energy efficiency buildings : singular topicsokolje.arso.gov.si/ippc/uploads/file/energy... · 5....

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EU-Twinning Project SL04/EN/01Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)

Dries Maes, STEVITO, Mol

Ljubljana, 13 -15 March 2006

Mission 6.2: Energy Efficiency

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Energy efficiency buildings :Singular topics

Workshop Energy-efficiency 13-15 March 2006, Ljubljana

Dries MaesFlemish Institute for Technological ResearchBelgium





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10 Rules for Energy Efficient Buildings

1. Compact design

2. Thick Insulation of the building envelop

3. Glas : no more then 30% of the front, windows mostly on the south

4. Airtightness of the building and controlled ventilation with heat recuperation

5. Use of daylight for lighting

6. Efficient artificial lighting systems

7. Solar protection in the summer to prevent overheating

8. Efficient cooling systems (night ventilation, activiation of thermal inertia, use of groundwater)

9. Avoid and minimise inner heat gains with efficient appliances

10. Use efficient and environmentally friendly heating systems

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Changing energy efficiency for existing office buildings ?

Example of energy use for a recent office building in Brussels

PumpsDomestic hot waterVentilatorsVentilationTransmissionLighting

-> Action on several aspects to achieve energy efficiency





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1. Compact design










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Lighting and Rational Energy UseGeneral REUGeneral REU--guidelinesguidelines

1.1. Minimise Energy needMinimise Energy need• Maximise use of daylight• Light colours• Different sections : according to needs and daylight

Lighting = heating ⇒ Cooling need ?!

2.2. Optimal light technologyOptimal light technology• Type lamp & appliance according to the application

3.3. Optimal controlsOptimal controls• Automatic daylight controls• Presence Detection• Central controls ?





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Different technologies

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GLS : Wolfram-incandescentSOX : Low pressure NatriumSON : High Pressure Natrium Discharge lamp

Initial lightstream (lm)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Effic

ienc

y =

Ligh

tstre

am/ p

ower

(lm

/W)

1000W

IND

GLS15W

100W1000W

2000W

Halogen

HP M

50W

1000W

HPMH250W

1000W

SON

55W

Compactfluorescent

lamp 5W

39W 85W50W

Slenderfluorescent

lamp 18W

100W18W

SOX

35W

180W

131W

SOX-E

102 104 105103

S-Ar

Lifespan(Hours)

Colour temp..(K)

Color rende-ring (Ra)

GLS 1000 2700 100Halogen 2000 - 4000 3700 100HP Mercury 8000 3000 - 4500 36 - 60HP Metal Halide 4000 - 9000 3000 - 6000 70 - 95Induction lamp 60 000 3000 - 4000 80En. Saving bulbs8000 - 10 000 2700 - 6000 85Fluorescent 8000 - 16 000 2700 - 6500 65 - 85 - 95SON 8000 1800 - 2200 24 - 60White SON 6000 - 8000 2500 80SOX 8000 1800 0





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GLS : Wolfram-bulb

Halogen

DimmableDimmable

Lifespan(hours)

Colortemp.(K)

Color rend-ering (Ra)

GLS 1000 2700 100Halogen 2000 - 4000 3700 100

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Compact fluorescent lamps

fluorescent tubesen ballast

SomeSome types save in types save in explosiveexplosive environments, environments, DimmableDimmable





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High Pressure Mercury Is Is beingbeing replacedreplaced byby::•• HPMHHPMH•• HDHD--NatriumNatrium

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Metal Halide (quarts)

Metal Halide (ceramic)

IND : Induction

Safe in explosive environmentsVery long lifespan !!!





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SON : High Pressure natrium discharge lamp

High pressure Na-lamp DimmableDimmable SOX : Low pressure Natrium

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- To control starting current, regulation of current and voltage

- Older gear and ballast :

- ballast + starter + condensator

- own consumption : 10 à 20% of total energy consumption

Ex. : fluorescent tube : 58 W; g&b: 14 à 20 W; total: 72 à 80 W

- 50 Hz → stroboscopic effect

- Flickering at ignition

Control gear and ballasts





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- ballast without starter or condensator

