eng science

8/6/2019 Eng Science

1/19

1

GENERAL SCIENCE

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

Cytology - CellsHistology - Tissues

Mycology - FungiPhycology - Algae

Paleontology - Fossils

Pomology - FruitsArboriculture - Trees

Horticulture - Gardening

Silviculture - Plantation Forestry

Apiculture - Honey Bee RearingSericulture - Silk worm Rearing

Ornithology - BirdsEntomology - InsectsHelminthology - Worms

Pedology - Soil

Petrology - RocksGeology - Earth

Selinology - Moon

Seismology - Earth QuakesOsteology - Bone

Ophthalmology - Eye

Otology - Ear

Obstetrics - Pregnancy & Child birthGynecology - Womens diseases

Andrology - Diseases of Male

Pediatrics - Child DiseasesGeriatrics - Diseases of old age

Orthopedics - Treating Bone diseases

Dentology - TeethDermatology - Skin

Hematology - Blood

Oncology - Cancer

Oneriology - Dreams

Anatomy - Structure of the BodyPhysiology - Functions of the body

Aetiology - Causes of DiseasesPathology - Nature of Diseases

Therapeutics - Treatment of Diseases

Prophylaxis - Prevention of DiseasesDiagnostics - Identification of Diseases


2/19

2

Ecology - Environment

Exobiology - Life in other planets

Myology - Muscles

Neurology - Origin of Words

Lexicography - Compiling DictionaryPhilology - Study of Language

Phonetics - Study of PronunciationOptics - Light

Acoustics - Sound

Philately - Stamp collectionVexiology - Flags

Dactylography - Finger prints

Cryptography - Secret Writing

Cryogenics - Very low temperature

Physical Science - Facts

Gravitational Force We are all aware of the force which pulls us towards theearth. This is called gravitational force. In face the gravitational force exists

between all bodies. It is gravitational force that holds the moon in its orbit roundthe earth and the earth in its orbit round the sun.

Kinetic Energy The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is calledkinetic energy and is described by the expression. KE = mv

2

Potential Energy The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position iscalled potential energy. One of the commonest forms of potential energy is thatpossessed by an object when it is above the level of the earths surface.

Geostationary of Synchronous Satellites A geostationary satellite is onewhich appears stationary with respect to the earth. The period of rotation of the

earth about its axis is 24 hours. Thus is a satellite orbiting the earth over the

equatory has a 24-hour period of revolution, it appears stationary. The 24-hourperiod is possible when a satellite is at a height of nearly 35,000 km above the

earth. Geostationary, satellites are used for communication and weather

forecasting.

Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density orrelative density of liquids. It is based on the principle of floatation. A special typeof hydrometer is used to measure the density of acid measuring its density.

Clinical Thermometer A clinical thermometer is also a mercury-in-glass typethermometer, designed for measuring the temperature of the human body. Sincethe temperature of the human body varies over a short range, the thermometer


3/19

3

scale is marked from 95 F to 110 for 35 C to 43C. The normal temperature of a

healthy person is 98.4 F of 36.9C.

Maximum and Minimum Thermometer Weather reports in newspaper carrythe maximum and the minimum temperatures recorded during the last 24 hours.These temperatures are recorded by a special type of thermometer called the Sixs

maximum and minimum thermometer.

Pressure Cooker The boiling point of a liquid depends on external pressure.When the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm or mercury, water boils at 100C. Butwhen the pressure is increased, the boiling point of water is raised. For example,

at a pressure of two atmospheres, water boils at 120C. In a pressure cooker,

water boils at temperatures higher than 100C due to increased pressure. The

increased boiling temperature allows water to hold heat which books food faster.

Radio and Television Transmission Radio waves sent out by radio stationsreflected by the ionosphere (a part of the atmosphere which extends from 60 to500 km above the earth) and can be received anywhere on the earth.

Radar Radar (Radio detection and ranging) employs high-frequency radiowaves for detecting objects like ships and aeroplanes. A rotating aerial sends out

pulses which are reflected from the objects on which they fall.

Kaleidoscope The Kaleidoscope is a toy in which multiple images are formedby two strips of plane mirrors placed at an angle of 60 inside a tube. Small, bright-

colored glass pieces are scattered on a ground-glass plate at the tube. When

viewed from the other end of the tube, beautiful symmetrical patterns, formed bythe colored glass pieces and their five images, are seen.

