energy managementunidogefpakistan.org.pk/sites/default/files/publications... · 2020. 12. 23. ·...

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ENERGY MANAGEMENT Day 5

Expert Training on Energy System Optimization (ESO)

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1. Detailed Energy Audit (ISO 50002) 1.1 Pakistan Energy Sector

1.2 ISO 50002 Overview

1.3 Energy Audit Types

1.4 Energy Audit Planning and Support

1.5 Data Collection, Measurement Plan

1.6 On site surveys

1.7 Analysis

1.8 Economic Analysis: Project Packaging

1.9 Reporting

1.10 Baseline Development: Industrial Benchmarking Techniques

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2. Electrical Energy 2.1 Electrical Energy: Overview

2.2 Electric Lighting Introduction

2.3 Existing Lighting Technologies

2.4 Lighting Energy Management Opportunities

2.5 Electric Motors Fundamentals

2.6 Electric Motors Energy Management Opportunities

2.7 Power Quality

3. Thermal Energy 3.1 Fundamentals and Pshychrometry

3.2 Building Envelope

3.3 Heat Flow and Insulation

3.4 Refrigeration

3.5 Heat Transfer

3.6 Steam Systems

3.7 Renewable Energy

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4. Mechanical Energy 4.1 Mechanical Energy: Overview

4.2 Compressed Air Systems Demand Side

4.3 Compressed Air Systems Supply Side

4.4 Compressed Air Systems Treatment & Distribution

4.5 Compressed Air Systems Case Studies

4.6 Pump Systems: Enhancing Centrifugal Pumps Efficiency

4.7 Variable Speed Drives: Application

4.8 Fan Systems: Overview

5. Energy Management 5.1 ISO 50001: Requirements

5.2 ISO 50001: Implementation

5.3 Energy and Demand

5.4 Electric Cost Components

5.5 Energy Management Stages

5.6 Measurement and Verification

5.7 Software and Instrumentation

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ISO 50001: ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Requirements

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ISO 50001

Specifies energy management system requirements to: › Develop and implement an energy policy to demonstrate

the conformity of the system to the requirements of this International Standard (industrial, commercial and institutional sector).

› Establish objectives, targets and action plans enabling an organization to achieve its policy commitments and to improve its energy performance.

Energy Management Systems

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ISO 50001 - Requirements

› Carry out an energy review - Analyse data - Identify areas consuming significant amount of energy and areas requiring improvement in energy efficiency

› Establish a benchmark on energy › Set measurable energy targets and deadlines for their implementation › Develop an action plan for energy goals

Organizations shall:

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ISO 50001

The standard specifies requirements for: › Establishing › Implementing › Maintaining and › Improving an energy management system, whose purpose is to enable an organization to follow a systematic approach in achieving continual improvement of energy performance

Scope

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ISO 50001

To ensure sustainability and continuous improvement

Systematic Approach

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ISO 50001

› To assist organizations to establish systems and processes necessary to improve energy performance, including:

- Energy efficiency - Energy use - Energy consumption

› To lead to reductions in Greenhouse Gas emissions

Objectives

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ISO 50001 Energy Performance Concept

Energy performance

Energy Efficiency Energy use

Energy consumption

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2000 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

ISO 50001 Implementation of ISO 50001

Aims to eventually 20% improvement in energy performance

Evolution of Standards of energy management systems

United States ANSI 2000

Danemark DS 2403

Sweden SS 627750

Ireland IS 393

Spain UNE 216301

South Korea KSA 4000

Europe EN 16001

China

GB/T 2331

International ISO 50001

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ISO 50001: 2011

› Can be integrated with other ISO management system standards ( ISO 9001, ISO 14001, etc.) without precondition;

› Can be used for organizations of all size in industrial, commercial and institutional sectors.

The Standard

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ISO 50001 Content: Requirements with Guidance for Use

Energy Management System

ISO 50001 : 2011

- Terms and definitions - EnMS Requirements

- Annex A: Guidance of use - Annexe B: Relation with others standards

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ISO 50001

1: General requirements 2: Management responsibility 3: Energy policy 4: Energy Planning 5: Implementation and operation 6: Checking 7: Management review

EnMS Model for ISO 50001

Management review

Checking

Implementation & Operation

Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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ISO 50001 Approach Model: Continual improvement

•Do • Check

• Plan •Act

4 1

2 3

Energy Policy and energy planning

Implementation and operation

M&V analysis, Conformities analysis Internal audit

Management review

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ISO 50001 Approach Model: Continual improvement Plan: conduct the energy review and establish the baseline that will improve energy performance in accordance with the organization’s energy policy;

Do: implement the energy management action plans;

Check: monitor and measure processes and the key characteristics of operations determining the energy performance against the energy policy and objectives;

Act: takes actions to continually improve energy performance and the EnMS.

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ISO 50001 General Requirements The organization shall: › Establish the context and boundaries for the EnMS and

the organization’s intended outcomes; › Get management commitment; › Establish, document, implement, maintain and improve an

EnMS in accordance with the requirements of ISO 50001; › Determine how it will meet the requirements of ISO 50001

to achieve continual improvement of its energy performance and of its EnMS.

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ISO 50001: ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Implementation

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ISO 50001: Implementation

› Establish energy policy › Identify people and

resources › Site energy mapping

- Perform energy review and understand how/why energy is used

› Review energy costs

Set the Stage

Management review

Checking


Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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› Understand how energy management is currently performed

› Identify, record, and prioritize opportunities for improvements

Assess Current Situation

Management review

Checking


Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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Lead Responsible Key Contribution Core team Management representative Director of operations Responsible for

implementation

Technical representative Responsible for production and maintenance

Integrate energy aspects in the program for the production and maintenance

Advisory team Executive PDG Management commitment

Supply Purchasing manager Integrate energy efficiency in procurement

Energy efficiency consulting services

Company specializing in energy efficiency

Energy audit, energy target, training, etc.

ISO 50001: Implementation Assess Current Situation – Energy Team

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› Significant people - Formalize “energy team” - Build awareness and train

staff as required › Energy reduction targets

- Communicate objectives and targets to staff

› Develop methods to measure performance of system

Build Management System Components

Management review

Checking


Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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ISO 50001: Implementation Build Management System Components

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ISO 50001: Implementation Build Management System Components – Energy savings opportunities (year #1)

Implementation Verification method Estimated savings

1. Optimizing line#1 by measurement and targeting

Jun 2012 IPMVP Option B: Measurement of Consumption for line#1

7 125 GJ 71 250 $

2. Modernization of lighting systems

September 2012 IMPVP Option A: Power measurement

6 000 GJ 60 000 $

3. Stop compressors during downtime

October 2012 IMPVP Option B: Measurement of compressor’s consumption

2 000 GJ 20 000 $

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› Implement projects and initiatives according to plans

› Energy savings register - Implement procedures to

ensure success › Measure and report

performance

Implementation Plan

Management review

Checking


Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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ISO 50001: Implementation Implementation Plan – Energy Intensity (Production line#1)

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› Monitoring, measurement and analysis

- Check to see if the system is working

› Nonconformities, correction, corrective and preventive action

- Act where required to refine system

› Internal audit of the EnMS

Checking Performance

Management review

Checking


Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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ISO 50001: Implementation Checking Performance

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Proceed to: › Review Policies › Review of action plans +

performance indicators › Review of results › Review allowed resources › Survey Changes/System

improvements

Management Review

Management review

Checking


Energy Planning

Energy Policy

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ISO 50001 Energy Gain - Reductions

› Power consumption of 5 to 37%* › GHG emissions › Production costs › Vulnerability to rising energy prices

(rates)

* Case Study Certification in Europe

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ISO 50001 Non-Energy Gain - Increase

› Operational effectiveness › Cooperation between departments › Communication between departments › Organizational behavior improvement

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ISO 50001 Further Information

› Buy and read ISO 50001 › Follow training “Introduction to ISO 50001” at any institute

for energy training – Ex. www.cietcanada.com › Contact Econoler

http://www.cietcanada.com/

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ENERGY AND DEMAND

Overview

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Load profile

0

250

500

750

1000

Load

(kW

)

Time of Day

Building Cooling Load ProfileConventional Air Conditioning (CAC)

Building Load

6.1.2

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Definition: Actual kWh used Peak kW × Time in hours Example: Compute the daily load factor Peak kW = 1000 kW Energy use = 14 000 kWh Time = 24 hours LF = 58.3 %

Facility electric load factor FLFe

Load Factor =

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Electrical demand vs supply • Power demand

• Load factor - amount of hours, total usage in time period • Load profile - shape of the usage relative to time • Management - mechanisms to change the above

• Shifting

• Shedding

• Energy efficiency

• Power supply • Quality – influences efficiency of & damage to equipment • Variation/imbalance – changes/time within set parameters • Feedback effects – own equipment on supply

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Load shifting • No energy saving • Save only on peak demand • Result in demand cost

saving due to tariff • No impact on production • No environmental saving

Time

Before Load Shifting

Ener

gy U

sage

6.1.5

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Load shedding/ Peak clipping?

• Loss of production • “Energy saving” • Demand saving • “Energy cost saving” • Loss of income more

than energy cost saving

Time

Ener

gy U

sage

Before

Load Shedding

6.1.6

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Energy efficiency • Energy saving • Demand saving • Cost saving • No impact on

production • Emission saving

Time

Ener

gy U

sage

Before

Energy Efficiency

6.1.7

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ELECTRIC COST COMPONENTS

Overview

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Electric cost components • Admin charge • (Fuel adjustment) • Energy cost - PKR/kWh • Maximum demand cost (MD) - PKR/kW/month

• Penalty adjustments: • Power factor: PKR/kVA/month or kW * (PFrequired/PFactual) • MD: Ratchet clause % of billed demand over last 11 months • Take maximum and apply for the month • Also apply ratchet calculation for following 11 months

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ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Stages

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Energy Management Stages PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

ENERGY AUDIT & ASSUMPTIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

APPROVAL FOR FUNDING

DETAIL DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION

COMISSIONING

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

EM Project Stages

Energy Audit Stages

6 3 4

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Energy Audit Stages IDENTIFY ENERGY

SOURCES AND COSTS

ESTABLISH PROFILE OF ENERGY USE AND

INTENSITY

COMPILE ENERGY USE INVENTORY

ESTABLISH ENERGY USE PATTERNS

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Energy Audit Stages

IDENTIFY ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES

6.3.5

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MEASUREMENT & VERIFICATION

Overview

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M&V Project Stages SCOPING STUDY

DEVELOP M&V PLAN

M&V BASELINE

POST-IMPLEMENTATION ASSESSMENT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

M&V Project Stages

Did you get BUY-IN?

