1. 1. Plural is made by adding s to the singular form Plurals are formed using another ending, such as es, ies, or ves to certain words difficult to pronounce Few nouns have irregular plurals
2. 2. Nouns Ending in Ch, Sh, S, X, or Z, add es fox - foxes lash - leech - mess - waltz -
3. 3. Nouns Ending in f or fe, mostly add s to form their plural but few words are formed by dropping the f or fe and adding ves in its place. half - halves knife - leaf - self - wife -
4. 4. Nouns Ending in O If preceded by a vowel, add an s If preceded by a consonant, add es using either an s or es ending is acceptable.
5. 5. Nouns Ending in Y if preceded by a consonant sound, change the y to ies. company - companies soliloquy - soliloquies If preceded by a vowel sound, retain the y & just add s. monkey - monkeys survey - surveys
6. 6. Irregular Plurals formed by changing a vowel sound or by adding an ending such as en or ren or even changing some letters. child - children; ox - oxen; man - men foot - feet mouse - mice
7. 7. Plurals Formed from Latin Endings Some Greek- or Latin-based are formed by deleting a singular Greek or Latin ending & replacing it with a plural one. a to ae: alumna - alumnae is to es: analysis - analyses on to a: criterion - criteria um to a: medium - media us to i: cactus - cacti
8. 8. Singular nouns as Plurals aircraft buffalo corps series species
9. 9. Possessives of Singular and Plural Nouns Add an apostrophe ( ) & an s at the end of a noun to form a possessive singular noun, even if ending with the letter s. the bosss assistant Few expressions are exception to the rule like the word sake. for goodness sake; for appearance sake; for conscience sake
10. 10. Possessives of Singular and Plural Nouns Add only an apostrophe if the word ends with an s to form a possessive plural noun. companies earnings Add an s if the plural ends with another letter childrens playground