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Energy ProjectsElectrodynamic Tether

Electrodynamic Tethers

An electrodynamic tether is essentially a long conducting wire extended from a spacecraft. T

field (also known as the "tidal force") will tend to orient the tether in a vertical position. If th

around the Earth, it will be crossing the Earth's magnetic field lines at orbital velocity (7-8 km

the conductor across the magnetic field induces a voltage along the length of the tether. This

several hundred volts per kilometer.

In an "electrodynamic tether drag" system, such as the Terminator Tether, the tether can be

orbit of the spacecraft to which it is attached. If the system has a means for collecting electron

ionospheric plasma at one end of the tether and expelling them back into the plasma at the ot

the voltage can drive a current along the tether. This current will, in turn, interact with the E

to cause a Lorentz JXB force which will oppose the motion of the tether and whatever it is at

"electrodynamic drag force" will decrease the orbit of the tether and its host spacecraft. Esse

converts the orbital energy of the host spacecraft into electrical power, which is dissipated as

tether.

Figure 1.


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Principle of electrodynamic tether propulsion.

In a "electrodynamic propulsion" system, the tether can be used to boost the orbit of the spa

supply is added to the tether system and used to drive current in the direction opposite to thawants to flow, the tether can "push" against the Earth's magnetic field to raise the spacecraft

advantage of this technique compared to other space propulsion systems is that it doesn't req

It uses the Earth's magnetic field as its "reaction mass." By eliminating the need to launch la

propellant into orbit, electrodynamic tethers can greatly reduce the cost of in space propulsio

Figure 2.

ISS Orbit Reboost Project

SOURCE Tethers Unlimited, Inc.

For further information on an electrodynamic tether system customized for your spacecraft a

contact TUI [email protected]

.

STS-75

Columbia

Tethered Satellite System-1R (TSS-1R)

United States Microgravity Payload-3 (USMP-3)
http://www.tethers.com/EDTethers.htmlhttp://www.tethers.com/EDTethers.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.tethers.com/EDTethers.html


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KSC Press Release No. 5-96

February 1996

The seven member international STS-75 crew will conduct scientific investigations with bothSatellite System-1R (TSS-1R) and United States Microgravity Payload-3 (USMP-3) primary

75th Space Shuttle mission. The 13 day, 16- hour space flight will begin when the Space Shut

lifts off from Launch Pad 39B and climbs to a 184-statute-mile-high orbit with a 28.45- degre

Earth's equator.

Once in orbit, the 5 foot (1.6 meter) in diameter TSS-1R satellite will be deployed from its pa

payload bay to a distance of 12.4 miles (20.7 kilometers) above the orbiter as an attached, ele

tether the diameter of a wooden matchstick unwinds from a motorized reel. After the TSS-1R

retrieval of the satellite, the crew will conduct research with four major USMP-3 experiment

Columbia's payload bay and three combustion experiments in a Glove box facility located in deck area.

The STS-75 mission is scheduled to end with Columbia's touchdown at the KSC Shuttle Land

Image Courtesy NASA

The Crew

The STS-75 crew includes two European Space Agency (ESA) astronauts and one from the It

(ASI), as well as four veterans of STS-46, the first TSS-1 mission.


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Mission Commander Andrew M. Allen (Major, USMC) is on his third space flight, having se

STS-62 and STS-46. The Pilot is Scott J. "Doc" Horowitz (Ph.D.) (Major, USAF), who is on h

mission. Payload Commander Franklin R. Chang-Diaz (Ph.D.) has flown on STS-60, STS-46

C. Mission Specialist Jeffrey A. Hoffman (Ph.D.) has served in this capacity on STS 61, STS-

51-D. Mission Specialist Claude Nicollier (ESA) has flown on both STS-61 and STS-46. MissiMaurizio Cheli (ESA) is a lieutenant colonel in the Italian Air Force. Payload Specialist Umb

the project scientist responsible for the integration of the Electrodynamic Tether Effects (RE

the TSS-1R.