Yes

No Refine M&V Plan

Did you get BUY-

IN? Yes

No Refine M&V Baseline

M&V PERFORMANCE TRACKING:

MONTHLY- AND ANNUAL SAVINGS REPORTS

BASELINE ADJUSTMENTS

6.4.2

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EE and M&V Project Interaction

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

ENERGY AUDIT & ASSUMPTIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

APPROVAL FOR FUNDING

DETAIL DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION

COMISSIONING

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

SCOPING REPORT

DEVELOP M&V PLAN

M&V BASELINE

POST-IMPLEMENTATION ASSESSMENT

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

EE Project Stages

M&V Stages

Did you get BUY-IN?

Yes

No Refine M&V Plan

Did you get BUY-

IN? Yes

No Refine M&V Baseline

M&V PERFORMANCE TRACKING:

MONTHLY- AND ANNUAL SAVINGS REPORTS

BASELINE ADJUSTMENTS

6.4

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• Substantiation of payments for performance • Lower transaction costs in an energy performance contract • International credibility for energy savings reports

Benefits of M & V

6.4.4

50

M&V is part of an Energy Management System

(WTEA)

(WTEA / DEA)

Adapted From UNIDO

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Measurement & Verification DEFINITION

M&V is a process that uses measurement to determine, in a reliable manner, the actual energy savings generated at an individual site by an energy management project.

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Measurement & Verification PURPOSE > To demonstrate the

performance of a project undertaken by an ESCO

> To support the evaluation of regional or national energy efficiency programs

> To make it possible to obtain emission reduction credits

PRINCIPLE : Base formula for savings calculation

Energy Consumption at Base Conditions

- Energy Consumption

after EE measure

Energy Savings

=

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Measurement & Verification

> One can measure energy use before and after the implementation of an ECM

> The difference “before and after” alone is not truly representative of the savings

> Adjustments need to be made based on the changes in conditions before and after.

Savings measurement

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Measurement & Verification Detailed Activities

• Installation, calibration and maintenance of logging meters;

• Data collection and processing; • Developing a reliable and transparent

calculation and estimating method; • Calculating the savings based on the

measurement data; • Monitoring and quality assurance; • Verification of the reports by a third-party

expert, if necessary.

M&V activities include:

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Measurement & Verification WHEN?

Energy Audit

Design Construction Follow-up

Baseline Measurement

M&V Preliminary

Plan Measurement during Follow-up

Period

? ?

Final M&V Plan

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Measurement & Verification WHAT? Energy Cost Savings

Reductions in energy use

Reductions in peak demand

Change of energy rates

Shifting energy usage to lower cost periods

Switching to less expensive fuels

Self-generation (and cogeneration/CHP)

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Measurement & Verification PROTOCOLS NAESCO 1.3

NEMVP

IPMVP IPMVP IPMVP

ASHRAE G-14

ASHRAE Guidelines G14-2002

1993 1996

1997

2000 2001

2008 2007

2010 2012

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Measurement & Verification IPMVP PROTOCOL > Defines the terms used for activities related to M&V in an EE project.

> Defines the standardized approaches to measure the savings

> These approaches reassure factory or site owners > Defines the content of M&V plans which document the

entire M&V effort to be undertaken. > Serves as an introduction to methods of statistical analysis. > Provides recommendations on achieving an appropriate

and realistic balance between measurement accuracy and the associated costs.

> Sets out the requirements for savings monitoring/tracking reports

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Measurement & Verification M&V OPTIONS

Option A: Retrofit

Isolation: Measurement

of Key Parameters.

Option B: Retrofit

Isolation: Measurement

of All the Parameters.

Option C: Whole Facility.

Option D: Calibrated Simulation.

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If time permits, install analysis tool-pack on personal computer, and perform the following on the shown data (obtain data from lecturer) • Perform linear regression on the data of the period January 2015 to

December 2015 • Add a trend-line to the plot and show the resultant equation • Discuss the R2 value of the equation/model • Use the model/equation to calculate the “expected” electricity

consumption for Jan 2016 to Dec 2016 • Calculate the difference between the actual and expected electricity

consumption • Did the company consume more or less than expected over the

course of 2016?

Measurement & Verification Exercise

61

SOFTWARE & INSTRUMENTATION

Overview

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How much does it cost to use an energy project analysis tool?

cost accuracy

How accurate is an energy project analysis tool?

Vs. › It depends on the tool

› It depends on the required accuracy of the inputs

› It depends on the tool

› It depends on the required accuracy of the inputs

Key Considerations when Using Software Tools

Software

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RETScreen 4 and RETscreen Expert

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› Builds the capacity of planners, decision-makers and industry to implement energy efficiency, renewable energy and cogeneration projects

› Energy efficiency (EE) models for residential, commercial & institutional buildings as well as for industrial facilities & processes

› Renewable energy, cogeneration & EE models integrated into one software file & emerging technologies, such as wave & ocean current power

› Climate database expanded to 4,700 ground-stations & NASA Satellite Dataset Integrated within the software to cover populated areas across the Earth’s surface

› Project database providing users with instant access to key data and information for hundreds of case studies & project templates

› Software & databases translated into 35 languages that cover 2/3 of the world’s population and available at the click of the mouse

RETScreen 4 and RETscreen Expert

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Clean Project Analysis with RETScreen

