energy systems dr m taghavi [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Energy for ExerciseEnergy for Exercise
The food is broken down into soluble chemicals (e.g. glucose) by digestion in the gut.
The soluble chemicals pass through the gut wall into the blood.
The blood carries the soluble food chemicals to all of the body’s cells, where they will be used for:
Energy
Growth Repair
Food is the source of energy for the human body and it also provides nutrients for growth and repair. When food is eaten, this is what happens…
The muscles of the body use both carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. The following diagram shows how carbohydrates are used.
Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body
Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body
Carbohydrates in the form of starch gained from foods such as pasta, bread and potatoes are eaten.
The starch is digested in the gut and turned into glucose molecules.
The glucose enters the small intestine where it passes intothe blood.
The glucose is then used in 3 different ways…
Here some of the glucose is stored as glycogen and used to maintain blood sugar levels.
Glucose is stored here as glycogen and is used when the body is working harder.
Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands.
Skeletal Muscle
LiverBody Cells
The Energy Systems
a) High energy phosphate system
b) Anaerobic glycolytic system
c) Aerobic oxidative system
Energy systems
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Oxygen system
Phosphate system
Lactate system
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1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of
ATP molecule by H2O
3. Energy is released (38 to 42 kJ, or 9 to 10 kcal/mol ATP)
ATP H2O++ Energy++ Pi++
2. Phosphate molecule (Pi) is released from ATP (ATP ADP)
ADP
a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover)
1. Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up very quickly and ATP must be regenerated
2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and Pi
ATPADP Energy++ Pi++
3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from breakdown of food molecules)
c) ATP resynthesis
High Energy Phosphate System
CreatineCreatinePP ENERGYENERGY
ADP + Pi ATPADP + Pi ATP
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Energy systems Phosphate
The main source for the onset of exercise.
Anaerobic alactic System
CP + ADP ► Creatine + ATP ► Expulsion Energy
Limited store ► 2 – 10 sec.
Recovery time: 3-5 min complete rest.
Promotion of CP system: ▲CP store▲CP breakdown enzymatic process
CP stores increase by 25% to 50% after 7 months endurance trainingCP Enzymatic break down advancement promote after 8 weeks speed training
Anaerobic respiration involves the release of a little energy, very quickly from the incomplete breakdown of glucose without using oxygen, inside the cells.1. Glucose is made available by the breakdown of glycogen
stored in the working muscles.2. The glucose is used by the muscles of the body to produce
energy, without the use of oxygen.3. This process creates lactic acid, which passes back into the
blood for removal.
Anaerobic Respiration – Without Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration – Without Oxygen
The Process of Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose
Energy for muscles to contractand create movement
Lactic Acid
Glucose is transported to the muscles of the body via the blood.
How Anaerobic Respiration Happens
How Anaerobic Respiration Happens
Glucose passes into the muscles cells and is used to produce energy for muscularcontractions.
Anaerobic respirationproduces lactic acidas a waste product.
Facts about Anaerobic Respiration
During anaerobic respiration, your muscles are not supplied with enough oxygen.
The lactic acid builds up due to the shortage of oxygen. This is known as an oxygen debt, which needs to be paid back once exercising has finished.
The lactic acid build-up will soon make your muscles feel tired and painful, so exercising anaerobically can only be carried out forshort periods of time.
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Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Glucose Produces…
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used.
Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Glucose produces…
Lactic acid quickly builds up
& makes the muscles feel
tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for
very long!
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respirationis used.
Some is used formuscle
contractions,creating
movement.
Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity.
Glucose produces…
Lactic acid quickly builds up
& makes the muscles feel
tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for
very long!
The rest is converted into
heat to warm the body.
Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used.
Some is used formuscle
contractions,creating
movement.
Energy systems Anaerobic system The emergency source of energy.
The energy supply for intensive activities last 2-3 min.
Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP
Lactic acid ► Acidosis ► upper lactate threshold (4mmol/l)
Muscle soreness-fatigue
Mental impairments
Recovery time: 75min. + cool down activityDr. taghavi
Aerobic Respiration – With OxygenAerobic Respiration – With Oxygen
1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles bythe blood.
Aerobic respiration involves the release of energy from the slow breakdown of glucose using oxygen, inside the cells.
2. Glucose and oxygen are then used by the muscles of the body to produce energy.
3. This process creates carbon dioxide and water.4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.
The Process of Aerobic Respiration
Energy for Musclesto contract and
create Movement
Water
CarbonDioxide
Glucose
Oxygen
Facts about Aerobic Respiration
How Aerobic Respiration Happens…
How Aerobic Respiration Happens…
Glucose and oxygen are carried by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Glucose and oxygen pass into all the muscle cells of the body and is used to help produce energy for muscular contractions.
Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide & water as waste products.
During aerobic respiration, the heart and lungs supply the muscles with plenty of oxygen.
The carbon dioxide is breathed out via the lungs, while the water is lost as sweat, urine or in the air we breathe out as water vapour.
As long as the muscles are supplied with enough oxygen, exercising aerobically can be carried out for a long period of time.
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Energy systems Aerobic system The main source for long lasting exercises.
Fats + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP
1- Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP
2- Lactic acid + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP
Carbohydrate store is limited but Fat store is unlimited.
Low intensity exercises ► burn fats
High intensity exercises ► burn carbohydrate
Well trained athlete burn fats for a longer time thus saving carbohydrate.
Training increase aerobic capacity by 50%.Dr. taghavi
Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Glucose and oxygen produce…
Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Glucose and oxygen produce…
Some is used formuscle contractions,creating movement.
Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort.
Glucose and oxygen produce…
Carbon dioxide, which is carriedaway by the blood& excreted through the lungs.
Water, which is carried away by the blood and excreted through the lungs, sweat and urine.
Some is used formuscle contractions,creating movement.
The rest is converted into heat to warmthe body.
Sports
Max. Speed
Max. Endurance
Complex Speed & Endurance
Complex Speed & Endurance
Low weights Max. Speed
High weights Max. Endurance
Wrestling
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The Roles of the Three Energy The Roles of the Three Energy Systems in Competitive Systems in Competitive
SportSport
Slow Twitch – Type I
Fast Twitch – Types IIa & IIb
Muscle fibers
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Muscle fibers
Fibre TypeType I Fibers
Type IIa Fibers
Type IIb Fibers
Contraction time Slow Fast Very Fast
Size of motor neuron Small Large Very Large
Resistance to fatigue High Intermediate Low
Activity Used for AerobicLong term anaerobic
Short term anaerobic
Force production Low High Very High
Mitochondrial density High High Low
Capillary density High Intermediate Low
Oxidative capacity High High Low
Glycolytic capacity Low High High
Major storage fuel Fat Glycogen , CP CP, Glycogen
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Muscle fibers ratio
0 50 100
Fast twitch
Slow twitch
Sprinters
Shot putters
Long-high jumpers
Middle-distance runners
5, 10 km- Semi marathon
Marathon & Ultra long distance
FT <30 sec CP Throwing, Jumping, 100m sprint, Tennis
FT + ST 30 sec–1 min CP+Lac 200-400m sprint, 100m swimming
ST + FT 1-3 min Lac+O2 800m running, wrestling
ST >30 min O2 Marathon, Cross-country Skiing, Cycling
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100%
Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135
AT
P-P
C
Lactic Acid
Aerobic System
Anaerobic System
En
erg
y
Energy Systems in Wrestling
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100%
Inte
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HR
-re
ser
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70%
Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135
Aerobic System
Energy Systems in Wrestling
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100%
Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135
Inte
ns
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HR
-re
ser
ve
70%
Aerobic System
Anaerobic System
Energy Systems in Wrestling
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100%
Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135
Inte
ns
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HR
-re
ser
ve
70%
Aerobic System
Anaerobic System
CP CP
Energy Systems in Wrestling
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Source of energy for wrestling
Fuel Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
Energy Systems
Anaerobic ATP-PC
Anaerobic Lactic acid
Aerobic
ATP
ENERGY
MOVEMENT
Intensity of Sport
Duration
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Anaerobic System in wrestling
Carbohydrate
Anaerobic System
Anaerobic ATP-PC
Anaerobic Lactic acid
ATP
ENERGY▲ Lactic Acid
Concentration
In Muscles
▲ Muscular pain
▼ Muscular contraction
▼ Mental concentration
Weakness
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Targeted training
Optimal training takes place at a workout intensity that maximally activates the complete energy system necessary for the sport.
Training should be specific, targeted at the energy system involved in the particular sport.
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Heart Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Hea
rt R
ate
Workload intensity
The best indicator to determine the exercise intensity is
Heart Rate MonitoringDr. taghavi
Training intensity
• As condition improves, training intensity should also increase.
• Training scheme should be continually evaluated & adapted.
Training intensity is essential for reaching maximum performance.
Low intensity Necessary intensity High intensity
Not improve Success Injury-Overtraining
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The best training control equipment
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Thank you for your attention.Dr. M Taghavi