ENERGY SITUATION AND NUCLEAR POWER ENERGY SITUATION AND NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIADEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN)/ National Nuclear Energy Agency, PO BOX: 4390 Jakarta 12043, Indonesia

Tel. +62-21-5255213, Fax. +62-21-5251110, E-mail: wardojo@batan.go.id

Presented at : Tsuruga Summer Institute on Nuclear Energy 2008, September 8 – 12, 2008, Tsuruga, Japan.

ADIWARDOJO

CONTENTSCONTENTS1. Introduction

1.1. Foundation Philosophy.

1.2. Activities Related to Nuclear Power Pant (NPP) Introduction.

2. Act, Decree, Regulation & International Nuclear Arrangements.

2.1. Act, Decree, Regulation relating to NPP Development in Indonesia.

2.2. Indonesian Status to the International Nuclear Arrangements.

3. Current Energy Condition.

4. Energy Policies.

5. Issues of the Nuclear Development Program in Indonesia.

5.1. Current Electricity Condition & National Electricity General Planning.

5.2. Nuclear as a Option for long Term Energy Supply.

5.3. Infrastructure Development Program.

5.4.Utilization of Nuclear Technology and Activities Relating to NPP .

5.5.Current Influencing Factors.

6. Conclusion.

1.1. Foundation Philosophy.

1.2. Activities Related to Nuclear Power Pant (NPP) Introduction.

1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 FOUNDATION PHILOSOPHY 1.1 FOUNDATION PHILOSOPHY

• APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IS FOR PEACEFUL USES ONLY

• SAFETY & SECURITY IS THE PRIME CONSIDERATION

• DEMAND DRIVEN AND STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION

• APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IS FOR PEACEFUL USES ONLY

• SAFETY & SECURITY IS THE PRIME CONSIDERATION

• DEMAND DRIVEN AND STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION

1954ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE COMMITEE FOR RADIOACTIVITY RESEARCH 1958ESTABLISHMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY COUNCIL AND ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

1964ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (BATAN)

1965OPERATIONS OF TRIGA MARK II RESEARCH REACTOR: 250 KW

1970NPT SIGNED BY GOVT

1971OPERATION OF TRIGA MARK II RESEARCH REACTOR 1 MW

1972ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISION FOR PREPARATION OF NPP CONSTR

NPT RATIFICATION BY PARLIAMENT

1979 OPERATION OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR 100 kW

1987

GOVT DECISION FOR NPP DEVELPOMENT

OPERATION OF RSG RESEARCH REACTOR 30 MW

1991

1998 ESTABLISHMENT OF BATAN AND BAPETENOPERATION OF TRIGA MARK II RESEARCH REACTOR 2 MW, Advanced Si Core for RSG RR

1996

STARTING OF NPP FEASIBILITY STUDY

1997

Act No 31 Yr 1964

Act No 10 Yr 1997 NUCLEAR ENERGY ACT

FINISHING OF NPP FEASIBILITY STUDY

ECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC CRISIS

1978

NUCLEAR ACCIDENT NUCLEAR ACCIDENT –– CHERNOBYL 1986CHERNOBYL 1986

2003 SUBMISSION OF ENERGY PLANNING STUDY RESULT “CADES” TO PRESIDEN OF R.I.

1988 OPERATION OF RAD. WASTE MNG. INSTALLATION

1989 OPERATION OF Power Reactor Experimental FE Installation

1990 OPERATIONS OF RMI, ESI, NMEI

1995 WHOLE INDONESIAN CORE FOR 30 MW RESEARCH REACTOR

START OF ENERGY PLANNING STUDY, FINISHED 2002, NPP FEASIBLE

1.2. Activities Related to NPP Introduction

2006

2000

2005 NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERAL PLANNING 2005-2025, NUCLEAR POWER INCLUDED

NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY 2005–2025, PRESIDENTIAL REG NO 5 YEAR 2006 – NUCLEAR INCLUDED2007 Act No 17 Year 2007 on National Long-Term Development Planning – Introduction of NPP ( 2015-2019 ).