- efficiency > 0,94

- own consumption : < 10% of total energy consumption

ex : fluorescent tube : 58 W / 50 W; El ballast : 4 W; totaal: 54 W

- 20 --- 80 kHz → Increased comfort, no stroboscopic effect- immidiate ignition

- longer lifespan : 8000 h / -30% → 16000 h / -10%

- dimmable 100% → 1%

Modern gear and ballasts for FL

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Specific example





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Efficient appliances

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Lighting controls•• Sections!!Sections!!• Dimmable lighting : lowest% or off• Types of controls

– Central control or per section– Manual control– Automatic control

• Clock• Central daylightsensor• Presence sensor

• Communication for controls– Power line modems– Cable networks– Wireless (IR, RF, …)





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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

time

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

b: c

umul

ated

syst

em p

ower

redu

ctio

n (%

)

a:

Sys

tem

pow

er w

ith /

with

out E

LS®

x 10

0 (%

)

unregulated HF electronic ballast systeminside area: 3 x 55 W

window area: 3 x 55 W

- total lighting system power: 330 W- orientation: W - hand operated sun-shading- setpoint illuminance: 600 lx- number of lighting hours: 1678

a

b

office:

a: System power reduction with ELS® over one year in relation with theposition of the luminaire

b: Cumulated system power reduction over one year

Effect of automatic daylight controls

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Bringing Daylight deeper into the rooms :

EE-Sylk





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Conclusions• Daylight• Sections• Energy efficient lighting and applications :

– Parkings, streets, …: LD-Na, HD-Na– Exterior : LD-Na, HD-Na, FL, HPMH– Halls with high ceilings : HPMH, Induction– Halls with normal ceilings FL– Offices : FL en PLL– Explosieveiligheid: TL-X en Induction

• Control– Dimmables– On/off– Daylight, presence, timers

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1. Compact design














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• Switch off if possible !• Equipment with:

• Activate “powermanagement”– Computer: reduction >85%– Printer: reduction ca. 95%

• info:– Http://www.Epa.Gov/energystar– Calculator: http://www.Epa.Gov/appdstar/purchasing/calculators

Office equipment

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Quick tips• Screensaver is not energy-saving (screen and computer stay active) • Normal consumption in operation : 150..200 W (CRT-screen + PC)• LCD-screen : 25..35 W compared to 95..>100 W CRT• Computer switched off or hibernating : 0..5 W continuous consumption…• Powermanagement available on all PC’s

• tips :– erase Screensavers– Activate Powermanagement– Computer Stand by/switched off at longer breaks – Disconnection from socket if switched off

VITO: 5 W x 500 VITO: 5 W x 500 PCPC’’s x 7160 h/j = s x 7160 h/j = 17,9 17,9 MWheMWhe≈≈ €€ 1100/jaar1100/jaar





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Powermanagement PC’s

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Stand-by consumption

5 W ≈ 44 kWh/j≈ 6,6 €/j

25 W ≈ 220 kWh/j≈ 33 €/j





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1. Compact design










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Minimise heating need• Insulation !!!!

– it is technically impossible to insulate too much !• Use solar heat gains

(does not exclude solar protection in summer !)

• Choice of process





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Optimise heat recuperation• Waste heat is often at lower temperatures available

⇒ LT-heating system is necessary– Too big radiators– Ventiloconvector– Floor and wall heating – Concrete mass activation

• Waste heat at too low temperatures can be upgraded with heat pumps

• Process: Pinch-analysis

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Waste heat can be reused• Large process: Pinch-analysis• Boilers and ovens :

– Heat recuperation with external heat exchangers:

• Economisers• Flue gas condensors• Central heating

– Air Preheating :• External Preheater• Regenerative and recuperative

burners

• If time of heat demand and heat supply are different : consider heat stocks





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Efficient heating technology• Condensing boiler

– CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2 H22OO– Use latent heat in water of flue gasses – 5..15% gain on gas consumption is possible (if low temperatures are being

used) • Heat Pumps

– Use of environment heat or waste heat (max. ∆T = 50 °C ⇒ LT!!)– Electricity consumption with COP 3-6

• Cogeneration of Heat and Power – Use waste heat from electricity production– Saves often about 20% compared to separate production

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100

Warmtegeneratorη=85%

Totaal rendementη=85%

Hal

118

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Heating• Central

– Boilers in central heating room

– Heat distribution by steam, oil, air or water

• Decentralised– Direct appliances– Radiation or air

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137110 100

10

Ketelη=80%

Distributienetη=91%

Totaal rendementη=73%

Hal





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Air heating in industrial halls• Heated medium = air