Total Internal Reflection An interesting use of the total internal reflection is inoptical fibres, which are fine strands of high quality glass. When light is incident

at one end of the fibre, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections and emerges

at the other end as shown in fig.22. Thus an optical fibre pipes light from onepoint to another. Such optical fibres are using din decorative table lamps. Bundles

of tiny optical fibres are used by doctors to see the inside of a patients stomach.

The Rainbow The most spectacular illustration of dispersion is the rainbow.When the sun shines soon after a shower of rain, a rainbow is seen in the skyopposite the sun. the beautiful colors of the rainbow are due to the dispersion of

sunlight by water droplets suspended in the air after rain.


4/19

4

Escape Velocity If the speed is more than 11.2 km/s or 25,000 miles/hour, thesatellite would escape from the earth entirely and would never come back. This is

called escape velocity.

Fourth state of matter There is a fourth state of matter the ionized state calledplasma. Though this state is less common on the earth, the sun and other stars arein this state.

Apogee A satellite revolves around a bigger heavenly body in elliptical orbit.The farthest point on this orbit from the bigger heavenly. Body is called apogee.The perigee is the closest point on this orbit from the bigger body.

The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy. This is due tonuclear fusion.

Green house effect A greenhouse acts like a radiation trap. Heat radiation fromthe sun passed through the glass cannot be allowed to escape. So the air inside thegreenhouse is warm.

UNITS

1. Length - Metre

2. Mass - Kg3. Time - Second

4. Current - Ampere

5. Temperature - Kelvin

6. Luminous intensity - Candela7. Amount of substance - Mole

8. Plane angle - Radian

9. Solid angle - Stradcan

Derived Units

1. Area (Metre)2 2. Velocity Metre/Second

3. Accelaration Metre/Second2 4. Density Kg/m3

5. Weight (mg)kg 6. Momentum kgm/sec

7. Pressure Pascal (Newton/m2) 8. Force(ma) Newton

9. Energy Joule 10. Work Joule or Newton/meter11. Moment of force Force x distance 12. Heat Capacity Joule/k

13. Specific heat capacity Joule/kg/k 14. Power work/time (watt)

15. Kinetic energy mv2 16. Potential energy mgh

17. Mechanical advantage Load/Power 18. Efficiency of engine Mechanicaladvantage/velocity ratio x 100


5/19

5

19. C = (F 32) 5/9 20. k = C + 273

21. Absolute zero -273C 0K 22. Celsius equal to Farenheit at - -40

23. Power of lens Dioptre 24. Intensity of light, Wavelength of Light

A or Nanometer

25. Intensity of sound Decibel 26. Frequency Hertz27. Wavelength Metre 28. Velocity of Sound metre/sec (330

m/s)

29. Magnetic pole strength Ampere

metre

30. Magnetic moment Ampere metre2

31. Permeability Henry/metre 32. Potential difference Volt

33. Electrical Conductivity Mho 34. Electrical Resistance Ohm

35. Electric Charge Column 36. Electrical Capacitance Farad

37. Electrical Inductance Henry 38. Energy of Electron Electron volt

39. Atmospheric pressure Bar (1 Bar = 76

mmHg)

40. Distance used in navigation Nautical

Mile (6080 feet) or 1837 m

41. Depth of Sea Fathom (1 Fathom = 6feet)

42. Speed of supersonic flight Mac No(One Mac No = 760 miles per hour)

43. Astronomical unit (AU) (Distance

between sun & Earth) 150 million km(8.2 light meters)

44. Distance between stars (Light year)

9.46 x 10km

45. Parsec (Largest unit to measuredistance between celestial bodies) 3.2

light years.

PROBLEMS & FIGURES PERTAINING TO UNITS

1. Gravitational force 9.8 m/sec2. Weight of a man in earth is 60 kg what is his weight in moon? 10kg3. What is the weight of 5 litre of mercury? 13.6 x 5 = 68 kg. (Density of mercury

13.6)

4. Why in rainy season voice is audible to long distance? Velocity of sound is 1500m/sec in water

5. What is the minimum distance of hearing echo? To hear echo sound should returnto our ears within 0.1 sec, so distance traveled by sound = 2x / 0.1 sec.

` 330 = 2x / 0.1 sec. 2x = 33 x = 16.5m

6. When we keep our ears close to the railway track we are able to hear the sound oftrain even if it come 5 km away from us, the reason is that velocity of sound intrain in 5000 m/sec.

7. Why dont we hear sound in moon? Because sound does not travel in vacuum8. Power of a persons spectacle is 4 dioptre, what is the nature of his eye defect?

