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INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is proving to be commercially viable for a growing list of consumers anduses. Renewable energy technologies provide many benefits that go well beyond energy alone.

More and more, renewable energies are contributing to the three pillars of sustainabledevelopment the economy, the environment and social well-being not only in IEA countries,

but globally.

This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the country becoming

increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal and oil and gas. Rising prices of oil

and gas and potential shortages in future lead to concerns about the security of energy

supply needed to sustain our economic growth. Increased use of fossil fuels also causes

environmental problems both locally and globally.

Against this background, the country urgently needs to develop a sustainable path of

energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable

energy sources are the twin planks of a sustainable energy supply.

Fortunately, India is blessed with a variety of renewable energy sources, the main

ones being biomass, biogas, the sun, wind, and small hydro power. Municipal and

industrial wastes can also be useful sources of energy, but are basically different forms

of biomass.

Advantages of renewable energy are that it is

y Perennialy Available locally and does not need elaborate arrangements for transporty Usually modular in nature, i.e. small-scale units and systems can be almost as

economical as large-scale ones

y Environment-friendlyy Well suited for decentralized applications and use in remote areas.The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has been implementing

comprehensive programmes for the development and utilization of various renewable

energy sources in the country.These include biogas plants, improved wood stoves, solar

water heaters, solar cookers, solar lanterns, street lights,pumps, wind electric

generators, biomass gasifiers, and small hydro-electric generators. Energy technologies

for the future such as hydrogen, fuel cells, and bio-fuels are being actively developed.

India is implementing one of the worlds largest programmes in renewable energy. The

country ranks second in the world in biogas utilization and fifth in wind power and

photovoltaic production.


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RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

The major renewable energy sources and devices in use in India are listed in Table 1

along with their demand and present status in terms of the number of installations or

supply and minum cost As on 31 March,2005

TABLE-1- DEMAND, SUPPLY AND COST PER MWHr OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

LET SMALL HYDRO POWER = XHWIND POWER = XW

BIOMASS GAS = XBG

SOLAR POWER = XSBAGASSE COGENERATION = XBC

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE = XWM

INDUSTRIAL WASTE = XWI

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF MINIMUM COST

MINIMUM [ 5XH+4XW+1.2XBG+25XS+3XBC+8XWM+6XWI ] LOWER LIMIT OF COST

MINIMUM [ 6XH +5XW +2 XBG+26XS+4XBC+9XWM+7XWI ] UPER LIMIT OF COST

ENERGY MIX

DEMAND

(MWHr)

SUPPLY

(MWHr) MINIMUM COST

( RS-CORROR/MWHr)

SOURCE

SMALL HYDRO POWER 15000 1705.63 5-6 www.mnes.nic.in/book7.pdf

WIND POWER 45000 3595 4-5 www.mnes.nic.in/book6.pdf

BIOMASS GAS 16000 302.53 1.2-2 www.mnes.nic.in/book2.pdf

SOLAR POWER 19998 325-26 www.mnes.nic.in

/book3.pdf

BAGASSE

COGENERATION 3500 4473-4 www.mnes.nic.in

/book7.pdf

WASTE TO ENERGY

1700 178-9 www.mnes.nic.in

/book5.pdf

1.MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTE

2.INDUSTRIAL WASTE 1000 29.5 6-7www.mnes.nic.in/book5.pdf


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SUBJECTTO SUPPLY COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS +XBC+ XWM +XWI >= 6099.66

DEMAND COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS +XBC+ XWM +XWI < 102198

AND XH , XW , XBG , XS , XBC , XWM , XWI > 0

INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY

The major renewable energy sources and devices in use in WORLD are listed in Table 2

along with their demand and present status in terms of the number of installations or

supply as on 31 March,2005

TABLE 2- SUPPLY, DEMAND OF RENEWABLEENERGY OF WORLD

ENERGY MIXSUPPLY

(MWHr)

SOURCE DEMAND

(MWHr)

SMALL HYDRO

POWER 62000

www.ren21.net/Renewable-Energy-Global-

Status-Report

2.46X1015

WIND POWER 48000


Status-Report

72X1012

BIOMASS GAS 39000


Status-Report

3.96X106

SOLAR POWER 400


Status-Report

1.17X1014

BAGASSE

COGENERATION 31000


Status-Report


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COST FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

TABLE 3- COST OF RENEWABLEENERGY PER KWHr

Jobs AND employment from Renewable EnergyThere are important job creation benefits from a strategy for greater promotion of renewable

energy technologies. Employment is created at different levels, from research and

manufacturing to services, such as installers and distributors. Renewable energy has created

more than 14 million jobs worldwide ; every renewable energy industry is rapidly expanding

its workforce. Table 4 represent the employment and table 5 represent the job u created for

renewable energy.

