ENGLAND: The Development of Democracy

I. From Roman Empire to Feudalism

• Classical Greece (2000 B.C.- 300 B.C.)

• Roman Empire (500 B.C.-500A.D.)

• Middle Ages (500 -1200) KEY: during feudalism people had a loyalty to 2 places:

1. your lord2. the Church

“The Great Chain of Being”

• Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600)

II. Rise of Absolute Monarchs in Europe

A. From Weak Medieval King to Absolute Monarch

1. Kings gradually becomes more powerfula. kings- first among equals so at best he was no more than a

powerful feudal lord

b. by end of middle ages kings gathered more land and power

2. By the 1600s the King had become an absolute

monarcha. ruler with unlimited power

b. In England the Tudors were the only ones who approached

absolutism

B. Factors Strengthening Royal Power1. Many feudal lords killed in Crusades

2. Rising middle class supported king to

assure protection of property & trade

3. Longbow and Gunpowder

4. Nationalism

definition- pride in own country- self identity

C. “Divine Right of Kings”1. King ruled by God’s authority

as his earthly representative

2. Obedience to king = obedience to God

3. King could do no wrong

Egypt= PharohChina=EmperorU.S.= consent of people

4. Above justification for unlimited royal power

D. Beginning of Nation-States- occupy a definite territory- under one gov’t- culturally united- speak same language- loyalty to country

1. Common Nationalities in England, France & Spain

2. Loyalty shifts from local lord & province to king & nation

3. Diverse nationalities in Prussia, Russia, and Austria

III. Developments in England: Strong Monarchs and World Power

A. Early History1. From 1st Century to the 11th Century A.D.

England invaded and inhabited by several groups

a. Anglo-Saxonsb. Danesc. Normans

2. Assimilation

B. Norman Invasion- 1066

1. King Edward “the Confessor”

- fights off Danes

- allows nobles to rule

- endeared by his people

a. dies without an heir

- lords name Harold the next king

- William, Duke of Normandy

Edward’s 2nd cousin claims throne

2. Harold Godwinson vs. William Duke of Normandya. as a kid court title was “William the Bastard”b. after battle with Harold becomes “William the

Conqueror” How does he get this nickname?

READ BATTLE OF HASTINGS

3. Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066)a. William “the Conqueror” becomes

King of England (1066-1087)- lays foundation for royal power in England

b. Problems?-loyalty to French king AND is King of England-

where’s the loyalty?

4. William Strengthens Royal Power

a. declared all England his personal property

-Doomsday Book

b. gave land to loyal Norman lords & bishops while keeping

1/5 of England for himself

c. Salisbury Oath- lords pledged allegiance and military

service to him = more POWER!

5. Early Norman Kings

a. Henry II (1154-1189) –great grandson of William

i.) royal courts

ii.) jury system

-group of social equals~ 12 neighbors who

swore an oath to tell the truth

-judge made decision based on jury’s advice

-before disputed were resolved with a duel

b. King John (1199-1216)

Creates strong centralized government

What IS the Difference Between Britain, England and the UK?

IV. FOUNDATIONS OF DEMOCRATICGROWTHA. Jury System created by King Henry II

1. Intended to strengthen royal authority, but eventually used to further

democracy

- Henry only allowed King’s court to

juries to strengthen his power and weaken noble’s

B. Magna Carta (1215)

1. King can’t imprison freemen w/out judgment of peers

2. King may not levy taxes w/out consent of

Great Council

3. originally protected nobility but later

extended to all Englishmen

a. King not absolute, subject to laws

b. all persons guaranteed trial by jury

c. Great Council, later becomes

Parliament, is the only one who can

levy taxes

* John signed it but DID NOT follow it

• Henry II (Angevin): • replaces trial by combat/ordeal with jury trials royal judge presides,

• Richard “the Lion Hearted”

• Henry III

C. Model Parliament (1295)

1. Edward I (1272-1307) expands Great Council’s** membership to include commoners

- he didn’t like being dependent on nobles for $

- w/towns & trade growing he saw opportunity to tax

middle class

2. Intended to ensure loyalty of wealthy middle class, weaken nobles, and increase Edward’s power, but eventually used to check royal power and further democracy – IRONIC!!