Short sight & he is wearing concave lens, focal (myopia)

9. Beyond c intensity of sound is recorded as noise pollution 85 decibel


6/19

6

10.Audible frequency 20Hz to 20000 Hz11.Wavelength range of visible spectrum 7300 A 9000 A12.In how many hours will a 100 watts bulb consume 1 unit of current? 10 hours

ASTRONOMY

1. Astronomy is the study of the heavenly bodies2. Giant clusters of stars are called Galaxies3. Megullonic clouds are Galaxies4. Our sun belongs to Milky Way5. Milky way is spiral shaped galaxy6. The sun is about 30,000 light years from the center of the galaxy7. The diameter of the Milky Way is nearly 1,20,000 light years8. The spectra of light from these galaxies show a frequency shift towards the red

known as the red shift

9. Red shift indicates that the galaxies are moving away. It is due to Doppler Effect10.All galaxies burst out from a single point.11.This explosion that resulted in the expansion of the universe is called Bre Bang12.The age of the Universe is estimated to be around (1-2) * 1010 years13.Nebulae are cloudy, luminous patches in the heaven consisting of clusters of stars

and gaseous cloud. These are a number of nebulae within the Milky Way itself

Stars are formed out of condensing gases within these nebulae

14.One can note that Stars within certain groups are so arranged as to look likefamiliar objects or animals. These groups are called constellation.

15.E.g., Vrsa Major (Great Bear), Ursa Minor (Little Bear). Orion (Giant Hunter).Cygnus (Swan), Hydra (Sea Serpent) are Constellations.

16.It is interesting to note that Vega is a brightest Star in the constellation Lyra17.Vega would be the second star to have planets. The first of course being the sun.18.There are 89 constellations; Hydra is the largest of these.19.In Universe, certain objects appear smaller than any galaxy, yet they emit more

energy than all the stars of the Milky Way. Since they resembled stars. They were

called quasars

20.The north can be identified using the pole star by the ship mariner21.If we look at the northern sky, at an elevation equal to the latitude of our place.

We will be able to locate the pole star.

22.Stars are formed out of the condensing gases within the Nebulae which form partof most galaxies.

23.The condensing process goes on, until the star is without shrinking further and thecentral part of the star become so hot that fusion reaction start and the star emitsradiation into space.

24.The process of the death of a star begins, when fuel in its core run out.25.The collapsing core, during the death of star, imparts so much energy to the

exterior of the star that it explodes with an increase in its luminosity 10000 timesor even more. This stage is referred to as super nova explosion.


7/19

7

26.After the supernova explosion, the highly dense residual core of the small star iscalled a white dwarf.

27.A star with a mass of less than 1.4 solar masses will end its life as a white dwarf.This is called the Chandrasekhar limit.

28.The extremely dense core left after the explosion of a bigger star is known asneutron star.29.Neutron stars spin very fast while spinning. Neutron stars radiate all kinds of

electromagnetic radiations. When this happens, the star is known as a pulser.

30.Bigger star (mass greater than 5 solar masses) are believed to end up as black holeafter the explosion.

31.The gravitation field of a black hold is believed to be so intense that no matter orradiation can escape from it.

32.The sun is our nearest star. The sun is a hot spheres of gas 74% hydrogen. 25%helium and 1% other elements

33.The sun as it is visible to us is actually the photosphere. The photosphere has asurface temperature of 5800 K.

34.The Chromo sphere is the solar atmosphere just above the photosphere. Thetemperature in the Chromospheres rises from 4300 K to above 4,00,000 K

35.The Corona is the outermost layer of the sun. It is very hot. The rise of itstemperature is even upto 50000 K.

36.There are nine planets revolving around the sun. Compared to the sun, the planetsare quite small and relatively cool. They are not self-luminous.

37.In order of their proximity to the sun, these are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto

38.Mercury is nearer to the Sun and it is too hot. It is a very small planet. It has nosatellites.

39.Venus appears to be the brightest of all the planets. Venus along with Neptunerevolves in almost circular orbit. All other planet revolves in elliptical orbit.Venus along with Mars has more Carbon di oxide in their atmosphere. It has no

satellite.40.Earth takes 365 days for its one revolution and 24 hrs for its one rotation. It is

fifth in the size of planets. Earths atmosphere contain 79% Nitrogen, 20%

Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.03% Carbon-di-oxide etc.41.Moon, the only satellite of Earth takes same time for its rotation and revaluation

so, we can see only one face (59%) of the moon

42.Mars is called as Red Planet. It has 2 satellites (moons). They are Phobas. Tumas43.Jupiter is the biggest planet. It has 16 moons. Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, lo are

the moons of Jupiter. Ganymede is the largest satellite in solar system.44.Saturn has very prominent rings around it. It has 22 satellites. It has a great

gravitational pull. Titan, Zapetus, Dione, Rhea and Tethys are the satellites ofSaturn. Titan of Saturn is the second largest moon.

