energy and life. energy energy is the ability to do work or the capacity to cause change. autotrophs...
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Energy and Life
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Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity to cause change.
• Autotrophs and Heterotrophs– Autotrophs – make their own food from the
sun’s energy (aka producers)– Heterotrophs – obtain energy from food they
must consume (aka consumers)
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Chemical Energy and Food
• Food provides energy for organisms
• One gram of glucose (C6H12O6) can release 3811 calories of heat. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
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Chemical Energy and ATP
• Energy stored in many forms – light, heat, electricity, and chemical compounds
• ATP and ADP – activities of cells powered by chemical fuels
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
An ATP Molecule
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ATP & ADP
• Cells store energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – nitrogen, 5-carbon sugar, 3 phosphate groups = fully charged “battery”
• ADP (adenosine diphosphate) – similar to ATP, but with one less phosphate group = ADP used to store energy by adding 1 more phosphate to it = partially charged “battery”
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ADP ATP
Energy
EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Comparison of ATP and ADP to a Battery
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ADP ATP
Energy
EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partiallychargedbattery
Fullychargedbattery
Comparison of ATP and ADP to a Battery
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Releasing Energy from ATP
• Energy released from ATP when ATP is converted into ADP and phosphate. Because a cell can add or subtract a third phosphate group, this is a great way of storing and releasing energy as needed
• Energy released/used when phosphate bond is broken (phosphate is negatively charged and wants to repel each other = lots of energy)
• ATP carries energy needed by the cell for:– Active transport– Movement within the cell (organelles)– Muscle movement– Chemical reactions
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Photosynthesis – An Overview (for now…)
• Photosynthesis – plants, algae, and certain bacteria transform light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water as starting materials. This chemical energy is stored in sugars/starches.
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Inside a Chloroplast
– Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts• Chloroplasts contain pouch-like photosynthetic membrane
called thylakoids which are arranged in stacks called grana• Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and other
pigments/proteins able to capture sun’s light• Stroma – space surrounding thylakoids
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Interior cell
StromaGranum
Thylakoidspace
ChloroplastInner and outermembranes
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The Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2
Light
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A Photosynthesis Road Map
– 1. Light Reactions – aka light-dependent reactions - takes place within thylakoid membranes
• Makes ATP and NADPH for Calvin Cycle
– 2. Calvin Cycle – aka light-independent reactions – takes place in the stroma – a region outside thylakoid membrane
• Makes glucose
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A Photosynthesis Road Map
Chloroplast
Light
O2
Sugars
CO2
LightReactions
CalvinCycle
NADPH
ATP
ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast
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Light and Pigments
• Photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll – a molecule in chloroplasts
• Plants gather sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. The major pigment plants use is chlorophyll
• ***Plants are green in color because they absorb all colors of visible light except green light – which is reflected***
• When chlorophyll absorbs light, the sun’s energy is directly transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy levels of these electrons, making photosynthesis work
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Light
Chloroplast
Absorbedlight
Transmittedlight (detectedby your eye)
Reflectedlight
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What color(s) does Chlorophyll a absorb most?
What color(s) does Chlorophyll b absorb most?
Why is the color green the least absorbed?