– If lots of ventilation ⇒ lots of heat losses– Creates convection ⇒ dust circulation– Stratification of heat against the ceiling

• Can be remediated with ventilators to push hot air down

• Conventional air heaters : global efficiency• Condensing air heaters

– 10% more efficient then conventional – 30% additional cost

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Air heating

Traditional Condensing





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Radiation heating

• Similar to solar heat gains– “shadows” are possible

• Products need to be kept at safe distances

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Radiation heating• Very fast direct effect. (not the sense of ‘comfort’)• Efficiency : 50…75%• To apply in :

– Badly insulated buildings – Buildings with high ventilation rates – High ceilings– Sectional heating needs

• Savings till 50% possible





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air radiationGlobal

Radiation local Radiation local

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Make-up Air• Direct flame in air channel• Only when strong ventilation is possible• Efficiency : near 100%





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Some alternatives for cooling

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Night ventilation• Cooler night temperature to “flush’ the building • Stock nightly cold in concrete and other thermal

inertia– Innovation : PCM-capsulen in finishing layers





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Integrated systems• Example: Menerga-system (Nitto Europe)• The system selects according to the required

temperature and the exterior temperature :– Vapour cooling– Direct cooling machine

DStadswater

h

E

h

E

D

Luch

tgro

ep re

circ

ulat

ie

Vers

eluc

htgr

oep

Abs

orpt

iegr

oep

Folie

koel

ing

T

T

T

D

Condensopvangluchtbehandeling

Spui

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Power & heat cogeneration

Elec: 50heat: 75

Plant:50%

Fuel:100

Boiler:90%

Fuel:83

In: 183Out: 125

Elec: 50heat: 75

cogen

Fuel:145

In: 145Out: 125

Saving potential:21%





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CogenerationMotor makes electricity

↓Motor cooling provides heat

• Economical if > 3000 h/y full load ⇒ cogeneration should provide BASE-load of heating demand

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Mini cogeneration

Senertec• 5 kWe• 12 kWth

ηtot 88-90%

Appropriate forMulti-family

housesSocial housing…





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Thermal Storage• Bridges the time lap between supply and demand • Techniques?

– Insulated storage tanks • Short term storage (hours – days)• limited storage capacity for longer periods• large storage losses during longer periods

– Underground storage systems • Very good efficiencies possible (to 80%)• unlimited storage capacities • no use of expensive or needed spaces (can be under parking lot, building...)• not useful for short term storages

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Example Underground energy storage

• Drillhole energy storage –Vertical heat exchangers–temperatures till 90°C–Dependant of soil type–limited by underground water flow

(can be locally a problem)





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1. Compact design










What to chose ?

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Conclusions : an Energy audit : Why ? • Internal audit (part of Energy Management)

– Search for economical energy saving potentials⇒ Saving energy costs

- Empowerment and implication of own personnel ↑⇒ General support for structural energy Management;

• External audit– External expert has a different point of view on the process– Energy expert has

• specific knowledge on techniques to reduce energy consumption• an eye for easy win-win situations• is not implicated in the history of the company• knows the legal and economical situation





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Different types of Energy audits• Quick Scan, Energy screening

– Evaluation of global consumption data– Tour in the company (Visual inspection)– Result : rough estimations of energy saving options and

indications where thematic audits are necessary.• Thematic audit:

– Focussed on a specific generic issue or one specific process or consumer

– Thorough analysis is best combined with on-site measurements– Results : detailled analysis of the specific issue

• Putting in practise of an Energy Action Team, Development and Begeleiding & Support

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Definitie:Structural and economically viable mannerMeasures at the level of the organisation, process, behaviour andcorporate cultureto reduce energy consumption in a lasting manner

Energy management

Plan DoAct Check

Continuousimprovement

Ener

gy-e

ffici

ency

Time

Fixation byEMS





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Commitment and motivationof general management

Execution of Energyinventory and investigations

Set-up and propose CorporateEnergy management plan (Management)

(Energy-Action-Team)

Preparatory phase

Analysis phase

Planning phase

Execution phase ImplementationEMS

Realisation of different measures and projects

EMS

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Questions ?Dries Maes

VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological ResearchBoeretang 2002400 MolBelgium+32/14/[email protected]

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