45.William Sharshal discovered Uranus.46.Pluto is the farthest planet. It is the coolest and smallest planet of solar system. It

has one moon. It is the coolest.


8/19

8

47.The earths age is estimated to be 4.6 * 109 years.48.In the belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, there are thousands of minor

planets called asteroids. Ceres, the largest known asteroid has a diameter of any

about 1000 km.

49.As a result of collision between two asteroids, a small lump of material may bethrown off. When such lumps enter the earths atmosphere, they produce blazes oflight. Some of the earths surface is called meteorites.

50.Comets are the debris left over from the formation of the outer planets. They orbitelliptically in the solar system.

51.A comet has a central core of icy material. When a comet comes nearer to the sun,the light from the sun affects the head icy region. A portion of the gas leaves the

head altogether forming tail, which always points away from the sun.

52.The period of Halleys comet is 76 years. Its 33rd appearance was February 9th1986.

53.Since a comet loses its icy material by evaporation, it ends up in small chunks andtiny sand-like particles. These chunks and tiny-sand like particles keep orbitingthe sun. when such particle enters the earths atmosphere, it evaporates almostimmediately and produces trail of hot gas often visible at night. These are meteors

or shooting stars.

54.Sputnik 1 is the first artificial satellite launched by the USSR in 195755.The US space probe Voyager transmitted very clear pictures of Neptune. These

pictures showed six moons around Neptune.

56.The USA developed the Strategic Defence Initiatives (SDI) programme dubbed asstar wars system. If successful, this system will be capable of destroying enemy

nuclear warheads on ground or in space, before they reach their targets.

57.Troposphere is the lower most layer of atmosphere. Mountains, Clouds, rains arepresent in this space. 9/10 of total air is in this region. This region covers upto 15kms from the earth.

58.Stratosphere is the second Layer. This region covers from 15 to 75 kms above theearth. It is the region of constant temperature, constant horizontal winds with verylittle air. It is difficult to breath here. Explorations are done with balloons. The

Ozone layer is in this region.

59.Ionosphere is the next Layer. This region comes from 75 to 250 km above theearth. Exploration is done with sounding rockets. The sky is black even when the

sun is shinning. Radio waves are reflected from this region.

60.Exosphere is the Top Layer of atmosphere. This region covers from 250 to 900km above the earth. No gases or air is in this region which is very dark.

61.In 1981, India too successfully put into orbit is first experimental geostationarycommunication satellite, Apple, launched in French Guyana.62.The ionosphere consists of two layers of ionized air. The outer one is 200

kilometers from the earth and is known as the Appleton layer named after its

discoverer.

63.Aryabatta is the first Indian satellite named after the great Indian astronomer ofthe 5th century AD as launched from Russian Cosmodraome on April 19, 1975.


9/19

9

64.Cosmic Rays are extremely high-energy high-speed proton capable of causingsevere burns or even death. Invented by Millican.

65.Explorer I was the first United States artificial satellite to enter earths orbit on31

stJanuary 1958. It was responsible for the discovery of the Van Allan radiation

belts.66.The Star (other than the sun) nearest to the earth is proximate century.67.The nearest star (other than the sun), which is visible to the naked eye is Alpha

Centuari

68.Mars is the red planet. Mercury is the closest planet and the hottest planet. Venusis the brightest planet. Pluto is the farthest Planet. Jupiter is the biggest Planet.Mercury and Venus do not have planet.

69.Stars appear to move from east to West because the earth is rotating from west toeast.

70.On the moon, an astronaut cannot drink lemonade with the help of straw. Becausethere is no atmosphere on the moon.

INVENTIONS & DISCOVERIES

Aryabhatta - calculated the value of

Brahmagupta - Invented ZeroBhaskaracharya - Wrote leelavati (Treaties on maths)

Vatsayana - Kamasutra

Dhanvanter - AyurvedaPatanjali - Yoga

Saraka

Susheuta

Vagabhatta - PhysicianHenry Becquesel - Radioactivity

Madam Curie - Polonium

J.L. Baird - TelevisionBenjamin Franklin - Heightening conductor

Binet - IQ

J.C. Bose - Cresco graphS.N. Bose - Bosons

Bohr - Atomic Structure

Cavendish - Hydrogen

Inert gases - Ramsay

Rutherford - Nitrogen, Splitting of atomJ.J. Thomson - Electron

Goldstein - ProtonChadwick - Neutron

Roentgen - X-rays

Heavy water - U rayBattery - Volta


10/19

10

Alfred Noble - Dynamic

Otto Hann - Atom Bomb

Newton - Law of motion, Laws of gravitation

Einstein - theory of relativity, photoelectric effect

Galileo - Telescop, Geocentric TheoryCopernicus - Heliocentric, Solar system

Kepler - Planetary motionFaraday - Electro magnetic conduction

Dewar - Thermos flask

Grahambel - TelephoneSamuel Mosse - Telegraph

Marcony - Wireless, Telegraphy

Dunlop - Tyre

Austin - MotorcarDainler - Gas engine

James watt - Steam engine (Principle)Stevenson - Steam LocomotiveDiesel - Internal combustion engine

Macmillan - Bicycle

Sholar - TypewriterPascal - Calculator

John van Norman - Computer (Digital)

Toricalli - BarometerFarenheit - Thermometer

Waterman - Fountain pen

John Napier - Logarithms

Pittman - ShorthandShockley - Transistor

Otis - Lift

Onnes - Super conductivity

CHEMICAL SCIENCE

ACIDS

1. Lemon - Citric Acid2. Milk - Lactic Acid

3. Tomato - Oxalic Acid

4. Tamarind & Grapes - Tartaric Acid5. Amla & Gooseberry - Ascorbic Acid


11/19

11

6. Apple - Malic Acid

7. Vinegar - Acetic Acid

8. Ants - Formic Acid

9. Antimycotic - Propionic Acid

10. Phenol (medicated soap) - Carbolic Acid11. Making of Nylon - Adipic Acid

12. Making of Phenolpthalein - Thalic Acid13. Aspirin - Acetyl Salicylic Acid

14. Gold dissolves in - Aqua Regia 3 : 1 (Hcl : HNO3)

15. Oil of Vitreol - Sulphuric Acid16. Acid rain - H2So4 & Hno3

17. Glass dissolves in - Hydrochloric Acid

18. Stomach - Hydrochloric Acid

19. Blood Buffer & Soda - Carbonic Acid20. Pure acetic acid - Glacial acetic Acid

CHEMICAL NAMES

1. Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate

2. Epsom - Magnesium Sulphate3. Washing Soda - Sodium Carbonate

4. Baking Soda - Sodium bi Carbonate

5. Table Salt (common salt) - Sodium Chloride6. Hypo - Sodium thio sulphate

7. Caustic Soda - Sodium Hydroxide

8. Caustic Potash - Potassium Hydroxide

9. Chilic Salt Petere - Sodium Nitrate10. Indian Salt Petere - Potassium Nitrate

11. Bleaching Powder - Calcium Chloro hypochlorite

12. Slaked lime - Calcium hydroxide13. Quick lime - Calcium oxide

14. Chalk - Calcium carbonate

15. Talc - Magnesium Silicate16. Calamine - Zinc Carbonate

17. Calomel - Mercuric Chloride

18. Bluevitriol - Copper Sulphate

19. Green Vitriol - Ferrous Sulphate

20. White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate21. Tartar emetic - Potassium antimony tartarate

22. Bordeaux mixture (fungi acid CuSo4 + Cao)

CHEMICAL & USES

1. Sodium thio Sulphate Antichlor agent, fixing in photography


12/19

12

2. Hydroquenone or Pyeogallol Develops in Photography3. Silver bromide & Galatin Coating of Photographic Films4. Silver Iodide Artificial rain5. Silver nitrate Silvering of mirrors, making inks and hair dye6. Sodium carbonate softening of water7. Sodium bi carbonate effervescent drinks8. Glycerol To preserve tobacco (Anti drying agent)9. Ethylene glycol Anti freezing agent in radiators10.Ethylene Ripening of fruits, making polyethene11.Carbon tetra chloride Extinguish electricity frees12.Aluminium Sulphate & Sodium bi carbonate Extinguish oil frees13.H2So4 + Sodium bi Carbonate Soda acid fire extinguisher14.Sodium & Potassium salts of higher fatty acids Soaps15.Salts of Sulphonic acid Detergents16.White phosphorus Rat poison17.Red phosphorus Matchbox sides18.TNT explosive19.DDT, BHC Insecticide20.Teflon Coating in non-stick Vessels21.Boron carbide To cut diamonds22.Bakelite (Phenol + formaldehyde) made switches23.Nylon (hexamethylenediamine & Adipic acid) Synthetic fiber24.Rayon Artificial Silk25.Benzene Solvent26.Formaldehyde Preserve Biological specimen27.Power alcohol (Petrol + ethyl alcohol) Fuel28.Liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen and hydrazine Rocket fuel29.Solid Co2 Dry ice (smoke screens)30.5% methanol + Ethanol Methylated spirit to prevent conspicuous drinking of

