrrh.and spacc. ln thc nr lrgglc 1(r cxi \ tcn.e. only lhc l l l lcn, or thc oncs rhnt nfc L,rnat i le ro adnpt, wi l l prcvai l .

Danvin cal lcd his Lhcoly "nal l rr . r l sclcct ion," or the "suL! jv. t o1 t t rc t i t rcsL. ' H!argurd lhal thosc spccics thal arc thc nx)n Ji t , or the Lrcst rL) lc to (or)r |cLc witholhcr specics in the cnvironnlenl. wi l l s l rrv ivc Thr t)roccssofDi LLfnl \c l ict ; rnrh.soccurrcd innulncrablc l inrcs. Air imnls with thc \r .LIrcst f t rr 5rrrvive in cold arcn\Plants that rcquirc the lcasl ann)u| l ol rvatcr survivc in r l ic (1c\( r L Fish th. t rouldadopt lo l i fc on land bccr|nc thr f i fs l lnno rnr; s.

In 18t9 Ddrwin plrbl ishc( i his f indings i r lThc oi4i i1 i l St.( i ( . l1r c lninrc( l r l rnlman has cvolvcd Jiom a lowcr l i ) f | r ol l i lc and th.r in lacr nl l l i t orr Lhe c.rrh h.sdevclopcd lrcnr a single, or igiu. l ccl l . Over mi l l ion\ 0J yr i rr : , , thrcugh {r .dUalchangc, ( lcvclopnlcnl , and nanrLr l s{r lccr ion, nl l thc ( l i l lcfrr) t s|cr i rs oj l i lc Lhnt wcknow tf t lay havc cvolvcd.

l)arwirr 's ideas wcre vcry corr l |1)vrfs ia1, | , rr ly [ , r . , r l ic t ] rcy r !crr in l :onl l ict wi l l )nlany rel igious vicwsirboLrl thc or igir) ( t rni rk ir i (1. ln a( l (1i l i ( rn. r . Iy j rcol) lc wcrcsho(ked al rhe idca lhf l hLrnr. ins i rc nninr. ls nr)(1 f( ln lc(1 Lo oLhcr t() s ot l t t i .PanicLr la y upsett in! wns lhc (onccl) t t l t i l thc atr( . \ tofs ol hLtntan L)cings wrfcrclntcd lo alcs or nlonkcy\ rni l l iorrs oJ yenfs,r ! to. I lUl nl l t l tc cvidcn(e wc l t iv(loday conl i fnrs Darwin s hyl)othc\ j \ .

Dist inguishing Fact f ron Opl , r ior . l l iqvcry inr |onant lofecogniTclhcr l i l lc ( ' l lccbclwccn fact and opin ion whcn rending sc icnr i l ic ' r ra lcr ia l or l is lcDing lo n sc icn l i l i .lcclurc. For exampl€, it is a,.r thaI thc lvorld rcpulililnr iu I987 rv.s 4,975,000,000.However, i l is lhc rp i r io , ofmany sc ic l lL ins lhar thc rvor ld popul . ln) v ! i l l jn( rcnsc

by 1 b i l l i ln l in rhe ncxt lwcnty l iv{ : years. I l r . ly bc.n cducalcc l opin ion, rhnt is ,onc based on past s lat is l ics and (uf fer l r reDds, but i t rcmains an opin ion LLnt i l i lcan bc proved.

'sr^lJsdiql qrlelJs ro puEuPq e larclol spueq rrrlll tsn iJrll ,{E^/r rtll sP LIJns 's/rrrl LIEulnq iuelu r^pq sâluow z

.lrnbrE O

srrp qsrrMo$ P'rpr^ irc^r r rol4 lDqt lueld P sl IEIUurl)o Y t

srurr14ll e'sror,rrrrrt A\4 P u! lJullx: rq III.tt ,{Ppol lslxJ lPql srlJJds truPW €

srlslr:rrPrEqJ qsueSro E

1rc[t|q

'{r1 .r.Llrc tuo{ ^lllo stuor qrl

'slorled qloq Jo srllsFrlreleqr /lr,ry,r solqPq uPurnH J

'sa)uiluss Js)ql lo tlJuJ tl! ptsn sl ll se pron^ pJzlrllell ,ql Jo SLlltlpJul

;ql siqJlplu lsJq ltql lJMslle i$ Jo rJ1lol JLll JlJll) ,rrlroJ, tll fJtlnqb,o^

S'I1I>IS ONINEISI'I

'Lluijrq iirl i oq ^totll ltô(r lllM i)M g l

'sJuntrriJ ̂uelll rol i^lo^t ol ilnllllu(r) lll^{ LFll-ii Llo stlrllltl] }l

'srrlslo lr(nDlM i)uld rrlliq u iq plno^ plroM iql tl'slurulLl0 )Il? sillrltq LI|?tulrH zl

'lri ol Pooil ilP srclsio I I'ilupdsJo luP$ iirlPold sr)lsÔ 0l

'tulMs Lle) spl0Tll ituos 6

'spoPlsl n)iledDlg) Jql tlo sJirlerll Iollsr'lun ill0!u crtM tliLII 8'e)lr uv qrnos rP)o rle spuPlsl sotudPle) rql 1

'iluLLInP e sPn rllolslrv 9

"{slrôlluo) Jo IE.p lPrrii c dn prlllls Lll,Mlec E'snluJS e sE^/l urMrP(l t

'u(nlEJJllan

snolrPlll(xis olr sl Jrrtll leql p)zllear t^Prl pluoqs rllolsuv

'alllJo uolllrrJur8 snoillelllods oLI sl ar'ql'a

l

'Prôrd rq uDr xitruor rql r.qlJq^^ rulturrlJp ()1 tul 'rrnsun rre no^ JI'10 ) uo}rldo rre io (J) l)ej P slursrrdrl srJlrrlu rs ,srql Jo Llrei rrlllrq^ rle)!pul

tEI Suluodau

154 Report ing

5. The midwesrern parr of the Unilcd States is sonlrtimes cn cd rhe ,,brca(lbaskcf 'because whcar aDd corn arr the rcgion,s domindnt aops.a. most imporranl b. lcast imponalr t

6. The ocean's tides are characterizcd by aliernaring fonvard .nd fcc,,sriyc

a. raprd b. trackward

7. The sbrs ar€ too nrfiercrr to bc collnled.a. largc b. abLrndanr

8. Antoine Henri Becqucr€l's discovcry of ridialion was rTgrrtcd,r and pavedrhe way Ibr the work of Marie and pierre Curic.a important

9. The resulls ol the expctin].e]ot substantitlted rh c hypothcsis.r wcrcannounced 1o thc world.a. supported b. dis|rovc(l

Note-Taking

Notcs t .kcn in class shoukl bc revicwc(l l r ()rn l inrc to l inrc, csl)ccial ly t )c l i ) rc alcsl . The nlorc l rcqlrcnl ly yor rcvjcw, lhc highcr rhc pclccnlngc ol lhc nratrr inlyou wi l l rc lai l t , Fof cxnir l ) lc, i f you rcvicw 1hc noles lhrcc l intcs, you nr.1y rccal l,s nt l tc l t as 20 pcrcent or J0 pcrccDl nt{)rc lhatr i l yoLt rcvicw lhcnr lwicc, Aly),spa(ing thosc rcvicws wi l l help yoU lo rcnrcnl)cf ovcf . lonu lcr iod ol . l intc. . t .h(1lis, I i ) r l ( r t l . t - rcnn rccal l , i t is bcl tcr lo rcad thc rr() lcs rh()Ugh oncc n wcck l i ) r rhrccwccks thaD l lucc t in les in otrc si l l ing,

Take l tolcs as yoo l is lcD to t l lc lcclurc, ,Thc Scjcl lcc ol Gcnct ics,,nDd lhctr Uscyot l f no(es to completc lhc next cxcfcirc.

Uhderstafiding the Le.ture. Usc your nole:i to d(,lcmrinc whcrhcr cnch of thcfol lowing (aremcDrs is truc ( I) or falsc (F) accor( l i r rg to lhc int i ) f r)rat ion jn lhc

F t . The Aunr ian moDk cfcgor Mcrx le l pcr j i ) r lncd h is cx| f f inrcnls i r rrnc sevenlccrr l l l cent l r fy ,

2 . C " r ' . t \ ' r . I ' r , n r . . l y , , t I o w f l . , w ' \ r , t , r , . . l , { .

l Mendel 's uniquc .onl r ib l ion lvas rh i t hc st l rd icd a l l lhccharaclcr is t ic ! nr onc t imc.

When Mcndei cross pol l in i l lcd rcd aDd ivh i rc f lowcrs, hc cxpcclcd!o pftrLlucc llowers $at wcre pink or mixcrt rcd and whitc.

All the fi.n gcncralion flowcfs ivcfe pink.

Whcrr MeDdcl se l f pol l inarcd drc { tAr gcncra l io j l rcd f lowcr\ . hcprodu(ed red I lowcrs . rn l whi tc f lowcrs.

1 .

6 .

a.u.Ds roj qsrEus at

s)pDrrp ̂'\q lxrlr )ql Lrlqtr^ inr:rolli^ ., ro 8tq,, Jql lpql Dlp (l ,{rql sl|olDplltp ilururc) lo arr^)d c,{ll1o ,ipMrIL'nl) II lEqi riurLUp^^ rrp stslilolo(rsrrS ttnel seJrfuV upS:rrlt iiuotc cr!rotrlel,{Lrlrrs ur Slrr^rl ur s,{ol sE IlrM s! ol \prpzoq irc rr)Ltl lDrtl rip!turir !'.ileluDpur ('o'tlrLu 00i$ rrô pJsn':r pup rtdord x's prltr) rlpnb rqr'186r 'r rrqoDo uo'PrLuojrlD:)'s)linuv\o'lloortsitprs.rJtqrrdrqtuot-9founsp rrr{enbquu.rrv

'qdEiilere(l il{IAo ot Itl !t prrr,{1s0lr rr0 srorl-sJnb rsrqrJo rlrrqM ssnrsr(J ,1orl puP'l{,14 ?ra4,\1 |}4rn 1rrl 'r{ snortsrnb rqror sr.asuP rfnl:)or srrEJ rsrllj rPruu uu Jo LldPriJprPd ls.rl} 0 ut )Irrllntrro ue.Jo srrrJ lDrrnissr iqr rrpc.r.qr i{ll^rJ I0 rnbruLIr r\r rsrl sr uM rrdedsM.N

6uluodad

S'I'II)S SNIIIIIM

'uorlPrluoJul

^'| r srql.Jo r)uorrJrLriis r(ll ijulululdxi ,(q sl rpnpuo)ot,{u^\ pooij V u!)no/iscsuorts)nb Jôqo iLll jo llrut(r su li),,$suv ssulJ i(lt ot uodir lu.ro.lilrq u i^liJ lruclUJur(lol)îp )rlrtu)r)s llri)ir c ijulqlrJsip ilJIur., Julz!,tur! ro,rid!,dr,^,\iu u pulC

'ito4 p\w'AilN'itnq ut4ll'trrl,,rl 04 sl()ltsJnb iql l:),Msuclll^\ lro(lri l)ooii v aoii i)rlt prp,t/r1 airilqt liii irllt plp,11ol1 apuul i lt prf rrr{r{zun4t1 trtt.M orrll a/!1oul or rlruar no,{ plnoM islr ruLIA Dirrr(l(lcll /r'rl^1 ̂aoulrr()l l rpl(li ltorro uo l)rpuul puq siluliq uurunq ('()s tuL0 pre)q nol isoddns

srNrod Norssn)src

's),{r )nlcl ro s.r,tr u^{or{l r^prt no,(.r)qlrltM ruruu)trp ilrqMro prr rr TJMOLI u rJrttrqM ru[ur rp ]PLll s)loDorro )urPs Jq-L zr