The TSS-1R Mission

The TSS program is a joint venture between ASI and NASA. Its objectives on this flight are t

ability to deploy and control satellites on long tethers in space and to conduct space plasma e

include the generation of electrical power. The TSS-1 first flew on STS-46 in 1992, but a mec

allowed the satellite to be deployed only to height of 840 feet. The "R" designation indicates apayload with modifications.

The primary TSS-1R components are the 1,141- pound (518 kilogram) satellite, its deployer s

Spacelab pallet in the orbiter payload bay and the Spacelab Mission Peculiar Equipment Sup

(MPESS) that holds the three- orbiter-based science instruments to be used in TSS-1R exper

carries an additional four instruments. This sphere has an aluminum alloy skin that is electri

three instrument sensor booms, a payload module for the science instruments and a service m

telemetry, power distribution, data handling and navigational equipment. The middle section

nitrogen tank that will fuel the 12 low powered thrusters that will propel the satellite during

orbiter.

Deployment, Experiments and Retrieval

On Flight Day 3, the crew will begin deployment by raising a 40 foot (12 meter) deployment b

satellite and its support structure to this height. Once released, the satellite will climb upward

and away from Earth, aided by gravitational force and the use of its onboard thrusters, to att

miles (20.7 kilometers) over a 5-1/2 hour period. The crew will control the satellite and deplo

aft flight deck.

The attached tether, with a diameter of 0.1 inches (2.5 millimeters) is made of Nomex and Kestrong and thin strand, also contains a tin coated, insulated copper wire bundle that makes it

conductive.

As the tether passes through the electromagnetic fields of the Earth's atmosphere, an electric

to build up between the satellite and the orbiter through an electrodynamic process. Electron


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ionosphere will be collected at the satellite and will travel down the tether to the orbiter. The

Equipment (DCORE) instrument in the payload bay will control this flow of electrical curren

two electron generator assemblies. The Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System (SETS) will pr

of the tether voltage and current and generate an electron beam in support of science investig

Potential and Return Electron Experiment (SPREE) will measure ion and electron distributiorbiter electrical potential. Other investigations will study the effects of the deployed tether a

space environment.

Approximately 27 hours after deployment, the crew will activate the 5 horsepower electric m

the tether and draw the satellite back to the top of the satellite support structure in the paylo

will be conducted in two phases over a period of 18 hours.

SOURCE: Kennedy Space CenterPress Releasesand Fact Sheets

Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1R)

.

Image Courtesy NASA

The Tethered Satellite System Reflight (TSS-1R) builds on what we learned about tether syst

1 mission, which was flown in 1992. This second mission gives scientists an exciting opportun
http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/75facts2.htmhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/75facts2.htmhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/index.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/index.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/index.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/nasafact.htmhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/nasafact.htmhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/sts-75/tss-1r/tss1_highlights.htmlhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/sts-75/tss-1r/tss1_highlights.htmlhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/sts-75/tss-1r/tss1_highlights.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/nasafact.htmhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/index.htmlhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/75facts2.htm


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areas of plasma physics and electrodynamics.

The TSS hardware has several major elements: the deployer system, which raises the satellite

(and in) the tether cable, and nestles the satellite back in the payload bay for return to earth;

connects the satellite to the Shuttle and acts as a conductor and an antenna; the satellite, whiinstruments; and the carriers which hold the TSS in the Shuttle's cargo bay.

As the satellite and tether move through the ionosphere (the very high part of the Earth's atm

flies in), they "cut" through magnetic field lines, generating high voltage, electrical currents,

disturbances (you'll find explanations of theses things scattered through these pages). To inve

the astronauts onboard will work with scientists and engineers on the ground, performing a w

experiments.

These investigations will help us understand things such as the behavior of comet tails and th

emitted by Jupiter. Also, by exploring the dynamics of tethered systems, we may develop a vaapplications, such as generating electrical power or propulsion for future spacecraft.