alcohol31.95% ethanol Ractified spirit fuel32.100% ethanol Absolute alcohol Lab use

GASES

1. Producer gas Nitrogen + Carbon monoxide2. Water gas Hydrogen + Carbon monoxide3. Marsh gas (miner) Mathanes4. LPG Propane, Butane, Isobutene, Butyline5. Indane LPG marketed by IOC6. Cobar gas Carbon dioxide + methane7. Major green house gas Carbon dioxide


13/19

13

8. Other green house gases water vapour, methane, Nitrous oxide9. Gas present in stratosphere Ozone (fillers UV rays)10.Gases responsible for ozone layer depletion CFCs (chloro fluoro carbon)11.Gas present abundant in atmosphere of earth Nitrogen (71%)12.Other atmospheric gases Oxygen, Argon, Co213.Gases filled in Balloons & Gas 2nd abundant gas in Sun Helium14.Gas abundant in atmosphere of Venus Co215.Gas with rotten egg odiour Hydrogen Sulphide16.Gas with rotten fish odiour Phosphine17.Gas used in welding Oxyacetylene18.Gases responsible for acid rain Sulphur dioxide, No2, Co219.Gas filled in electric bulb Argon / Nitrogen20.Gas used in advertisement lamps Neon21.Main automobile pollutant gas Carbon monoxide22.Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy Methyl isocyanide23.Gaseous hormone of plants Ethylene24.Laughing gas Nitrous oxide25.Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy Methyl isocyanide26.Gaseous hormone of plants Ethylene27.Laughing gas Nitrous oxide28.Gas filled in soda bottles Co229.Gas highest calorific Value Hydrogen

LIFE SCIENCE

NUTRITION

1. Principle nutrients Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water2. Balanced Diet Diet having all requised nutrients in right proportion3. Types of carbo hydrates

a. Monosaccharides Glucose (Blood Sugar)- Fructose (Fruit Sugar)

- Ribose, dioxyribose (sugars of nucleic acids)

b. Disaccharides - Lactose (milk sugar) (glucose + Fructose)- Cane Sugar (Sucrose) (Glucose + Fructose)

c. Polysaccharides Starch (End product of photosynthetic)- Glycogen (arrival starch) & (stored in liver and muscle)- Cellulose (present in vegetables and greens) (crude fibre)

4. Energy Value of Nutrients- Carbohydrate r cal/g- Protein 5.25 cal/g


14/19

14

- Fat 9.46 cal/g5. Carbohydrate and fat are essential for giving energy & protein is essential for

growth

6. In children deficiency of energy, protein (energy-protein malnutrition) produces2-disease conditions Kwashiorkor & Marasmas

7. Cereals (rice, wheat) are rich in carbohydrate two types of carbohydrate are: a.Soluble Sugars (mono & di saccharides starch) b. Crude Fibre

8. Diabetic patriots are advised to take less starchy more fibrous diet (wheat, ragi)9. PROTEIN

1. Sources rich in protein are pulses, oilcakes, milk, egg and meat2. Proteins are made up of amino acids: Those amino acids that cannot besynthesized in our body are called essential amino acids3. E.a.a. for human are Valine, Argentine, metrionine, hestidine, isoleucine,

phenylalanine, lysine, threonine, leonine and Tryptophan (remembered as

AVMHIPLTLT)4. Based on the e.a.a content of foods its biological value (B.V.) eletromine5. B.V of egg-100, milk-95, rice-80 Milk & egg are complete proteins. Pulse

proteins are incomplete cereal products are poor in lysine and animalproducts are rich in lysine.

10.Fat1. 2 types are saturated fat (e.g.animal fat & coconut oil), unsaturated far(sunflower oil)2. Saturated fat makes the person more prone to cardiac diseases.