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Fuel Fuel type 1 Fuel type 2 Fuel type 3 Fuel type 4 Fuel type 5 Fuel type 6Fuel type Electricity Natural gas - m³Fuel consumption - unit MWh m³ #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/AFuel rate - unit $/kWh $/m³ #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/AFuel rate 0.100 0.400

Schedule Unit Schedule 1 Schedule 2 Schedule 3 Schedule 4 Schedule 5 Schedule 6Description 24/7 Occupied

Occupied Occupied Occupied Occupied OccupiedTemperature - space heating °C 22.0 20.0Temperature - space cooling °C

Unoccupied Unoccupied Unoccupied Unoccupied UnoccupiedTemperature - unoccupied +/-°C 2.0

Occupied Occupied Occupied Occupied OccupiedOccupancy rate - daily h/d h/d h/d h/d h/d h/dMonday 24 16.0Tuesday 24 16.0Wednesday 24 16.0Thursday 24 16.0Friday 24 16.0Saturday 24 5.0Sunday 24 5.0Occupancy rate - annual h/yr 8,760 4,693 0 0 0 0

% 100% 54% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Heating/cooling changeover temperature °C 16.0Length of heating season d 241Length of cooling season d 124

Show: Heating Cooling ElectricityIncremental initial costs

Fuel cost savings

Incremental O&M savings Simple payback

Include measure?

Energy - proposed case MWh MWh MWh $ $ $ yr Heating systemFurnace 0 - - 0 0 0 - Cooling systemRefrigeration - 0 - 10,000 1,179 1,000 4.6 Building envelopeBuilding envelope 163 0 - 20,000 19,193 0 1.0 VentilationLightsLights - - 128 10,000 5,220 0 1.9 Electrical equipmentComputer - - 14 0 391 0 0.0 Hot waterHot water 8 - - 0 41 0 0.0 PumpsFansMotors30 Hp - - 524 10,000 2,343 0 4.3 10 Hp - - 290 5,000 6,462 0 0.8 Process electricityProcess heatProcess steamSteam lossesHeat recoveryCompressed airCompressor - - 60 10,000 3,949 200 2.4 RefrigerationCooling system - 176 - 0 2,043 0 0.0 OtherTotal 171 176 1,016 65,000 40,821 1,200 1.55

Fuel type

Fuel consumption -

unit Fuel rateFuel

consumption Fuel costFuel

consumption Fuel cost Fuel savedFuel cost savings

Electricity MWh 100.000$ 1,282.0 128,200$ 1,066.1 106,612$ 215.9 21,587$ Natural gas m³ 0.400$ 69,975.7 27,990$ 21,890.7 8,756$ 48,085.0 19,234$ Total 156,190$ 115,369$ 40,821$

Project verificationFuel

consumptionFuel type Base caseElectricity MWh 1,300.0 1,282.0 -1%Natural gas m³ 60,000.0 69,975.7 14%

Heating Cooling Electricity TotalEnergy MWh MWh MWh MWhEnergy - base case 547 248 1,199 1,994Energy - proposed case 171 176 1,016 1,363Energy saved 376 72 184 631Energy saved - % 68.7% 28.9% 15.3% 31.6%

BenchmarkEnergy unit kWhReference unit m² 3,850User-defined m² 2,000

Benchmark Heating Cooling Electricity TotalEnergy kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m²Energy - base case 142 64 312 518Energy - proposed case 44 46 264 354Energy saved 98 19 48 164

Show dataSummary

Show data

RETScreen Energy Model - Energy efficiency measures project

Base case Proposed case Fuel cost savingsFuel

Fuel consumption -

unit

Fuel consumption -

variance

Fuel consumption -

historical

Fuels & schedules Show data

Facility characteristics

Complete Cost Analysis sheet

Method 1 Notes/Range Second currencyMethod 2 Second currency Notes/Range None

Cost allocation

Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount Relative costs

Feasibility study cost -$ Sub-total: -$ 0.0%

Development cost -$ Sub-total: -$ 0.0%

Engineering cost -$ Sub-total: -$ 0.0%

Incremental initial costs 65,000$ 100.0%

Spare parts % -$ Transportation project -$ Training & commissioning p-d -$ User-defined cost -$ Contingencies % 65,000$ -$ Interest during construction 65,000$ -$ Sub-total: Enter number of months -$ 0.0%

65,000$ 100.0%

Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount

O&M (savings) costs project (1,200)$ Parts & labour project -$ User-defined cost -$ Contingencies % (1,200)$ -$ Sub-total: (1,200)$

Natural gas m³ 21,891 0.400$ 8,756$ Electricity MWh 1,066 100.000$ 106,612$ Sub-total: 115,369$

Unit Quantity Unit cost Amount

Natural gas m³ 69,976 0.400$ 27,990$ Electricity MWh 1,282 100.000$ 128,200$ Sub-total: 156,190$

Unit Year Unit cost AmountUser-defined cost -$

-$ End of project life cost -$

Periodic costs (credits)

Annual costs (credits)

Annual savings

Energy efficiency measures

Balance of system & miscellaneous

Total initial costs

O&M

Fuel cost - proposed case

Go to Emission Analysis sheet

RETScreen Cost Analysis - Energy efficiency measures projectSettings

Initial costs (credits)Feasibility study

Development

Engineering

Fuel cost - base case

Financial parameters Project costs and savings/income summary Yearly cash flowsGeneral Year Pre-tax After-tax Cumulative

