energy and architecture in china...china energy market in 2014; despite growth of energy consumption...

Energy and Architecture in China

LI Yunjiang Dept. of Architecture and Urban Planning China Three Gorges University

content

Primary Energy in China

Green Building in China

Some Actual Projects

2

Primary energy in China

Consumption structure of primary energy in 2014

Coal 66.03%

Petroleum 17.51%

Hydroenergy 8.10%

Natural gas 5.62%

Renewable energy sources 1.79%

Nuclear energy 0.95%

CoalPetroleumHydroenergyNatural gasRenewable energy sourcesNuclear energy

Solar energy Wind energy Hydroenergy Biomass energy

Renewable energy

China energy market in 2014

Despite growth of energy consumption and manufacture slow down recently, China still remains the world’s largest energy consumer, manufacturer and net importer. +2.6% Growth of China’s energy consumption +0.1% Change of China’s coal consumption +15.7% Growth of China’s hydro production

-2.6% Decrease of China’s coal production

• China’s energy consumption grew by 2.6% in 2014. This was less than half the ten-year average growth rate of 6.6% and the slowest annual rate of growth since 1998.

• China remained the world’s largest energy consumer and accounted for 23% of global energy consumption and 61% of net global energy growth.

• China’s energy mix continues to evolve. While coal remains the dominant energy, accounting for 66% of China’s energy consumption, this was the lowest share on record and down from recent highs of 74% in the mid-2000s.

• Renewable energy grew 15.1% over the year. Chinese renewable energy now accounts for 16.7% of the global total, up from 1.2% just ten years ago. Nuclear power grew 13.2%, more than doubling production over the last seven years.

Coal

Industrial energy consumption of coal

Power industry 50.4%

Iron and steel industry 15.9%

Architectural material industry 14.6%

Chemical industry 4.1%

Other industry 15%

Power industry

Iron and steel industryArchitectural material industryChemical industry

Other industry

Coal

Current Beijing, China London, UK 1950

Solar energy

Distribution of solar energy resources

Total annual solar radiation

Solar energy

Rikeze Solar Power Station,Tibet （日喀则太阳能电站）

Wind energy

Wind energy resource in the height of 70m

In general, it has the potential for wind energy development on condition that annual average wind speed is above 5 m/s and annual average wind power density is above 150 W/m2.

Distribution of average wind speed in

the height of 70m, 2014

Distribution of average wind power

density in the height of 70m , 2014

Wind energy

Dabancheng Wind Power Station, Xinjiang（达坂城风力发电站，亚洲最大）

Hydroenergy

Distribution of hydroenergy resource

The result of general investigation of water resource in China shows that the potential hydropower resource is 0.68 billion kW, which account for 1/6 of the total quantity in the world.

Hydroenergy

China Three Gorges Dam（三峡大坝，当今世界最大的水利发电工程）

Building energy consumption

Construction is one of the main fields of energy consumption in China. According to statistics of MOHURD, energy consumption in building accounts for around 30% of those in the total society. 95% of the existing buildings in China are high energy consumption ones, which have a big gap compare to the advanced level in the world.

28%

35%

34%

3%

Building

Industry

Transportation

Other

34%

35%

25%

6%

Building

Industry

Transportation

Other

Distribution of energy consumption in China Distribution of energy consumption in US

Building thermal partitions

Building thermal partitions map of China

Building thermal partitions

Heating and Cooling System in China

● In general, central heating systems are applied for heating/cooling in the public

buildings in north part of the Yellow River(north China). Boilers are used to heat

up residential houses in winter, and split-type air conditioners are used to cool

down the houses in summer in these areas.

● In hot summer and cold winter zone, central air conditioners are widely used for

heating/cooling in some public buildings, like hospitals, office buildings and

hotels, etc. Split-type air conditioners are very popular in residential buildings

for heating/cooling at all seasons.

● In subtropical zone, as it is warm all year, the buildings have cooling system but

without heating system in most cases.