D. Common Law

- based decisions on previous decisions

- legal precedents formed common law

- applied to all people

- held that life, liberty, or property could not be taken

illegally or arbitrarily

E. Parliamentary Lawmaking in 1300s

-Parliament threatened to witthold tax laws in order to get King to

accept its legislation on matters other than taxes

- Laws come to require the consent of Parliament and the

approval of the King

WATCH BRAVEHEART

Battle of Bonockburn 1314

Stirling Castle

V. Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

A. Causes

1. French covet territory controlled by English King

2. Edward III of England claimed French throne

3. Edward III invades France

B. Military Highlights

1. English won battles at

a. Crecy (1346)- Edward III leads English to victory

b. Poiters (1356)- Edward, Black Prince, son

- outnumber 3:1

c. Agincourt (1415)- Henry V outnumbered 5:1

2. Longbow causes revolution

in warfare & society

Longbow gave the English these 2 victories!

the longbow-• Gave the English a major advantage in all battles • Typically had 6ftl longbows with iron-tipped points• Effective from 200 yards & lethal from 60 yards• Tips could pierce metal• A good archer could shoot 10 shots a minute• reduced importance of nobles and knights on

the battlefield• Pierce the armor of a knight• Used to kill charging horses

“I’ve fallen and can’t get up” – commoners could

then step in for the easy kill• Allowed commoners to now fight. Nobles with

their expensive equipment are no longer important

3. Hundred Years War was like a basketball/football Game

1st quarter- English winning 2/victories @ Crecy and Poiters

2nd Quarter- French start to win, get back in the game

3rd Quarter- English take a big lead with Henry V’s victory @

Agincourt, looks like a blow out

4th Quarter- France will be led to the greatest 4th quarter

comeback by ……….

……JOAN OF ARC

4. Joan of Arc

a. In 1429, as a peasant girl, heard divine voices

directing her to save France from English conquest

b. From King Charles VII she demanded and received

command of an army

c. Raised the English siege of Orleans and drove

English from France

d. In 1430 captured by English; in 1431 condemned

to as a witch and burned at the stake

C. Effect of War on England

1. Spurred English nationalism

2. With loss of French territory

began to devote energies

solely to England

VI. War of the Roses (1455-1485)

A. Cause

1. Two families of nobles make claim to the

throne

2. House of York (white rose) vs. House of

Lancaster (red rose)

Richard IIIHenry VII

Richard Duke of York

Roundworm

B. Results1. Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth2. Lancastrians victorious & had Henry Tudor

crowned Henry VII3. Power of monarchy increased

a. many nobles diedb. middle class supports Tudor rulec. Tudor family provided strong,

capable leadership

HENRY VII

Bosworth

Richard III

Edward V and brother Richard of York

VII. Tudor Rule (1485-1603)

A. Henry VII (1458-1509)

1. Reestablished the king’s authority over nobles

2. Furthered trade and prosperity

3. Court of the Star Chamber-used to put down people who challenged Henry’s authority

of spoke against him

- met in secret

-torture used for confessions

B. Luther Attacks the Church (1517)

1. 95 Theses

a. condemned the sale of indulgences2. Calls for reform of Church

a. faith was the key to salvation, not good worksb. Bible the only authority for Christian life

-denied supremacy of the Pope-Bible was only source of Church teachings

c. People don’t need priests to interpret Bible-”priesthood of believers”- Printing press helps spread Luther’s ideas

- many don’t like paying tithe to foreign

authority – the Pope, so many nobles

support Luther

3. Excommunicated, but Protestantism spread

throughout Europe

C. Henry VIII (1509- 1547) 1. 18 years old when he becomes king2. devout Catholic3. Married Catherine

of Aragon

a. 5 babies died in infancyb. one child- Maryc. worried about civil war if no male

heird. asks pope for annulment

4. Henry’s Solutiona. Parliament legalized his divorce

b. Married Anne Boleyn-excommunicated

c. Act of Supremacy- created Anglican Church- King now head of Church

in Englandd. Closed all monasteries and seized their

wealth and lands

e. Sold much of this land to nobles and members of rising middle class

Thomas Moore

5. Henry’s Many Wives

a. Catherine of Aragon -daughter Mary

b. Anne Boleyn - daughter Elizabeth

c. Jane Seymour -son Edward VI

d. Anne of Cleves

e. Catherine Howard

f. Catherine Parr

Thomas Cromwell

D. Edward VI (1547-1553)

1. Staunch Protestant

2. Protestants gain power during his reign

D2. Lady Jane Grey (the Nine Day Queen)