11.VitaminsFAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Name Chemical Name Deficiency disease Source

1. Vitamin A Retinol Night Blindness(Nicktelopis) &

exophthalmia

(Corneal dryness)

Carrot & greenvegetable

(Carotenes) & meat,

milk, fish, egg.2. Vitamin D Calciferol (Act as

hormone)

Rickets &

Osteomalacia

Sunlight, yeast, fish,

liver oil, egg

3. Vitamin E Tocopherol Sterility Wheat germ oil

4. Vitamin K Philloquinone Hemorrhage Greens

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Name Chemical Name Deficiency disease Source


15/19

15

1. Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beri Beri Yeast, rice, bran,

greens

2. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Hescone in mouth &

growth problems

Milk and milk

products

3. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Loss of appetite,nervousness anddepression

Green & Vegetables

4. Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamine Convulsion andpernicious anemia

Milk, meat, liver

5. Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Scurvy & Bleeding

in gums

Citrus Fruits,

Gooseberry

12.Minerals Name Importance Source

1. Calcium Bone & teeth formation,Blood clotting, nerveconductivity, cardiac

contraction

Greens, Milk

2. Phosphorus Bone, teeth formation,

formation of phospholipide,

nucleic acids, ATP

Cereal by products milk

3. Sodium and Chloride Necessary for acid, base

balance, osmolality of blood

Salt

4. Potassium Relaxation of heart Green Vegetables

5. Iron Hemoglobin synthesis,

deficiency causes anemia

Greens

6. Iodine Synthesis of thyroxin

deficiency causes goiter

Seaweeds & iodized salt

(Salt + KI)

MEDITCAL INVENTIONS

Banting - Insulin

Christian Barnard - Hear TransplantationAlexander Fleming - Penicillin

Harvey - Blood Circulation

Lands tecner - Blood Groups

Samuel Hahnemann - HomeopathyEdward Jenner - Small pox vaccine

Jonas. E. Salk - Polio

Louis Pasteur - RabiesLainnee - Stethoscope

Calmette Guerin - TB Vaccine


16/19

16

Ronald Ross - Malarial parasite (life cycle)

Hansen - Leprosy Bacillus

Robert kock - TB Bacillus

Antanvon heaven Hock - Bacteria

Dimity Ivonosky - VirusWilliam Einthoven - ECG

James Blundell - Blood transfusionRobert Hook - Cell

Laveran - Malaria Germs

Robert Brown - NucleusFontana - Nucleolus

Watson & Crick - DNA Double helix

Body Fluids Nerves

Brain - Cerobro Spinal Fluid Spinal nerves - 31 PairsStomach - Hydro Chloric Acid Cranial nerves - 12 PairsEye - Aguous Humor, Vitreous Humor

Ear - Perilymph, endoplymph

Heart - Pericardial Fluid

Neurotransmitters

Sympathetic system - AdrenalinParasympathetic System - Acetylcholin

Coverings

Brain - Meninges (Piamater, Arachnoid, Duramater)

Heart - Pericardium

Lung - PleuraLiver - Gleasons Capsule

Glands

Splean - Immunity, Graveyard of RBCs

Liver - Detoxification, Urea Synthesis, Secretes Bile

Pancreas - Recemove gland, Secretes Glucagon (Alpha cells) insulin (Beta cells)

Thymus - Immunity (T lymphocytes)

Endocrine Glands

Pituitary - Tropic Hormones, FSH, LH, GH

Adrenal - Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine

Ovary - EstrogenTestis - Androgen


17/19

17

Kidney - Erythropoietin

Thyroid - Thyroxin

Para Thyroid - Calcitonin

Organ Disease Specialists/Special Aid

Liver Jaundice, hepatitis Hepatologist

Eye Myopia, Hypermetropia,

Glaucoma Astigmatism

Ophthalmologist/Opthalscope

Teeth Pyorrhea Odontology / Dentist

Kidney Nephritis, (Dialysis) Nephrologist

Heart Myocardial infarction Electrol Cardio Gram (ECG)

Lungs TB, Pneumonia Ventilator

Brain Encephalitis Electro Encephala Gram(ECG)

Uterus Metritis Endoscopy, MIR,Computerised Axial

Tomography (CAT) Scan

Pancreas Diabetic (Gluconometere)

Thymes, spleen AIDS ELISA, Wetern Blot

National Laboratories & Institutes

1. National Physical Lab New Delhi2. National Chemical Lab Poona3. National Biological Lab Palamput (H.P)4. National Aeronautical Lab Bangalore5. Central Building Research Institute Roorkela (Uttaranchal)6. Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow (U.P.)7. Central Electro Chemical Research Centre Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu)8. Central Food Technological Research Centre Mysore9. National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Hyderabad10.National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NERI) Nagpur11.National Agmark Lab Nagpur12.Central Leather Research Institute Chennai13.National Institute of Oceanography Panaji (Goa)14.National Institute of Ocean technology Chennai15.Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai16.Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai17.Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta18.Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam19.Centre of Advanced Technology (CAT) Indore20.Birla Industrial & Technological Museum Calcutta