'su)d

urprpH uo nlllo Iro^{ s'rrpr s,l)pu)t\t tDrlt p)ôrd slurllru)dx) r)lP'l l I

'01

'8

'pJlurllui JrE strPniJl)ererl) ^{oq rJôJsrp ot sr-'M sruaulrJdxJ s,lJpuaw Io t:lJqo Jrlf

',.Ueuprjrq rcu sr rotoJrreq )snErrq ptrrp puotq c rêq.{eLu nu.red pr]lEq-Irep o.a,tl

suouprrurB rrrL'l rrr rtr ur {purpuP uJpprl ruro)i'q sjottrPl r^rssDrr tPqt PJlPnsrrourrp lrpurw

'J^lss:)r.r sr Jt[i.!rrolor )qt puE ILrEU[uop sr p.x rolor ir]l tPrlt pir.ôrslp lrpuat\l

E(I Sutuodru

156 Reporting

Writing a Report

wrile a rcpo( ofa scicntific discovery or evcD1. You nliSht choosc onc ol lhcsc:

l thc firsl hlrnan hean lransPlant or tcst'lubc baby2. thc discovcry ofpenicilliD, x-rays, or racliunl3. fie first landirg on lhc moon, Mounl Evcrcsr, or thc Solllll Polc4. lhe construclion of the Pyranrids, lhc Sucz Canal, or dre Parrama Canal

5. thc dcvelopmcnl of thc atomic thcory or lhc thcory of rclalivity6. $c invenl ion ofthc lc lcphone, thc computcr, or lhc airyhne

Begin by wridng a lopic scntcrcc that answtrs thc qucstidls wh,, \'/hal wlkn. a]|.d

wlrere. The remailder of the paragraph can cxplain how or whr or both Your

concluding sentencc mighl tell lhc sigDi{ican(c of thc discovcry or cvcnt

LSI

'(zuoltisod 'arzrs 'JFinlErJ roJ) prqlrsrp rrp\rPls pric uns JqlJo s.rl.'idord qtrrq,{r r rur:t.)p ol rSesspd Sur^rolloJ rqt pD.!

6utpt ad ,toqs

'czllensl^ ol rrrsPr lr sJTeur 'uollJunJ pue rrnDruls stl Sulllplep ,rJuerprdde st!Jouo!ld!.rrscp e tnq /ruolE uotlrurjrp p ruo{ dselS ot tlnrr.JJ!p st rxolp upJo lda)uorJqt 'rldllrpxr rog rl Bulqtrrsrp lq prutpldxr aq upJ Sulqtrluos Jo ntpu rql

'pornpord sI ro 'slror\ 'sllrlrrs 'salsBl 'spunos 'slool

tt ^ôtl-li)rfqo uE Jo sr.rnletJ .^ttruttstp ro sJllstrJlrprEqr rqt IIsl oslp IEruuolldlrlsrp v rdo)sorJlr! Jo JdoJsrlal e qBnorql uaJs sl t€Ll.{{ ro /sluJluaôul

leJlsiqd'scBueqJ IeJ!ruaqr'luJurlrodxa up Jo stlnsEl /suoltlpuoJ JqrDsJpêlu lI plro,\{ Jql Jo ,{{Jl,\ s/lslluJl)s p JJnporlul ol sJ^ras uolrdlDsJp V

NOIJ)NOOUJ.NI

aslanwn a4J

6qq;nseq

11 rardeqr

The Suk anrl Other Stars

The run i i a slar. I1 is a f l rming b. l l of cxrrcnlcly hol l iscs. lhc surfacc rcur-peraturc is aboul 11,000" F, hol cnough to r l rrn cvcry sol id to vapor. LrUl fc l . l ivctycool comparcd 10 lhc inlensc hcal ar the ccnler.

Lo.aled aboul 9l mi l l ion nl i les Jrom rhc c.r lh, rhc suD ha! a ( l in lrct(r th. t isapproxinraLcly cqual t (r l { )9 ol our ca[hs l incd p ] ikr . row oi Lrcach bal l \ , a da mass thal i i about 110.000 t i Incs lhc mass of lhc c.nh.

Thc sun is thc of iginal sourcc oJ ucirr ly al l ouf cncfgy. I l is ulosr ly mirdc othy{ irogcn, aldnugh i l , ln) conLaiD! ncaf ly cvcry olher kind ot i tonr rh.t exi \rs onthc carLh. Thc sun dcr ivcs i ls cncrgy l ionr n pfoccss of fLrsion in whictr hy( l()gcnat(nrs arc c(nrvcr led inlo hcl iurn alonls uDder cxrrcur( hc.t .n( l prc\sufc. Thi\proc(ss crealcs a l rcnrcndous noisc. bur nrc calrrol henf i l b{cnlrsc n)U ( l ( locs noll ravcl lh()u!th cnl y sp.cc.

OLrr suD is rrol cvcn cspcci. l lv largc or [rr ighr conrpnfcd lo othcf nnfs. Slnf\ v irryin sizc l ronr sr l ral l ( r than thc c.nh kr largc cDoU{h to Iol( l d l roo( l pir l ot oLLf n) lnfsystcnr l Thc cokrf of a stnf i rx l i ( . lcs i ls tcnr|cr. lLr( ' . A naf nr iy be fc( l ( thc (or) lcn),ycl low ( l ikc oLrf sLr|) , whitc, or l ) l !c ( lhc horrcn).

Thc ncarcsL sLnr is 4.1 l ighl-y(a|1 fr \nn lhc ! .nh. A l ighl yc.f is t11( ( l is lnn(cl iglr t l ravcls i r) (nrc ycar, of nbout (r rr i l l ion nr i l l ion r i l rs (6,000,000,000,000 rni lc\) .Thc fanhcs( nnf i arc L) i l l ions oi l ight,y(. | \ .w.y. Son)c erc \{) tnf i rwni, thnL i l lhcywcrc lo bk)w up t(xlay, lhcir l jghl ivould font jn(rc 1() [ )e sccn l fo r lhc cnf lh l i ) r .1Ir i l l ior ycafr l

Our sun is pnfr oi rn (no| ' ln{)us gi l ixy ( t l0 L) i l l ion sl i rs, Lal i (( l t l rc Mi lky Wiy.In .( ld i l ion rhcrc nrc l ) i l l ior)s ol l raLlxics withir) f . Iqc olour lc lcscol)cr aId (oLL l lcsst) i l l iorrs t ,cyond. l -hc crrorr l l ry ol s l) ; rcc is qLr i lc l ) ryorr( l hLrm.ln LorirprchcLrsiorr.How cxci t i r r l . l i l is 1o l ivc iu nn ngc whcrr hLr ln.n bci l r !s hivc l icg n lo cxI lofc lhi l

USING ENGLISH TO DESCRIBE

I58 DescriL, ing

Scienl i l ic wri t ing iDcludcs dcscr i f lbns of f rocesses, sLr l)s lances. conccpls, .ondit ions. and cvc|r ts. the abovc passagr dcscr ibcs vnne ol lhc tr t rysical , f l rc l ion;r t ,and chcmical pruJrcnics of Lhc sun

sulolEu,ttoul reqlo lla ^lreeu + u.Solp^q ^llsotlJ :uolleotl o lLlrl DqJ

'4lJW )Llt U0 S)SIXA lp41 UtAlDlo puq nqp ftaâ lpvau su ttuai ostD t! 4lihaq\r

'Lt26aqtq lo apbu tttsoLu s! U

NOIIdtUf,SAq 1Vf,tWEIHf,

Aetaua Jno lo ertnos :tJubuadul

'I6raua tno IID tlurtu lo nas putiua ,W s! uns )tlJ

NOIIdIUf, S!Iq lVNOIIf, NNI

ssEtu s/quee x 000/0€€ ifrrw

leleruPtrp s/quEe x 601 :ralawDlo

'4ltDd )tltJ0 stvut tql sawlt 000'0tt lnoqv 5l lDtlt seru b pult ,qluq

\rDeq to ôt tt t4 dkptuu t4u'a )t1o lo 6aI al l,kba |pnturxarddtr sl lDrlt DQululp tt sbq uhs a4

qxJee ruo{ 9allru uorllrut t6 :u0rD)01 ,10 uoltttod

' ' ' ' \LtDt 24J ulor! s21!u uolltlw €6 lnoqt prlpro.I

ralueJ o1 poledluoJ JooJJodp^ ot p[os ^Je^J uJnt ol qSnouD toq

J 6OOO'tt :atwtt duDt D.lI1s

'lttuzt aqt tD 1oa4 rsuatul aqt o1 partdutor lan ltr^tlol2l fiq hd'ôt plps tu4^r uint at 46noua p4 J aAa1 II lhaIt $ arntDt2dwu aru!)t1t atlJ

seseS Suttljeu 1oq :uo\$aduor tn$tUd

lleq:eduqS'sasr6 p4 [t)at2i]xt lo tq iutu.tDll D st n

69I SulqlDsaq

NOrdr{:)s:Iq tY)ts,(Hd

160 Describing

Se tence Pt7ttefi1s

I r he \ i r .R ; , . ' l I a . r a5 ,n , i e , ) J i , . np . IJ MJunr Lrcr . . r I 18,848 Inel ( r ! I I h i€h. II t . o""a s", | ' ' I r r - ' r" , f 1 -" . . iLTh( p :pe J l . r . en r imc rc r . J L rh i . k . J

l ',n"n,'. ')

f'"""n I f..'",".'"-. Il r h e \ D n | | , u d . ( r c r n t , e r d r u , ( | | n , 0 0 u l . I

1 ' l h e G l J n d c d n y o n } h " ' " { . | . | | h } ' ' r { s , r o u t . . r ' >

Liri:,**" J l;r:l::'', J 11J"1,,,"",.Jf:rs''l fn,r-l lil;,r,h,-

.j1 ' ( r | u r c I u r 1 . . u r d I i . J r c 1 r u u F h . I r d F r . . r . r . r r . )

Lil:i: J Lf]:ln'''J L:,jiui:i )

Iil,,*.".....| ."" I;,r+r* .| Iii*i,*,,,,',,,- J

L:h:,:l'i:,, J l:;l';il''J Li;I" ".,,"".,.", ,.J

DESCRJBINC CHARACTERISTICS

The

Nnn,: The ptut.,t \hlttlc t.rtt it \cLl D.!t li!.t tnt\, r,hti d.{tihitttr, b uts! it$.t.iptii !n $incc tn u!!rll\, llnh'ct\dl\. Tltt t)st ernntt tt\t utc.l rc,rr d,r to be ,rr; lo havc.