Fuel cost escalation rate % 2.0% 0.0% $ 0 # $ $ $Inflation rate % 2.0% 0.0% $ 0 0 -19,500 -19,500 -19,500Discount rate % 10.0% 0.0% $ 0 1 36,680 36,680 17,180Project life yr 20 0.0% $ 0 2 37,537 37,537 54,716

0.0% $ 0 3 38,411 38,411 93,128Finance 0.0% $ 0 4 39,303 39,303 132,431

Incentives and grants $ 0 0.0% $ 0 5 40,213 40,213 172,643Debt ratio % 70.0% 100.0% $ 65,000 6 41,141 41,141 213,784Debt $ 45,500 0.0% $ 0 7 42,087 42,087 255,871Equity $ 19,500 100.0% $ 65,000 8 43,052 43,052 298,924Debt interest rate % 6.00% 9 44,037 44,037 342,961Debt term yr 10 $ 0 10 45,042 45,042 388,002Debt payments $/yr 6,182 11 52,248 52,248 440,250

12 53,293 53,293 493,543$ -1,200 13 54,359 54,359 547,902

Income tax analysis $ 115,369 14 55,446 55,446 603,348Effective income tax rate % $ 6,182 15 56,555 56,555 659,903Loss carryforward? $ 120,351 16 57,686 57,686 717,589Depreciation method 17 58,840 58,840 776,429Half-year rule - year 1 yes/no Yes 18 60,017 60,017 836,446Depreciation tax basis % $ 0 19 61,217 61,217 897,662Depreciation rate % $ 0 20 62,441 62,441 960,104Depreciation period yr 15 $ 0 21 0 0 960,104Tax holiday available? yes/no No 22 0 0 960,104Tax holiday duration yr 23 0 0 960,104

$ 156,190 24 0 0 960,104Annual income $ 0 25 0 0 960,104Electricity export income $ 0 26 0 0 960,104

Electricity exported to grid MWh 0 $ 0 27 0 0 960,104Electricity export rate $/MWh 0.00 $ 0 28 0 0 960,104Electricity export income $ 0 $ 0 29 0 0 960,104Electricity export escalation rate % $ 156,190 30 0 0 960,104

31 0 0 960,104GHG reduction income 32 0 0 960,104

tCO2/yr 0 33 0 0 960,104Net GHG reduction tCO2/yr 135 Financial viability 34 0 0 960,104Net GHG reduction - 20 yrs tCO2 2,706 % 190.4% 35 0 0 960,104GHG reduction credit rate $/tCO2 % 58.8% 36 0 0 960,104GHG reduction income $ 0 37 0 0 960,104GHG reduction credit duration yr % 190.4% 38 0 0 960,104Net GHG reduction - 0 yrs tCO2 0 % 58.8% 39 0 0 960,104GHG reduction credit escalation rate % 40 0 0 960,104

yr 1.5 41 0 0 960,104Customer premium income (rebate) yr 0.5 42 0 0 960,104

Electricity premium (rebate) % 43 0 0 960,104Electricity premium income (rebate) $ 0 $ 359,945 44 0 0 960,104Heating premium (rebate) % $/yr 42,279 45 0 0 960,104Heating premium income (rebate) $ 0 46 0 0 960,104Cooling premium (rebate) % 19.46 47 0 0 960,104Cooling premium income (rebate) $ 0 6.93 48 0 0 960,104Customer premium income (rebate) $ 0 $/MWh 49 0 0 960,104

$/tCO2 (312) 50 0 0 960,104Other income (cost)

Energy MWh Cumulative cash flows graphRate $/MWhOther income (cost) $ 0Duration yrEscalation rate %

Clean Energy (CE) production income CE production MWh 1,066CE production credit rate $/kWhCE production income $ 0CE production credit duration yrCE production credit escalation rate %

Fuel type

Energy delivered

(MWh) Clean energy1 Electricity 1,066 Yes2 Natural gas 228 No3 No4 No5 No6 No7 No8 No9 No# No# No# No# No# No# No# No# No# No Year


Heating system

After-tax IRR - equityAfter-tax IRR - assets

Total initial costs

Customer premium income (rebate)Other income (cost) - yrsCE production income - yrsTotal annual savings and income

Annual savings and incomeFuel cost - base case

Debt payments - 10 yrs

End of project life - cost

Total annual costsDeclining balance

O&MFuel cost - proposed case

RETScreen Financial Analysis - Energy efficiency measures project

No

Annual costs and debt payments

Cooling system

Energy efficiency measuresUser-defined

Balance of system & misc.

Incentives and grants

Initial costsFeasibility studyDevelopmentEngineeringPower system

Cum

ulat

ive

cash

flow

s ($

)

Pre-tax IRR - equityPre-tax IRR - assets

Electricity export incomeGHG reduction income - 0 yrs

GHG reduction cost

Net Present Value (NPV)Annual life cycle savings

Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratioDebt service coverageEnergy production cost

Simple paybackEquity payback

-200,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sensitivity analysis

Perform analysis onSensitivity rangeThreshold 75 %

$52,000 58,500 65,000 71,500 78,000

$ -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%124,952 -20% 43.0% 35.9% 30.4% 26.1% 22.7%140,571 -10% 143.4% 124.3% 109.0% 96.5% 86.2%156,190 0% 245.3% 214.8% 190.4% 170.5% 153.9%171,809 10% 347.4% 305.5% 272.0% 244.6% 221.8%187,428 20% 449.4% 396.2% 353.7% 318.9% 289.9%

