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TRANSCRIPT
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TRAFFIC
CONGESTION
DURING FESTIVALS
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Members
152- Ronak Jain
153- Sagar Jain
154- Saajan Jain
155- SaketJain
156- Shalin Jain
157- Siddharth Jain
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INTRODUCTION
Traffic congestion and cities, it seems, go hand in
hand. Everyone complains about being stuck in
traffic, but, like the weather, no one seems to do
anything about it. In particular, traffic engineers,
transportation planners, and public officials
responsible for metropolitan transportation
systems are frequently criticized for failing to
make a dent in congestion .But is traffic
congestion a sign of failure? Long queues at
restaurants or theater box offices are seen as
signs of success. Should transportation systemsbe viewed any differently? I think we should
recognize that traffic congestion is an inevitable
by-product of vibrant, successful cities, and view
the congestion problem in a different light.
Conventional wisdom holds that traffic congestionexacts a terrible social and economic toll on
society; expanding transportation capacity only
makes things worse and redesigning cities and
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expanding alternative transportation modes offer
the best long-term means for reducing traffic
congestion
What is Traffic Congestion?
Traffic congestion is a condition on road
networks that occurs as use increases, and ischaracterized by slower speeds, longer trip
times, and increased vehicular queuing . The most
common example is the physical use of roads by
vehicles . When traffic demand is great enough
that the interaction between vehicles slows the
speed of the traffic stream, this results in some
congestion. As demand approaches the capacity
of a road (or of the intersections along the road),
extreme traffic congestion sets in. When
vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time,
this is known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-
up.
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Traffic congestion occurs when a volume oftraffic generates demand for space greater than
the available road capacity. There are a numberof specific circumstances which cause oraggravate congestion; most of them reduce thecapacity of a road at a given point or over acertain length, or increase the number of vehiclesrequired for a given volume of people or goods.
Traffic research still cannot fully predict underwhich conditions a "traffic jam" (as opposed toheavy, but smoothly flowing traffic) may suddenlyoccur. It has been found that individual incidents(such as accidents or even a single car braking
heavily in a previously smooth flow) may causeripple effects which then spread out and createa sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, normalflow might have continued for some time longer.
The Myth
You cant build your way out of congestion, or,Build it and they will come.These two phrases
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summarize the theory of induced travel. Buildingmore roads leads to an increased number of cars
and vehicle travel, thereby exacerbatingcongestion and increasing development.
The Facts
Traffic congestion is growing nationwide ,leading
to increased costs to motorists in wasted timeand fuel use.
According to (1999): More than 31 percent of urban freewaysthroughout the country are congested.
Traffic congestion costs motorists more than$72 billion a year in wasted time and fuel costs.
While traffic congestion is worsening across thecountry, according to the Texas TransportationInstitute (TTI), cities that have aggressivelyadded road capacity in response to regional
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growth have had smaller increases in congestionthan have other areas.
A 1998 Federal Highway Administration reportfound that increased vehicle travel on expandedroad capacity is largely the result of trafficbeing diverted from nearby routes or from shiftsin travel times. Diverting traffic reduces overall
regional traffic congestion. The study concludedthat only 5 to 13 percent of the new traffic onexpanded urban highways is attributable to newhighway travel actually induced by the expandedcapacity.
Indian festivals and Traffic Congestion
In India, the celebrations of fairs and festivalsform a wondrous and joyful series of events,
marking the rites of passage between birth,death and renewal. There are said to be morefestivals in India than there are days of the year;not unlikely in a country where small, local village
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rituals of worship and propitiation are celebratedwith as much as fervor as are high holy days
across the nation, occasions that can draw floodsof people numbering half a million or more. Fairsand festivals are moments of remembrance andcommemoration of the birthdays and great deedsof gods, goddesses, hero's, heroine's, gurus,prophet's and saints. They are times when people
gather together, linked by ties of shared socialand religious beliefs. Each of India's manyreligious groups - Hindus, Muslims, Christians,Sikhs, Buddhists, Jain and others - has its ownsuch days.
Festivals are bound to attract people out of theirhouses .Whether it is Diwali,Ganeshchaturthi,Ramzan or any other festival ,peopleget out of their houses to celebrate it.
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So what does Traffic Congestion has to do
with Festivals?
CASE 1: DIWALI DAY TRAFFIC
MUMBAI:
All major road in Mumbai, especially the onessurrounding major markets witnessed heavytraffic jams during peak hours during Diwali eve.However, unlike other traffic jams, peopleconfined to their vehicles for hours seemed
patient on Diwali eve.
