Energy Storage for Renewables and Micro-grids May 18, 2017 SOCIETY OF AMERICAN MILITARY ENGINEERS

Dr. Ken Ho NAVFAC EXWC Ken.ho@navy.mil

Outline

– Why Energy Storage •  Renewable energy •  Resiliency and Micro-grids •  Value and revenues

– What Technology •  NAVFAC EXWC projects

–  Policies •  Safety •  Requirements

– Market •  Growth Trends •  Cost

3

Problems From High Penetration RE

•  Duck curve shows steep ramping needs •  Over generation risks •  Variability in renewables also cause frequency and voltage fluctuations

Source: CAISO

Leveraging DERs for Microgrids

•  Most outages are of shorter duration •  Over 50% last under 24hrs.

DoD Definition: a microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of interconnected loads and energy resources which, as an integrated system, can island from the local utility grid and function as a stand‐alone system

Various Architectures

Micro-grid Challenges: •  Safely disconnect and reconnect to the grid •  Cost, how to leverage existing generation •  Balance load and generation instantaneously •  New standards, and how to test •  Cybersecurity •  Modeling and simulation of controls

Power Grid ATS

5

Value and Revenue Streams

Cost of Storage Value of Storage Battery Peak Shifting Balance of Plant Demand Reduction Power Electronics Voltage & Frequency

Regulation Controls and Switch (microgrid)

Inertia Support

Design and Construction Power Quality & Reliability T&D Upgrade Deferral Energy resiliency

Application

•  Eliminates need for load dump on SNI. •  Increase life of diesel generators and reduces fuel

consumption.

Benefits: allow for higher renewable penetration, and reduces fuel consumption and stress on diesel generators.

FUNDING Source: OPNAV NSETTI

Li-ion Firming Renewable Generation

6

Overview: Newly commissioned 700kW wind farm on SNI. Efficiency improvements have reduced load and legacy diesel generators are oversized. 750kWh Li-ion battery system to be installed to firm wind generation and improve resiliency. Highlights: •  Received NAVSEAInst 9310 safety certification •  Li-ion batteries in 20ft ISO containers •  Integrate battery into plant micro-grid controller •  Study to determine optimum use of battery storage

7

Li-ion Transportable Microgrid

No Light…. No Fight!

Overview: demonstrate an innovative transportable microgrid with energy storage to improve energy security. Highlights: •  Li-ion Battery 500kW/2MWh •  NMC Li-Ion 18650 •  200 KVA synchronous condenser for rotational

inertia (compatible with wide range of power characteristics)

•  microgrid controller and protection relays

Application

•  Demonstrate standard micro-grid design that can be transported to other locations as needed

•  Testing at EXWC •  Relocate to Pearl Harbor, application TBD

Benefits: increase energy security and resilience, allow for higher renewable penetration, and demonstrate standardized micro-grid design.

FUNDING Source: ESTCP and ONR ESTEP

1 of 2 Tesla 250kW- 1MWh TMES

Vehicle to Grid Energy Storage

Description Leverage V2G capability as portable energy storage for facilities projects •  60kW DC fast charger and vehicle uses SAE J1776

charging standard. •  Leverages 100kWh of Li-ion battery storage on EV

for energy security and VAR compensation •  Network capable for aggregated power management

across a base.

FUNDING: ONR ESTEP

2

Description Leverage Modular Mobile Micro-grid developed for TARDEC • Mobile microgrid enabled using an EV • Provides emergency backup power to a building •  integrating energy storage, Photovoltaic(PV),

gensets, and Electric Vehicle FUNDING: ONR ESTEP

Building Level Micro-grids

DC Micro-grid Create a DC Microgrid with LED Lighting • Multi-port converter enables simple, low cost, turnkey

micro-grid. • 30kW/30kWh Li-ion, 15kW PV • DC micro-grid with 380VDC bus • Demonstration Q1FY17 Funding: ONR ESTEP

Building UPS with integrated PV • Provide UPS for flight operations center at Miramar • Utilizes single multiport inverter • Line interactive UPS • 175kW, 200kWh Li-ion, 30kW PV

TEAM: EXWC, MCAS Miramar Funding: TBD NAVFAC Energy Support Budget

2

AC DC

Grid Source

Load

Fast transfer switch

PV

Fuel Cell Energy Storage System

Waste to Hydrogen Develop H2 generation add-on to existing PEM system. Provide test data for permitting and economic case analysis

•  Plasma Enhance Melter and Gasifier •  Permit as a Hydrogen Generator not waste incinerator •  Shipyard solvents, oil, PCB, and plastic waste •  Funding sought to install small 1 ton/day system FY18 •  Waste remediation and energy storage using renewable

sources

Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Develop a modular, grid tied, reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) system for Naval Forward Operating Bases (FOB)

•  Demonstrate the reversible capabilities of the fuel cell to produce and utilize Hydrogen gas from seawater and provide electricity.