Using Precise Desciptiors. Scicncc deDlnn(ls ()t)iedivily nnri prrrision jn ils r1r-scf ipt ions. To dcscr ibc a corrrct as lanra\Lic or loru.nd bciut i lLr l 1r l1\ vcry l i l l tc.Thc word,tr ldyr! dcscr ibcs how you feel nboUr sonrclhing, t )ul i t docs noL bf i rrsan inage ro nr ind. rol , j i ! a rcl lL ivc Lcmr. Scicnl i r , ts Dccd ro bc sl)cr i l i ( . ts i l n nr i lclong? 50 nl i les? 1,000 milcs? l (X1,000 Ini lcs? Thc rvr)r( l br, / / r / i r1is sut i iccr j ! ,c. rs i llunr inous or dul1? br ighl or di lnt rr . lnsparenl of opnqLrc? si lvcN. cr.y, whiLe. olmul l icolored? Adjccl ivcs mlr l t bc objedivc.D(l roncrcrc. Dinrc sions \holr t( t l rc

LrDl pllor)s r,'su qslirrs tosqri^ or ,irro /r turpprl

sllrJpnls ol nlrlsnjuo:l,{q prLU.IoJ )rP Burru,!\

'Jii!rril

SJLLIIIJLTrcS JJP SJ^N]iIPE )S)LII

r$rrurrrs rll si^lNrlpE IUPW

aul- pw) pa- qilh sanuxa{pv

:)rtsnD) tzrlqllsnq(u{)) 02

.)sLrip SlrlIulo^ /l

ssi)l.ro1)o 9l

rlqrx)u € Ipr3!l zr

tu)rudsuurt l lilriJDrJ 0lLIiJnor'6

rFoorus S

rlqeilpru 9

ilqrpi €rlquurruPLl z

rlqnlos 'l

,{)!ll sp.()M ,() pro,M :rrll'l)roM _rJqtoo9 s)IJIP0LUv srilllporu .Io rsn iql

'siq!)sJp JUo rl)sD nulqlru()r iluuu 'snlrlrrco{lr rJLll puulsrtpunro,4 tuqt Moqs o-[ suorldu)sJl) )rtrtrriljs Lll prsrl iru st.^lt)ilp! iJLtt.Moll(I )q.L

'llrV]' tlorl lcli'ur .\rlr .r,' i,.iVrr n IptirrLr0) s rorrr.l ro'sjl/.rrr- 1,]i10/ u su tl)rls q,ri^ n(rllillll ! rilll[ itt()) ro (lu]t0 nrrl/.rJ lrl

ur\ou )LIr rl))r)r!lriLIllr si^|)ilpu qslliluS sLrnolr ,4JlPoru ol pisn irLi si^Jrrrlpv'iJlpo(r.ro.q!)sip

ol rlqtsso(i sr? r?rLr sP pirPld rq siP^{le plnoqs s.rtllpol^J.I() rrqlr)si)P lcql Jsrlsl).ro'rsu.rqLi 'fro,4'\ u sl rrlJlpolll)^lo^Lrl rrrlJo suol(llr)sic sa^ltta{pv tttlAr tiulqlrtsad

'l)ol),o 9 lr.r Molloluor Lrliirq IlrM isdrl)i.rPlos v I'Lrrlllnoru lsrqliq rlll sl ls)rr^a trrno!\l 1

'.{!^'\P stlltu 000't sr troPtrol '9'0000't I sr Lrns Jq) lo .iDluidru)l JruJrns rql <

'r^ln).ro) ssrl sr lrrls t'rilooJ Jre !rns iql Jo srriPl rJlno aql €

'rrit 00E'< sr uonuE) pocr) Dq.[ z

'I

n Slrol P Lrp8iq quPr uo {r'I I

'JlJIlurrrs rrolu lr r)Ptu IlnoM lPq^{ rlPls

l)uu s)u urlDls J^odursrP iirrrMollot rlllJo qrei LIrr^ tuorM sr reqa rLrlturrl)c

I9t Butqlrrs.c

162 Dcscribing

Adjccl ivcs rhal arc ibf incd with l r j i rcqLrcnl ly i ] rdicalc i r cc(airr adior) rhnr isfcflbrrncd by lhc noun or occlrrs ro the noun:

grinding machine: machinc that crushes substances intosmal l bi ts

recording mechanism: device rhar records soundrefining process: process that purifies mctalsrevolvinB platform: a stand or surface that turns

Adiccr ivcs lhnl arc la ncd iv i lh fd 1i(quent ly indi( .rc a (onltncL(( i acl ioD:

dehydrated plant: plant that has dried upmagnetized rocl(: rock that has been made into a magnetdi f fus€d l ight: l ight that is spread outcauterized woundr wound that has b€en deadened by burning or

searing

Many vcrbs can lonn ci lhcr - i?.q or -cd adjecl ives. Look at lh is cxaurplc ol lhcadjectivL,s ,?irlr,? arr{i dilulrd, \\l1i(lt rrc lonncd lionr thc vc$ ro dlfut.:

to dllute: xo weaken or thin with water or another liquiddlluxing agentr agent or substance thal dilules or thlns a liquiddiluted solution: solution or liquid that has been diluted or

wcakcned

Usikg Adjectivcs with -ed and -ing. Circlc rhc lcllcr ol lhc inswcr lhat Lrcrrconrplclcs cach of thcsc rcr l tc l)ccs,

l . A substaDcc dral conrbiDcs nrclals rvi lh oxyScn is.n - ,

t r , oxidiz jng agcnt b. oxidizcd agcnr

2. Walcf rhal has bcc pLrr i l icd is - .a. dis l i l lcd walcr Lr. disr i l l ing wntcf

L A DuclclLs th. l l is iD thc proccss olbreaking apan is ai l . d is in!cgra!fd nLrclcus b. dis inlcgf. t ing r lLrr lcLrs

4 . A J , \ i . i r h , . r h , . . L , r r r r . r . l r . . t r , t J . ' r ( l | , , . ' r , r -a. cal ibrar ing inslrumcnr b. cal ibr. l lc( l insLrlrnrenr

s . A , l c \ i , e r ' r r r i d i r . r , . , r r , r j | . . | | r I r r | , I r r . j . .a. cal ibrar ing inslrumcnt b. cal ibr. l lccl iu l l r rmcl l l

6. A gas lhal has bcen rcdu(cd in vohrmc by prcsslr fc is n. . conprcsscd gas b. co.rprcssinl l gns

F"'

Irgrs^ od q lPq1 uolletp€r Jo uollrrlrp eql roj arr^3p .s

snoprs s! pue qulq lp srnrJo lpql D{rp tq81q sI leql poolq Jo ernssord €

a^lssoJxr sl lgqt rle aql Jo uollnllod z

!ftel siteqt llo Jo raulEtuo| t

.IrrroJ punoduo) e o1 sproM Jo sdnorS asrql Jo\aea aBuitl) loot tu!|ltou pasn b Aes ar'd'aldutBxr roC $.rg sauror sdpMp o^!pe[ppeql 'unou r9qloug PUP a^lJrfpp uE ̂q pagpour sl unou p uaqM l€ql a4loN

s8nrp Jo Dtppe ue

PIJP SUIeIUOJ lPql UIPJ

sPro,M Jo rossJ)ord

sp4q Jo uoller8lur

pooJ Jo o^llg^$sard

se8 e Jo ,{l!suap

IenJ roJ drxndrlP Jo uo_rssuduo,

rolPn^ Jo luaruJJPldslpqg)!ueq) Jo uoprear

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'unou punoduro, eolul sosaqd asoql Jo qJea e8lJeq) Dtuat 6unl salJJo:Eqcqunl eqrlo rarutr'aldwexeroJ ruroJ lplnSuls rleql u! ptsn or9 sunou ll9 'sunou punodrrroJ u! lgql rloN

'ernssard ams€arrl ol prsr aBf.eB e sl a0nv0 nssary' p ',{5{ Jo ad,{r e sl fr?

JrJ s /aldurpxa JoC so^I)olpe se rtp sprol4 rJqlo JqJ, luBuodur.r Jrorq l[pnsn slunou lspl oql unou punoduJoJ e ul uuo!\lPuot Jlv ro a ! qt ztbds se q)ns'sul:.oueroru ro oM) Io uoneurquo) e sl unou punoduroJ v SulluM JUIIUJIJS lo ls)!u-q)rl ul ^llrr)nberJ fua^ posn rrp sunou punoduroJ sufloN punodwoJ qultuod

runlrl9) pazluol 'qtunl)lPr Sulzluol Pcr suol olur FrJUJ^uo) uJeq sPq tPqt unlJlPf 0l

Jr!i{ palElnsu! PuP s!.roDnpuoJuou P ql!^,t paJaloJ sl lPql aJI^{ v 6

luaSP pazllelnau qlua8P SulzlleJlnru PP sl IPrneu pr)P uP sr{Pu rPql asPq v 8

por SultrruuoJ P por prpauuo|q:

p sl rJqloue ol Jurq)pul e Jo ued Su our Juo sJqJPllP tPrp JPq v /

164 Describirg

Writing Smooth Senten es. When wriling dcscripliont, a!oi(l short, chop|tr scn-lcnccs. In each series olsclr lcnccs, colrrbinc bi ts ol rc lnlc( l i r l ( ) f lnal ion lo nchic!ca smooficr l low.

I Uranus is the lhird largrn planel. l r is orbi lcd by mrny lhiu r ings. l l hn\.rLleast l5 s.rrcl l i rcs.

UM%2, lle lh"zl bceaj p/aaaJ, !:1. a4nned lE/ 'alaaq lki,x4lr4s,L a/4d aj le.i /5 taklltle,t.

2. crnniLc is.n igncou\ rock. IL is har( l nn( l \hirry. I r is r a( lc ol sc!cr i l k in(1. i ol

l . Cal( iunr is n r i lvcty |ncl . l . I t is fourrd in l inrrstonc, mnfbl( , .nd (h.r lk. I l islound ir thc sheUs ol marinc animnls.

4. The bronlosaufus was a largc dinosaur. i r wcighcd .LrolrL thir ty Lons. l t l ivcr lin shal low lvalcr l r arc planls.

5. QLrasars arc sl . f l i l ( r objc(Ls. Thcy cnr i l radial i (nl . QLrasiN rnl iL mofc r i r l in l io] lrhan cD(irc galaxies.

6, - Ihc ccfcbfunl is lhc ]argcsl pan oi Lhc Lrrai l r , l l cor l l lo ls Lhc scnscs, l l n lsoconlrols thc musclcs,

7. Hcnn)l)hi l i . is. ( l isc:r \( . I r is i | lhcr i lc(1. lhc blo(xl ( locs r)o1 ( lor l )11)1x y.i i . Thc grccnhousc cl lcct is thc w.fnr i l r f ol Lhc carth l )y gascs. Thc ]rro{css i \

gradui l . ' Ihc gascs i rc l fnppc(l in thc alnx)sphcrc,

READING SKILLS

vocabulary Buildi,lg

Alt l rcugh i ! is not a good idea () inrcrr l rpl .1 rcadiDg or lcclurc lo look upLrnlhmil jar words, at t inrcs you rvi l l r rccd !o conslr l t a dict ionary to chcck thcnlcaniDg ol an impoflaDl word,

As K)or] .1s your locabulary is largc cnough so thal yoLL c. ln un(lerstand rrosldcf lni l ions, Lrsc aD Engl idr lo Engl ish dict ioDary. Choosc onc lhf l i r i conrplctccnolrgh to covcr rhc words you wi l l nccd. (Tcsr i r by looking Lrf . lcw wor( ls.) Agood dict ionary con!ains a ld ol in l i ) rmal ioD that wi l l hclp you L() ! rndcrst;rr( l lhccorrcct mcaDiDg aDd usc ol thc word. l ! may includc

l Pa( ofspccch, such as r . (noun), adj . ladiecr ivc), ! . r . (Lr.rs jr ivc vcr l) , or vcrt)$a1can carry an objccl) , and u.r . ( i r l ransir ivc vcrb);

2. Roor or dcr ivat iur of rhc word (Lhat is, whcrc did iL conrc f tonr?);L Synonyms and antonyms;4. Scnlcnccs or phraser conlaining thc worl j ; anLl5. A l is l of the word's mcanings. ( l t is import ; lnt to look rhrough thc ( lc l ln i l iorrs

1o f iDd the oDc rhal is approfr iatc ' i r you.)