TABLE 4- EPLOYMENTPER MW CREATED FOR RENEWABLEENERGY OF WORLD

ENERGY MIXCOST(CENTS/KWH)

SOURCE

SMALL HYDRO POWER

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Status-Report/RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF

WIND POWER6-10


Status-Report/ RE_GSR_2005_UPDATE.PDF

BIOMASS GAS

5-12



SOLAR POWER

12-18



BAGASSE COGENERATION8-12



ENERGY MIXEMPLOYMENT

(PERSON-YEAR/MW)

SOURCE

SMALL HYDRO POWER 11.3 ESHA, www.esha.be/

WIND POWER7.4 EWEA* 2003.

Figures derived from an Input-Output model.


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SOURCE-* ESHA (European Small Hydro Association). (2005). Data on small hydro. www.esha.be

* European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) & Greenpeace International. (2002).Wind Force

12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World's Electricity from Wind Power by 2020. Brussels.

www.ewea.org/documents/WF12-2004_eng.pdf

* EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). (2001). California Renewable Technology Market

and Benefits Assessment. Prepared for the California Energy Commission. Palo Alto, CA

* Greenpeace & EPIA. (2005). Solar Generation Solar Electricity for over 1 Billion People and

2 Million Jobs by 2020. Amsterdam and Brussels.

www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/solar-generation-ii.pdf

TABLE 5 JOB PER MW CREATED FOR RENEWABLEENERGY OF WORLD

BIOMASS GAS8.5

Heavner & Del Chiaro 20032005 estimates Using

EPRI* factors (time adjusted), authors calculate

total employment impacts for 2004-2017 (in

person-years) in California, with an assumption

that only 30% of manufacturing is locally provided.

Here, the person-year/MW parameters are derived

from their 2005 estimated scenario of added

capacity.

SOLAR POWER

6.25 EPIA2004.*Information on existing direct employment in

Europe (the 30 jobs/MW figure includes

installation, consulting, retail, and other services)

BAGASSE

COGENERATION

56 EPRI 2001*

ENERGY MIXJOB

(JOB/MW )

SOURCE Type of study, type of impact, and

basic assumptions

SMALL HYDRO

POWER

0.22 Pembina Institute*2004

Data from industry interviews and

literature review; direct impacts only.

WIND POWER

2.6 Heavner & Churchill2002

Direct employment impacts projected

from planned projects by California

Energy Commission.

BIOMASS GAS 3.7

Singh et al.

2001 (REPP)

Analytical study from industry survey

of labor requirements for a set of

co-firing plants (100 MW-750 MW)

and several biofuels; direct

employment impacts


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SOURCE-Pembina Institute. (2004). Canadian Renewable Electricity Development:

Employment Impacts. Prepared for Clean Air Renewable Energy Coalition.

www.cleanairrenewableenergycoalition.com/documents/FINAL%20Employmen

t%20Predictions%20-%20Oct%2028.pdf

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF MINIMUM COST

MINIMUM [ 4XH +6XW +5 XBG+12 XS +8XBC ] LOWER LIMIT OF COST

MINIMUM [7XH +10XW +12 XBG+18 XS +12XBC] UPPER LIMIT OF COST

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF MAXIMUM JOB

MAX [0.22XH +2.6XW +3.7 XBG+7.1 XS +2.3XBC ]

OBJECTIVEFUNCTION OF EMPLOYEE

MAX[11.3XH +7.4XW +8.5 XBG+6.25 XS +56XBC ]

SUBJECTTO SUPPLY COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS +XBC>=180400

DEMAND COSTRAINTS

XH +XW + XBG+ XS 0

SOLAR POWER

7.1 Singh et al.2001 (REPP)

Analytical study from industry survey

of labour requirements for a 2 kWp

BAGASSECOGENERATION

2.3 Heavner & Churchill

2002

Direct employment impacts projected

from planned projects by CaliforniaEnergy Commission


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RENEWABLE ENERGY

IN

2005

SUBMITTED

BY

SANDIP NANDY

(EIILM/PG_W/JAN09-JAN11/T062)

SOURABH KR. HAZRA

(EIILM/PG_W/JAN09-JAN11/T069)

SUBMITTEDTO

Prof. LOKARANGAN GUHA

EASTERN INSTITUTE FOR INTEGRATED LEARNING IN MANAGEMENT

6, WATERLOO STREET, KOLKATA 700069.

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