$52,000 58,500 65,000 71,500 78,000

$ -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%92,295 -20% 396.1% 348.8% 311.0% 280.1% 254.3%

103,832 -10% 320.7% 281.8% 250.7% 225.3% 204.1%115,369 0% 245.3% 214.8% 190.4% 170.5% 153.9%126,906 10% 170.0% 147.9% 130.2% 115.8% 103.8%138,442 20% 94.9% 81.3% 70.5% 61.7% 54.4%

$52,000 58,500 65,000 71,500 78,000

% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%4.80% -20% 247.1% 216.6% 192.2% 172.2% 155.6%5.40% -10% 246.2% 215.7% 191.3% 171.4% 154.8%6.00% 0% 245.3% 214.8% 190.4% 170.5% 153.9%6.60% 10% 244.4% 213.9% 189.5% 169.6% 153.0%7.20% 20% 243.5% 213.0% 188.6% 168.7% 152.1%

Risk analysis

Perform analysis on

Parameter Unit Value Range (+/-) Minimum MaximumInitial costs $ 65,000 10% 58,500 71,500O&M $ -1,200 100% 0 -2,400Fuel cost - proposed case $ 115,369 5% 109,600 121,137Fuel cost - base case $ 156,190 5% 148,380 163,999Debt ratio % 70% 5% 67% 74%Debt interest rate % 6.00% 10% 5.40% 6.60%Debt term yr 10 20% 8 12

Median % 189.7%Level of risk %Minimum within level of confidence % 138.2%Maximum within level of confidence % 265.1%

Fuel cost - proposed case

Initial costs

RETScreen Sensitivity and Risk Analysis - Energy efficiency measures project

After-tax IRR - equity20%

Initial costsFuel cost - base case

Initial costs

Debt interest rate

After-tax IRR - equity

Freq

uenc

y

Distribution - After-tax IRR - equity

Sorte

d by

the

impa

ct

Relative impact (standard deviation) of parameter

Impact - After-tax IRR - equity

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Debt interest rateDebt termO&MDebt ratioInitial costsFuel cost - proposed caseFuel cost - base case

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

14.1% 15.4% 16.7% 17.9% 19.2% 20.5% 21.7% 23.0% 24.3% 25.6%

Method 2:

Five Steps

Two Methods for Clean Energy Project Analysis

67

Energy Efficiency Technologies Renewable Energy Technologies Building envelopes Biomass

Compressed air systems Geothermal power

Heating/cooling systems Landfill gas

Lighting Micro hydro turbine

Process heat and steam Photovoltaics

Pumps, fans and motors Solar air and water heating

Refrigeration Solar thermal power

Steam losses Tidal, wave and ocean current power

Ventilation Wind turbines

RETScreen® allows on-grid and off-grid analyses for:

RETScreen Energy Models

68

• Standardized methodology validated by a team of experts from government

and industry

• Three methods available:

1. Standard analysis: RETScreen automatically uses IPCC and industry

standard values for:

• CO2 equivalence factors for CH4 and N2O

• CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions for common fuels

• Efficiency for conversion of fuel to heat or electricity

2. Custom analysis: the user specifies these values

3. User-defined analysis: user can enter GHG emission factors directly

GHG Emission Analysis

69

Detailed cost and credit analysis (initial, periodic, annual and end of project life)

List of project costs specific to technology (e.g., geothermal heat exchanger, landfill gas)

Financing (including capital investment, debt ratio & length, interest rate, discount rate and inflation)

Taxes on equipment & income (or savings)

Environmental credits and/or subsidies (e.g., GHG credits, deployment incentives)

Decision-makers’ definition of cost-effectiveness (e.g., payback period, IRR, NPV, life-cycle savings, B-C ratio)

Financial parameters Project costs and savings/income summary Yearly cash flowsGeneral Year Pre-tax After-tax Cumulative

Fuel cost escalation rate % 2,0% 0,3% $ 2 000 000 # $ $ $Inflation rate % 2,0% 2,8% $ 22 000 000 0 -236 123 767 -236 123 767 -236 123 767Discount rate % 10,0% 15,8% $ 125 000 000 1 10 843 430 10 843 430 -225 280 337Project life yr 30 81,1% $ 639 745 890 2 11 950 169 11 950 169 -213 330 168

0,0% $ 0 3 13 079 044 13 079 044 -200 251 124Finance 0,0% $ 0 4 14 230 495 14 230 495 -186 020 629

Incentives and grants $ 500 000 0,0% $ 0 5 9 884 572 9 884 572 -176 136 057Debt ratio % 70,0% 0,0% $ 0 6 16 602 946 16 602 946 -159 533 111Debt $ 552 122 123 0,0% $ 0 7 17 824 876 17 824 876 -141 708 235Equity $ 236 623 767 100,0% $ 788 745 890 8 19 071 244 19 071 244 -122 636 991Debt interest rate % 7,00% 9 20 342 539 20 342 539 -102 294 452Debt term yr 30 $ 500 000 10 15 544 289 15 544 289 -86 750 163Debt payments $/yr 44 493 536 11 22 961 917 21 654 135 -65 096 028

12 24 311 026 22 371 253 -42 724 775$ 19 359 874 13 25 687 117 23 127 566 -19 597 208