- great granddaughter of Henry VII

E. Mary I (1553-1558)

1. Sought to make England Catholic

- Parliament is Protestant- conflicts

2. “Bloody Mary”

- had 200 Protestants killed for failing to

convert to Catholicism

- no separation of church and state- must be

same religion as ruler or treason

F. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)1. marriage

a. resisted her advisor’s pleas to marry suitable man

b. wanted to protect England

c. wanted to preserve her power

d. deliberately kept suitors like Phillip II of Spain waiting

e. “Virgin Queen”British Fire Ship attacks Spanish Armada

VIII. Unpopular Stuarts: Conflict with

Parliament (1603-1643)

A. James I (1603-1625)

1. Divine Right

2. Money

3. Puritans

Have You Seen This Before?

• Gunpowder Plot Oct 26, 1605– Plot to assassinate King James and blow up

Parliament building (House of Lords)– Reaction against anti-Catholic treatment– 13 conspirators including Robert

Catersby and Guy Fawkes– 36 barrels of gunpowder placed under

Parliament- Plot failed- conspirators

captured and killed - More harsh anti-Catholic

laws put into place

B. Charles I (1625-1643)

1. Divine Right

2. Money

3. Parliament Issues the Petition of Right (1628)

a. due process

b. not force loans or heavy taxes without the consent of Parliament

c. He would not house soldiers in private homes without consent of

owner

4. Dissolves Parliament from (1629-1640)

-continues to break Petition of Right

- becomes more unpopular

5. Persecuted Puritans

6. Chose William Laud as archbishop to

lead Church of England

C. Long-Term Causes of Civil War

1. Conflict between King and Parliament over:

a. religion

b. taxes

c. role of King and Parliament

D. Short-Term Causes of Civil War

1. Royal claim to divine right of kings

2. Charles disregard for Petition of Rights

3. Antagonizing Puritans

4. Attempt to arrest leaders of House of

Commons

E. Parliament Wins the Civil War (1642-1645)1. Roundheads vs. Cavaliers

loyal to Parliament loyal to King

2. Quote from Roundhead“ The question in dispute between the King’s party and us was whether the King should be govern as a god by his will, and the nation be governed by force like beasts or whether the people should be governed by laws made by themselves and live under a government derived from their consent.”

3. Roundheads have money, but need a good military leader

3. Oliver Cromwella. “I think he who prays best will fight best.”

b. New Model Army

c. defeats Charles’ army in 1645

d. Army refuses Parliament’s order to dissolve

e. Cromwell defeats members who try to join forces with Charles and captures Charles in August 1648

f. Charles put on trial for treason

IX. Cromwell Rules as Military Dictator (1653-1658)A. Lord Protector

1. really just a military dictatorship, supposed to be a republic

B. Puritans reform English society1. shut down theaters2. forbade sporting events3. merrymaking and amusement became illegal

“King in all but name”

C. Irish (rebellion)1. Drogheda- massacre "In the heat of the action, I forbade

them [his soldiers] to spare any that were in arms in the town...and, that night they put to the sword about two thousand men".

2. Irish homes and land taken and given to English soldiers

3. famine and plague (1641-1652) -over 600,000 dies nearly ½ island’s population

X. Charles II Restored to the Monarchy A. Restoration (1660-1685)

1. King returns to the throne

2. Merrymaking returns

3. Moderate ruler

4. Habeas Corpus

5. Problems over religion & $

6. Political Parties Developed

a. Whigs vs. Tories

James’ opponents James’ supporters

B. James II (1685-1688)

1. James upsets supporters and opponents

a. practicing Catholic

b. strong believer in divine right

c. opened gov’t posts to Catholics

d. stationed 13,000 troops outside London

e. announced birth of son from second

marriage

C. Glorious Revolution or Bloodless

Revolution (1688)

1. William and Mary

2. Troops desert James II

XI. Rule of William and Mary

A. Changes

1. recognizes Parliament as a

leading partner in ruling England

2. Bill of Rights