Sincc many lexrbool,s and rechnical manlrals conrain a gloss.ry of tcrnrs. . r l rv.rytchcck your book bcforc going ro i r dic l ionary.

{!l luPld !IIeJutP|cLIJJIN J]UO JJ'M IEqI

sz.rE Lrl uoltppli) tu.lrujnsur ol Jnp Dunxt turoJiq iBuI sluEqdrlJ Llelsv €

r.rPM qrosqP qDrP^1 dlrp e. trrl ol tnuluor lll.M ll 'pJxIJ s! Joor rql lllun z

In qLM (o lo nt P'uorlnlh)d /o l/o4rp-JIB scJrp pJl!lPlllsnplll Ltl slt^ll |^u I

'si)lroluos r$rqr Jo LIJer ul posn s! l! se plo,M przpllell tql Jo ilulLreturaqt srqJlelu lsnq lBL0 rtMsuP ,ql Jo lrlltl .Lll ,prl) 'lxdtuot u! trrtftqboA

Jq€,1 u! a^ll leqtsleulue pue slueld roj lull

srlpoq lellstltJJo uo$nllNuoJ rlll Jo lphls

'I

l

'p

')

.I

'q

qiilrl 8ulnsPrur roJ tJl^cp 3

plnbll ,{ralEM

puel q8no.r

r)lsM tul^n^L0J roJ rrntJruls

LIUBA Aqt iplsu!

sarnleradrllJl

quPDql ,plnno

riirel ,{lsnol'urou.

JrA{

rjlnIPnbP 6

lrnprnbe 8

Iet!urouorlse I

s)ls,{qdorlss 9

ulxotol^d g

Itltluol^o t

l9!ISa! ellxr'€

ulPrel prllBnr 'z

Sulrnpord Jo alqedeJ uoslod E

slrefqo lellsrle) raqxo Pue s.IEls eql Jo ̂pnls = Iwouorlsotels roJlso

leeq ^q PernPord = Jlu26orMarg i-ortd

puel Jo a5ald ro PerP = /fuot!,rlrlqxtea i-' Jal

relPrr ul 8ul^rort ro 8ul^\ = tlpt1btale/l^ :-btlIJD

.i ., .prls{ s3uluPaLu eqt IIE rsrl lou III,1^nol lq8lr rqr lP slguruerlu rrrql qrl^^ Molrq url rql lp stuli)l oqr qrlPrc orql puPsixrJ)rd Jo rsn SurMolloJ .qr ,{pn)S :orlsP '-ot{d /-4i.1 4enbP :slooY p)oA

59I SurqrDsJC

uollnlos snotnDB I --l-

166 Describing

4. Cosnrc rays are dangerous to human beings.

b. scrccncd

a. space b. eanh

5, The sun's rays are r/fered through the atmosphere so that we don't receive

7. The ea(h's shadow eclrysl the sun's light, so ir suddenly grcw dark on thcmoon.a. blocked

8, ln a desert. fte temoenture altemates between extreme heat and extreme

their full stength.

6, In warm climates, water is sometimes heated by Jolar cncrgy.a. sun b. electric

b. absorbed

cold.a. varies

a. moon

11 .

12,

D, nscs

9, 'lhe fog diJfuted the lights from the street so thar visibility was poor.a. spread b, concentratcd

10. Some l rdr mounbins and craters can be se€n from the earth,b, sun

The plan€t Mercury has no ralelr?r.a. moon 0, atmospnerc

The space flight was postponed due to ddvsBe weather conditions.a. favorable b, unfavorable

skbtmb g

A good technique for textbook reading is to read the titles and subtitles and turneach into a question. For example, from the title ofthe passage below, you wouldformulate the question, "ls th€ moon a nic€ place to visil?" and then read to findthe adswer, This method will help you to focus on the main points, maintain yourconcenFation, and read morc rapidly.

Skim fie followin8 passage ro Iind its main idea and thc kind of informallon ilcontains and then answer these two questions. Try to do it all in thrcc minutcs.

L what is the main point of the passage?a. The moon is a nice place to visit, but you wouldnl want Q live there.b. The mool! is not a dce place to visit, and you wouldnl want to live

lhere,c. PoeE don't know anything about the moon.d. Scientists don,t know anything about the moon.

2. \,vhich of these iopics is covered in the afticle?'. a. rhe f irsr ]andhg on rhe moon

b. Lhe phases of rhe moonc. dre climate on the moond. how the moon affects the eafth's tides

l!.

:olou srop uooll| itlt ,Lll.tui rqt illl. ltooru )Lll uo LtMup to trliJlllM) olt sl ,rJrll

ItrrlLlLr.r.l r iri l,l r").rr,.)a,4 lL.rtM Jurr\r.\.)n 'I\'tu,1rl ,.^n,r{Jt{ tl-Lit DcIun1lluril ,uL.,lx,,Icut,rlrrqt,,r"nf.,,rticrl,ol sl)or irnu) uur JlJuuqJ u)fpns strll i.tno(l iuo ut I oO0Z sl? LLJn(u su )q,(uru).flrtu.rJdlLrit !I riJuuq) iql.A,\opnLJs s,rluL)i arlt Luojt soil,rituJ Lrns iq1 se ilalprpcru -uI|.s)st.r urqt puo ilprdl,r trr^ sdrp u(x)!u rLIl (ro rrrrlurrd[rrl iql s.')!un qrni ly 'lq,'ill.s,uns rql tno iJurtloIq ilrrur(xl!!r)t , oorlr lt pLru L rs ,Lll uir,1 l)q ,{lt))Ipsrsse(i r{uui r(lt urLl^\ ,isd|)i rplos ! iluprrp iiulluts,4l.Ipln)nretj r.,p;rrrie.,r,l!r,rrl{) siluJjtx) )s)q_L.uMop sioiJ uns rqt LtJLI^,t .IlL) uJl!^ ur tr)uuJq ot u)Lll puenululrls sl tl uaq^,{ slLrr s, uns Jqt .IitlLJ ot il.)qdy)rlltB oLr s! Jr)qt ;rsnBjJq s.Il'l))o slLJl 'I

c€t l ot ).01 I u)rJ ijrrriJoL''l ,JurrJlxJ rtrnb Jllr uoout Jqt Lm sJlntetadurJl .spnol) ou ,utur ou ,pur^{ o _rrtltDr^{ olt suuJtu osllr )l)LldsorutpoN )rJqdsl)Lu)L'uE.{q prrrllrtun.r! tellt s,{Er rltusor tsuleiu uotl)ilord osle tnq.'rlD^'l puc Lr)31xo,{luo tou rrrnbrr rroolu Jqt ol sDIr^D.rt ,{lilurpro]:)v .rroqdsollrleuD l|relJ.r ol nrrrrunsur sr itrÊr8 rr rsnEtrrq Lrooru iql uo rrp ou sr )Irqf

'q) nlrno,{ Buuq ,03 no,{Jl oS .rrortelr3rôlr r)sll'sr rraqt ,r)te^{ oLr sl JlrLIl aJurs,asruoJ lo .rtru)tstxr Lrr LtJJq sEq I lprllslP)i uorllr.l 9 t rqt rrô .rEds otLrr lno )prl ol puq r^pq ,t",u uoo.., ,qt.,rt"-,{uD prsnpr seq llntl ll'rronDtrÊril Suorts !.Jo ItrPI rqt (.p)rIIV sE .3rpl sp lnoqEsr DDjrns str lillErus qrnrr sr rroou| rql) .qupr )ttl uo upql ssrl qrrlru sr uoour.)rlt oo il^pr8 Io rrro, rql )snErrq ralu^,r Jo pro^rp ,(trrrldruor sr Lroolu IJt

rurluL,orr^Lr.) rlosoq.{rr^ D.{rrenDe sr uoolu rq, *.,,,,,,'.,,,";1,#"X'ilou"j:j)noDUor p rot Dprl p se srrod pup srJtu^{,juos ,{q p)qursrp Lr.rq seli uoour Jtll

r9r Surqursra

allsl^ ot aJDId axlN v :uoow a\t

6utpt)rN

168 Descr ib ing

shi rc by i (s own l iqh l ; i l rc l lcc ls lbc l igh l of rhc sun. unl ike lhr (nnh, Lorvcvcr ,rher€ is no aLnosphcrc to d i l l i rsc lhc l ight as dny bcconlcs n ight ard n ighL lLr . rsinto day. Changcs f rom l isht lo dark. rnd dark lo l igh l occrr r l l rdc lenly .

The llrnar sky is black. (BIuc sky on lhc eadh is t)(xlLrcc(l by rhc staltering olb lue l ight in th€ spccl rum by far t i . lcs ofa i r . ) ou r l rc xn j t r l i tan nrc v is ib lc in lhcdayl imc, bnl you would havc to shic ld your cycs f ro ln thc unf i l lc rc( l sLrn l i lhr ro

There is no sound on thc nxxrn. Sound Lfavcls ( r r wivcs o i i r i r nn) lecLr lc t . S inccther€ is no a i r , lhcrc is l ro th ing lo Lr . r ls ln i l sotnd. Lcavc your l r .ns is lor honl t .A lso, the moon is r rc l a nra lnc l l t rc wny lhc car lb i j . YoLr can lcavc your rom|nss

Thc moon is a sate l l i tc of thc ear th, rcvolv ing a()Lrrx l Lhc canh oncc cveryl rvcr l ty{ r inc and a hal l d i rys. Thc nroon i lsc l l f a lcs, bu1 i l does so vcry s lowl f .Thcrc lbrc Lhc r .mc s idc o l thc moon is a lways v is i l r le 10 Lrs. l - ( ) gc l l { ) lhc r rn)o| r ,yo l | would have to l ravel 240,000 mi les, a d is lance lhal is nboul lhc snrr lc Js c i fc l ingthc car lh a1 the equa(n tcn l in lcs.

I t is c lcar thnl i i yoLr wcrc nrak ing a t r ip k) thc moon, you woul( l ncc( i lo |drkf i rcrc Lhan a lmlhbnrsh and a changc of undcrwcar. l ls a( lvcrs( (on( l iL iorrs v1 'ot l l ( lmakc i t vcry d i l l icLr l l lb f a v is i lor l ronr the c i r lh .

Makit lg In. ferenccs. I r( l i ( . lc whL'thcr cach ol lhc lol lowing s(a(cnrcDls is sl .11c( lin lhc l ) .ssagc (,s), imI l ic( l l )y olhcr ini i ) rrrrat iou in lhc passagc (1), or l rc i thcf s l i l lc( lnor j r)rpl icd (N). (Do,rcr in( l icalc whclher lhe sl . lcr cul is l ruc or hlse.)

S L Thc fofce o lgf .v i ly on lhc nnx) I is lcss than 1h.11 ou thc c l f l l l .

2, Thc l idcs or l (he eaf lh arc cnuscri by lhc Inoor] ,

3. A pc$oD would wci l th lcss oi) thc rrnx)n lhnu or l

4, Thc moon has ro walcr or atnn)i fhcre bccaLrs( ' i l( . rxxgn 8rnvlry.

5. I1 rvould be di f l jc l rh lo havc an aryur( ' r l t wi th nnneonc on Lhc

6. Thc m(xrn orbi ls lbc canh about oncc a nronth.

7 w ( d l s n ) . \ ' . r h { \ J r f . r J ( | l , t " ' , . . .

8. Thc canh is 4.6 bi l l im yearu old.

9. Thc rcmpcrarur€ on thc nroon gocs ul) 1o 200" c.

1 0 . HLrmnD beings could no1 l ivc on thc n1dJn.

Plants coLrld no! grow on rhc moon.