Income tax analysis $ 220 158 510 14 27 090 730 23 920 965 4 323 757Effective income tax rate % 15,0% $ 44 493 536 15 21 793 074 19 029 526 23 353 283Loss carryforward? $ 284 011 920 16 23 338 495 19 963 592 43 316 875Depreciation method 17 24 695 136 20 743 821 64 060 696Half-year rule - year 1 yes/no Yes 18 26 078 909 21 551 546 85 612 242Depreciation tax basis % 90,0% $ 5 000 000 19 27 490 358 22 385 097 107 997 339Depreciation rate % 8,0% $ 0 20 21 500 299 16 927 581 124 924 920Depreciation period yr 15 $ 10 000 000 21 32 623 148 26 014 199 150 939 119Tax holiday available? yes/no Yes 22 34 165 482 26 953 510 177 892 629Tax holiday duration yr 2 23 35 738 662 27 913 151 205 805 779

$ 0 24 37 343 306 28 891 623 234 697 402Annual income $ 290 398 107 25 30 777 013 22 914 851 257 612 253Electricity export income $ -1 467 964 26 40 649 515 30 899 048 288 511 301

Electricity exported to grid MWh 4 839 968 $ 0 27 42 352 376 31 924 949 320 436 251Electricity export rate $/MWh 60,00 $ 200 28 44 089 294 32 963 558 353 399 808Electricity export income $ 290 398 107 $ 4 839 968 29 45 860 950 34 013 253 387 413 062Electricity export escalation rate % 2,0% $ 293 770 312 30 20 497 616 20 497 616 407 910 678

31 0 0 407 910 678GHG reduction income 32 0 0 407 910 678

tCO2/yr 0 33 0 0 407 910 678Net GHG reduction tCO2/yr -733 982 Financial viability 34 0 0 407 910 678Net GHG reduction - 30 yrs tCO2 -22 019 461 % 7,6% 35 0 0 407 910 678GHG reduction credit rate $/tCO2 2,00 % -0,2% 36 0 0 407 910 678GHG reduction income $ -1 467 964 37 0 0 407 910 678GHG reduction credit duration yr 20 % 6,7% 38 0 0 407 910 678Net GHG reduction - 20 yrs tCO2 -14 679 641 % -1,1% 39 0 0 407 910 678GHG reduction credit escalation rate % 2,0% 40 0 0 407 910 678

yr 14,5 41 0 0 407 910 678Customer premium income (rebate) yr 13,8 42 0 0 407 910 678

Electricity premium (rebate) % 5,0% 43 0 0 407 910 678Electricity premium income (rebate) $ 0 $ -72 272 969 44 0 0 407 910 678Heating premium (rebate) % $/yr -7 666 662 45 0 0 407 910 678Heating premium income (rebate) $ 0 46 0 0 407 910 678Cooling premium (rebate) % 0,69 47 0 0 407 910 678Cooling premium income (rebate) $ 0 1,24 48 0 0 407 910 678Customer premium income (rebate) $ 0 $/MWh 61,41 49 0 0 407 910 678

$/tCO2 No reduction 50 0 0 407 910 678Other income (cost)

Energy MWh 100 Cumulative cash flows graphRate $/MWh 2,000Other income (cost) $ 200Duration yr 20Escalation rate % 2,0%

Clean Energy (CE) production income CE production MWh 4 839 968CE production credit rate $/kWh 0,001CE production income $ 4 839 968CE production credit duration yr 15CE production credit escalation rate % 2,0%

Fuel type

Energy delivered

(MWh) Clean energy1 Natural gas 4 839 968 Yes2 No3 No4 No5 No6 No7 No8 No9 No# No# No# No# No# No# No# No# No# No Year

After-tax IRR - equityAfter-tax IRR - assets

Total initial costs

Customer premium income (rebate)Other income (cost) - 20 yrsCE production income - 15 yrsTotal annual savings and income

Annual savings and incomeFuel cost - base case

Incentives and grants

Electricity export incomeGHG reduction income - 20 yrs

Debt payments - 30 yrs

Maintenance - 5 yrs

End of project life - cost

Total annual costs


Pre-tax IRR - assets

O&MFuel cost - proposed case

RETScreen Financial Analysis - Power project

No

Annual costs and debt payments

Cooling system

Energy efficiency measuresUser-defined

Balance of system & misc.

Debt service coverage

Declining balance

Cum

ulat

ive

cash

flow

s ($

)

Initial costsFeasibility studyDevelopmentEngineeringPower systemHeating system

Pre-tax IRR - equity

Energy production cost

Simple paybackEquity payback

GHG reduction cost

Net Present Value (NPV)Annual life cycle savings

Benefit-Cost (B-C) ratio

-300 000 000

-200 000 000

-100 000 000

0

100 000 000

200 000 000

300 000 000

400 000 000

500 000 000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Cost and Financial Analysis

70

• At the preliminary feasibility stage, there

is much uncertainty about many input

parameters.

• How is the profitability of the project

affected by errors in the values provided

by the user?