Harleen Kaur, a commuter driving from Colabawho was stuck at Churchgate in South Mumbaifor half an hour, said, It is festive season,
jams are bound to happen. We went forshopping and I am happy. There is no use
getting hyper about it. Traffic is annoying, but
we are in festive mood, so it is ok.
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In South Mumbai, the density of vehicles was
very high, which lead to sluggish movement ofvehicles in the area. The difficult stretch was
from Colaba to Kalbadevi . Most people were out
to buy Diwali gifts so the area adjoining markets
were choked.
CASE 2: TRAFFIC WOES During RAMZAN
KANPUR:
On the day of Ramzan the city witnessed trafficjams at various places. This also causedinconvenience to revellers.
In congested markets like, it was difficult toeven walk or cross the road. Traffic jams forhours have been a routine here ahead of thefestival.
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The major cause that led to traffic chaos werevendors, who encroached upon the footpaths or
verandahs in busy markets to sell their goods.The shopkeepers too had encroached the areasoutside their shops to grab the attention ofbuyers.
"Even though the district administration has
made arrangements for parking in most of the
shopping centres or busy markets, the lack of
road sense among the vehicle owners is a major
factor for traffic snarls on the city roads,"said a senior citizen Shyam Goel.
"As the road users have increased manifold
and the vehicle population is growing, people
have failed to instil a road sense among
themselves for safe driving on the roads or
parking of vehicles," he said.
The shopkeepers in markets said that traffic
congestion has become a part of the city culture."If the customers visit the market for
purchasing from a particular shop and if there
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are no arrangements of parking, the customers
park their vehicles on the roadside," .
Case 3: Crowded markets, traffic jams on
Dhanteras
New Delhi:Hundreds of shoppers thronged brightly-lit citymarkets on Monday to make purchases onDhanteras, considered an auspicious occasion tobuy things like gold, utensils or household goodsahead of Diwali, leading to massive traffic jams
across the city.
Despite it being a weekday, long queues of carscould be seen around many markets as shoppersmade last minute purchases.
The crowds were pouring in by the hour and the
market is bursting at the seams. Apart from theDhanteras shopping, customers were splurging onDiwali related goods too.
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There was a huge traffic jam in all thos areasleading to a block to the main road.Hundreds of
cars were stuck behind each other,moving veryslowly.
A fifteen minute route took approximately 45-90minutes to go through that same route.
Case 4:Traffic snarls in Hyderabad as Ganeshimmersion continues
HYDERABAD:
The delay in immersion of Ganesh idols inHussainsagar Lake in Hyderabad had caused hugetraffic jams in the city, causing inconvenience tocommuters. Hundreds of idols were still beingbrought to the lake in the heart of the city, a dayafter the immersion procession began.
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Students and office-goers were caught in longtraffic snarls in the areas surrounding the lake.
Additional Commissioner of Police (traffic) hadsaid traffic restrictions would continue tillfurther orders.Heaps of garbage on the roadssurrounding the lake were also proving to be ahurdle in smooth flow of vehicular traffic.
Case 5:Dussehra hits traffic, more jamslikely
MUMBAI:
Dussehra eve left the city's roads jammed atmany places. The festive rush for Durga Pujapandals and Ramlilas around the evening rush hourresulted in traffic snarls.
Traffic police officials said the overall vehicle
movement went up due to the festivities.Manyparts of the city were affected. It wasn't justthe office rush but also the people coming out tocelebrate.
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Traffic moved at a snail's pace. "The rush forDurga Puja pandals in Gorgon led to a traffic jam.
I have been stuck here for the last 45 minutesalthough it takes me only a few minutes to crossthis stretch. The traffic police should makearrangements to ensure smooth trafficmovement," said, a commuter.
Case 6: Traffic nightmare in GOA
GOA:
Come Christmas-New Year and it is a nightmarefor people living in the area or tourists
themselves as hoards of revelers rush toCalangute, Candolim, Sinquerim, and Anjuna withtheir vehicles only to be stuck in traffic forhours causing severe hardships especially tolocals. The recent traffic chaos during the Diwali
festivities had virtually brought life to a grindinghalt along the narrow roads at Calangute,Candolim, Nagoa-Arpora.
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With the traffic is expected to increase evenmore during the forthcoming IFFI and Christmas
season. Calangute Panch Filipe Dias, said, Onerequires at least half an hour to travel fromCalangute market to the beach, which
otherwise takes less than 10 minutes. Most of
the time, I hesitate to move out because of
such traffic jams which occurs every year,.