18/19

18

21.Solerjung Museum Hyderabad22.National Botanical Garden Lucknow23.Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleobotany Lucknow24.Bose research center Calcutta25.Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack26.Central Potato Research Institute Simla27.Central Sugarcane Breaking Institute Coimbatore28.Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow29.Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajamundri30.Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar31.National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) Karnal32.Central Marine Fishery Research Institute Coachin

Facts on General Science

1. Blue parts of the light is most effective in photosynthesis2. Auxanometer Auxanometer is used to measure the growth of the plants3. Adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones4. Hydroponics is concerned with growing plants without soil5. The substance coated on plastic tape recorder tape is Iron Oxide6. The PH of human blood is 7.57. In the human body, the most abundant element is oxygen8. The hottest part of the gas flame is blue zone9. The first organic compound to be synthesized in the laboratory was urea (46% of

Nitrogen)

10.The acid used in batteries is sulphuric acid11.Dry ice is chemically solid Co212.Cooking gas in cylinder is in the form of liquid13.Diamond is chemically pure carbon14.Amalgams An amalgam is solution of metal in mercury15.Diseases Spread by Protozoan dysentery, Amoebiosis, Malaria etc.16.Diseases spread by virus Measies, Influenza, Polia, rabies etc.17.Bacterial Disease Diphtheria, Tetanus, Plague, Typhoid, TB, Cholera, Leprosy18.Communicable Disease Acquired diseases are acquired after birth. Eg. Leprocy,

AIDS

19.LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) The Propane Butane Fractions20.Rust The chemical composition of rust is Fe2O321.Fruit Ripener Acetiline (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) are used for ripening22.Caustic Soda NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) is called Caustic soda23.Sound cannot travel through vacuum24.A device used for measuring the depth of the sea is called fathometer25.Atomic bomb Atomic bomb is constructed on the principle of nuclear fission26.The age of the earth can be estimated by uranium dating27.Carbon dating is used to estimate the age of fossils


19/19

19

28.Coppernicus is famous for heliocen tric theory. Kepler is for laws of planetarymotion

29.Transformers This is a device for stepping up or stepping down of alternatingcurrent voltages.

30.IC Chips for computers are usually made of silicon31.Semi conductor is made of silicon and germanium32.Elements There is 109 elements33.Sublimation On application of heat, the solid state directly changes into the

vapour. E.g. Iodine, Nepthalene

34.Mendeleef arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic weights.35.The modern periodic classification of elements is based on Moselys36.Vinegar Acitic acid is present in vinegar (CH3COOH)37.Tartaric Acid Tartaric acid is present in Tamarind and grape38.Oxaloacitic Acid It is present in Tomato39.Lactic Acid It is present in milk40.Sulphuric Acid It is secreated in our stomach41.Aqua regia It is made up of 3 part of Hcl and 1 part of HNO3 (Nitric acid). It is

used to dissolve.

42.Washing Soda Na2Co3 (Sodium Carbonate) is called washing soda43.Backing Soda NaHCo3 (Sodium bicarbonate) is called backing soda44.Colors in soap bubbles Beautiful colors in soap bubbles and oil films on water

are produced due to the interference of white light reflected by these surfaces.

45.Primary colors Red, Green and Blue46.Lunar Eclipse An eclipse of the moon occurs, when the earth comes between

the sun and the Moon.

47.Solar Eclipse The eclipse occurs, when the moon comes between the sun andthe earth.48. Visible light is simply electro-magnetic radiation in the range of frequencies 4.3 *10

14to 7 * 10

14

49.Longitudinal Wave Sound waves are longitudinal wave50.Transverse Wave Light waves are transverse wave51.Mica can be classified as good conductor of heat and bad conductor of electricity52.Nuclear fusion The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy.

This is due to Nuclear fusion.

53.Fourth state of matter There is a fourth state of matter the ionized state calledPlasma.

54.Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density ofliquid.

55.Atmospheric Pressure atmospheric pressure is measured with an instrumentcalled Barometer

56.Weight in moon An object on the moon would weigh only one-sixth its weighon the earth.

eng science

Documents