sustainable construction research - micro storage energy buildings

MESB Micro Energy Storage in Buildings

Meetings on Sustainable Construction & Efficient Energy Buildings

Company Mission with Nord Pas de Calais

Prof P Hendrick

[email protected]

Ir G Oliveira Silva

[email protected]

MESB G Oliveira Silva

P Hendrick 21st January 2014

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION

WHY ENERGY STORAGE?

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

• RESULTS AFTER 1 YEAR

PUMPED-HYDRO ENERGY STORAGE (PHES)

COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE (CAES)

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (TES)

HYDROGEN

ELECTROCHEMICAL BATTERIES

• FUTURE WORK

2



INTRODUCTION

INTERMITTENT

ENERGY

PRODUCTION

IMBALANCE BETWEEN ENERGY

PRODUCTION AND ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

ENERGY

STORAGE

3



INTRODUCTION

APPLICATIONS FOR ENERGY STORAGE • MANAGEMENT OF VARIABLE ENERGY SOURCES “VIRTUAL POWER PLANT”

• FREQUENCY CONTROL

• BLACK-START CAPABILITY ABILITY TO START-UP AND PROVIDE ENERGY WITHOUT EXTERNAL POWER

• LOAD LEVELING STORAGE OF CHEAP OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY

• TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION STABILIZATION CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER, FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE

• TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION INVESTMENT DEFERRAL

• AUTO-CONSUMPTION

4



INTRODUCTION

WHY MICRO ENERGY STORAGE?

5

• LESS STUDIED AREA • BETTER RETURNS ON INITIAL R&D

• PROMOTE PRIVATE INVESTMENT • LIBERALIZATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR

• REPLICATE PHOTOVOLTAIC’S

SUCCESS • LOWER COSTS

• OPENING OF NEW MARKETS

• MAKE TECHNOLOGY WIDELY AVAILABLE

SEVERAL PROJECTS:



RESEARCH PROPOSAL

INVESTIGATE MESB FEASIBILITY, DEFINE

SIZING RULES AND MAKE FULL PROBLEM

PARAMETERIZATION

APPLICATION TO CASE STUDIES

PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

YEAR 1

YEAR 2

6

YEAR 3



T0+12 RESULTS - PHES 7

200

600

1000

1400

0 200 400 600 800

Ele

ctro

me

chan

ical

eq

uip

me

nt

cost

€

20

12

/kW

Power kW

ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

For power<100kW: 1000< cost <1800€/kW




WATER STORAGE TANK



y = 3692x-0,398

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000 10000

Co

st €

20

12/m

³

Volume m³

Steel

Concrete

Plastic

y = 100


0

27

55

82

0

2000

4000

6000

10 100 1000

Co

st f

or

a 2

0 y

ear

life

tim

e

c€2

01

2/k

Wh

Co

st €

20

12/k

Wh

Energy capacity kWh

Water tower

200m natural underground

reservoir

20m plastic reservoirs in buildings

25m excavated reservoir

50m excavated reservoir

200m surface artificial reservoirs

Artificial surface reservoir




CONCLUSIONS • COSTLY FOR SMALL-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE (<1MWH) • BEST SOLUTIONS:

• NATURAL UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS

• ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIRS WITH LARGE HEIGHT DIFFERENCE (>200M)

• LARGE DIAMETER EXCAVATED RESERVOIRS (>50M DIAMETER)

QUESTIONS • CAN IT BE INTEGRATED WITH OTHER SERVICES (THERMAL STORAGE

FOR EXAMPLE)?

• GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES CONSTRAINTS • EQUIPMENT LIFETIME AND MAINTENANCE

• IN BUILDINGS: STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT?