12. The moon has mofe exlrcmes oi Lcmpcralurc lhan lhc c.dh h.s.

'Jslrrixi lxJLr Jro JDIdLUoJ ol s.rlouruo,{ Jsn uoqt pur?,,ruJlsis rplos Jql,, rllllrJl iqt ()1 LtJlsll no{ sp salou JIBI

'IIi^^ SC SJIOLI JIpl ol JlnS 'q ln€ lr 'snsuPlu IIP Aq ',lnJ.sn rnbrlrqr slqt plru noI p p pitlmurc{ sr s).rnt)rl 3Lrtd4 JI

\rx* irLl, o, srdp, rL' rur,{prdru .sr,.u iq, rle M,illi,]i"]iliT,i,ili'il.lTl,l,ii1l:r^rtprDdLuor rqlJo pprtsul sr(iptJo srnoLI iueLu qllM prll(xjuor.q I M no^,lsrlE roJ )ruo sr lr LIJL{M'uonlppe ul SuturuJl oi lltelJodrur os Jlp lul0 s,Mal^rl trolls 'tuJnbr4 rLIt ilpLu loLrupJ noi'satotl lnoqll^'t tpqt s! riJctue^pesrp lrqlo uV .r pcl:) Jqtorr ̂t'ru tpllt stulod Lro suollsJnb Butlsc ruo{ no,{ nur^ d pue ,tun srlsDM llqpqsrql ,, rclul Ualsll LrpJ I 'Mou Ltrtslr ot t^r?q l,Uop L, ,8u!)ul{ ,irnFJI 'tlt Supnp,,drJI9,, ro ]oprPM pulu lltoi lil ol paldrurl iq ,{elu no,{ ,Jrnt)rl e adel noi JI .BulIel-i](xr Jl)loar iofi op si(,et alllDrl )lutipeJp,] ll0 ,to oJlrnlJs t? u! ,IJAJA oH ,Jrrrll

l$U oql ptssllu stn leql (lolDts P ̂9ldit ut-'r l1o,{ rsnPJaq SulUrpJI JitpniiuBl lolFlrsn ir;)^ )q |,J sidL'l srl l iiul)iel ol srlnlJrl iiLrdn Jqild slurpllls nlllos

'ir)uplirlr )rl1 ur r/'lt/r,1 pou Jl(\ ,rIL.t .)rrr.l(Lru .1qt p.1^l)sqo iM .6

l!luPd q

r-ii)((reslp q

6u!4e,L-aroN

lua(l D '!

turJuloi,uru P'riMot uollr?Arrsqo rqt (uorl lcrrrc) ;)ql Jo ,1r ! ,/rl,1rrlrrdr ! pclolirr oM g

,4ucru q'I Sltll Jo n)p iql uo PlJal)te\ tltlwtu luul irD iritll /

tJo(Idns q

J)eJJIIS LITOOtrlS qr)c!ns q8n(u p' t Dt pl;litu iq p)zlj;tlrBrell) sp^ prrp rLIt rsne).q llnrllrp sp.M dut rql €

IrFr?llllrls p',{lr ^lun aqt ot ,{trrrJxo.ld stl Jo Jsno)Jq trr uupdp rqt )soq) ,rl .Z

rpnb q 1e.ro (zi)

. Lrns .Lll pUnorp rJlud /rJ.r.I4l, Lrp ut stJ^er1 Llupr rql .l

's)rlrrllris isrr{t.to LI)er ur prsn sr tr sp ploM prz!)!lg1l rql Jo 3u!ueJturrlr siqrrerll rsr.l lpqt D^,{sup rqr Jo rrltil iql nlJrl:) /xr,lro) u! t-ntplqDxoA

'uoltplndod )ijlpl olll ulrlrl7r lou pJltoJ jrteM Jo lunourp IJErLrs II 9

stsniol .q sliju c'rltlpi oqt uo {il srolr, prroldxrun M.l rql Jo rLlo sr o)0Jreluv g

slrllrllrrrotu q sicllu^ .e'plroM tlll u!rro rrlo,1 r^lDe tsi)iirel aqtJo Jtro sl llu.ueH ul eo.I punew '

sl'Ilts SNINaISI.I

69I Sulqlrrsrq

V-

170 Describing

U dersta dihg the Lectale. hdicatc whclhcr cach oflhc li)llowill8 slalcnrcnts isrrue (7) or falsc (l) based on thc iDformaliol in thc lcclore.

T 1 ,

2 .

J ,

Thc suD's gravity kccps !hc planets in orbit.

Vcnus is the cbscst plame! to the carth and thereforc drc oncscicntisls can see lhc bcsl,

Thcrc is morc likely 10 bc lifc oD vcnlrs than on any olhcr l)larlcldLle to its modcralc climate.

Mars has changes in. l ima!e, l ike lhc car lh.

Recenl evidcncc shows therc may bc lilt on Mars.

Thc a, leroi , is arr ' r Bfout, nf Br ir is l r "nxl mLrsir inrr . .

Jupilcr may be a ball of gas lhal h shrinking.

Thc rings ol Sa n revolvc arolrnd lhc plancl likc salellilcs.

Thc farrhcsl planet {rom lhc su is Uranus.

No planel has morc thaD lwo salcllitcs.

Thc tail of a coDret poin6 dircclly loward lhc slrr.

7 .

4.

5 .

9 .

1 0 .

I L

mu.!.s roJ wlF{I €r

(aprtprq uaq,^ lt ot surddpq lpqMzJtsPI zlBus alrJJ zlool 1r s:op MoH) zs)lsrrJlrprpqr lerrslqd sl! erp lprlM .l

:suo!lsanb Bu ôlloJar{lJo erxos r:Msue {llensn lll,4^ Drlqo ro )ruelsqns e Jo uortdrDsop runualrs V

6u!q!.bsao

S'NDIS CNIIIUM

(alr,{ ruo slql lr8 no,{ p!( ieH ieH) rplxo snolllu ,rFlqtsruppllnr 9 sp pcsn ':iultooj ̂ddeq e sr)npord ,ropo lrrn s ,s!3 ssrllolor p .€l

raqtsnol ll aleu ol (rnJlnsqllM prlPoq ro) przllreJln^ ,srJll

Jo xalpl aql tuo{ sJltroJ ,a)ustsqns rllspl, zl 'lpp ^jo^c tl rsn nol {ulql .cplxolp,{qtunlsseto(l ro unlpos qllM leJ lo llo Sullloq ,(q rpput ,tJnpord ploqrsnoll B I I

lalldnl pue quPrrllt uD^4liq pol9)ol ,suosers pue sder relod spq lr ,lrueld p ;qlprller.0t

rlrrlll Jo IInJ sl ,{poq ll1o,{ ,ado)so.rJlut e tnoqlrM ilqlsnu! tsrltureqare rtuos .llur,uleq JJs Jruos ,aJI

Jo u oJ luppunqe lsoru aql ,tuDld e ,6

Ilrurd rno^l0lool 'tr,{ MoLl{ l,uop no^ JI pup,uoqle)Jo uuoJ p,iulllets&J,Uos,l)elq g

rrntqtdLucl urooJ lD plnbll sl teql Jpl u D /lelulug pa8iirl-lnoJ e uro{ sruroJ ,lrqu

lernteu p .9slullp ploJ pue rrJJor Lrl punoJ ,tuelnurlls ,8nrp p .(

SJJJI

Jo sdol iqt tuori saêtl slpe'Jrllel 3lq e rou 1J!,1 s .llq ,letulus uprlrJv ue .trlP rqt salnllod

reqt'rullosoSlo Sulurnq aDlduroru! ,ql r(q prJnpord,se8 snouoslod e {JJITU Slet lcql prlq lPuJnl)ou E z

sdlqJ lelnduoJ rlslu 01 pJsn,llli)ruap Jllleltuuorr p .I

'r! ,{Jlturpl sluopnrs /l1oll rno,{ c^pq puB Ssslr rno,,( ot uollurûl lo ,rrnDussnotupJ'l)rfqo lDllsrli)'eruEtsqns,oulqJeur,luBld.lptulup ue se q)ns SulqleuosiialqlDsrp slunl i)iel urq|suolldlDsrp Jalrq asaql luo{ Lualr qreo ,!!lurpl

SJNIOd NOISSnIST(I

'aJeds ,'bdrur sl aslrlrun Jqr Jo rsow'queJ Jql u{' PUPI trqt guJlJLU rrp sJtDnJtJW

'vr'ar'zI

ltI SurqrDsre

'lno urnq tPql srPts Jre sroJlrw

172 Drs( r ib inP

2. whdl Jrc r ts chcnricdl ( l r . rr . r( l (n\ l (s ) (whit is i l Innr i( ' r l l H"w LL\ ' \ i l Lr(h rvc

or react whcn il comes in con(acl wilil otbcr subsran{es slrch as walcr oloxyger?)

3. whcre is il found in nature? How abundanl is it?

Rcad thc following paragraph which dcscribcs thc substancc nrcrcury and (ic_

lcrmine \ir'hich of lhe abovc qucstions il aiswcrs.

Mcrcury is one of a fcw elcmcnts that was knowD in a|cicnl chin;, India an{lEgypl, Mercury is a luslrous, silvery mclal lhal is a liquid al (x)m tempcrallrrc. Ilis 13.6 t imes as dcnse as waler, f rcczcs at -39" C, and boi ls at 3t7'C. Mercurydoes rot combine readily \,r'ith oxygen, bul it does react wilh nitric acid lo fonnmcrcury nitralc and with srlfuric acid 1() form mcrcury s lfale. Whcn mcrcorycombines with ccrlain metals (such as silvcr, zinc, or lio) thc rcsulling alloy iscallcd an amalgam. Mercury comcs Irom spain, Ilaly, and lhc southweslcrn unilcdSlales. lt may bc oblaiDed by hoalinll mercury sullidc (ci labar). Mcrcury is usc(lfor lhermomclcrs, loolh fillings, and pholographic platc$

wi ng a Descriptlotl

wrile a dcscripti(nr ofa rlalllral subslancc such as rubbcr, sard, saltwalcr, wood,ait, diamond, slraw, alllminuol, or carboll dk)xidc Your lofic scll(cllce nliglll bc

a dcfiniti(nr (d lolrg dcscril)tior) is a tyPc ofcxlclldcd dclil)ilkjn) hl your PafagraPh,answcr as many of the abovc qucsl iols as yol l can. one wdy to concludc is 10

describe how lhc subslallce is oscd

€Ll

'suope^rJsqo ^€u uo paspq suollJlpald Juger pue NnfpE ol lpeal Jq sde^{p lsnurlsllurps Jqf ulPtr.r luJr.rcd 001 sl rrnlpu Jo tot^pqeq ernlnJ aql Jo uorlrrpaldou 'reâ^ oH ^ôrrourol ulEl Jo eJUeqJ lusriad gz p JJunouup ,{pul lseJJloj aqt1^llllqeqordJo surrrt ul prtrlpJrd :q ,{luo upr srrqlo .puo)rs p Jo uolpp.rJ p otpelPlDPr 3q upr asdtrrr up l{lrlErDJE atlnb p4rtprrd aq uer sluJ^r ruros

.aseaslp pJlull { eJpru38 reqlous ro EllqdoureqSulllrequl pllqr rplDlupd €Jo pooqllqll rqt DIp d tsnu lsl8ololq rqt pup lruro)PJO llqio tql plpJld ot spJJu Druouollsp rqJ .tl)!qJ^ Jql uo rJqlga^{ Jsr) pEJo sl){Jr rql lrlpard ol slqp aq lsnu ta}Jot e suSlsep oq,^ rorulSuc eql .{poquPurnq aql uo-peq puspooS qloq -str{Jr s]! lrlprd ()1 alqe oq lsnur Snrpnôue sdoleêp oq^{ lstruoqr rql .a)ua!rs

Jo plalJ iJrâ Jo Upd p sl uoltrlprrd'suoltdnl.l )!ue)lo,\ pue /salpnbqUpa /sruP)lllnq se qJns slatspsrp lPlnleu Jo

uolDlprrd aql Iq pr^ps aq plno lpql so^!lJo lrqtunu oql ,aldu.rpxJ roJ,.roplsuo)'lsu!p3€ soiltslno lJJtotd u9) rA1 lJlpald ue) a,\{ lgqA\ lpqt uolldunsse rqt uoprsPq sl puE /rrnlnj .qt tr!p..ld ot sl uollpSllsaûl rulluelrs n€ Jo leoS rqt

NOIJ)N(IOUJNI

raqpahl aqJ

6q1rlpard

71 raldeqr

174 Predicting

Short Reading

Read the folbwing passagc and find threc prcdictions.