•  Design/Build a 50kW RSOFC, scalable up to 400kW

•  First field siting/demonstration will be considered at: Hawaii, PMRF, or Guam

2

Large scale Energy Storage

Valuation and Financing Models

•  JBPH needs base wide backup power •  EXWC studying how to value Energy security

•  GOAL: –  Develop Tie LAES with peaker plant on JBPH –  Work with REPO to finance Peaker plant + LAES for

JBPHH –  Modify eROI tool to include clear method for valuing energy

security

TEAM: EXWC, Pearl Harbor, CNIC

Liquid Air Energy Storage Large scale mechanical energy storage using cryogenic liquid air, and turbo expanders for power generation.

•  Engineering Design and Cost estimate study completed

•  scalable, long life, independent of location, and safe

•  10MW/80MWh design and siting for JBPHH

•  ~55% RTE, ~70% RTE with waste heat Funding: ONR ESTEP

2

Waste Heat LAES

! Policy Drivers •  SECNAVInst 4101.3A:

•  Operational Energy use renewable to reduce logistics •  Increase resiliency to mitigate vulnerabilities •  Strategic Partnerships, collaborate with federal, state, and academia

on energy matters of interest to DON •  CA SB 350 50% renewable by 2030 •  CA SGIP 50% rebate on energy storage •  Hawaii Act 97, renewable portfolio 100% by 2045

! Regulations and criteria •  NAVSEAInst 9310 (Navy Li-ion safety program) •  NPFA 855 (new fire protection guidance being drafted) •  Cybersecurity RMF (DoD IA certification) •  UFC 4-010-06 Cybersecurity of Facility Related Control Systems •  CA rule 21

Policies and Regulations

Renewable Electricity Standards by State

33% by 2020

15% by 2025

25% by 2025

16% by 2020

10GW by 2025

50% by 2025

30% by 2020

20% by 2020

15% by 2021

20% by 2025

15% by 2020

15% by 2015 27%

by 2025

20% by 2025

10% by 2015

10% by 2015

18.4% as of 2013

27% as of 2013

10% by 2015

25% by 2025

15% by 2021

12.5% by 2026

DSIRE®

40% by 2017

12.5% by 2021

50% by 2030

18% by 2021

10% by 2025

VT:20% by 2017

10% by 2020

NH: 24.8% by 2025

CT: 27% by 2020

MA: 17% by 2020

RI: 38.5% by 2035

NJ: 22.5% by 2020

MD: 25% by 2020

DE: 25% by 2025

DC: 50% by 2032

NMI: 20% x 2016PR: 20% x 2035

Guam: 25% by 2035 USVI: 30% x 2025

100% by 2045

Solar and Wind prices are competitive

International Energy Agency

Country Utility Solar Wind

United States 6.5-7/kWh 4.7

Canada 6.6

China 8-9.1

Germany 9.5 6.7-10

Brazil 8.1 4.9

Chile 8.5-8.9

Uruguay 9

Egypt 4.1-5

Turkey 7.3

UAE 5.8

India 8.8-11.6

Jordan 6.1-7.7

Australia 6.9

South Africa 6.5 5.1

Contract prices for renewable power 2015-19

NREL

New Investment in Renewable Energy

Global Investment in Renewable Energy $286B > Global Investment in fossil fuel $130B

$44 $103

$4

$22 $8.5

$36

$4.5 $3.4

$7

$10

Data source: UN environment Programme

Exponential Growth

•  Battery Cost: –  $300/kWh 2017, $1000/kWh in 2010 –  $120 per kWh by 2030

•  Solar Panel Cost

US Solar capacity

US Wind capacity

NREL

http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html

Conclusion

•  Navy fleet energy requirements will grow by 29 percent at sea, 15 percent in the air, and 11 percent on the ground over the next decade

•  Start incorporating energy considerations into war games and exercises

•  Change the perception of energy as a utility to acknowledging its role as a mission enabler

•  Renewable prices are now competitive with fossil fuel •  Exponential growth in PV, wind and storage •  Renewables and micro-grids will power next “Enernet” of the

future