T0+12 RESULTS - CAES 11

100

1000

10000

0 1 10 100

Co

st €

20

12/k

W

Rated power kW

3-50bar

210-250bar

300-350bar

400-440bar

AIR COMPRESSORS/ TURBINES




1

14

137

100

1000

10000

0,01 0,1 1 10

Co

st f

or

a 2

0 y

ear

lifet

ime

c€2

01

2/k

Wh

Co

st €

20

12/k

Wh

Energy kWh

P < 80bar steel

200 < P < 250bar steel

300 < P < 420bar steel

300bar carbon fiber

COMPRESSED AIR TANKS




Compressed

air storage

Compressed

air vehicles

Intermittent

energy production

Compressed

air supply

Heating/

cooling loads

0,01

0,10

1,00

10 100 1000 10000

Vo

lum

e m

³/kW

h

Energy capacity kWh

225 bar

325/ 420 bar

50 bar

5

11

16

22

400

800

1200

1600

10 100 1000

20

yea

rs li

feti

me

cost

c€

20

12/k

Wh

Co

st €

20

12/k

Wh

Energy kWh

4h 50 bar

325 bar

225 bar




CONCLUSIONS • COST ACCEPTABLE FOR SMALL-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE (>10KWH)

• THERMAL MANAGEMENT MANDATORY

• HIGH-PRESSURES RECOMMENDED (BEST CASE: 225BAR)

QUESTIONS • INTEGRATION OF OTHER SERVICES (THERMAL, COMPRESSED AIR)

• GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES CONSTRAINTS

• COMPRESSORS REVERSIBILITY (TURBINE) • EFFECT OF PRESSURE VARIATION

• EQUIPMENT LIFETIME AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

• NOISE



T0+12 RESULTS - THERMAL 15

SENSIBLE HEAT THERMAL STORAGE

y = 99x-0,193

0

50

100

150

1 10 100 1000

Co

st €

20

12

/kW

h

Energy kWh



T0+12 RESULTS - THERMAL 16

CONCLUSIONS • VERY LOW COST (0,6C€/KWH)

• HEAT AS A BYPRODUCT

• PHASE-CHANGE TECHNOLOGIES (LATENT HEAT) UNDER DEVELOPMENT

• LOW GRADE ENERGY WHEN COMPARED TO ELECTRICITY

QUESTIONS • INTEGRATION ON OTHER STORAGE SYSTEMS (FUEL CELLS, ETC)

• OTHER TECHNOLOGIES: DISTRICT HEATING, UNDERGROUND • LATENT HEAT STORAGE

• EQUIPMENT LIFETIME AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

• HEAT ORIGIN



T0+12 RESULTS - HYDROGEN 17

ELECTROLYZER

30%

50%

70%

1 10 100

Effi

cie

ncy

% (

H2

H

HV

)

Power kW

10

100

1 10 100

Mas

s kg

/kW

Power kW

y=37,3x-0,075




FUEL CELL

20%

30%

40%

0,01 0,10 1,00 10,00Effi

cie

ncy

% (

H2

HH

V)

Power kW

Stack

Fuel cell

y = 4492x-0,428

1000

10000

0,01 0,10 1,00

Co

st €

20

12/k

W

Power kW




5

20

35

50

65

10 100 1000

Co

st f

or

a 2

0 y

ear

life

tim

e

c€2

01

2/k

Wh

OU

TPU

T

Energy kWhOUTPUT

kin=kout

kin=2kout

kOUT=1h

kOUT=4h

kOUT=10h

kOUT=50h kOUT=150h



T0+12 RESULTS - BATTERIES 20

y = 419x-0,1

100

300

500

0,0 0,5 1,0

Co

st €

20

12/k

Wh

Energy kWh (50%DoD for C/5h)