2.1. Act, Decree, Regulation relating to NPP Developmentin Indonesia.

2.2. Indonesian Status to the International Nuclear Arrangements.

2. Act, Decree, Regulation & International Nuclear Arrangements

2. Act, Decree, Regulation & 2. Act, Decree, Regulation & International Nuclear ArrangementsInternational Nuclear Arrangements

� Act No. 10 Year 1997 on Nuclear Energy � Act No. 17 Year 2007 on National Long-Term Development Planning 2005-

2025.� Act No. 30 Year 2007 on Energy � Government Regulation No 43 Year 2006 on Licensing of Nuclear

Reactor� Presidential Regulation No 5 Year 2006 on National Energy Policy .� National Electricity General Planning (RUKN) 2006-2026, MOEMR 2006.� Guidance for the Application and Development of Sustainable Nuclear

Energy System in Indonesia

2.1. Act, Decree, Regulation relating to NPP Development in Indonesia

No INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR TREATY AND CONVENTION STATUS

1. �Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)�Safeguard Agreement with IAEA�Additional Protocol to Safeguards

�Ratified : Act No.8 / 1978�Signed (Valid)�Signed (Valid)

2. Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its Amendment

Ratified : President Decree No.49 / 1986

3. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident Ratified : President Decree No.81 / 1993

4. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency

Ratified : President Decree No.82 / 1993

5. Treaty on the South East Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Ratified : UU No.9 / 1997

6. Convention on Nuclear Safety Ratified : President Decree No.106 / 2001

7. Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) Signed 1996

8. Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management

Signed (1997)

9. Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention Signed (1997)

10. Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage Signed (1997)

11. Bilateral Cooperation and Supply Agreement (s) Signed (1997)

2.2. Indonesian Status to the International Nuclear Arrangements.

SAFEGUARDS CONCLUSIONS :SAFEGUARDS CONCLUSIONS :

•For 13 States ( Australia, Croatia, Ghana, the Holy See, Hungary, Indonesia, Jordan, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Slovenia and Uzbekistan ) having both Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA) and Additional Protocol (AP) in force, the IAEA concluded that all nuclear material had been placed under safeguards and remained in peaceful nuclear activities.

•Indonesia recognized by IAEA as the first three countries ( Australia and Norway ) applying CSA and AP ( IAEA GC-2005 ).

Source : International Atomic Energy AgencySource : International Atomic Energy Agency

3.Current Energy Conditions3.Current Energy Conditions

5

Lex GeneralistLex SpecialistSectoral Treatment8.

Demand Side Management(DSM)

Supply Side Management(SSM)

Policy Priority9.

Substitution subsidyPrice policySubsidy Reduction7.

Oil and commercial energyOil and traditional energyAccessibility to Energy4.

HighLowEnergy Demand Growth5.

25 – 35 % 50 – 75 % Fiscal Influence (APBN)2.

Oil dependencyOil dominantMomentum beginning1.

- Pro Poor- Pro Job- Pro Growth

- Pro Growth- Pro Job- Pro Poor

Contribution to National Development

10.

Oil and energy alternativeOilPrimary Energy Production3.

II (2006)I (1966)

THE ERA OF ENERGY RESURGENCE IN INDONESIASUBJECT

ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIAENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA3.1

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

3.2 Growth of Primary Energy3.2 Growth of Primary Energy

The average growth of primary energyThe average growth of primary energy :1970-2005 = � 8,5 %/ annum

Oil

Natural Gas

Coal

Hydro

Geothermal

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005

Year

thou

sand

SB

M

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

3.3. Consumption of Crude oil and Fuel Oil are High (2006)

Primary Energy Final Energy

Coal15.34%

Natural Gas28.57%

Crude Oil51.66%

Geothermal1.32%

Hydro3.11%

Coal8.85%

Oil54.82%

Natural Gas 25.28%

Electricity9.62%

LPG1.44%

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

4. Energy Policies4. Energy Policies

4.1. National Energy Policy4.1. National Energy Policy

19

NATIONAL ENERGY POLICYNATIONAL ENERGY POLICY

SUPPLY SIDE POLICY

SUPPLY SIDE POLICY

DEMAND SIDE POLICY

DEMAND SIDE POLICY

SECURITY OF SUPPLY

SECURITY OF SUPPLY

SOCIETY AWARENESS

SOCIETY AWARENESS

ENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICE

PRODUCTION EXPLORATION

PRODUCTION EXPLORATION

CONSERVATION(PRODUCTION

OPTIMIZING)

CONSERVATION(PRODUCTION

OPTIMIZING)

DIRECT SUBSIDYDIRECT SUBSIDY

DIVERSIFICATIONDIVERSIFICATION

CONSERVATION(EFFICIENCY)

CONSERVATION(EFFICIENCY)

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

20

Natural Gas, 28.57%

Coal, 15.34%

Oil51.66%

Geothermal Power, 1.32%

Hydro Power, 3.11%

ENERGI MIX GOAL 2025ENERGI MIX GOAL 2025

OPTIMIZING ENERGY

MANAGEMENT

National (Primary) Energy Mix

National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025(BaU Scenario)

PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION NO. 5 YEAR 2006PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION NO. 5 YEAR 2006NATIONAL ENERGY POLICYNATIONAL ENERGY POLICY

Coal, 34.6%

Oil, 41.7%

Geothermal Power, 1.1%

Mini/micro Hydro Power, 0.1%

Power Plant, 1.9%National Energy Mix 2025

(Presidential Regulation Scenario)

Coal, 33%

Natural Gas, 20.6%

Natural Gas,30%

Geothermal Power, 5%

Biomass, Nuclear, HydroSolar Power, Wind Power, 5%

Oil, 20%

Biofuel, 5%

Coal Liquefaction, 2%

NRE,17%

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

22

Wind

New and Renewable Energy

17%5%

5%

2%

5%

Biofuel

Geothermal

Other New and Renewable Energy Nuclear

HydroSolar

CBM

Biomass

NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTNEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT(In accordance with the Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006)

Coal Liquefaction

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

ENERGY USED: MIX, OPTIMAL, SMART, AND WISE

FOSSIL ENERGY(hydrocarbon resources)

OIL COAL GAS

NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY

HYDRO,Microhydro

Solar, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, HydrogenNUCLEAR

ENVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY SOURCES SOCIO-CULTURE GEOPOLITIC ECONOMY

NATURAL RESOURCE BASED NATURAL RESOURCE BASED TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYBASEDBASED(TECHNOLOGY MATURITY)(TECHNOLOGY MATURITY)

- Population growth- Economic growth- Change of life style

- Increasing of the primary energy supply (doubled)

- Increasing of the electricity energy supply (3,5 fold)

Environmentalissues:

- Global warming- Air pollution - Acid rain- Health

4.2. Long-Term National Energy Planning.

5.1. Electricity : Current Condition and National ElectricityGeneral Planning (2006-2026).

5.2. Nuclear as a Option for Long Term Energy Supply.

5.3. Infrastructure Development Program.

5.4. Utilization of Nuclear technology and Activities relating to Nuclear Power Plant.

5.5. Current Influencing Factors.

5. Issues of the Nuclear Development Program in Indonesia

5. Issues of the Nuclear 5. Issues of the Nuclear Development Program in IndonesiaDevelopment Program in Indonesia

� Electricity System:� Interconnection: Java-Madura-Bali and most of Sumatera island;� The others are still isolated.

� Growth rate of demand for electricity up to 2026: 7.1 % p.a.� Total installed capacity 29,083 MW:

� PLN’s : 24.887 MW (85,57%);� IPP’s : 3.450 MW (11,86%);� PPU’s : 746 MW (2,57%).

� Electrification ratio: 56%.� Village electrified ratio: 85%� Consumption of fuel-oil for power generation is about 24%.� Power plant’s installed capacity from renewable energy:

� Geothermal : 1,032 MW � Hydro : 4.200 MW � Mini/Micro Hydro : 84 MW � Biomass : 445 MW � Solar Cell : 8 MW � Wind Power : 0,6 MW

5.1. Current Electricity Condition5.1. Current Electricity Condition

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

0

100

200

300

400

500

2006 2011 2016 2021 2026Year

TWh

Java-M adura-Bali Outside Java-M adura-BaliIndonesia

0

100

200

300

400

500

2006 2011 2016 2021 2026Year

TWh

Java-M adura-Bali Outside Java-M adura-BaliIndonesia

Electricity Demand Electricity Demand (Based on RUKN 2006 (Based on RUKN 2006 –– 2026)2026)

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

Electricity Demand (Based on RUKN 2006 – 2026)

Electricity Demand Electricity Demand (Based on RUKN 2006 (Based on RUKN 2006 –– 2026)2026)

Area Description Units 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026

Java-Madura-Bali

Demand TWh 92 129 178 242 327

Peak Load GW 15 21 29 40 59

Additional Power Plants

GW -0.4 10 27 42 53

OutsideJava-Madura-Bali

Demand TWh 23 33 50 77 123

Peak Load GW 5 7 10 14 17

Additional Power Plants

GW 0.9 5 9 16 37

Indonesia Demand TWh 115 162 228 319 450

Peak Load GW 20 28 39 54 76

Additional Power Plants

GW 0.5 15 36 58 90

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

Primary Energy Share for Power Generation (Java-Madura-Bali)

Primary Energy Share for Power Generation Primary Energy Share for Power Generation (Java(Java--MaduraMadura--Bali)Bali)

42% 47%60%

70% 71%

19%24%

20%14% 12%

5%

6%

6% 7%

9%

9%

8%8% 8%

24%15%

6%

6%

2%2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Coal Gas Geothermal Hydro Oil

42% 47%60%

70% 71%

19%24%

20%14% 12%

5%

6%

6% 7%

9%

9%

8%8% 8%

24%15%

6%

6%

2%2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Coal Gas Geothermal Hydro Oil

Nuclear Energy is considered to be utilized gradually starting in 2017/2018, and is expected to reach 4% in 2025 Nuclear Energy is considered to be utilized gradually starting iNuclear Energy is considered to be utilized gradually starting inn2017/2018, and is expected to reach 4% in 20252017/2018, and is expected to reach 4% in 2025

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

29,47433,883

37,42642,452

58,706

65,37870,214

73,10376,111

2,0125,513

10,742

18,327

29,508

43,149

54,064

65,79270,783

66

77

90 93

7 16

28

4350.2

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2010 2015 2020 2025

Cus

tom

ers

(Tho

usan

d)

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2010 2015 2020 2025El

ectri

ficat

ion

Rat

io (%

)

Number of Household Residential Customers Electrification Ratio

Govn’tTarget

Electrification Ratio GrowthElectrification Ratio GrowthElectrification Ratio Growth

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

� Energy Diversification– Diversify primary energy use for power generation and reduce fossil fuel

dependency (esp. Oil)

� Energy Conservation– Energy efficiency to reduce total domestic energy and electricity demand

and increase added value

� Energy Security and Self Sufficiency

� Environmental Protection– Reduce SOx, NOx and Green-House-Gases emission to support

sustainable development and minimize externalities

� Electricity Production Cost– Reduce Electricity Production Cost

� Acquiring of High-Tech Power Generation– High Tech utilization will increase national industrial capacity

5.2 Nuclear as An Option for Long Term Energy Supply5.2 Nuclear as An Option for Long Term Energy Supply

ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION PLANNING Jawa-Madura-Bali ( Jamali )

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

20132014

20152016

20172018

20192020

20212022

20232024

2025

Nuklir Batubara Panas bumi Gas Air BBM

TWH

YEARS 2006 2025Coal 42% 58%

9% 4%Gas 19% 27%Geothermal 5% 4%Oil 24% 3%Nuclear 0% 4%

COMPOSITION of ENERGY

Hydro

NuclearNuclear Coal Geothermal Gas Hyd Oil

Source : DGEEU-MEMR

5.3 Infrastructure Development Program.5.3 Infrastructure Development Program.

Source r: IAEA NG-G-3.1, 2007

PR 5/2006 Act 17/2007

Status of NPP in Indonesia

Nuclear energy to suffice conservation, intensification, diversification and sustainability of energy supply, shall be:symbiotic and synergistic to fossil and & new renewable energy sources

• Application of Nuclear Technology for Fossil:� EOR using tracer, SOx and NOx treatment using Electron

Beam Machine• Application of Nuclear Technology for Renewable Energy:

� Hydro, micro-hydro, and geothermal using tracer and bio-fuel (irradiation induced mutation of Yatropha Curcas sp, sweet sorghum), etc.

• NPP Introduction: � Planning, pre-project activities, and continuous

socialization of NPP for electricity.• Preparation of Nuclear Fuel Supply and Future Radioactive

Waste Management• Study on Future NPP for Co-generation

5.4. Utilization of Nuclear Technology and Activities 5.4. Utilization of Nuclear Technology and Activities Relating to Nuclear Power Plant.Relating to Nuclear Power Plant.

Current influencing factors of nuclear power plant introduction are as follows:

(1) Public acceptance Program of Socialization – Public Education & Information.Program of Social Engineering – Community Development.

(2) Financing scheme.The financing schemes should achieve two objectives: minimalcosts to the government and affordable electricity price.

Based on IAEA TECDOC 1513 the possible methods of financing Nuclear Power Plant:- Projects Fully Financed by Government Owned Utility.- Projects Fully Financed by Private Sector Utility.- Project Financed by Project Financing Model

5.5. Current Influencing Factors.5.5. Current Influencing Factors.

� BATAN as a Government Institution, has led all necessary pre-project activities, and is preparing the requirement needed for owner establishment together with MOEMR.

� The introduction of NPP in Indonesia is not only to reach an optimal energy mix based on cost and environmental protection, but also to relieve the pressure arising from increasing domestic demand for oil and gas as well as to support sustainable development in Indonesia .

� Some political, economical, social and technical efforts have been done to realize the introduction of the first NPP in Indonesia. Few preparation studies, however need to be further up-dated, to conclude the objective.

� In spite of the complete, comprehensive and long-time preparation that have already been carried out, main influencing factors i.e public acceptance, and economic–financing scheme still need to be properly managed to succeed the NPP introduction in Indonesia

6. Conclusion

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