Unless all heavy vehicles and even four wheelersare stopped prior to the church and huge parkingarea is developed and people allowed to move onfoot or cycles to the beach, the beaches which
are a place of relaxation will continue to become anightmare and tourists will avoid these places andbusiness is likely to die a slow death.
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Traffic congestion
hasbecome
order
ofthe
day
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Gone are the days when traffic congestion onlyoccurred during festivals such asDeepavali,Ganesh Chaturthi, New Year, etc.
CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION DURING
FESTIVALS
Generally traffic studies have found that 25 % ofthe causes of congestion are incident andaccident related, 15 % can be blamed on weather,
10 % is due to traffic flow slowing because ofwork or maintenance operations, while bothspecial events and emergencies, and poor signaltiming are responsible for 5 % respectively. The
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remaining 40 % is classified as recurrent causes -mostly bottlenecking due to capacity
insufficiencies.
General Recurrent causes
The three main reasons for recurrent causesinclude:
1.Insufficient capacity, when the existing roadnetwork simply cannot cope with the demand,simply due to the annual increase in traffic,
2.Unrestrained demand, in which case more and
more people buy private vehicles because theycan afford to, because the public transportsystem is insufficient, or because there is ageographic necessity for it, resulting in growththat outstrips the rate at which public transport
systems can be expanded or adjusted.
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3.Ineffective capacity management, wheretraffic control systems are ill-timed, out of order
or badly placed.It is nearly impossible to list all the factors thatcontribute to the closely-linked first tworecurrent causes, as each location has its own setof unique characteristics that contribute to thewhole problem - and all of these interact witheach other in place-specific manner. However, afew general and global reasons should behighlighted:
4. Time usage patterns: Human nature (and logic)
dictates that the majority of people living in anurban centre have similar time schedules basedon work or education: Most people need to be atschool or work between 8 and 9 am, andtherefore everyone needs to be travelling to
their place of work or education in the precedinghours. The same pattern emerges at the end ofthe working day.
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5. Population increase: As urban populationsincrease over time, the transport infrastructure
needs to support more and more people every day.Since not everyone can live in the city centre -and most prefer to live in the suburbs - there isan increase of people living in surrounding areaswho need to get into the city centre each day (orelsewhere in the metropolitan area).
Non-recurrent causes
1. Incidents and accidents: Clearly a road
accident has the ability to shut down lanes on ahighway as the vehicles involved block the routeand/or emergency personnel need space on theroad in which to work, but minor incidents - whichdo not require emergency personnel - also havethe effect of encouraging so-called rubber-necking (in which other drivers slow down to takea look), which effectively creates a bottleneck.
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2.Work zones: Road maintenance and
construction near a road requires space and areduction in speed of vehicles. The result, again,is a bottleneck.
3. Weather: Bad weather hampers visibility (inthe case of rain or snow) and therefore cautiousdrivers will slow down to compensate.
4. Special events: An influx of a few thousandpeople to a sports or entertainment venue such asa stadium creates traffic congestion in thesurrounding access roads.
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REASONS CAUSING TRAFFIC DURING
FESTIVALSWe all know that India is a developing country anddensely populated. In spite of that India hasshown tremendous growth as compared to otherdeveloping countries in the world. But there are
some basic problems of almost all major citiesneeds attention and solution as soon as possibleso as to maintain the actual growth in terms ofbasic development. The traffic problem in citiesis increasing with every passing day. Whenever wetalk about traffic we hear words like disgusting,
chaotic, unsafe, infamous, etc.Thanks to veryunorganised, undisciplined traffic of city withzero traffic sense in the population. Every timewe cross the city we find ourselves standingfrustrated in traffic congestion and criticizing
the government. Is it fair to blame governmentfor everything?
Especially during festivals,there is traffic jamsall over.During festivals there is a rush hour
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everywhere.The streets are full withpeople,cars,vendors etc.There is joy and even
chaos everywhere during festivals.There is a pileup of traffic everywhere around the world duringdifferent festivals.Some of the reasons fortraffic congestion during festivals are as follows:
Although India is home to over fifty nationalhighways the sad state of affairs is that mostnational highways are just two lanes or evenlesser. The design of the highways is a matter ofgreat importance since only properly designedhighways can withstand the pressure created by
heavy vehicles. Apart from being narrow they arealso highly congested since quite a large part ofIndia's freight is carried on these highways.