SOURCE and More Data

EARLY FINDINGS FROM TETHERED SATELLITE MISSION

POINT TO REVAMPING OF SPACE PHYSICS THEORIES

RELEASE: 96-43

Numerous space physics and plasma theories are being revised or overturned by data gatherTethered Satellite System Reflight (TSS-1R) experiments on Space Shuttle Columbias STS-7

March.

Models, accepted by scientists for more than 30 years, are incorrect and must be rewritten. T

follows analysis by a joint U.S.-Italian Tethered Satellite investigating team of the informatio

the mission.

Source: Marshal Marshall Space Flight Center, Press Release

EARLY FINDINGS FROM TETHERED SATELLITE MISSIONPOINT TO REVAMPING OF SPACE PHYSICS THEORIES

RELEASE: 96-43

Italian Space Agency (ASI)

Excerpt
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/sts-75/tss-1r/tss-1r.htmlhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/sts-75/tss-1r/tss-1r.htmlhttp://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.htmlhttp://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.htmlhttp://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.htmlhttp://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shuttle/sts-75/tss-1r/tss-1r.html


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NASA and the Italian Space Agency today released the report of the investigative board appo

factors which resulted in the Feb. 25 tether break and loss of the Tethered Satellite during th

Shuttle mission.

Findings of the board, included in a 358-page document, identified primary causes which accbreak during deployment of the Tethered Satellite.

The tether failed as a result of arcing and burning of the tether, leading to a tensile failure af

portion of the tether had burned away," the report concludes. The arcing occurred because e

object penetration (but not orbital debris or micrometeoroids) or a defect in the tether caused

layer of insulation surrounding the tether conductor. The insulation breach provided a path

jump, or arc, from the copper wire in the tether to a nearby electrical ground...

Excerpt

The tether was designed to carry up to 15,000 volts DC and handle tensile forces of up to 400

newtons). It used super-strong strands of Kevlar as a strength-providing member, wound aro

insulation. However, postflight inspection of the tether end which remained aboard Columbi

charred. The board concluded that after arcing had burned through most of the Kevlar, the f

strands were not enough to withstand forces being exerted by satellite deployment...

Source: Marshal Marshall Space Flight Center, Press Release
http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.htmlhttp://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.htmlhttp://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.html


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STS-75 'The Tether Incident' Feb. 1996

Transcript from Report

"Its called an Electrodynamic Tether designed to collect high energy electrons in the Earth's

electromagnetic field. The motion of the tether across the Earth's magnetic field produces a v

mile tether.

Utilizing estimates in the charged density of the earths electromagnetic field and the ionosphe

produces is expected to be several hundred volts per kilometer. If successful this experiment

electrical power. If additional power is driven along the tether in the opposite direction to tha

normally wants to flow the tether in theory could push negating propulsion against the Earth

shuttles orbit.

The advantage to this revolutionary advance in propulsion is that it does not require any roc

electrodynamic tethers could prove a way to greatly decrease the cost of in space propulsion.

could keep itself in orbit saving nearly 2 billion dollars in orbit reboost rocket fuel for every 1

stations operation
http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/1996/96-043.html


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But on Feb. 25 after the 12 mile tether began producing electricity an unexpected overload in

fluctuating between 2 and 10 times that which predicted due to inaccurate estimates in the el

earths magnetic field, ionosphere, and possibly space radiation fried the tethers conductor ca

severing it from the space shuttle..."

See the video of the incidence here;

Video Clip

STS-75 'The Tether Incident' Feb. 1996

Editors Note: This video has been removed by the original poster at Youtube. If anyone know

might be available please contact us atwebmaster

This one is from the hand held Infrared Camera and is not as clear as the other one was and

interview and actual tether deployment portion that the above text was quoted from. STS-75

..

Critters and UFO's

The above video, or at least the second portion, has been used by UFO buffs as a classic video

existence of UFO's in space, and that NASA is aware of it. In this video they are described as

the astronauts and seem no cause for concern.

It is interesting to note that most UFO theorists don't talk about the implications of the tether

relation to free energy, as this is a proof positive of NASA and others experimenting with just

the above incidence proves, they were caught completely off guard with the 2 to 10 times highpower flux.