Sensitivity and Risk Analysis

71

Settings

As fired fuelBiogasBuilding envelope propertiesAppliances & equipmentElectricity rate - monthlyElectricity rate - time of useGHG equivalence

Landfill gas

LandfillYear landfill opened yr 1970Final year landfill used yr 2010Waste disposal benchmark years yr 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010Waste disposal rate t/yr 100.000 150.000 200.000 150.000 150.000 50.000Total waste in landfill (41 yrs) t 5.467.500

Landfill gas (LFG) GJ/h m³/hLag time before LFG generation yr 1Methane generation constant (k) 0,05Methane by volume of LFG % 50%Methane generation from waste (Lo) m³/t 170Inerts in waste adjustment factor % 10%LFG generation - theoretical m³/t 340LFG collection efficiency % 75%LFG generation - potential m³/t 255Heating value of LFG MJ/m³ 18,54LFG - CH4 emission factor kg/GJ 17,99

Energy projectLFG fuel consumption start year yr 10Project life yr 1 Check valueUnits EnergyFuel required - average GJ/h 0,0LFG fuel potential GJ/h 0,0Remaining fuel required GJ/h 0,0Fuel required - annual GJ/yr 0LFG fuel potential - annual GJ/yr 0

Emission analysisLFG system - base case Not collectedPercent of LFG flared - base case %LFG flared - base case GJ/yr 0LFG flared - proposed case GJ/yr 0CO2 emission factor kg/GJCH4 emission factor kg/GJN2O emission factor kg/GJ

User-defined fuel - gasUser-defined fuel - solid

Landfill gas generation rate graph

RETScreen Tools - Energy efficiency measures project

Ground heat exchangerHeat rateHeating value & fuel rateHydro formula costing methodLandfill gasUnit conversionUser-defined fuel

Water & steamWater pumpingWindow propertiesCustom 1Custom 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 20800

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

Theoretical Potential Required

RETScreen also offers a set of custom tools

Tools

72

• Built-in Support

• Help

• Product and climate databases

• Case studies and templates

• On-Line Material

• Presentations and speaker notes

• Engineering e-textbooks

• UNEP presentations and guides on EE technologies

Support and Guidelines

Software

73

ASHRAE RTS Excel Based Thermal Modeling Tool

ASHRAE RTS Procedure

Documented in ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals Ch.18

Takes Advantage of Steady Periodic Nature of the Cooling Load

Calculation

Based on:

Radiant Time Series: Steady Periodic Zone Response Factors

Steady Periodic Response Factors for Conduction

74

ASHRAE RTS Excel Based Thermal Modeling Tool

75

Software Open Studio (Energy Plus Implementation)

76

Software Air Master +

77

Air Master +

Funded by the US Department of Energy

Windows based

Analysis of multiple facilities and compressors

Extensive database of compressors

Simulates baseline and proposed retrofits

Hourly simulation capability

Individual measure retrofit and system wide dynamic simulation

Detailed life cycle cost analysis

78

Toolkits and Guides NRCAN Energy Savings Toolbox Features

Step by step manual Spreadsheets for various modules:

• Condition survey • Electricity cost • Gas cost • Fuel cost • Comparative analysis • Profile • Load inventory • Fuel systems • Thermal inventory • Envelope • Assess the benefits • Financial analysis • GHG factors

79

Toolkits and Guides

80

Equipment Name Use

KIMO AMI 310 Multi-measurement Unit: Probes: Anemometer / Temp Probe (fan type) Anemometer / Temp (hot wire type/ compact) Hygrometer Probe Surface Temperature Probe Ambient Temperature probe CO / Temp Probe CO2 / Temp Probe Manometer Probe Differential Pressure

Instantaneous / Logging capability

Smart Button Plus Compact reusable temperature logger Harsh environments

Equipment list

81

Name Purpose / Function

Hobo Motor Runtime Logger Motor state (on/off) Senses magnetic field Can be equipped with external sensor Compact


Smart Reader Plus 8 Temperature Logger – Takes thermocouple sensor

Smart Reader Plus 7 Universal logger – various signal inputs

Fluke Power Analyzer Power Measurement Power Quality Measurement:

Harmonics Power Factor Many other functions

Logging

Equipment list

82

Name Purpose / Function

Combustion analyzer Analyzes combustion efficiency


Smart Reader Plus 8 Temperature Logger – Takes thermocouple sensor

Smart Reader Plus Universal logger – various signal inputs

Fluke Power Analyzer Power Measurement Power Quality Measurement:

Harmonics Power Factor Many other functions

Logging

Equipment list

83

Equipment Smart button logger

84

Equipment Smart Button Logger

85

Smart button logger

86

Equipment List Smart Button Logger - Accessories

87

Smart Reader 8 – Temperature Logger

88

Equipment Smart Reader 7 – Process Logger

89

Internal sensor records magnetic field of motor when operating

Use to log operating state of motor (on/off)

Records are 1 (on) or 0 (off)

No other capability

Cheap, easy to deploy solution

Non-invasive

1 external expansion capability

Operating Theory / Uses

Hobo – ux90 -004 Motor status logger

90

Specifications

Hobo – ux90 -004 Motor status logger

91

Kimo MP 210 multi logger

92

Ultrasonic flowmeter

93


94


95

Important parameters to consider....

Fluid type

Fluid temperature

Pipe material

Pipe thickness

Pipe diameter


96

Combustion Analyzer

97

Uses For Combustion Analyzer

Efficiency

Safety

Pollution

Combustion Analyzer

98

Combustion Analyzer

99

Equipment

Combustion Analyzer

100

Combustion Analyzer

101

Combustion Analyzer

102

Fuel pressure

Primary air

Draft / secondary air

Key Components of Combustion

Combustion Analyzer

103

Combustion Analyzer

Common Combustion Measurements

104

Calculated Values

Combustion Analyzer

105

Calculated Values

Combustion Analyzer

106

Atmospheric Draft Fired Burner

107

Induced Draft Burner Test

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