Energy Transformation

• Law of Conservation of Matter: During an ordinary chemical change, there is no detectable change in the _________ of matter

• Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be _________ or _________, but can change in form

• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the organic macromolecules. They are composed of __________ and are the building blocks of all living things.

amount

created destroyed

carbon

Organic Macromolecules

energy energy hereditary

Disaccharide polypeptidesupport

Rice, bread, potatoes

Meat, cheese, beans

Butter, oil

DNA/RNA

Meat, fruit, vegetables

In order to live, organisms must obtain energy and nutrients– Autotrophs and Producers

• Obtain energy from the _________ & nutrients from the _______• _________ their own food through the process of _____________

– Heterotrophs or Consumers• Obtains energy through ____________________

– Herbivore: eats only ____________

– Carnivore: eats only ____________

– Omnivore: eats ____________

• Primary consumer: ________________________• Secondary consumer:______________________

– Decomposers• ________________ dead & decaying matter to _______________

nutrients back to the _____________• Bacteria, fungi

sun soilProduce photosynthesis

eating other organismsplantsanimals

bothEats the producersEats the primary consumer

Break down inorganicsoil

FOOD CHAINS• ___________ pathway of energy• ___________ come first• ___________ come last• Arrows show _______________________

FOOD WEBS• A ___________ of food chains• ___________ come first• ___________ come last• Arrows show _______________________

Linear

Producers

Decomposers

Flow of energy

Producers

Decomposers

Flow of energy

network

Ecology

Ecology is the study of the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

• Levels of ecological organization:– The environment is made up of living components (_biotic_

factors) and nonliving components (__abiotic__ factors)– Organisms that live closely with other organisms are in a

symbiotic relationship. • Mutualism a. one organism benefits while the other

is harmed• Commensalism b. both organisms benefit• Parasitism c. one organism benefits while the

other is neither helped nor harmed 

Living Together• Mutualism

– Both benefit– Ants & aphids

• Commensalism– One benefits other is neither harmed nor

helped– Birds & bison

• Parasitism– One benefits other is harmed– Fungus on trees

Ecosystem• All living and nonliving things in a given areaCommunity

– All living organisms that inhabit a given area.– A group of populations

Population• A group of individuals belonging to the same species

that live together in the same areaCompetition• Two or more organisms require the same resource that

is in limited supply.• Food, shelter, light, water, mates• The strongest organism will win the competition and will

be more likely to live and pass its genes on to the next generation (natural selection).

Habitat• Place or environment in which populations liveNiche• Role of a species in an ecosystem• Relationships, activities, resources usedSuccession• The series of predictable changes that occurs in a

community over time• Primary succession occurs on a surface where no soil

exists. Example: bare rock, areas covered by volcanic ash

• Secondary succession occurs in an area where a disturbances changes an existing community without destroying the soil. Example: plowed land, area burned by wildfire

Biomes

Cycles of MatterCarbon Cycle• Carbon is the key

ingredient in all living organisms

• Processes involved: biological (example: photosynthesis), geochemical (example: release of CO2 by volcanoes), human activity (example: burning of fossil fuels)

Nitrogen Cycle• All organisms require nitrogen to build

proteins• Forms of nitrogen: N2 in atmosphere;

NH3, NO3-, NO2- in wastes; nitrate from fertilizers

• Some bacteria convert N2 into NH3 during nitrogen fixation.

• Some bacteria convert nitrates into N2 during denitrification.

• Water Cycle

• All organisms require water to survive.

• Processes: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, seepage, runoff

Genetics/DNA

• Genetics: the study of _________ (the passing of traits from parents to offspring)

• ____________: the father of genetics

• Dominant Allele = gene that is ___________; __________________ recessive allele

• Recessive Allele = ________ or not expressed if dominate allele is present; only expressed if dominant allele is ___________

heredity

Gregor Mendell

expressedMasks (covers)

masked

absent

• Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism– Homozygous: having two of the same allele– Heterozygous: having two different alleles.– Homozygous Dominant: having two dominant alleles– Homozygous Recessive: having two recessive alleles– Heterozygous: having one of each allele

Phenotype• The physical and physiological traits of an organism• How the genes are expressed• What you would see in a photograph

Y = yellow; y = greenGenotype Description Phenotype

YY Homozygous dominant Yellow

Yy Heterozygous Yellow

yy Homozygous recessive green

• A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the frequency of each genotype and phenotype in their offspring.

• Determining Sex• Human male: XY• Human female: XX

– Which parent determines the sex of a human offspring? Father– What is the probability of having a boy? A girl? 50%/50%

Sex linked traits• Carried on the X chromosome• Example: hemophilia, color blindness.• Disorders occur more often in males than females. Why? Males

have one X chromosome, so if one is defective, they do not have a backup copy as do females.

Mutation• A change in the base sequence of DNA.• A change in DNA can lead to a change in the protein coded for by

that gene.• A change in the protein structure can lead to certain disorders, for

example, sickle cell anemia.

Natural Selection• Idea first stated by Charles Darwin• “Survival of the fittest”• Organisms that are best adapted to their environment

are more likely to live long enough to produce offspring and pass their traits on to the next generation.

• In terms of evolution and natural selection, the number one goal of any organism is to pass its genes on to the next generation through the production of offspring.

Selective Breeding• Organisms with desired traits are chosen to mate so

that their offspring also possess desired traits.• Examples: Pedigree dogs and cats

• Adaptation– Structural = organism’s anatomy (wings on a bird)– Physiological = relating to internal body processes

(antibiotic resistance)– Behavioral = how organism reacts & responds to

environment (bird migration)

Evolution• Change in groups of organisms over a long

period of time• Evidence for evolutionary changes

– Fossils (The deeper the fossil, the older it is)– Comparative anatomy and the study of body

structures (Example: human arm, dolphin fin, bat wing, dog foreleg)

– Comparative genetics (The fewer the differences in DNA, the closer the organisms are related)

– Comparative embryology (Example: all vertebrates have gill slits, tail, and notochord in early development)