The Wo ,l TumsThe eanh is round, fiflccnlh- and sixreenlh-ccnluty explorcrs Iikc Columbus

and Magcllan provcd it. But therc wcrc ancient Grceks who had known rhis rwothousand years earlicr. They saw ships desccnd ovcr rhe horizon and oblervcd lhecurved shadow ofthe canh on rhe moon during a Iunar eclipsc. Thcn, in 200 Lc.,thc Greek astroromer Eraloslhenes noted thal at noon on thc first day ol summcr,rir'hen thc sun was at its highcs!, ils rays shone ro rhc botlom of a veflical wcll irlSyene, Egypl. Ye1, on the same day in Alcxandria, five hundred milcs !o lhc norrh,il was reported that a vcrlical post cast a shado\'r'. If the earth had becn llal, thepost could not have casl a shadoyr' at roon,

The eallh spins, or rotatcs on its axis, orce every twcnly-four hours, callsing !rsto havc day and night. At any given lime, rhe side ol thc cardt facing fic s!D willhave daylight, aDd the sidc turDcd arr,/ay fron thc sun will havc nighl. Allhonghthe eanh is spinnirg at a spccd of over one lhousand milcs an hour, wc do nolfeel thc movcmcnt or thc wind bccausc everything around us, iDclllding tbc at-mosphere, is moving at thc same spced. The cffect is similarlo riding in aD airplaui.Thc air moves wjth you, lf you light a malch on aD airplanc, no wind will blowlt oul .

The eanh also revolvcs arouDd the sun oncc cvcry year. This ycarly rcvolnlkD,plus lhe tiltiDg of fic earth or its axis, causcs thc scasoDs. WhcD thc snn's raysarc nearly overhead (ro1 whcn lhc earth is closcsl rc lhe slln) aDd lhc days arclong, great amounts of the sun's radialion arc absorbcd and thc wcalher is hot,For example, from April through Septembcr, rhc North Polc lihs loward lhc sunand lhc northcrn henlisphcrc cxpcrienccs summer whilc thc southerD hcmisphcrchas wintcr.Thenthe Nonh Polc tills awayfromlhesun and I he seasons a re rcvcrscd.On March 23 and Septcmbcr 2I, the North Polc is not lcaning $ward or awayftom thc sun, lfyou travclcd around the canh on thcsc two dalcs, yoll woliki findLhe days and nights equal cvcry place you went.

7

( pillulnJ rq lollllu) tlonJlpirdiLIr 'o.olrrrql ruu (nr s! rluD;) )tll ^lsnol^qo-ilqlssod[l sl trol]!puor )ql

'ri^)^ oH I U iri.^ sLro0lpllo) tql J! i|,lll i(lo) plnoM ollJll]tlo iql'JltH)'Ltoau p ôllt,Lls t )s111) rq )ou plnar tsad t4l IDLI uarq Pp4 tlub) a4]Ji

Ienba s1q3!u PUPs,{ep aql puu plno4{ noi

^ropeqs e lsPJe^Pq lou plnor lsod aqlleu uerq peq qlee eql

NOII3Iq;IUd IVJIISH,IOdAH Y

eueldrle upuo q)leu e IqBII noi

NOIIf,IqlIUd lISISSOdWI NY

salep o.&l eseql uo plro/L{eql Punore peleêrl no

( anll trl())lolr iorlr ro il)rLr lt lD)tll)qrfillq s! uo!lJlpoid tql-s^rlp isilll llo pl()M

iql purlor0 li^r-ill ol ilrlllun tru no,{-.rrr))o ()1 il)llFln ir! suolllpuo) iqlJ)UlS't118 latu,rl] suolllpLlol tl!0lltJ Jl tnll iulo) oslp ll!A/t uolllpooJ slql)

'lui,M not aJuld {JaAr ptlba sl46!Lt

Itub stttp a\t pull pltlo/A no/i'stltp oN tt:,ql uaq taaql punollt Fpûl nofJI

tno 1l^rolq IIIî puln ou

(lrLLI tJc suollrploJ rtlPllJ)Jl )nrl Jtuor II!,1 uoll)lpJ slqll')ha tl $on lM pu!410u 'aup4tlD uD uo rylDut )t ttt6! a(!

NOtrfI(!lud g'IsYsoud Y

't\$!Lt 1^tJ4 111/"1 uns )qt ttto4 trtft paulit )p!s)4t pua Uiu[ap ,^rr4 tlh\ ut$ a4J 6u11]t{ 4trn )4t lo /p!s ,4t )utLt Ltl^lli luD tv

:urddeq lttM 3ulrttruos leqt tu!elJ D si uollr!p.id Y

NOITtrICAUd V

I)I(IAUd OI HSI'IDNE 9NISN

gtI 3ul|rrpr.rd

176 Predicting

Sentence Patterns

PREDICTION

4clryer Th€re lwiu be) an eclipse tomorrow/djsiv4 The eclipse {will be hidden} by thc ctouds.

PROBABLE PREDICTION

acrir,4 It i1 rains, we {will gd wel.}pdssiv.: lf rhe eclipsc is hidden, lhe pholos {will b€ ruined.}

HYPOTHETICAL PREDICTION

fwourdla.l i l /e| l frs(udled,l lcoutd I pass.

Lmishr J

p,irrvcr rf rhe eclipse were hiaaen, rrre phoros {['i"#J ,",",""r.Lmishl J

IMPOSSIBLE PREDICTION

Iwoulaldclin: I f I had sludied,I jcould I have passcd.

Imishr J

p,l,siua rr ir had been hidden, ,he phoros {ff]ilt} n""" ,.." ,",,,.r.Lmishl J

Notes: Whcn witiflg ptedictiotls, rcnptnber thcIo awinL Thtrtturc tet$e with will is ustld Jor Wcdktiont thdt arc tikll,t t.1lcen. Thc

nolak would, could. $ milhr a u\.d Jar hytotndiiil.y iral,,.n/,/..

2. With iI clauset, the subinlctiv.Iom werc n uted instntl olwas (Jot eran41lc,l f I w e r e r i c h , . . . ) .

3. At1! predietia rht:tt it bdted ou d pon eonditia,t ca dt bc ltltfi e.t (Jbt .xr fu,If De war had ended a year €arlicr, many tlv.'s woutd have becnsayed.). Snlce the wat did ot nd ld kt, the prcdictit e :.,t)t conte truc.Neverthelets, the relatio ship lxprissed h th? settarcc is true.

'rs(1ullo) lolr plrlo^\ 1l 'pruiJrsrp,{l.rrdor(l iti^4 J8puq rLIlJl t'ijuluroru

I1 ur tqjrl,.iEplo juoll DrlxJ LrD oêq plno^\ )M lnoq ruo {rpq slrolr rln l)iôur .^'l JI 'ri)lliq rrllnr qiu) purrlslrprnl plno^{ )^,\ ,iiienrSrrpl iures rql rlo({s i^ JI

P"/t"d --f Ffwn arx 'f, .rVrr7r' ff a* bssPQ PIno^ i)M 'prrpr1ls r/!1JI I

'^.lio.r )llJLIlol .liuuqr plnoM ̂illru. lDnurt(xl

,iil rllt urort llrJ rl(tde )qt JI 8'^ôlil

I|M lr 'riirpll) )tl).)lr uu Lrr^liJ sr uo)u Jl I'piiollrrp

rq plno^^ Pp)lrcq lnluripll rqt 'p)zurr)lsurl r.rr^,\ Illtu iql l] .9

t'a

.ln:))o torrptp rlql uortrpuor P rro prspq sr t€qt ilro,st rpqr,uorl)rprr(l il(llss(x1rur ut ol suorrrrp)id lprnr$od.{q .siqr jo rlrpJ rilupq) s ourva.q aqlssodwl qulpft ttoJ

'^ oLrs 01 Lunt lll^ ulsJ irll') o0 ̂\oliq sdorp alllulJd[rrt.rre )rl] Jl 8 'IUJJrlr Jl.o))l.r lrlur 01 fJsn rq rru),{oLll ,l)alultlsUl Jlu s)lt^,t:}Llt jl .z'isdll)r rLIl iis lllM i.M 't!litu.r!rlr u sr tl lt .9

')iD)s lll^ iulSu) )qt ,s ruiJr lrnt r!lt lt .!

'lroq llr^r ! .f

o15t ol pituiq sl ̂.Jn)r u lt ,t'IrltPl )(l llrM lr ,s.]sop iilipl rrt prluq rsr .Urrolrp.lt .€

'P)^cs rq llr^'l s)^rl ,(ur.ru 'ulutilu)lroJ p not sr !)rnr r-i lt .z

wvd w117/" a/4 'P".'F/$ afl lf'ssr.'(

IllM i 'Apn)s JM.JI I

'sisnul).lj ut ).,rr.lo l)p \rrr r.r(1,41 isn oliJ(ILT UiI rn))O tOLr ôllr JO iUrU luql iUO 'St tuql 'ooltJlpiid

l!)ll)rll(xl,{rl u olsuolr)11)ir(i ilquqor(l )srrlt Jo rl)u) iiiuuLl:r 'suoutrya,td

lotlrLltodlH 6ulytlrlut,toc

'DPl(l rlut llrM uousnql o)'tursird rrD u.)iJ,{xo pup,lp.q,lrnj nJl .(

'dn prLunq.)^Pq plnoM tr ']r.rrq(lnrLUrL's,LIl.rpr )!lt p)telrurd p!q rortrur )ql lt .t

.oiJ pt'roM I,tJrt pDLI.rpr rLIlJt t

fr rl rrrrq )^!q ftno^\ rFhrd nulur ,p drur pEq ouprto^ iql l|z'i^tossrp

llr^\ lr rrtP^\ ol p.l)l)! sr rpSns n I --d-

(1) rt(lrs\o(tlur ro ,(H) IL'rltrqt(xliLI

,(d)Jlqlqor(l sr slrolrrpJ.rd .srqr lo LIrc:) jJLII:)qM )tD:tll\ttt .suo!1rlp2.td $u tltuapl

/ZI SurD!prrd

178 Predicting

If lhc nandards were lowcr, morc studcnB would pass.If ftc sarcllilc were nol inrerruprcd, ir would conlinuc iI irs orbil.If the egg ceil werc fcnilizcd by sperm carrying an .rr chromosomc, lhc babywould be a girl.

8. lf he ate a balarced dic!, he would be hcallhicr.

Cot pletifig Sentences. Complelc lhe lollowing prcdidi(nls by filling in lhc propcrform of the verb in parcn(heses,

5 .6.7 .

L PlaDis yr'ill not grow il they a2p

niuogel,I,

2. Many lives would havc bccr savcd if scicrllisls

(predicl) thc rcrnado.

3 .

5 ,

7 ,

8.

School would bc casier if

If human beiigs could lly,

If we could conlrol lhc weadrcr,

If lhere wer.'Do irrcgular vcrbs,

(bc) dcfi(icnt in

A satcllite will go in1o orbit whcn it

of 18,000 milcs pcr hour.

The calcium would mclt if yorl

WheD \,r'inter coDlcs, thc bcars

(hcal) i t lo 845" C.

(hibcrnalc),

(rcach) a speed

If thc iroD bar wcrc cxposcd k) air, ir

I f thc compound had bccn an acid, i t

blue litmus rcd.

If thc oxy8crl wcrc coolcd sufficicnrly,

(nrst).

( lunl) lhc

( l iqucly).

Oeating Predicti,ns, C0nr ctc thc &tbwing preilicli(xrs ir any l{)gical or im.aginativc way, using thc corrccl verb form,

t Therc would bc fewc r tra!fic accidar:irs it fea'pk dila I /)44'l a?tA

&.twPeoplc would be hcahhier if

The air would bc clcancr il

If compurers could makc brcaklbst,

\_

If I could go anywhcrc in lhe world,

'Al!r!rDrlr Jo

pobil e s! r! isrpr)q nod roj p.sn sI ttlnululnlv <',{ll^nru

')rllilus Iq

'siJu lras 3u!^{olloJ IIritmr pIoM Jo lsll rql ^pnrs

64I Suprlprrd

! sl pullu

sc poqlJJsap s! strolloruo.lo plllLLlrqr

rlll Iq pJslll,a LmIDP rplll)sn(rl v t

iq uo tqiSnorq s! leql ssiull! uv €

Jnou

u! riô pilrodsuprl surl ril9M 'sJttlll lLlilJLtl, Lll'z.I

?"/Wrttt2r\ s! L|olleluloJlll lillleoM

puFu eql Jo atu.lJt .t$ = n66pt4ttsdpulut t-a4risd

slasse^ poolq pue u€aq eql Sul^loûl = tolrttstôlprDtueeq t.olpttt

quea .ql Jo ̂Pnls aqt = tlooqao\7&a |-oa6

ê{e a)i..et ot = ttfipappeal ol ,+tnp-

go e^lt = $uaJJo .^tt /puos :rlr.r.

'turqt )zlJorutt! puP sPro^l JqliJll)r-'rd ot Jlt irpds rno,{ asu puP nol q}lM srtdgdtlotl lo spreJ Jsoql fu.Ie] 9

'sjcdPdalou JospreJ Lrc s3ulugcur rlaql atlr^1 puD sproM InJosn ro lueuodrul lsoru tql pJlas g

'.{rpssJ)ru rrtr]M 'rnlBJds . lleu ro fueu()llJlp e qllM s8u!ueetu rltql {)aq:, t'sProM pDleJ ro slrpd plo.M se q)ns stnl) Jsn €

'qder8ejsd ro cJriJluas aqt Jo txJlrrcJ tql uo{ s3ulucJlu Jltql ssenS ol ,fuJ z'ur{o rnlrr leql rsoqr illPlJJdsa 'sproM ̂^t o1 uolluallP lPd I

:,{-tclnqeJol rno,{ JsetrJlrl oJ qsll8ug }ouolDnpold pup uolsurqrrdrlror rLIl ol ltsse alqenlPûl ue sl{rBlnqero^ )ftel V

ru! slxo/l^ 3u!$r!!u aql nlrldruo) ol uoql tsn lltqt puPraqrisd aofprer /-oaa '-lrnp- 'xlut- :stoou ptoll

fualMd : aulqllrrg /fuqnqoto\

s'I.IIrS CNT(IVAU

180 Predicring

6. A condirion in which thc hcart slops bcadng is called

ac anesl,

7. ln rhe spring thc high school

applicalions to colleges.

urctr

8. A melal rhal can be slrelchcd in() wire is dcscribcd as

l l e ,

9. The fieory thal thc canh is rhc ccnlcr of rhe Luivcrsc is rbc

cenrflc ulcory,

10, A device dral mcasures heart movcmcnls is a

g r a p h .

I l. Thc branch of maficmatics thar dcals with ntcasllrillg at)(l survcying thc

earrh h mclrv ,

Vocdbuldry in Corltext, C]rcle thc lctrcr ol thc aDswcr lhal bcsr nratchcs themcaning of lhe italicizcd wod as il is Llsccl in c.lch ol thcsc sertcllccs.

L Madamc Curic irrplrad maDy lwcDlicth-ccntrlry woutcD to collduct ticicnlillcrcscarch.

@ srinularcd

2. Birds and airplancs sccnr lo /q6, lhcthe eanh's sur lacc.a. obey

b. rcquircd

law of gravity whcr) thcy l ly away lronr

b. rcsist

L The forecast was f(x dark clouds lhal wolrld bri'lg prccipitdtion.a, hcal

4, The cxperhnerrt was fionitored'ktr eftorr,a. dcsi lncd b. obscrvcd

5. Wcalher/r/dc4sts arc molc accurate $day lhat) cvcr bcforc.a. prcdictions b. dcscripti{nts

6. There is no ikfaLlibk cure for canccr.a. perfect b. parlial

7. fhe ragwas satunted with oil.a. fuu of b. enllnicd of

8, rThe seasons of lhc ycar recur in cyclej,- a. regular periods b. irrcgular pcriuls

ll

7'

trrrs illt ruo.rt tlJq rloru tJlj lotgnbJ rl0.reau LueJrqtJosu Daql .qupiilltol,4n_r rr silerpcr I su riqter^{ rno puP sr^rlrno slortuoj uns rLI_L .rr.qdsollne iLIlJoslrL11 nr).rJllrp ur sritlreqr.Intul:)d!u Iq tDoqe tllilnorq .re sJn-upll) r.\rprM IIv

(l r.^rlr ApLu poE ,rl(lrlluJur nru llrts st ,rsrnor Jo 'iiunsDri)r()r rrqlur^,\ .^{{ txru rqr t ne rronrrp (l e sr{Ru pue slep ̂lij tscd Jqt

riô Llrr|!(l lJqtDr^\ lprauriJ rlll sro[ulJlap lsriJol(xoJ]Ju rLIt ,pJtclnrlmrJp st luqluonultuoJLrl .LIt IID iiL lpnls,.{g .plro^,\ iql punorD uotleruojl rJLlll:J^,\ rotrUoruol rtqrssod lr r)pru srrlndtt()r rrrrolJrlr plrp s rll)tEs ,Lrclr9rldr)ird pup,ssiur'pnolr'iorqslllls lo irriJJp,llt]olr^ pu!â,rllrssir(l rru ,r.rnlpr.drurt rrns!iru rulllslu unrlsur uro.u uortPuu(ll !J(rlrrlllpt so^toûr lt x.tdrrcr ijr^ sr liioloro i(lrJo i)urr:rs rqt'^ppo.L .sLtllots pue suorprrlp por^,\ rrrpird ot spnolr )qt Jo ujrp)ql l)(rc ̂Is ijllltficrlr rqt pilpnts s.rirrpew 1!^ nl uo su^,r !te.r rrlltiq^^ rurLur)l-)p or \1)|]ol] prqrlpM s.rrlu.rut srurllLriJ l0J rlqel)lp)nlun:)Lll lrrprrd ol ijl pUDrinlurr ̂l.p ot tlri)lll pr.r(lsLrl pue sH(rliq uuLLrnq piniJu]L s,{c^4lp suq.riqtu. {

6u!pbau

atrrll(isotu.rts rqt sr tDllM €(Jinsc:)(u.trl Uoruq u sroP luqM z

a.ti)rltL)i^{ Jtll Io stolu)ll)l ol4t r_tu lurlM .l

(,uortsiub qrui] rot spro^{ lil i(x)rl3) .srrorlsilll).rs.rtll ol sjt^ suL) l)urt pup JlJussud :iutMolloJ )Llt ur.r)s ot s)l orru DIqt Jlu_L

rip.ro Iu)rtiqpLl({lu Ur p;)$uprre sptoM ,{rl Jo (ln iplru itu s.xiput .)iooq rqt Jol)uq )rl) tc xipt rqt Ul sfroM iclus iqt r(l loo.I !uiddp,{iqt rl)ILIM ullrpro iqlLrl s.rrl(lulJr ,rq) ll0 slsll q}q^{ llooq rqt lo tuorJ iL0 Lrl slltrtuor Jo ilqet itll Lrs)sptrc spn)M liI Jlqtss(xl t)Jlrs ,uoltcrru(lul JUlJJds rlu)ol oI looq i)UalJJJr 0 Ulrrollurrr.rotL|l ('n nUtlool LtJrl^,\ Inl)st] st tDql IllIs nûrpprr p st SuruuD)s ,iitruUursJ:)ll)u.r(i ol sroll||!.I(xklo piprôr(l )^pLI looq srqt Lrr srsDr)xr lo jrqtunlr V

pisnctr ! pilu.^rrd .D' 'rJtsesrp prlrr,l, siiurutD^,\ Lruots ilrDS

si)ssot .q lUolPtnLUnDe P')lqlss(xkur

4lt )rrL'nb! ))Pur urs pp.c iqr ur s,orr.r,lxror IDr)ur$l

i)slaDur 1l Ltoosnuqxi u'LUrlqor( ̂rrlrllir-qtrrtrr)^,\l e sr sJrrnos.r llloJo uot)rld.p.LlL al

itqlJiJlrDqr q )lqern_oelpun p'.neLL|Jp

1qlsDDtll p)snc) urrots rLIt a)

6u!uubxs

zt

'I I

I8I SutD!pi.rd

182 Predict ing

than do lhose Dcar Lhc Nonh aDd SouLh Poles Thc warrrr . i r ncar lhc cquir t(nexpands and r ises. nloving lowad lhe polcs. As i l cools i l s i Iks, rcplnt ing lhc coolair on thc sur lace thal has movcd torvnrLl thc cqrrator 10 rel) ln(c lhe dsing wanDa1r. This uDcqLral healnlg ofthc carrh causcs rror lh.nd soLrth vl indt Ean lvcnwinds nrc caosed by lhc () lat ioo ol lhc ta ' lh

Armospheri . prcssure. as mcasurc( l by . baronrelcr, is i r l lothef indi( iLor of thcwcat irer. Thc inrounl of lvatc. vapof in lhc air is nrxj lhcr predi(L()r ' Wann air ( . rr

dissolvc f iorc watef thar .old air , i l rs l as hoL lca ( l isvtves nnr.c \Lr l lar thnn icc( l1ea. The poinl at which thc air carrnol hold nrr) rnorc waicr js c. l lcd thc salLrral i ( , r

lDinl . ou n wa n dny, i { l } rc nir is salur i l l fd rvi lh nloistLrrc.ncj the lcnr l)cr iLt l rcdrot)s, rhe €xccss walcr is squeczcd oul ol Lhc i r i r ' we scc Lhis nlois lLrrc;rppcaringas dew, fog, or c louds. l f nrf f i ( icrr ! wl lcr is sqLrcc/cd ou( wc havc rain or, dllenpcralurcs bel v f ic f rccTir)g poirn, snow