For our theory on these "UFO's" see here;

Critters and their Implications..

UFO MAGAZINE REPLIES...

Smoking Gun

Well, just such a shift in mood could be upon us. On 11th March UFO Magazine released se

into the public domain of the STS-75 mission which allegedly shows anomalous, intelligently

filmed above the Earth. In a similar vein to the STS 48 and 80 footage, this latest material to

unwitting NASA organisation goes much further, showing objects moving around an enormo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_rj4yxTygk&search=ufo%20new%20movie%20critters%20nasa%20spacehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_rj4yxTygk&search=ufo%20new%20movie%20critters%20nasa%20spacemailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9195784773294645739http://www.thelivingmoon.com/41pegasus/02files/Critters.htmlhttp://www.thelivingmoon.com/41pegasus/02files/Critters.htmlhttp://www.thelivingmoon.com/41pegasus/02files/Critters.htmlhttp://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9195784773294645739mailto:[email protected]://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_rj4yxTygk&search=ufo%20new%20movie%20critters%20nasa%20space


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structured craft in flight. If this material gains wide-spread media coverage, and its still an

about the sea-change many Ufologists have been waiting for. Not only have the images been

historic by prominent, independent researchers, but the authenticity of the footage is above

SOURCE: UFO MAGAZINE UK PART 1UFO MAGAZINE UK PART 2

Low Earth Orbit Spacecraft Charging Design Guidelines

NASA/TP2003-212287

At a voltage of 3500 V, the TSS-1R tether leaked gas into its deployer control reel enclosures

neutral pressure led to Paschen discharge and loss of the mission. On the SAMPIE Shuttle pa

experiment, a local gas vent had to be moved to prevent Paschen discharge. Helium is the mo

effluent gas, as it has the lowest Paschen breakdown minimum voltage. - Page 5

In the case of the TSS-1R tether, its 20 km length produced a maximum of about 3500 V pote

most positive and negative ends, since it wasn?t oriented perfectly perpendicular to the veloc

Earth?s magnetic field. A satellite at its upper end collected electrons, and an electron gun at

emitted electrons to complete the circuit. When the electron gun was not in operation, a large

the Shuttle from being biased thousands of volts negative of its surrounding plasma. Howeve

large voltage between the tether lower end and the Shuttle orbiter. This enormous bias event

continuous arc on the tether (see The Continuous Arc, section 4.2.3.1 below), which broke, fr

ending the experiment. During the arc, the satellite collected over 1 Amp of electron current Probe theory (Cohen et al, 19870010625 N) is usually used to calculate the total current collec

distributed potentials. However, before the break, TSS-1R demonstrated that a satellite at a h

could collect an anomalously large electron current. See Zhang, et al (20000110580), Stone an

and 20000025437), and Stone, et al (19980202347). - Page 9

The most famous sustained arc event of all led to the breakage of the TSS-1R electrodynamic

of the attached satellite. Figure 8 shows the burned, frayed and broken tether end still attach

the break. Incidentally, the tether continued arcing long after it and its satellite were drifting

went into night conditions where the electron density was insufficient to sustain the arc. - Pag

Of course, these measures would have severely restricted the power or propulsion that could

operation and could not be tolerated on an experiment that was not just a proof-of-concept. A

circuit could have also been used to shut the tether down at the satellite end when very large

detected. One should never assume that a high voltage power system will not arc. - Page 32

Contract Number: NAS8-35502
http://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicsg.htmlhttp://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicsg.htmlhttp://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicsg2.htmlhttp://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicsg2.htmlhttp://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicsg2.htmlhttp://www.ufos-aliens.co.uk/cosmicsg.html


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NASA Subject Category: SPACECRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER

Abstract:

The Tethered Satellite System (TSS) will deploy and retrieve a satellite from the Space Shutt

tether of up to 100 km in length attached between the satellite and the orbiter. The character

which are related to high voltages, electrical currents, energy storage, power, and the generatare described. A number of specific features of the tether system of importance in assessing t

characteristics of the electrodynamic TSS are identified.

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