Steve Wallon ∙ Building Energy Specialist Smart Energy Design Assistance Center (SEDAC), University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign

Providing effective strategies for public and private buildings in Illinois

Energy in Buildings Understanding the Impacts On Consumption

Presentation Outline

i. Introduction

- What is energy?

- Typical energy breakdown

- Overarching strategy for success

ii. Building performance case studies

iii. Energy expectations

- Technology case study

- How behavior can affect energy?

iv. Behavior

- Tools for promote change

Introduction

What of it?

Energy types: ▪ Mechanical ▪ Chemical ▪ Thermal ▪ Electrical ▪ Luminous ▪ Radiant ▪ Magnetic ▪ Gravitational ▪ Elastic ▪ Kinetic ▪ Potential (stored) ▪ Sound ▪ Nuclear

Power How quickly work can be done, rate.

Force & Speed Energy Ability to do work over time or distance.

Energy = P x t

In buildings, we are interested primarily in two forms of energy

Electricity Presence and motion of elementary charged particles generated by friction, induction, or chemical change. Secondary source

Heat (thermal) Form transferred by difference in temperature. Primary source usually

First Law of Thermo Conservation of Energy – Energy cannot be created or destroyed – it can be transferred from one object to another or transformed from one form to another.

▪ Energy is converted multiple times before you use it ▪ Losses are inevitable!

The basics

Heat Transfer

• Heat always flows from warm to cold

• The (in)ability of heat to

move through a solid, liquid, or gas by any of the following is measure by it’s resistance (R-value)

1. Conduction 2. Infiltration (convection) 3. Radiation

How do we measure it?

A Btu is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at ~39ºF.

1 kWh of electricity = 3,412 Btu 1 therm of natural gas = 100,000 Btu 1 ton of coal = 28,000,000 Btu 1 gallon of gasoline = 125,000 Btu 1 gallon of diesel = 140,000 Btu 1 gallon of ethanol = 84,000 Btu

1 Btu

Impacts On Building Energy Consumption

2 basic systems, 5 total key areas affecting building energy consumption.

Energized:

Lighting

Mechanical ▪ Heat ▪ Cool ▪ Ventilation

Process (plug loads)

Non-Energized:

Envelope (new construction) ▪ Thermal properties ▪ Orientation ▪ Air seal

Occupant Behavior

Typical Energy Breakdown

Commercial buildings in Illinois, we find (about)…

CBECS for specific building

types.

1. Reduce demand Intentionally use energy ONLY when needed, can it be turned off?

2. Energy efficiency Identify where energy IS needed, and lower consumption: high-performance design and equipment.

3. Commissioning and ongoing tracking Maintain systems for optimal performance.

4. Renewable energy Begin on-site power generate (extra credit)

Overarching Strategy For Success

SEDAC’s top 10 energy cost reduction measures (ECRMs) Efficient lighting (T8s, T5s, delamping, control, LED exit

signs) Air sealing/ Weatherization (reducing uncontrolled leakage) Commissioning/ Retro-commissioning (of HVAC equipment) Temperature Setbacks Heating (efficient boilers/furnaces) Cooling (high-efficiency cooling systems) Ventilation (occupancy-based control, heat recovery) Electric Motor Control (e.g. variable frequency drives) Insulation (roof and wall insulation upgrades) Glazing (door and window assembly upgrades)

These measures either have a short payback or significantly reduce energy or both!

Building Performance

1921

2009

2001

Which building do you presume to have the

best energy performance?

And the worst?

$-

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 - MS

2 - HS

3 - MS

4 - Elem

5 - HS

6 - MS

7 - Elem

8 - K-8

9 - Elem

10 - MS

11 - K-8

12 - Elem

13 - MS

14 - Elem

15 - MS

16 - Elem

17 - Elem

18 - HS

19 - HS

20 - K-12

21 - Elem

22 - Elem

23 - HS

24 - HS

25 - MS

- HS

26 - Elem

27 - Elem

28 - K-8

29 - HS

30 - Elem

31 - Elem

32 - HS

33 - HS

34 - Elem

35 - Elem

36 - Elem

37 - HS

38 - HS

39 - Elem

40 - HS

41 - Elem

42 - Elem

43 - HS

44 - K-12

45 - Elem

46 - Elem

47 - Elem

48 - MS

49 - Elem

50 - Elem

51 - Dist

52 - MS

53 - HS

54 - Elem

55 - HS

56 - Elem

57 - Elem

58 - MS

59 - MS

60 - Elem

61 - HS

62 - Elem

63 - MS

64 - Pre-k

65 - Elem

66 - Elem

67 - HS

68 - Elem

69 - Elem

70 - MS

71 - HS

72 - HS

73 - Elem

74 - HS

75 - JH76 - K

-12

Ener

gy C

ost I

nten

sity

($/s

f/yr)