Todry lbere exisls a lhrc.r 1(r 1he enrlh 's cl i r ale fro|n nrarr 'n ladt chcnricnlwasrcs. Mcleorobgisls havc known for a Iorr i l l inc Lhal lhc t i l rLh l ]asscs lhroughcyclcs of warnl ing au{l cool ing. Thc eanh hirs bccn gra( lu. l ly \ ranl l in! l s i rrcc thclasl i (c agc occurred aboul 18,000 ycars a8o. Rcccnt ly, howcver, scicl l l is ls havcLreconrc 0warc of (hc IbcL that olrr lcchrr ical / i r rdLrsl f ia l c iv i l iz. l i { )n n1.y t)c cirusingchangcs i | l lhc carth's.1lr l lost)hcrc t l ral cor.rkl nl lcr lhe wcalhcr nnd lhal lhcscchrrrgcs could bc vcry ( langc|(rus an(i i f rcvcrsiblc

ouc problcnr is ozorrc def lc l i (nr ' Thc strak)sl)hcfc, or ' t l l ) |cr . lnrosphefc ol lhcearth, corr lajns a laycr ( t oTotrc 8as that f rolccls (hc eal lh l | ' ( )nl lhc st ln 's har l l t l lu l l ravi( tc l rnys, l lcccnt ly, o, /onc con(cn0 at iorrs ovcr Anlalct i (a havc bccn d|1)p| ingat an alarnl j rr i l rnlc, l lescarchcN havc t lc lcr l l l ine( l lhnL a gI()uP ol l l ral l 'n lnde (hcnl-

icals cal lcd chlo|1) l lLrorocarLx)ns arc f is inf l i ion lhc ca h and ( lcsl I1)yirrg the oTor)cA sccord proLrlcnr is lhc to.cal lcd gfccnholrsc cl lecl . Cn x)n dioxi( le j rr lhc

.rnr l)sphcrc f i rn( l iorrs l ikc lhe glass in a Srccnhousc, l icrccl l ing ol l l cx(cssivc i l l l rnrc( lrnys and acl i l r l t as aD insulal(n 1() Drcvcnt hc. l l ionl csca| iDg al l r i lht wj lhoLltthc prolcct ion ol the almosphcrc, lcrrrpcrat l l rcs on l l lc car lh rotr l ( i fcach lhc ( 'x_

lrcnres lhcy do orr thc nnxm. l l wc cor l t inue () bLr l lassi l l i rc ls lhc lcvel ol c.rLx)ndioxidc in thc air nray iDcrea: ic to l l lc poir l l whcrc i l wi l l b l . Ikcl lhc en h .rr( l, J L r ' ( i l r ' , ! \ . r r n I ' t J , l l r ' ( _ ! l \ h \ r ' 1 ,

I t rcmains lo bc scen wheLhcr lhis wanning trc|d wi l l .onl inuc nnd i l n),whelhcr scier l l is ls wi l l bc alr lc l (J do somclhing nbout i l in l i ' Ic l1).vcr l ( l rsnncr

irr thc ncxr ccntury.

Distikguishing Fdcl fro,r, Opiriolr. The Anrcricarr wrilcr Mark Twnin orlcc saiLl,"Gct your facls f i r n, and lhcn yolr c in dislon Lhem as rrruch as yorL f lcasr. ' Twarn

was, ol coursc, a h nnrie aD(i l lor a scicnl is l bLrt hc ktrcw lhe im[)da[ 'e ol

idcnlifyirg Iacls. Indicnte whclher ea(h (rt drcse :,cnlcnces fcpresenls '1 lncl (i_) or

an opi ' rbn (0).

F l Wcalbcr has always bcen of in lcrcsr () melr and wonrcrr.

2. Mariner! uscd l(r fore.an lhc wcalhcr by nLrdyi l rg lhe \k)

'sDrraluas asaql Jo q)er ut pasn sl 1! se proM psztrlplt or0 Jo 6uluerurcqr srqrl€ur $aq lpql raMsue aql Jo relrgl oql clrllS lartroJ u! A|tlhqorot

ST'II>IS 9NINAJSI'I

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rrqlelM eql loluo) 01 alqp rq l.ôu llu stsllurlJs'salrir BullooJ pue BulrulEA qiSnorql sissed que, rql,

'rrqtean^ ar{t Jo lolerlpul up sl rtnssrtd Jltcqdsorulv'spulM sasneJ Lrollelol s,quE oql

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€8t SurDrpeld

184 Predi. l ing

3. Lands rhat hrcrc dr id for cer l l r r ics havc bccr l convcfLcd iulo g.rdcrrs wi lh lhcuse of i r r igar ion.a. dry b. nn)isl

4. lron is a very ve alitu sLrb\l.ncc because i1 can bc Lrse(l in a grcnl nLrnber of

a. abundart b. many-sidcd

5. Wc uscd . ro1fe,/ to renrovc thc dricd painl.a. hardcn€r b. l iqucl ler

6. Thc r,roJl,rn of thc nrcunlainsidr was duc to lbc hcavy winds and rain.a. bui lding up b. wcaring away

7. Thc windshield was trrilcfe./ whcrc lhc accideDl victiIn ha(i brrnpc{l his

. r . broken into pieces h. hardcncd

11. The computcr has a word processing]4l.trry.a. capabi i i ry b. dclact

9. No onc has cver inve]nle(l a perpclual fioli<rn nrachiDc; all nlacl]inc$ rcquircerrcrSy !o kecp thcm goin8.a, pcrmancnl 0. s()w

Note-Taking Hints: Reriew

cood rrotc- lakinl l ski l ls arc esscrt ial Lo acadcrnic sl lcccss. To sh.I |crr yoLrr ski l ls,rcmcnrber lhe fol lowingl

l . Prcrc. ld thc lcxlbook chaplcr whcDcvcr possi l r lc.2, During f ie le(turc, aonccnlralc ou wri l ing dowD thc nlain poinls,I Usc abbr€vial i ( ) ls, symbols, and shorlcned fornls olwo|t ls lo savc l ime.4. Don't woffy aboLrl using f l r l l scntences, pcr{ccl grantrrar, or corrccl ol l l l inc

fo|m bLr! nrakc sure whal yol wri lc is co|nplctc cuough lo rcad.5. Add.1s many sul)porl ing dchi ls (s ch ns examflcs, cvidcncc, arrd

explanal ions) as pL'ssiblc !o hch you Lrndcrsland artd rcntcnrbcr the nlaiDpoi1llr.

6. wri te clcaf ly sLr you can rcad whar you wro(c. Dor11 rccopy your rolcs.7. Reread your nolcs as soon as possible af lcf c lass. Fi l l in anylbing you havc

left olrl and .orrec! anylhing thal is not l:lcar.8. R€vicw your noles pefiodically, espccially bc{brc a ten. The more yoll

rcvi$,r', the more you will rcmcmber.

Take nores as you Iislen Io lhe leclurc "Thc wondcr of walcr." PracLicc lhcskills you havc dcveloped in this course. Thcn use your nores 10 complclc lhcnexl €xercise.

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apprr cq llt^,r luql /.u5ôrs!p rgl)uclrs p .l

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iqlJo aSprlMoul p lulql I ,ued,{Lu Jod,, ,otojM J)uo orJJ!) joteto uBrlox.ql

SJNIOd NOISSn)SI(I

'plnbll &Dulpro us s!.ral9M lpllt s! lluDcl srqlJo erpr (rlput nql .€l

'ol9ulllr rql,l9trpotll ot +)u rate^ ,zl

splnblr loqlo ueql lr/uols sld)J pLrD stprq raleM .l I'saztcjJ tl ucqM spupdxr l! teql ul splnbll rrqlo Jo lprld,.il s! lrte^ .01

'sruslup8totu!^rl ruo{ claer Illpu!:juo tlps s,LreDo rqt luqt,^rllnq stslluclJS

Ilr? ol llr)sal(j s!.suutql Bunll

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(8I SurDrpJd

186 Predict ing

WRITING SKILLS

Predlcting

Onc goal o l sc icnce is lo prcdic l r /hat lhc wo d r r igh l bc l ik( i r lhc lu lLrrc . Inthc lo l lorv ing paragraph. thc wf i lcr I fed ic ts th. l i l rv i l l n) r r lc( l .y Lrc possib lc 10 scnd: l le t ler anywhcrc on car lh in onc ( i i ry ot lcss:

,4. few ycars l rcrn now, whcn yo! wish Lo scnd an urgcnl mcssngr, )ou v l i l lpufchasc a srandard lc(cr lo fn on which you wi l l w le or typc whalcvct yoLrhavc ro \ ry . A1 the local of f ice the form wi l l be fcd in to d Drachinc which \canslhe nrafks on thc tapct and (onvcns lhcnr i r r lo c lc .Lf ic . l s ign. ls . Thcsc wi l l t ) rradioed up lhc r rc i r$t rc l .y sarc l l i tc , roulcd in the approf f i . tc d i re. l jor r ( )Lrr ( l lhcEa(h, aud p ickrd up at lbc dcsr innt ion whcfc thcy are r r lxx lLr(c( i ( )1r r L) l inkforn l idcrr t ica l wi th rhc onc you inscr i l rcd. The l rarrmiss iorr i (sc l l worr ld lnkc i rf ract ioD ol a sccond; thc door ' to ' ( loor dc l ivery rvould cxtcnd lh is l i r c lo n 'vcr . lhoufs, l )ur cvcnl l ra l ly lc t lcrs should ncvcr lakc rnor t LhaD n dny bc lw(crr i rny lwopoir ts { )D Lhc E.r lh . Thcfc nrc, o l coLrsc, f roblenrs o l pr ivn(y, rv l t ich nr i j th l l )c$ lvc( l l )y ( )bot h i rnr l l i r rg at n l l sLagcs o l thc ofcrn l ion. Howcvcf . cvcr) lhc o l (1-sty lc bLr lnan poslmcn havc bc(n krrowrr lo 11i ( l lhc r r r . i l .

Af lhr l r C Cl . rkc, la1t l i l$ o l th t lL t t IR:Att lt1,lIitr i,tu tltc !.inrilr d/ l/rf P.\'vl,/r'

( N c w Y o r k i I I . t ) r / 6 R o \ v , 1 9 r ) : ) , p . 1 9 5

Nor jcc how thc prcdic l ion i : i nradc iDtcfcst ing ar l ( l convin( j r rg [ )y l )o lh thc dc l . l i lc ( i

descr ip l ion of how lhc systcnl wi l l work aud lhc ( l iscrrss ior l o l a l )o lcn l j i r l l i11)L) l rnrrhal Nigbt af isc. Notc a lso Lhe ust oJ lhc lu l r r rc lcDsc wi th Lt /1 / . Ihc r l lo( ln l r1 'd/ / / , /

ind icalcs thc hypothr l icn l nat l rc o1 lhc p| . ( 'd ic l io l r , .n( l , r i r r r j \ Lrs( t l t { r cxpresspossib i l i ly .

Thc cxamf lc fara! raph begiDs wi lh Lht i r r l r (XlLr . lory phrasc, , '1 / !w vc, r / r / iDn,rw. Orhcr rransitiorr rvords for predicring jnclLr(lc tvcnt nllr. i]1 llt! littttrt, lltattttlll,Ldter. dfkr n while, 11c10]" lon!, and one ddy.

witi g a Plediction

Wrile a paragraph on one of lhc Discussion Poi s. lmaginntivc or crcarrvcwriting docs not demand suppoling nralcrial lo "provc" . foinl Ho\'!evcr, anyconcrctc cvidence you can providc will make yolrr parrgrtlh rorc cffeciivc ormore bel ievable. For cxamplc, i l you predict rhal mer and women wi l l dress nl ikcby lhe lwen!y- l i rs l century, you can suppof l yourclaimbypoint ingout Ll tal $ 'ome rralrcady wcar pants, sui t ! , and l ic! . Thcn orake sure yoLr dcvclof lhe paragrafh bygiving dcrai ls or exanplcs. Your conclusior l could sum r. l r iTc lhc nain idca olexprcss a waming or hope fLrr thc Iu!ure.

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