Public building energy consumption

Breakdown of office building energy consumption in some cities

Shanghai

50%

33%

3%

14%

Air-conditioning and heating

Lighting

Hot water

Power and other

HongKong

49%

22%

15%

14%Air-conditioningLighting

Office facilitiesOther

Beijing

37%

28%

22%

3%10%

Air-conditioning and heatingLighting

Office facilitiesElevator

Other

Changsha

55%

19%

26% Air-conditioning and heatingLighting

Office facilities and other


Energy consumption composition of office buildings

Shanghai

40%

34%

11%

15%


Hot water

Power and other

Changsha

47%

19%

14%

8%

12%

CoolingHeatingLightingCookingOther


Energy consumption breakdown of hotel buildings

Shanghai

46%

14%

31%

9%


Hot water

Power and other

Changsha

34%

12%4%

32%

18%


Elevator

Non-electric energy

Other

China Energy Strategy

Development and goals of energy conservation planning

After the Eleventh Five-year Plan(2006-2010), China puts energy

Conservation and emission reduction into KPI for the local governments and

Enterprise leaders and takes a series of policy actions.

During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan(2011-2015):

● Carbon emission of unit GDP reduced by 17%;

● Energy consumption of unit GDP reduced by 16%;

● The proportion of non-fossil energy raise to 11.4%;

● Emissions of sulfur dioxide and COD declined by 8%;

● Emissions of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxide declined by 10%.

Task of the 13th Five Year Plan(2016-2020):

● Carbon emission of unit GDP in 2020 reduced by 40%～45% compare to that in 2005

The highlights of the Eighteen Session of the Fifth Plenary Session

of NPC ( National People's Congress ) （will be held late this month）

● Intelligent Energy

● Energy Shortage Supporting

● New Energy

● Environment Protection Transaction

China Energy Strategy

The green building in China

Application of green building

● In 2006, Evaluation Standard for Green Buildings GB/T 50378-2006 was issued by Chinese

Government

● In 2014, Assessment standard for green building GBT 50378-2014 was issued based on the

previous version.

The green building in China

Land saving

and outdoor

environment

Operation

management

Indoor

environment

quality

Materials saving

and material resources

utilization

Water saving

and water resources

utilization

Energy saving

and energy utilization

Green building

evaluation

indicators system

The green building in China The green building in China

Items required for green building rating

10657585★★★

6546464★★

--435343★

Operation

management

（7）

I ndoor

environment

quality

(6)

Materials saving

and resources

utilization

(8)

Water saving

and water

resources

utilization

(6)

Energy saving

and energy

utilization

(10)

Land saving

and outdoor

environment

（6）

prior options

（14）

general options （40）(public buildings)

rating

10657585★★★

6546464★★

--435343★

Operation

management

（7）

I ndoor

environment

quality

(6)

Materials saving

and resources

utilization

(8)

Water saving

and water

resources

utilization

(6)

Energy saving

and energy

utilization

(10)

Land saving

and outdoor

environment

（6）

prior options

（14）

general options （40）(public buildings)

rating

5645546★★★

3534435★★

--423324★

Operation

management

（7）

I ndoor

environment

quality

(6)

Materials saving

and resources

Utilization

(7)

Water saving

and water

resources

utilization

(6)

（6）

Land saving

and outdoor

environment

（8）

prior options

（9）

general options （40）(residential buildings)

rating

5645546★★★

3534435★★

--423324★

Operation

management

（7）

I ndoor

environment

quality

(6)

Materials saving

and resources

Utilization

(7)

Water saving

and water

resources

utilization

(6)

（6）

Land saving

and outdoor

environment

（8）

prior options

（9）

general options （40）(residential buildings)

rating


Indicator system of green buildings

ind

ica

tor s

yste

mo

f gre

en

bu

ildin

gs

Land saving outdoor

environment

Water saving and

resources utilization

I ndoor environmentquality

Operation

management

建筑场地；室外环境质量；多样绿化；地下空间合理运用

降低建筑能耗；提高用能效率；可再生能源利用

节水规划；雨水收集；非传统水源利用；人工湿地

可再利用材料应用；可循环材料应用；材料产地

室内光环境、声环境、风环境；室内空气品质；舒适度

智能化系统；物业标准；环境管理体系

Energy saving

and utilization

Materials saving and

resources utilization

Evaluation contents and gradesEvaluation contents and grades


Rating

Awards

★★

￥45 /m2

★★★

￥ 80 /m2

Awards standards for green building in the 2012 (floor area) :


certificate for

Green building design

certificate for

Green building operation


Identified projects of green building

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

★ ★★

★★★


★ ★ Shenzhen No.10 Senior School (new campus)


★ Shenzhen optoelectronics incubator industrial park)


★ ★ Yichang Museum

Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit

Thank you for your attention 非常感谢你的耐心

energy and architecture in china...china energy market in 2014; despite growth of energy consumption...

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