One of the major reasons for the damage of
roads in India is overloading. It is said that about70 percept of funds meant to be spent for themaintenance of roads
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actually goes behind paying laborers. Themagnanimity of the expenditure incurred in orderto repair roads is alarming and hence thegovernment is stressing on building large scaleconcrete roads instead of the common bituminous
roads. Although building concrete roads is a littleexpensive but it is beneficial for the country inthe long run. India's road network is extensive
S
ome of the important reasons:
1.Bad city roads
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2. Potholes here and there on the city roads.3. Insufficient existing parking infrastructure in
the city.4. Encroachment on footpaths that contributes inpoor discipline in pedestrians who are forced touse roads to walk.5. Lack of traffic rules education amongpopulation. Sometimes highly qualified
professional like engineers and doctors behavelike illiterates on the roads.6. Lack of strict traffic police system that canpunish rule breakers on the roads.7. Heavy vehicles transit into city slows down the
traffic and increases jam like situations quiteoften.8. Auto drivers are the curse in the city as theydominate the roads and take dangerous cuts to goahead and risks the lives of their passengers.9. Most of us think red lights are for street
decoration and thus ignoring it is quite common.10. Horns have become substitute to the brakesas I myself have seen many times when the cardriver ahead of me needs to push brakes but he
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pushes horn hard like anything. It just aggravatesthe situation and sometimes the rider ahead of
him may lose control due to loud sound.11. Bad shape of roads and less width in thebusiest parts of city invites traffic to congest.12. I think almost all the roads in the city arefrequently dug up by government or corporationfor some reasons and then it takes a long time to
repair them. In some cases they just forget tofill it up inviting accidents. In some places youdont find even a sign board.13. Frequent rallies, marriage processions,political rallies, visit of a celebrity or politician
are some of the very common causes of trafficcongestion in India (specially).14. Overtaking from wrong side, taking a shortcut, merging in main lane, etc are common sightshelping in disturbing traffic of city.15. Not obeying the traffic rules is very common
behaviour among population.16. Inadequate public transportation encouragespeople to use their own vehicles that contributein increasing volume of vehicles on the roads.
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17. Fast development of city has pulled hugepopulation from across the nation contributing in
increase in traffic.
Other reasons of Traffic Congestion :
India has more truly congested cities than any
other nation, which is not surprising, since it isalso the world's second-most populous country,
after China. Vehicles in India are distributed
somewhat unevenly. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and
Bangalore have 5% of India's population but 14%
of its registered vehicles.
Traffic is growing four times faster than the
population in six cities: Mumbai, Delhi,
Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad.
Indeed, Delhi is now said to have as many cars as
Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai combined. Traffic is
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well known for moving at the pace of its slowest
component. Most countries have automobiles,
buses, trucks, trains, motorcycles, motorscooters and bicycles. But in India, in addition to
this routine urban transportation, and
contributing substantially to the congestion, are
networks of auto-rickshaws and two-wheelers, as
well as bullock carts and hand-pulled rickshaws(disappearing from some urban areas).
There has been a staggering 100 fold increase in
the population of motorized vehicles, however,the expansion in the road network has not been
commensurate with this increase. While the
motor vehicle population has grown from 0.3
million in 1951 to over 30 million in 2004, the road
network has expanded from 0.4 million km to 3.32
million km, only a 8 fold increase in terms of
length during the same period.
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Strategies to Mitigate Congestion During
Festives:
Traffic congestion is a serious problem in most
Indian metros. Public transport systems are
overloaded, and there is a limit on how much
additional infrastructure such as roads and rail
lines a city can add. Of course, city planners are
doing the best they can to cope with the
increasing stress on the transportation
infrastructure. For instance, in Mumbai, tens of
flyovers have been and continue to be
constructed, and existing roads are being
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widened. But creating more infrastructure is not
a solution by itself. The improvements in
infrastructure will always lag behind the increasein traffic. Its benefits are only short-term;
whats needed is a more imaginative, holistic and
integrated approach to the problem. The
improving-infrastructure approach seeks to
accommodate the future. What is also needed is apreventive approach to actually reduce the
traffic on the roads.
Build better public transport systems:
An efficient public transport system can
effectively reduce the traffic on city roads.
Theres considerable evidence to suggest vehicle
owners will use a mass transit system, if a good
one is available. In fact, because of traffic
snarls and the problem of finding parking space,
many commuters in cities like New York and
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London choose to travel by the metro rail
network. Many cities in India are already taking
steps in this direction. Prime Minister ManmohanSingh recently laid the foundation for a metro
rail network in Mumbai. City authorities are also
exploring providing public transport on sea
routes that connect important hubs of Mumbai.
But building such alternative transportationsystems requires huge investments.
An efficient public
Transport system can effectively reduce the
traffic on city roads. Theres considerableevidence to suggest vehicle owners will use a
mass transit system, if a good one is available. In
fact, because of traffic snarls and the problem
of finding parking space, many commuters in
cities like New York and London choose to travel
by the metro rail network.