Sealed

floodedy=250

y = 4173x-0,32

100

1000

10000

1 10 100 1000

Co

st €

20

12/k

W

Power W




0,0

0,3

0,6

0,9

1 10 100 1000

Life

tim

e C

ost

€2

01

2/k

Wh

Energy kWh

Lead acid sealed

Lead acid flooded

Lithium-ion

4h

0,0

0,3

0,6

0,9

1 10 100 1000

Life

tim

e C

ost

€2

01

2/k

Wh

Energy kWh

10h

Lead acid sealed

Lead acid flooded

Lithium-ion

Lead acid

sealed

Lead acid

flooded

Lithium-ion

4h 0,68 0,46 0,22

10h 0,61 0,39 0,20




CONCLUSIONS • LOW COST FOR LI-ION

QUESTIONS • LIFETIME

• O&MAINTENANCE COSTS



T0+12 RESULTS - CONCLUSION 23

Cost (c€2012/kWh) Mass (kg/kWh) Volume (l/kWh)

Energy (Wh) 2k 10k 100k 1M 2k 10k 100k 1M 2k 10k 100k 1M

Tech

no

logy

Pumped hydro - 72 58 - - 37k 37k - - 37k 37k -

CAES - 11 9 8 - 88 88 88 - 106 106 106

Hydrogen - 40 22 12 - 24 19 17 - 102 101 101

Lead acid

flooded 54 46 46 46 53 53 53 53 24 24 24 24

Lead acid sealed 75 68 68 68 62 62 62 62 27 27 27 27

Lithium-ion 22 22 22 22 14 14 14 14 9 9 9 9

Thermal - 0,9 0,6 0,4 - 14 14 14 - 14 14 14



T0+12 RESULTS– PROJECT’S DATABASE 24

DATABASE OF EXISTING

AND PLANNED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

PROVIDING SUPPLIERS,

TECHNIQUES, COSTS,

ETC.



PUBLICATIONS

IRES 2013 8TH INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY

STORAGE CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION

ACCEPTED POSTER

MICRO ENERGY STORAGE IN BUILDINGS 18-20 NOVEMBER 2013

BERLIN, GERMANY

25



SOME REFERENCES Key world energy statistics 2012. IEA. s.l. : IEA, 2012 Cost determination of the electro-mechanical equipment of a small hydro-power plant. Ogayar, P. e vidal, P.G. s.l. : Renewable energy, 2009. Cost minimization in micro-hydro systems using pumps as turbines. Alatorre-Frenck, Claudio. s.l. : PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1994 California department of transportation construction costs database. http://sv08data.dot.ca.gov/contractcost/. s.l. : online, 2013 Maintenance History of Four Steel Water Tanks. Neumann, Walter e Newman, Wade. s.l. : Water & wastes digest, 2000 Feasibility of CO2 sequestration in abandoned coal mines in Belgium. Piessens, Kris e Dusar, Michiel. s.l. : Geologica Belgica, 2004 Novel approach for decentralised energy supply and energy storage of tall buildings in Latin America based on renewable energy sources: Case study - Informal vertical community Torre David, Caracas - Venezuela. Fonseca, Jimeno e Schlueter, Arno. s.l. : Energy, 2013 DOE international energy storage database. http://www.energystorageexchange.org/. s.l. : online, 2013 Project ADELE. www.rwe.com. s.l. : online, 2013 A trigeneration system based on compressed air and thermal energy storage. Li, Yongliang, et al., et al. s.l. : Applied energy, 2012 Pumps as turbines. A user's guide. Williams, Arthur. s.l. : Intermediate technology publications, 1995 Reverse running pumps analytical, experimental and computational study: A review. Nautiyal, Himanshu e Kumar, Anoop. s.l. : Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010

26



MESB Micro Energy Storage in Buildings

Meetings on Sustainable Construction & Efficient Energy Buildings

Company Mission with Nord Pas de Calais

Prof P Hendrick

[email protected]

Ir G Oliveira Silva

[email protected]



sustainable construction research - micro storage energy buildings

Technology

buildingsprof p hendrick

energy kwh4h

poster micro energy

planned energy storage

energy kwh lithiumion

development low grade

results hydrogencost

results thermal conclusions