English English Colonization of Colonization of North AmericaNorth America

England’s Imperial England’s Imperial StirringsStirrings

Impact of Columbus Impact of Columbus 100 years later 100 years later

Spain controls southern Spain controls southern half of the New World half of the New World

Little interest English Little interest English interest in colonization / interest in colonization / why? why?

Impact of Protestant Impact of Protestant Reformation?Reformation?

Elizabeth Energizes EnglandElizabeth Energizes England

Elizabeth / English Sea DogsElizabeth / English Sea Dogs Goals?Goals? 1585 – Walter Raleigh attempt 1585 – Walter Raleigh attempt

at Roanoke Colony / Result? at Roanoke Colony / Result? 1588 – England defeats the 1588 – England defeats the

Spanish Armada / Impact?Spanish Armada / Impact? England now the most powerful England now the most powerful

navy in the world navy in the world

““We found no man or sign that any We found no man or sign that any had been there lately…We sounded had been there lately…We sounded

with a trumpet a call, and with a trumpet a call, and afterwards many familiar English afterwards many familiar English

tunes of songs, and called to them tunes of songs, and called to them friendly, but we had no answer…In friendly, but we had no answer…In all this we saw in the sand the print all this we saw in the sand the print

of savages’ feet of two or three of savages’ feet of two or three sorts trodden at night, and as we sorts trodden at night, and as we

entered up the sandy bank, upon a entered up the sandy bank, upon a tree, in the very brow thereof, were tree, in the very brow thereof, were curiously carved these fair Roman curiously carved these fair Roman

letters C R O …We then passed letters C R O …We then passed toward the place where they were toward the place where they were

left in sundry houses, but we found left in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken down, and the the houses taken down, and the

place very strongly enclosed with a place very strongly enclosed with a high palisades of great trees….and high palisades of great trees….and

one of the chief trees or posts at one of the chief trees or posts at the right side of the entrance had the right side of the entrance had the bark taken off, and five foot the bark taken off, and five foot from the ground in fair capital from the ground in fair capital letters was graven CROATON letters was graven CROATON without any cross or sign of without any cross or sign of

distress.”distress.”

Why England Will Be Why England Will Be SuccessfulSuccessful

Unified nation state under popular Unified nation state under popular monarchmonarch

Religious unityReligious unity Nationalism Nationalism

England on the Eve of England on the Eve of Empire Empire

Growing populationGrowing population Laws of primogeniture / impact? Laws of primogeniture / impact? Formation of joint-stock companiesFormation of joint-stock companies Peace with SpainPeace with Spain

English Interest in English Interest in Colonization Colonization

1.1. Base for English shipsBase for English ships2.2. Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage 3.3. New marketsNew markets4.4. Overpopulation/crowding in EnglandOverpopulation/crowding in England5.5. Spread Protestant faith / weaken Spread Protestant faith / weaken

Catholic influence Catholic influence 6.6. Laws of primogenitureLaws of primogeniture7.7. New sources of funding (joint-stock New sources of funding (joint-stock

companies)companies)

Jamestown Jamestown

The Settling of The Settling of JamestownJamestown

Virginia Company Virginia Company receives charter receives charter from King for from King for settlement in New settlement in New WorldWorld

Main attractions for Main attractions for VA Company? VA Company?

Significance of VA Significance of VA Company’s charter? Company’s charter?

Settled 1607Settled 1607

The Problems of The Problems of Jamestown Jamestown

False Advertising False Advertising

Many in England describe Jamestown as Many in England describe Jamestown as “paradise”“paradise”

Reality: 4,000 of first 5,000 settlers die Reality: 4,000 of first 5,000 settlers die

Dreams of RichesDreams of Riches

““I tell thee, gold is more plentiful there I tell thee, gold is more plentiful there than copper is with us….all their than copper is with us….all their

dripping pans and their chamber pots dripping pans and their chamber pots are pure gold….and for rubies and are pure gold….and for rubies and

diamonds, they go forth on holidays diamonds, they go forth on holidays and gather them by the sea-shore to and gather them by the sea-shore to hang on their children's coates and hang on their children's coates and

stick in their caps.”stick in their caps.”

Realities of JamestownRealities of Jamestown

““Of five hundred within 6 months after Of five hundred within 6 months after Captain Smith’s departure, there Captain Smith’s departure, there

remained not past sixty men, women, remained not past sixty men, women, and children, most miserable and poor and children, most miserable and poor creatures… So great was our famine, creatures… So great was our famine, that a Savage (Native American) we that a Savage (Native American) we

slew and buried , the poorer sort took slew and buried , the poorer sort took him up againe and eat him……It were him up againe and eat him……It were

too vile to day, and scarce to believed, too vile to day, and scarce to believed, what we endure.”what we endure.”

John Smith John Smith

Role in Jamestown? Role in Jamestown? ““He who shall not work shall not eat”He who shall not work shall not eat” Interaction with Powhatan / Pocahontas Interaction with Powhatan / Pocahontas

““You must obey this now for a law, You must obey this now for a law, that he that will not work shall not that he that will not work shall not

eat….for the labors of thirty or forty eat….for the labors of thirty or forty honest and industrious men shall not honest and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintain a hundred be consumed to maintain a hundred

and fifty idle loiterers.” and fifty idle loiterers.” – – John Smith John Smith

Cultural Clash in the Cultural Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Problems between Powhatan and Problems between Powhatan and English colonists English colonists

Periodic wars erupt Periodic wars erupt Natives victim to the three “D’s”Natives victim to the three “D’s”

1.1. DiseaseDisease

2.2. DisorganizationDisorganization

3.3. DisposabilityDisposability

Brown GoldBrown Gold

John Rolfe introduces tobacco to John Rolfe introduces tobacco to JamestownJamestown

High demand in Europe High demand in Europe Virginia’s prosperity built upon Virginia’s prosperity built upon

tobacco tobacco Problems?Problems?

Need for Workers Need for Workers

Planters need laborers to produce Planters need laborers to produce tobacco tobacco

Headright System Headright System Indentured Servants Indentured Servants

1.1. Terms Terms

2.2. Freedom Dues Freedom Dues

3.3. African Americans (1619) African Americans (1619)

Forms of Government in Forms of Government in Virginia Virginia

Representative gov’t was born in Representative gov’t was born in JamestownJamestown

1619 – London Company authorized the 1619 – London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly known settlers to summon an assembly known as the House of Burgessesas the House of Burgesses

1624 James I revokes the charter and 1624 James I revokes the charter and made Virginia a royal colonymade Virginia a royal colony

The Other The Other Southern Colonies Southern Colonies (Chart)(Chart)

““The negroes are so willful and loath to The negroes are so willful and loath to leave their own country, that they leave their own country, that they

often leaped out of the canoes, boat, often leaped out of the canoes, boat, and ship, into the sea, and kept under and ship, into the sea, and kept under water till they were drowned, to avoid water till they were drowned, to avoid

being taken up and saved by our being taken up and saved by our boats, which pursued them: they boats, which pursued them: they

having a more dreadful apprehension having a more dreadful apprehension of Barbados than we can have of hell.” of Barbados than we can have of hell.”

– – English sailor aboard slave ship English sailor aboard slave ship

The Barbados Slave CodeThe Barbados Slave Code

““If any slave shall offer any violence to any If any slave shall offer any violence to any Christian by striking or the like, such slave Christian by striking or the like, such slave

shall for their first offense be severely shall for their first offense be severely whipped. For his second offense of that whipped. For his second offense of that nature he shall be severely whipped, his nature he shall be severely whipped, his

nose slit, and be burned in some part of his nose slit, and be burned in some part of his face with a hot iron. And being brutish face with a hot iron. And being brutish

slaves, they deserve not to be tried by the slaves, they deserve not to be tried by the legal trial of 12 men of their peers, as the legal trial of 12 men of their peers, as the

English are.”English are.”