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Many cities in India are already taking steps in
this direction. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
recently laid the foundation for a metro railnetwork in Mumbai. City authorities are also
exploring providing public transport on sea routes
that connect important hubs of Mumbai.
But building such alternative transportation
systems requires huge investments. That is where
we come to the second approach.
Reduce traffic through congestion charging
schemes, Car-pooling etc.: Cities around the world
such as Singapore and London have introducedcongestion charging schemes to reduce traffic.
For instance, in London, drivers are charged a fee
for entering the Central London zone.
Proper Traffic Management
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There should be proper traffic management
during festivals. The police should be on their
duties and carry on to clear and manage trafficwith proper management
CCTV Project
This project envisages the implementation of
computerized video surveillance at 100 criticaltraffic junctions in Mumbai for visual surveillanceand incident detection to facilitate effectivemanagement .The system shall combine theefficiency of video Detection with the flexibility
of PTZ cameras. The main function of this systemwill be to collect real time videos from distantcameras and transmit the footage via an opticalfibre network to a control room fitted with
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workstation PCs with various application software.
The system shall enable the police to detectvideo incidents using suitable algorithm providingfor automatic traffic pattern recognition. Thesystem shall automatically detect stoppedvehicles on every lane type (traveling laneemergency lane ramp) and under any traffic
configuration (fluid congestion stop go).
When an alert is detected the Video incidentserver will send a command to the other PCworkstation meant only for surveillance to display
the real time image from the camera. Using thissystem will enable the police to identifyoffenders and also ease traffic congestion at aparticular junction by deploying the nearestwireless van to the scene.
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Variable Messaging System ( VMS )Installation
of Electronic Messaging Boards in Mumbai.
With a view to provide all the most recentinformation regarding traffic to the commuters.Traffic Control Branch has started installation of
Electronic Messaging Boards at strategiclocations in the city. These boards are connectedto the Traffic Control Room from where latestinformation regarding congestion, bottlenecks,diversion etc. is displayed. The Intention is tokeep the motorists well informed & assist them
to take their own suitable decisions regardingtheir travel thereby assisting in effective trafficmanagement. Benefit of these boards are highlyvisible particularly during emergencies, festivalslike Ganesh Utsava / Navratra Utsav / Mount
Mary fair, VIP / VVIP movements etc.
Learning from the Ants- An interesting
experiment
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Ants seem to have cracked a problem we humanshaven't. While our cars get clogged in jams, help
each other to move around their colony muchmore efficiently. Understanding how they do thiscould inspire more effective routing of roadtraffic. Collective intelligence expert DirkHelbing from the Dresden University ofTechnology in Germany and his team investigated
how ants move around their colony. They set up anant highway with two routes of different widthsfrom the nest to some sugar syrup.Unsurprisingly, the narrower route soon becamecongested. But when an ant returning along the
congested route to the nest collided with anotherant just starting out, the returning ant pushedthe newcomer onto the other path. However, ifthe returning ant had enjoyed a trouble-freejourney, it did not redirect the newcomer. Theresearchers created a computer model of more
complex ant networks with routes of differentlengths. The team found that even though antsbeing rerouted sometimes took a longer route,they still got to the food quickly and efficiently.
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If human drivers travelling in opposite directionscould pass congestion information to each other
in this way, we would all be better off.From a technology and project implementationstand point, India has no dearth of talent. Afterall, our IT talent is exported across the world tosolve some of the most complex challenges. Itstime we harness it to solve domestic problems aswell. Indian companies have enormous experiencein successfully implementing large-scale, citizen-facing, mission-critical projects. And these arechallenges the Indian IT industry will welcomewith open arms.
Conclusion
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Among the strategies that address congestion,
reduce unexpected delays, and make the most of
the nation's existing investments, continuedadvancement of better transportation operations
plays a critical role. It will not happen by one
single act. The transportation community can
accelerate the solution to congestion by being
more aggressive in championing the need fortransportation systems management and
operations, more aggressive in showing the
benefits of management and operations, and more
aggressive in the deployment and use of traffic
engineering, transportation management, and
traveler information tools.
Overall, traffic problems are caused by an
over-reliance on private transport and a failure
to keep up with the rapidly expandingpopulation. However, the city has shown it can
solve problems in the past.
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Too many cars for too few road have lead to
severe congestion in the city. However, if the
municipal authorities encourage residents touse public transport, I am sure it will continue
to be a pleasant city to live in in the future.
REFERENCE
1.google.com
2.wikipedia
3.The times of india
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4. The Article Traffic Congestion and the
World