Ener

gy U

se In

tens

ity (k

Btu

/sf/y

r)

SEDAC Illinois K-12 School Energy Use Intensities

Elec kBtu/sf Gas kBtu/sf $/sf

1921

2009

2001

How do they compare?

90.1-2007

Typical school that meets Code… Zone 5a, 80 kBtu/sf/yr

New is not necessarily better… Old, great energy use intensity (EUI)

Built 1921, annual EUI 36 kBtu/sf

What attributed to this building’s low consumption?

Built 2009, annual EUI 33 kBtu/sf

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What made this building’s consumption so high?

Built 2001, annual EUI 118 kBtu/sf

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Energy consumption is not necessarily dependent upon the installed technology nor

always correlated to a building’s date of construction.

Energy Expectations

LEED Platinum in 2008, $60 million dollars.

Business Instruction Facility (BIF)

Predicted to trim energy use by nearly 50 percent, officials estimate, cutting utility costs by up to $300,000 a year compared with traditional classroom buildings on the UrbaChampaign campus.”

Technologies

Triple pane windows that absorb less solar radiation than traditional panes. High performance insulation. 4,000 sf of photovoltaic panels on roof harvests solar radiation (8% of building load). Zinc roofing reflects heat away from the building. Photo sensors on interior lights. Uses a displacement air system which will move warm and cool air through the building efficiently than a traditional forced-air system. Plantings on part of the roof area reduce rain run-off and the impact of heat on the buil HVAC. Use of water-efficient plantings around facility. High quality finishes with low embodied energy (quantity of energy required to manufa and supply to the point of use, a product, material or service) such as terrazzo and linole flooring. Carbon dioxide monitoring to help sustain long-term occupant comfort and well-being.

Technologies

Occupant Impact

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Mon

thly

kB

tu /

sf

2009 Monthly Energy Electric + Chilled Water + Steam

STEAM (KBTU/SqFt)CHILLED WATER (KBTU/SqFt)ELECTRIC (KBTU/SqFt)DEC Model Electric & Steam & Chill Water USE kBtu/sqft-yr

Changed schedules

Re-commission?

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

DEC Sched Weekday DEC Sched Weekend Current Sched Weekdays Current Sched Weekends

Occupancy

Occupancy Schedule Change 12:00 AM 1:00 AM

1:00 AM 2:00 AM

2:00 AM 3:00 AM

3:00 AM 4:00 AM

4:00 AM 5:00 AM

5:00 AM 6:00 AM

6:00 AM 7:00 AM

7:00 AM 8:00 AM

8:00 AM 9:00 AM

9:00 AM 10:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM

11:00 AM 12:00 PM

12:00 PM 1:00 PM

1:00 PM 2:00 PM

2:00 PM 3:00 PM

3:00 PM 4:00 PM

4:00 PM 5:00 PM

5:00 PM 6:00 PM

6:00 PM 7:00 PM

Not always the technology…

How Behavior Can Affect Energy?

Thermal comfort

Health concerns

Energy literacy Untrained users Inherent ambiguity

Technology adaptation 3 simple light switches vs.

complex panel

The forgotten load… Human behavior is usually seen secondary to building thermodynamics and technological efficiencies.

Tools For Behavior Change

Create social obligation within the organization:

Pledges voluntary commitments

Norms group solidary, surveillance, control

Communications marketing, facts, personal, persuasion, empower individuals

Motivators incentivize and reward, prize, money

Removal of hindrances remove obstacles limiting change

Tools For Behavior Change

Who is the Champion? Monitors and reports

progress.

Who is ultimately responsible? Accountability for success

DOE website example: