chapter 8 photosynthesis. autotrophs vs. heterotrophs autotrophs are organisms that can make their...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8Photosynthesis
Autotrophs vs. HeterotrophsAutotrophs are organisms that can
make their own food◦Use light energy from the sun to
produce◦Plants are an example
Heterotrophs cannot use the sun’s energy directly◦Obtain energy from the foods they
eat◦Animals and mushrooms are
examples
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
EnergyATP – Adenosine triphosphate – is the
molecule cells use to store and release energy. Be able to draw it. Energy is released when the bond is broken between the last two phosphates.
ADP – Adenosine diphosphateAMP – Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine
Energy
EnergyAdding a phosphate group to ADP
allows the organism to store energy◦ATP is like a fully charged battery◦ADP is like a partially charged
battery
EnergyEnergy is used for:1. Active transport: Na+ is pumped
out and K+ into the cell2. Motor proteins that move organelles3. Synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids,
lipids…4. Produce light (firefly)5. Cell reproduction and more
EnergyGlucose is better for long term
storage than ATPA single molecule of glucose stores 90
times the chemical energy of a molecule of ATP
Most cells only have a small amount of ATP, only enough to last for a few seconds of activity
What is Photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process in
which light, water, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is made into sugar and oxygen (O2)
Carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
PhotosynthesisChlorophyll a
and Chlorophyll b are pigments in the chloroplast that absorb light of the visible spectrum, except for green light. They reflect green, thus the leaf looks green.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplasts◦Chloroplasts have stacks of
thylakoids (saclike photosynthetic membranes)
◦Proteins in thylakoids organize chlorophyll and other pigments into photosystems, which are the light-collecting units
Light-dependent reactionsTake place in the thylakoid membranesConvert light energy to ATP and
NADPHSplit H2O and release O2
Electron transport chain connects the two photosystems to make an H+ gradient across the thylakoid membrane (ATP synthase uses this force to make ATP). Uses a proton (H+) pump.
Light-dependent reactions
Calvin cycle reactionsTake place in the stromaUse ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to
sugarReturn ADP, inorganic phosphate, and
NADP+ to the light reactions
Calvin cycle reactions
Photosynthesis
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Water (required raw material)◦Plants in dry climates have a waxy
coating to prevent water lossCO2 concentration (required raw
material)Temperature: enzymes function best
between 0o C and 35o CLight intensity
◦Plants can reach a maximum rate of photosynthesis with light intensity (varies between plant type)
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
Chemical EnergyHow much energy is in food?
◦One molecule of glucose contains 3811 calories of heat energy
◦A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius
◦The Calorie (food labels) is actually 1000 calories
Chemical EnergyThe beginning of turning food into
energy is glycolysis (produces small amount of energy)
If oxygen is present 2 other pathways occur to produce more energy
If oxygen is not present, 1 different pathway occurs
Energy PathwaysAerobic – requires oxygen
◦Also called cellular respirationAnaerobic – does not need oxygen
◦Fermentation – name for anaerobic pathway following glycolysis (if oxygen is not present). (The term fermentation includes glycolysis).
What is Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration (video)Cellular respiration - the process
that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
What is Cellular Respiration?
Carbondioxide
Water
Oxygen
Carbondioxide
Cellular RespirationSteps of cellular respiration:1. Glycolysis – one glucose is broken in
half to make 2 pyruvic acids. Anaerobic. Occurs in cytoplasm.
2. Krebs cycle – pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 and energy. Aerobic. Occurs in mitochondrion. Also called citric acid cycle.
3. Electron transport chain – using a series of proteins, the electrons from the Krebs Cycle and glycolysis to convert ADP to ATP.
GlycolysisNADH passes energy from glucose to
the electron transport chain
Energy PathwaysAerobic – requires oxygen
◦Also called cellular respirationAnaerobic – does not need oxygen
◦Fermentation – name for anaerobic pathway following glycolysis (if oxygen is not present). (The term fermentation includes glycolysis).
FermentationTwo types of fermentation:Alcoholic fermentation: yeasts and
some bacteriaPyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Lactic acid fermentation: most organisms including us and many bacteria
Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
Both processes regenerate NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Kreb’s Cycle and ETCDuring the Kreb’s cycle pyruvic acid is
broken down into carbon dioxide◦Occurs in the mitochondrion◦NADH and ATP is produced
In the electron transport chain (ETC) high energy electrons (NADH, FADH2) is converted into ATP◦Hydrogen ions are pumped across
membrane◦ATP synthase – enzyme (protein)
that makes ATP using H+ gradient
Cellular Respiration1 glucose results in the production of
36 ATP net◦34 more ATP than anaerobic
processes◦38% of the total energy in glucose,
the other 62% is “lost” through heat◦More efficient than an automobile
(25%-30%) 70-75% is lost to heat
Energy Pathway
Glycolysis
No Oxygen Oxygen
Anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration
36 ATP2 ATP, lactate oralcohol, and CO2
Fermentation Cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Energy Pathway
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Function
Energy storage Energy release Energy release
Location
Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cytoplasm
Reactants
CO2 and H2O Glucose and O2 Glucose & NAD
Products
Glucose and O2 CO2 and H2O & ATP
Alcohol & CO2
& ATP orLactic acid & ATP
Comparing photosynthesis, cellular respiration, & fermentation: