china energy storage newsletter

CHINA

ENERGY STORAGE

ALLIANCE CNESA

Project Updates Golden and Field, Canada— BC

Hydro and S&C Electric plan to build

two 1MW NaS systems

Catalina Island, CA—Southern Cali-

fornia Edison and S&C Electric plan

to build a 1MW NaS system

Stephentown, New York— Beacon

Power has completed construction

on its first 20 MW flywheel plant

Philadelphia, PA—Saft will build a

trackside dual purpose ESS, which

will provide both regenerative brak-

ing and regulation services

Nagasaki, Japan—Mitsubishi Heavy

Industries has begun testing Japan’s

first large-scale transportable ESS, a

1MW/.408MWh Li-ion system

New Jersey — Altairnano has been

awarded a three-year lease from

Energy Storage Holdings LLC for it’s

new ALTI-ESS Advantage

1.8MW/.300MWh Li-ion system

South Korea to Invest $5.9 Billion in Energy Storage largest and southernmost island. It is known for its sce-

nic tourist sites as well as its abundant wind resources.

The $200 million demonstration project combines $50

million in public funding with $150 million in private in-

vestment from 168 companies, including those in power

generation, power infrastructure, telecommunication,

automotive, and electronics manufacturing sectors. Its

ultimate goal is to develop smart grid technologies and

business models that can be implemented throughout

Korea beginning in 2013.

Jeju Island Smart Grid Test-Bed

The Jeju Island Smart Grid Test-Bed Project has been

underway since December of 2009. It is centered around

the town of Gujwa-eup, which has 6,000 households. The

project incorporates smart grid controls, electric vehicle

charging infrastructure, renewable sources of generation

and energy storage.

The most notable participating energy storage manufac-

turer is Samsung. Samsung’s lithium-ion battery technol-

ogy has been installed at several points within the Jeju

Island smart grid demonstration project. As of June

2011, it has installed 20 – 3kW/7kWh residential energy

storage systems with another 30 set to begin operation

in 2012. Samsung has also integrated a 600kW/150kWh

grid stabilization/fast charging station, which has been in

operation since November of 2010. Finally, it recently

completed a 800kW/200kWh system that will provide

wind peak smoothing and load shifting services.

MO N T H

YEA R

06

2011

Status of Worldwide Projects

Industry Trends

this issue

Korea’s Energy Storage Investment P.1

Distributed Generation In China P.3

Tech Insights (Big, Cheap Batteries) P.5

New Policy Developments P.7

Important News P.9

On May 31st, the South Korean Ministry of Knowledge

Economy (MKE) declared the largest government invest-

ment in energy storage to date. It will spend 6.4 trillion

won ($5.4 billion USD) from now until 2020 to develop its

domestic energy storage industry. One-third of this

money will go towards research and development while

the rest will go directly towards energy storage projects.

This investment will not only ensure that the South Kore-

an grid remains strong as it incorporates more renewable

sources of energy but also establish South Korea as a

global leader in the manufacturing of energy storage

systems. South Korea hopes to capture 30% of global

market share by 2020.

While the Korean government has yet to declare specific

programs and policies, a review of current energy stor-

age projects affords insight. Along with the U.S. and

Japan, South Korea has invested heavily in energy storage

research over the last several years. The largest amount

of funding has been directed towards a comprehensive

smart grid demonstration project on Jeju Island, Korea’s

As of June 1, 2011: (proposals not included) New Project Announcements: 5

Total MW to be Added: 5.875 MW

Technologies to be used: Lithium ion and Sodium-sulfur batteries

Projects Beginning Operation: 1.2

Total MW added: 5 MW

Technologies Used: Lithium Ion Battery, Flywheel

NaS68%

Ultracapacitor<1%Flow

2%

Flywheel6%

Li-ion9%

NiCd7%

Lead Acid8%

Other32%

Worldwide Energy Storage In Operation

(2000– Present) 375 MW

CAES, pumped hydro and thermal energy storage

not included

2

CNESA Update 2011/11 Industry Trends CNESA Update Issue 00 Month

Year

Outside of the Jeju Island pilot project, Samsung has several energy stor-

age systems under development, including a 2MW/0.5MWh frequency

regulation system, a 25kW/25kWh community energy storage system

and a 3kW/10kWh residential energy storage system. It is also working

with several Korean companies to develop a 100 MW compressed air

energy storage system in Samcheok, Gangwon Province.

Samsung’s entry into the energy storage market is quite expected. Ac-

cording to the Japanese Institute of Information Technology, Samsung

surpassed Sanyo in 2010 to become the world’s leading lithium-ion

battery manufacturer. It also leads the world in new lithium ion battery

patents. Samsung will look to maintain its market share by establishing

itself as an early leader in Korea’s energy storage market.

Other Korean manufacturers have also shown considerable interest in the energy storage market. In April, Honam Petrochemical

signed a joint development agreement with American zinc-bromide flow battery manufacturer ZBB Energy. As part of this agree-

ment, Honam gained the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell ZBB’s energy storage systems in Korea as well as the nonexclusive

rights to sell systems to other parts of Asia. Korea’s second largest lithium-ion battery manufacturer, LG Chem, is targeting the resi-

dential energy storage market. In April, LG Chem unveiled its 4kW/10kWh lithium-ion polymer battery system, which will be used in

a smart grid demonstration project with electric utility Southern California Edison later this year.

The Korean electric grid is already one of the strongest in the world. It has a power generation capacity of 73,470 MW, an annual

average household blackout time of 16 minutes and an average 4% rate of transmission and distribution losses. Smart grid deploy-

ment, including energy storage, is expected to reduce overall power consumption by 3% by 2030. Although energy storage will al-

low Korea to incorporate more wind and solar power without compromising the integrity of its power system, it is quite clear that

Korea’s interest in energy storage extends well beyond improving its domestic infrastructure. Energy storage is viewed as a growth

engine for the Korean economy.

In contrast, China has an estimated average transmission and distribution loss of 6% and has struggled to keep up with demand as

its economy continues to expand at a rapid pace. On May 23, China State Grid warned that this year’s summer blackouts could be

worse than 2004. State Grid’s executive vice president, Shuai Junqing, warned that rolling blackouts due to a projected 30 GW pow-

er shortage would likely lead to power outages in 26 provinces, including Beijing and Shanghai. These types of blackouts are often

directed towards industrial users and result in economic losses totaling billions of dollars. Despite the Chinese government’s strong

commitments towards building out the smart grid and reducing CO2 emissions, it has lent limited support to its domestic energy

storage industry.

China has the ability to compete with Korea in the worldwide energy storage market. Because the market is still relatively young,

emerging companies have the opportunity to gain considerable market share. In addition, Chinese lithium battery manufacturers

have drastically improved their product over the last several years and are gaining market share. While Korea has more developed

technology and a head start in the energy storage race, China has one advantage – a domestic market that can reap greater benefits

from energy storage.

Energy storage can help mitigate some of the biggest problems facing the Chinese grid. By recharging during times of excess power

and providing power during peak demand, energy storage systems can lower the total required generation capacity. Energy storage

systems can also better utilize the power generated from wind and solar. This will make the Chinese grid less susceptible to power

shortage resulting from various bottlenecks in the coal supply chain, ranging from insufficient coal shipping capacity to international

price spikes.

Despite the relative strength of its grid, the South Korean government has chosen to push the development of domestic energy stor-

age solutions. The government’s ambition to capture 30% market share signals that it understands the energy storage market’s po-

tential for growth. The Chinese government should consider a similar policy for growth to ensure that it does not fall behind the rest

of the world in this emerging market.

South Korea to Invest $5.9 Billion in Energy Storage (cont.)

CNESA Update 2011/11 Industry Trends CNESA Issue 03 Month 06 Year 2011

Overhead view of Jeju Island

3


Although the Chinese grid is strongly based on the central generation model, China State Grid recognizes the advantages in safety

and reliability inherent to a distributed generation approach. As such, it is conducting several groundbreaking micro-grid and dis-

tributed generation demonstration projects. Through these projects, China State Grid will explore the distributed generation mod-

el and establish new designs and control systems that will aid it in the development of future distributed generation systems. Ener-

gy storage is playing a prominent role in these demonstrations and will likely be featured in resulting projects.

In 2011, China entered into the nationwide construction phase of its smart grid deployment plan. According to China State Grid’s

Smart Grid division, from 2011-2015 smart grid investments will reach 280 billion RMB ($43.2 billion) with an average annual ex-

penditure exceeding 56 billion RMB ($8.6 billion). This is much greater than the 25 billion RMB ($38.6 billion) spent on smart grid

development in 2010.

Several smart grid demonstration projects incorporating energy storage are currently underway:

Distributed Generation and Micro-grid can be defined:

Distributed Generation: A system containing several small sources of generation, often from wind and solar, that are located near

the load center they are serving. In the event of excess power generation, energy is shared with the larger grid system.

Micro-grid: A system consisting of distributed generation, power conversion systems, transmission lines, control systems and possi-

bly energy storage that can operate in two modes: 1) Island mode: operating completely independent of the larger grid 2) Intercon-

nected mode: operating in conjunction with the larger grid through the exchange of power. This type of system ensures power

reliability in the event of massive failure of the larger grid.

The role of energy storage within micro-grid and distribution generation systems:

Energy storage can stabilize the voltage on the local system by counteracting voltage drops and power outages resulting from

variable generation and local faults on the grid.

During unexpected periods of low generation, energy storage systems can supply extra power to meet demand.

When switching from interconnected to island mode, energy storage can provide power to ensure that critical tasks can con-

tinue uninterrupted.

Energy storage can provide peak shaving services to the local grid as well as the larger grid to minimize the generation capacity

required.

Energy storage gives grid operators a greater degree of control over micro-grid systems by allowing them to control when and

where power is used.

Distributed Generation and Micro-grid Development in China

CNESA Update 2011/11 Industry Trends CNESA Issue 01 Month 04 Year 2011 CNESA Update 2011/11 Industry Trends CNESA Update Issue 00 Month

Year



Year


Start Date Project Name Storage Technology Power Source

Participating Companies

2010-4 China and Singapore Cooperation Tianjin Eco-city Smart Grid Demonstration Pro-ject

Lithium-ion 2MW

Solar, Wind China State Grid, Tianjin Elec-tric Power Research Institute

2011-5

Jiangxi Gongqing City Smart Grid Demonstration

Several TBD China State Grid、CEPRI,

Jiangxi Electric Power Design Institute

2011-4 Dunhuang Renewables Integration Ener-gy Storage Demonstration Project

Several Solar, Wind Dongbei Power Grid Compa-ny, CNOOC, Datang Renewa-ble Power

2011-4 Shanxi EV Charging and Renewable Inte-gration Micro-grid Project

Lithium Iron Phosphate Solar, Wind China State Grid

2011-2 Weichang Bashang Distributed Genera-tion and Micro-grid Control Project

Lead acid battery Solar, Wind Huabei Power Grid Company

2010-11 Dongfushan Island Comprehensive Smart Grid Project

Lead acid 2000Ah

Solar, Wind, Diesel

China State Grid、Zhoushan

Offshore Wind Company

4


Year

China and Singapore Cooperation Tianjin Eco-city Smart Grid Demonstration Project

The China and Singapore Cooperation Tianjin Eco-city Smart Grid Demonstration Project is an example of a functioning distributed

generation and micro-grid system. This project is also China’s first comprehensive smart grid demonstration project. It will shape

China’s national smart grid development. The project is actually composed of twelve smaller demonstration projects, of which,

two contain energy storage systems.

In these projects, energy storage has two roles in the distributed generation and micro-grid system:

1) Stabilizing Output from Renewable Generation

Within distributed generation systems the direction of the flow of electricity can change suddenly. This leads to drastic changes in

voltage throughout the system, especially at the feeder end, where voltage spikes lead to over-voltage problems. Because the

changes in flow are caused by changes in generation and load, systems incorporating variable sources like wind and solar are espe-

cially at risk. To address this problem, China State Grid has introduced “technical requirements for the integration of small-scale

generation sources” and “technical requirements for wind integration.” These technical requirements stipulate acceptable voltage

fluctuation ranges. Power producers looking to meet these requirements can use energy storage to mitigate voltage fluctuations,

as exemplified in the Tianjin demonstration project.

2) Micro-grid Controls

Micro-grids powered solely by wind and solar have difficulty maintaining constant frequency and voltage due to power output vola-

tility. Energy storage can help maintain the frequency and voltage levels by serving to balance the generation and load. Given lim-

ited means to control power output from wind and solar, energy storage systems represent one of the few means of stabilizing

micro-grids. Their role in optimizing micro-grid control operations is also of critical importance.

Within the Animation Studio No. 2 Station project, the 500kW energy storage system is used during the transition from intercon-

nected mode to island mode. It acts as a temporary power supply to ensure a seamless transition. During emergency situations,

like the failure of the larger grid, the micro-grid can continue operating independently. This type functionality is very valuable to

military bases and hospitals where a temporary interruption in power can be a matter of life and death.

Conclusion

Recent power shortages in China, the U.S. and Britain as well as the Fukushima disaster in Japan have exposed the fragility of elec-

tric grids built around central generation. When a large source of generation goes down, it is very difficult to maintain the stability

of the power grid and ensure that load demands can be met. Distributed generation and micro-grid systems offer an alternative

approach. By using smaller local sources of generation, the entire electric system becomes less susceptible to massive failure.

However, operating a grid based around distributed sources of renewable generation requires complex control systems. Energy

storage adds a new levels of control. It improves power quality while reducing the probability of blackouts.

The Tianjin renewable integration and micro-grid demonstration projects are laying the foundations for China’s future smart grid

projects. China State Grid will use the designs and control systems developed during this project as a model for future develop-

ment.

Distributed Generation and Micro-grid Development in China (cont.)


Year



Year


Project Name Animation Studio No. 2 Station Jiyun River Wind Farm

Generation Sources Solar：0.5MW

Natural gas generation：1.5MW Wind：5.4MW

Energy Storage 0.5MW Li-ion system 1.5MW Li-ion system

Transmission Attachment 10kV primary connection 10kV secondary connection

Capable of Islanding? Yes No

Energy Storage Application Micro-grid operation Power output smoothing

5


Year

Big, Cheap Batteries


Year



Year

CNESA Update 2011/11 Industry Trends

The high energy density and relative safety of lithium ion batteries has made them ideal for use in portable consumer electronic

devices. However, when it comes to grid-scale energy storage, their current production costs are simply too high to justify their

use in all but a few high value applications. Two recent energy storage upstarts are taking a unique approach to this problem. In-

stead of concentrating on pushing the limits of lithium ion battery performance, these companies have sought out the some of the

cheapest raw materials available in order to create energy storage systems that will be economical for a wide-range of applica-

tions. The following is a short review of the progress of Liquid Metal Battery and Aquion Energy in their quest to realize big, cheap

batteries.

Liquid Metal Battery

Liquid Metal Battery is an MIT spinoff that was formed by Professor Donald Sadoway. Since its founding in 2009, the company has

received a $6.9 million ARPA-E grant and a $4 million grant from French energy company Total. This money has been used to de-

velop several small scale prototypes of its molten salt battery that uses liquid magnesium and antimony electrodes.

Its raw materials are plentiful and cheap. Magnesium is the seventh most abundant element in the earth’s crust and costs around

$3/kg. Antimony is rarer but sells for only $15/kg. Sadoway’s team estimates that this battery will have an energy density greater

than lithium ion and will cost less than $100/kWh to produce commercially.

Liquid Metal battery gets its inspiration from the electrolysis process used for large-scale aluminum smelting. During the aluminum

smelting, a huge amount of electrical current is used to reduce molten aluminum oxide into aluminum and oxygen at the cathode.

Then, an oxidation process at the carbon anode produces C02. Because the C02 escapes, this process is not reversible.

Instead of creating a gas at the anode, Sadoway’s team found an oxidation process that actually creates a metal that will not evap-

orate away – effectively making the process reversible. In Sadoway’s battery, liquid antimony is used at the anode. This thin layer

of antimony rests at the bottom of a crucible (container used for melting metals). A molten salt electrolyte which contains posi-

tively charged magnesium ions and negatively charged antimony ions rests on top of the antimony. Finally, a layer of magnesium

which is in contact with an electrode rests on top. The whole mixture is then heated to melt the metals and electrolyte (500-

700oC).

As seen in Figure 1, during the charging process, the negatively charged electrode pulls the positively charged magnesium ions out

of the electrolyte to create more liquid magnesium at the top while the positively charged electrode creates more antimony at the

bottom. During discharge, this process is reversed, and current is generated as the metal atoms become ions once again.

This type of system has many advantages. The manufacturing process is relatively simplistic because it does not rely on microscop-

ic makeup of the electrodes. Additionally, the battery should be highly scalable. Because it takes its inspiration from aluminum

smelting, it is hoped over one-hundred years of industry knowledge can be applied to create grid-scale systems. Finally, by using

liquid electrodes and electrolytes, the battery can absorb electrical currents ten times higher than current high-end batteries.

Sadoway’s team is currently working on a prototype of this battery that is around one-foot in diameter. One of the team’s near

term goals is to build a system that is large enough to be “self-heating”, which means it has the ability to maintain operating tem-

peratures without the aid of heaters. This will make the battery much more efficient. Despite the team’s progress thus far, Sado-

way estimates that this system is still five to ten years away from commercialization.

Fully Discharged Fully Charged Charging

Magnesium (Mg)

Molten Salt w/ Magnesi-

um and Antimony Ions

Antimony (Sb)

Mg2+ Sb3-

-

+

Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg

Sb3-→ Sb + 3e-

Figure 1: The charging process of Liquid Metal Battery’s innovative molten metal design.

Liquid Metal Battery Charging Operation

CNESA Issue 03 Month 06 Year 2011

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Aquion Energy

Aquion Energy was founded in 2009 as a spin-off from Carnegie Mellon University. It was founded on the principle that “for energy

storage to be viable, it must be low cost, long lasting and highly efficient and environmentally benign.” As of June 1, Aquion has

received funding from venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caulfield & Byers as well as a $5 million grant from the DOE. Its batter-

ies utilize a low cost activated carbon anode, a sodium manganese oxide cathode and an aqueous sodium ion based electrolyte.

Aquion’s raw material costs are also quite low. As a result, Aquion estimates that the fully scaled production costs will be less than

$300/kWh. Perhaps more importantly, the system will be extremely long lasting (>5000 cycles). Given its price and lifetime, it will

be able compete with lead acid batteries in almost every application.

Aquion’s battery can best be described as an asymmetric hybrid ultracapacitor that uses an aqueous sodium ion electrolyte. Dur-

ing the charging process, positively charged sodium ions are pulled from the sodium manganese oxide cathode to the negatively

charged activated carbon capacitor anode. During the discharge process, the positively charged sodium ions return the manganese

spinels where they generate a current as they intercalate.

By using an aqueous electrolyte, Aquion Energy can avoid several problems associated with lithium-ion batteries. First, the high

purity solvent-based electrolytes used for lithium-ion batteries are expensive. Second, these solvents have a much lower conduc-

tivity than water. To make up for this shortcoming, lithium ion batteries are designed to minimize the distance ions travel through

the electrolyte by using long sheets of thin electrode materials wound tightly together. This maximizes the surface area of the elec-

trodes while decreasing the separation between them. It also substantially increases costs. In contrast, Aquion Energy uses thick

electrodes and cuts costs by using less separator and current collector material.

Aquion Energy has an ambitious commercialization timeline. It will begin sending samples to potential customers, including AES,

later this year. It also plans to start high capacity production (500 MWh/yr) in 2013. To finance this, the company is hoping to

raise $25-30 million in venture capital funding this summer in order to kick-start planning for a new manufacturing facility that will

cost $70-80 million.

Both Liquid Metal Battery and Aquion Energy have products with the potential to open up the energy storage market. By thinking

outside the conventional battery design paradigms, the founders of these companies have created low cost systems specifically

tailored for energy storage applications. These systems are capable of charging and discharging over several hours, making them

ideal for peak shaving and renewable integration applications. Although commercial systems are still several years away, Liquid

Metal Battery and Aquion Energy’s batteries represent some of the most exciting and innovative to date.

Na+

- +

Aquion’s Battery Charging Operation

Manganese Oxide Cathode Activated Carbon Anode Separator

Figure 2: The charging process of Aquion’s battery in which sodium ions are transported to the carbon anode.

Na+

Na+

Figure 3: Aquion uses stackable trays that can be connected in series or parallel to meet voltage and current needs. (from Aquion Energy)

Big, Cheap Batteries (cont.)


7


Year

AB 2514 is a landmark energy storage bill – the first of its kind. After being signed into law on September 29, 2010, it empowers

the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to establish energy storage procurement targets for 2015 and 2020. Similar to a

renewable portfolio standard, it will call for electric utilities to install energy storage systems that make up a fixed percentage of

California’s peak load requirement. It has been lauded as a key enabler of California’s renewable energy goals. By increasing the

amount of energy storage on the grid, it will enable grid operators to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions through more

effective utilization of renewable sources of generation and decreased reliance on fossil-fuel based sources of generation.

AB 2514 has been in development for several years. After being authored by Assembly member Nancy Skinner, the bill was formal-

ly introduced to the California Assembly in February of 2010. This original bill named specific portfolio standards (2.25% of peak

load by 2015 and 5% by 2020). Over the next several months the original bill was modified - its specific standards were dropped in

favor of allowing the CPUC to set its own goals after thorough review. In August 2010, it was passed by the California Senate. Fi-

nally, AB 2514 was signed into law by Governor Schwarzenegger on September 29, 2010. Throughout this process, lawmakers re-

ceived considerable advice and support from the California Energy Storage Alliance (CESA).

Although the CPUC has until January 1st, 2013 to establish specific targets, it has already begun the process and expects to reach a

decision by the second quarter of 2012. After receiving feedback from California energy storage producers and utilities this Janu-

ary, the CPUC has launched a series of workshops aimed at determining how to best incorporate energy storage solutions into the

California grid. It is not an easy task. The CPUC must confront local and federal regulatory barriers, limited performance data and

the fact that energy storage has over ten applications, each of which carries a unique set of costs and benefits. While the CPUC can

set the procurement targets at 0% - effectively nullifying AB2514 – its proactive attitude indicates that it will likely set high but

achievable targets.

AB 2514 is expected to have the following effects:

The development of energy storage technologies is expected to create more opportunities for producers of intermittent

sources of renewable generation. Energy storage will stabilize power output from renewables and limit the need to the need

to curtail excess power generation.

Energy storage will help to reduce peak demand. When combined with smart grid controls, energy storage systems can pro-

vide power during peak demand, which limits the need for new sources of generation to meet rising power demands. It can

also lower electricity prices by avoiding the operation of expensive and inefficient fossil-fuel based plants during peak load.

Through minimizing the use of inefficient peaker plants during peak load and minimizing the amount of regulation provided by

slow-responding fossil-fuel based generators, AB 2514 is expected to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions.

When placed at congested nodes in the transmission system, energy storage systems can reduce transmission losses by as

much as 50%. This will serve to improve the efficiency of California’s transmission systems.

Increased deployment of energy storage will create greater market certainty concerning the value and implementation of en-

ergy storage systems. Consequently, AB 2514 will push the adoption of similar policies worldwide.

California’s favorable policies will drive growth in its economy as more energy storage producers establish manufacturing facil-

ities within the state.

California has led the charge in the adoption of renewable generation and energy storage technologies. It has the highest Renewa-

ble Portfolio Standard (RPS) in the country - California aims to get 33% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. This will re-

quire a significant amount of energy storage to counteract the power fluctuations from solar and wind power. In recognizing this

need, California is a hotspot for new energy storage demonstration projects. $74 million of the $185 million in ARRA funding for

energy storage demonstration projects went to projects in California. The state’s support of this industry has helped stimulate its

struggling local economy. In this regard, AB 2514 is expected to create 8,500 new jobs. California’s progressive policies have set

the standard for other states and countries considering their own energy storage policies.

Energy Storage Policy Progress: AB2514


Year



Year


8


Year

Prior to AB 2514, energy storage has received limited government support, especially when compared to the solar and wind indus-

tries. In California, certain energy storage systems that are connected to fuel cell and wind sources of generation are eligible to

receive purchase rebates under the Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP). However, the same rebates are not extended to

standalone energy storage systems or those connected to PV panels, which has severely limited their adoption. In contrast, wind

and solar producers have received generous support in the form of tax incentives, direct subsidies, feed-in tariffs and renewable

portfolio standards.

AB 2514 is expected to catalyze growth in the California energy storage market. If the CPUC chooses to adopt the original 2.25%

standard, California will require 1.3 GW of energy storage by 2015 (based on California Energy Commission peak load growth esti-

mates). This goal is very achievable. Not including pumped hydro storage, California already has over 20 MW of energy storage in

operation, 400 MW slated to begin operation by 2015, and another 500 MW in the project pipeline.

Energy storage procurement standards are expected to monetize certain benefits of energy storage that cannot be monetized by

one user. One of the main problems confronting energy storage is that owner of an energy storage system is not compensated for

the benefits provided to other stakeholders, such as transmission operators or power producers. By requiring utilities to incorpo-

rate a fixed amount of storage, AB2514 will ensure that the full value of energy storage can be captured. This essentially has the

same effect as providing direct incentives, as illustrated in CESA’s graph.

There are many lessons to be learned from the development and implementation of AB 2514. From its inception till now, AB 2514

has received invaluable support from the California Energy Storage Alliance (CESA). The CESA worked closely with grid operators,

energy storage producers and government officials to produce a policy that could capture the full value of energy storage in order

to provide highly valuable grid stabilization services to California’s rapidly changing grid. Their success in creating this policy illus-

trates the power that an industry alliance can wield.

There are certain regions of China with high penetrations of wind and solar that are experiencing some of the same renewable en-

ergy integration problems as California. Grid operators in these regions could considerably benefit from policies similar to those

advocated by the CESA. In order to reach a point where energy storage can play a serious role in resolving these issues, the CNESA

believes that more demonstration projects must be conducted. This will allow grid operators to make better informed decisions

concerning how to best integrate energy storage into the Chinese grid.

Energy Storage Policy Progress: AB2514


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Year


Figure 1 : This image from CESA’s policy presentation highlights how incentivizing energy storage helps to realize its total benefits.

Monetizing Energy Storage Benefits Through Incentives


9

CNESA Update 2011/11 New Developments CNESA Update Issue 00 Month

Year

Dong Fushan Island Completes Innovative Energy Storage Project

The National Wind & Solar Renewable Integration Energy Storage Demonstration Project is the first of its kind under the “Golden Sun” program, a

national policy aimed at increasing the use of solar generation advocated by the Ministry of Science and Technology. This project is organized

and administered by the Huabei Electric Grid Co., Ltd. It aims to optimize generator control systems and unify system coordination. Through

cohesively realizing the benefits of wind, solar and energy storage, it is hoped that this project will open the door for future large-scale renewable

energy integration projects across the entire grid.

This renewable integration demonstration project is located in Zhangbei, Hebei. In total, the project calls for 300-500 MW of wind generation,

100 MW of PV generation and 110 MW of energy storage. The total investment will amount to approximately 12 billion RMB (1.85 billion USD).

After full installation, this project will become the world’s largest renewable integration test center that incorporates wind, solar energy storage.

The first-stage of this project is currently underway. It calls for 100 MW of wind, 40 MW of solar, and 20 MW of energy storage. It will cost 3.3

billion RMB (460 million USD).

Within the coming five months, the project is expected to enter into the centralization stage, with a focus on advancing civil engineering and con-

struction. Energy storage providers for 14 out of the 20 MW have already been selected. A total of 12 lithium battery cell manufacturers

participated in the bidding process. The winning companies are expected to complete installation by August. Those companies

are:


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Recently, a wholly-owned enterprise of China Guodian, Guodian Zhejiang Zhoushan Sea Wind Development Co., Ltd., completed construction on a wind, solar, energy storage and water desalination system integra-tion project. This is China’s largest renewable energy project located within a remote and isolated grid. For this project, wind and solar are the primary sources of generation; they are supplemented by diesel generation during peak load.

Dong Fushan Island – located 50 km away from Zhoushan Main Island - is China’s easternmost inhabited island. Because there are no connec-tions to the main land or surrounding islands, the island’s inhabitants mainly depended on electricity produced by the island’s naval diesel generators. The island also has no fresh water resources. Residents relied on purified rainwater and water transported from Fushan Main Island. Thus, water and electricity usage became Dong Fushan Island’s most compelling problem in need of a solution. In December 2009, in order to guarantee local residents, tourists, and stationed soldiers wa-ter and electricity usage needs, China Guodian Zhejiang branch finalized a deal with the local government office.

This project broke ground in November 2010. Its total generation ca-

pacity is 510 kW, including seven 30-kW wind turbines, one 100-kW PV system, several diesel generators totaling 200 kW, and 2000Ah worth of lead acid batteries. Power generated from this diverse set of genera-tors passes through 10-kV transmission lines to the island’s inhabitants and armed forces. Power generated in excess of the inhabitant’s needs is used by the seawater desalination facility, which is capable of pro-cessing 50-tonnes of sea water per day.

In remote locations like Dong Fushan Island, which rely on imported diesel to run generators, solar and wind generation offer a cheaper and more attractive alternative. However, controlling the power output from these variable sources of generation presents its own set of prob-lems. Even though the Dong Fushan project’s energy storage system is relatively small, its significance lies in its ability to maximize the usage of generated power. During periods when generation exceeds the load of both the inhabitants and the desalination plant, the energy storage system absorbs power. This allows local grid operators to minimize the need for curtailment. This stored energy is later used to power the de-salination plant during periods of low power generation.

Energy storage is extremely valuable in remote locations. Dong Fushan Island’s project is just one example of the many small scale projects that have been developed over the past few years. As energy storage technology prices continue to come down, more island communities and remote villages will be able to take advantage of energy storage’s unique capabilities in order to meet their power needs through the use of local, renewable sources of energy.

Zhangbei Energy Storage Project Names Lithium-ion ESS Providers

Storage Provider Quantity System Demands Winning Bid

(10,000元） BYD Auto 6MW×6h Energy storage system, two-way converter type accord-

ing to the battery rated output power system’s 1.5 times

configuration.

14839.73

Dongguan New Energy Science & Technology Company

4MW×4h Energy storage system, two-way converter type accord-

ing to the battery rated output power system’s 1.5 times

configuration.

8456.0

China Aviation Lithium Battery Company

3MW×3h Power type energy storage system, two-way converter

according to the battery rated output power system of 2

times configuration.

6090.99

Wanxiang Electric Car Company 1MW×2h Power type energy storage system, two-way converter

according to the battery rated output power system of 2

times configuration.

1443.576


10


Year

ABB Comissions First DynaPeaQ System

Nissan announced that it will build 30 solar powered charging stations at its factory

in Franklin, Tennessee. When completed this July, the charging stands, which fea-

ture energy storage, will be used to charge the company’s fleet of Nissan Leafs.

This project is part of a larger $6.8 million project. By the end of 2012, Nissan plans

to build 125 solar-powered charging stands in Tennessee. Thirty-six of these sta-

tions have already been built in the town of Oak Ridge. The project, which is being

led by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and partially funded by the U.S. Depart-

ment of Energy, is a continuation is the charging infrastructure development pro-

gram that began under the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009. The

purpose of this project is to highlight the long-term opportunities for “second-life”

electric vehicle battery applications.

The charging stations will feature energy storage systems that use the same battery as those used on the Nissan Leaf - a manganese-type elec-

trode lithium ion battery developed by AESC, a joint venture between Nissan and Japanese battery producer NEC. The Nissan Leaf’s battery pack

features an 8-year 100,000 mile warranty, so applications for “second life” batteries are still several years away.

Nissan has been investigating EV “second life” applications well before it released the Nissan Leaf. In 2009, Nissan set up a joint venture with

Sumitomo Electric to explore “second life” applications for EV batteries. It is expected that EV batteries will start their “second life” when they

can only be recharged to 70-80% of their original capacity. There are a variety of energy storage applications that can be filled by “second life”

batteries including integration with residential and industrial solar systems, backup power, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and load shift-

ing. The batteries used for pure electric vehicles have high energy density to power density ratios. This means that they are best suited to appli-

cations that require a constant flow of power over several hours as opposed to quick bursts of power of the course of several seconds. Systems

built using “second life” batteries will most likely be competing with systems like NGK’s sodium-sulfur battery and large scale flow batteries.

Some quick math reveals the massive market for “second life” applications. “Second life” batteries from 1 million electric vehicles with 24 kWh

battery packs can provide 19.2 GWh of energy storage capacity (1,000,000 vehicles * 24 kW/h* 80% = 19.2 GWh). Given this massive potential, it

makes sense to start planning early. This project is one many demonstrations being conducted over the next several years.

Nissan to Install Solar EV Charging Stations that Include Energy Storage

CNESA Update 2011/11

ABB, the Swiss transmission and distribution technology specialist, an-

nounced the commissioning of its first DynaPeaQ energy storage sys-

tem in Norfolk, England. This system is the first of what ABB hopes will

form its flagship line of energy storage solutions. It is also rather

unique. The system combines a static VAR compensator with a lithium-

ion battery system to provide dynamic voltage control and wind power

stabilization services.

This ABB DynaPeaQ system is located in an 11kV grid with a high pene-

tration of wind power. ABB’s static VAR compensator, its SVC Light

system, is used to provide near-instantaneous reactive power that sta-

bilizes the voltage on the grid. When voltage drops due to a local fault

or load change, it is possible for wind generators to trip in a cascading

fashion, resulting in large amounts of wind generation dropping off the

grid, which can lead to blackouts and other disturbances. The ability of

wind farms to maintain operation during low voltage periods depends

on their low-voltage ride-through capability. ABB’s SVC Light system

provides reactive power that helps maintain voltage in order to avoid

the cascading problem. When paired with a 600kW/200kWh Saft lithi-

um-ion battery system, it creates a very versatile system capable of

providing both active and reactive power, which ensures the stability of

grids containing a large percentage of wind generation.

Although ABB has participated in several energy storage demonstration

projects prior to this, the commissioning of this DynaPeaQ system

marks the first time that ABB has constructed its own energy storage

system. Building upon the success of this 600kW/200kWh project, ABB

plans to scale up its DynaPeaQ system. It claims the system can be

scaled up to 50 MW for time periods ranging from 5 to 60 minutes. This

will make it a strong competitor with other fast-response energy stor-

age providers, including Beacon Power and Xtreme Power.

The relationship between ABB and China is quite close. In 2009, ABB

earned $4.4 billion in revenues through business transactions in China,

making China the largest market for ABB in the world. ABB is playing an

integral role in State Grid’s plan to create high voltage power lines

across the country. Considering that Chinese grid operators have strug-

gled with wind farm cascading, ABB’s DynaPeaQ system might just be

the innovative solution needed to fix this problem.

Industry Trends CNESA Issue 01 Month 04 Year 2011 CNESA Update 2011/11 Industry Trends CNESA Update Issue 00 Month

Year



Year


11


Year Primus Power Raises $11 Million

Altairnano Leases New 1.8 MW ALTI-ESS Advantage System

Primus Power announced that is has raised $11 million to finance the

further development of it zinc-chloride flow battery technology. This

most recent financing round, which was led by I2BF Global Ventures and

DBL Investors, also included existing investors Kleiner Perkins Caufield &

Byers and Chrysalix Energy Venture Capital.

Unlike traditional batteries, flow batteries operate by pumping liquid

electrolytes through an electrochemical cell that react with one another

to generate electrical current. Because the energy storage capacity

depends largely on the size of the electrolyte storage tanks, flow batter-

ies are highly scalable and are ideal for applications that require long

discharge cycles. They are also relatively expensive.

The high initial cost of flow battery demonstration systems has deterred

investment. Primus Power is looking to remedy this by taking ad-

vantage of cheap, abundant materials and designing systems that can

easily be mass-produced. It estimates that it will be able to produce its

systems at a cost of $500/kWh, which is less than current flow battery

systems.

Primus Power’s latest generation of flow batteries takes a different ap-

proach from the behemoths of the past. Primus Power uses Energycells

— small batteries which have an output of 20 kW. They are designed to

be connected together to create large-scale energy storage systems.

Primus Power hopes this modular approach will simplify the installation

process and appeal to applications where transportability is a must, like

transmission and distribution investment deferral. The latest design

also boasts improved power output, 4-5 times higher than previous

generations.

In 2009, Primus Power received a $14 million grant from the ARRA of

2009 to develop a 25MW/75MWh flow battery system in Modesto,

California. The project, which will cost $46.7 million, will serve to solve

the region’s wind power intermittency problems. This October, Primus

plans to begin testing its EnergyPod, which will consist of 33 energy cells

in a shipping container. If all tests go as planned, Primus Power will

commission its 25MW/75MWh project sometime in 2013.

Primus Power is one of over ten companies working on innovative flow

battery systems that promise drastically reduced costs. Thus far, very

few of these companies have brought their systems to market. This

latest funding round reflects continued investor confidence in Primus’s

unique approach.

Altair Nanotechnologies announced that it has signed a three-

year lease agreement with U.S. energy company, Energy Stor-

age Holdings LLC. Under this agreement, Altair Nanotechnolo-

gies will debut its new ALTI-ESS Advantage 1.8MW/300kWh

system as part of a frequency regulation evaluation project in

New Jersey. The system is expected to be installed by the end

of 2011.

Altair Nanotechnologies ALTI-ESS Advantage 1.8MW system is designed for high power applications. It delivers more power and has a smaller

footprint than Altairnano’s previous ALTI-ESS system. The ALTI-ESS system delivered 1 MW of power for 15 minutes. In contrast, the new Ad-

vantage system delivers 1.8 MW for 10 minutes – this serves to reduce the cost per kilowatt of systems for frequency regulation service.

Altairnano’s lithium-titanate batteries have far greater fast charge/discharge capability than other lithium ion batteries. It has an estimated 10 to

30 year lifetime for grid stabilization applications (16,000 full DOD cycles). This durability has made Altairnano batteries attractive for a variety of

transportation and military applications

Altairnano, which develops, manufactures and markets its proprietary lithium-titanate technology that has capacitor-like charge and discharge

capabilities, was founded in 1999. Over the last several years, it has supplied its 1 MW ALTI-ESS for several demonstration projects with AES, in-

cluding one at PJM headquarters that has been in continuous commercial operation since April 2009. However, AES has chosen A123 Systems for

its most recent large-scale projects – most likely due to its lower price point.

Despite this setback, Altairnano has several projects in the works. It will complete construction on a 1 MW wind integration project on Manoa,

Hawaii later this year. It has also been working to resolve regulatory issues that have halted progress on an $18 million 10 MW frequency regula-

tion project with INE in El Salvador.

Since September, Zhuhai Yintong Energy has been working to purchase a 51% stake in Altairnano through Canon Investment Holdings Limited.

However, the initial agreement has been amended several times. The end date for the current share subscription agreement is July 8th. If Zhuhai

Yintong goes through with this deal, it is expected to manufacture Altairnano’s technology is China. This will not only serve to lower the produc-

tion costs of Altairnano’s batteries but also boost Zhuhai Yintong’s position in the Chinese energy storage market.


Year



Year


12


Year ESA and AWEA Release Joint Principles

General Compression Raises $54.4 Million

One of the most promising results to emerge from this year’s Energy Storage Association

Conference was a set of jointly agreed-upon principles from the Energy Storage Associa-

tion (ESA) and the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). These two organizations

are the largest and most influential trade associations of their respective fields. Their

agreed-upon principles recognize the symbiotic relationship between energy storage and

wind energy. This pact will almost certainly lead to new policies encouraging the use of

energy storage to complement wind integration.

According to the CEO of AWEA, Dennis Bode:

Large amounts of wind energy are being reliably and cost-effectively integrated onto the power system today. Energy storage can be a valua-

ble resource for the power system in maximizing the efficient use of this resource, and add flexibility for electric utilities. We look forward to

working closely with ESA on regulatory policy that will enable these growing industries to fully benefit both consumers and the economy of

the U.S.

The joint principles include these statements:

Wholesale energy markets and ancillary services markets should be created and expanded, and barriers to entry into those markets eliminat-

ed;

Market and operating rules should be based around the type of service needed, and any technology that is able to reliably provide a needed

service should be able to provide it. In many cases, previously bundled services should be disaggregated; and

Low-cost grid operating reforms that will create more competition and make the grid operate more efficiently, such as greater balancing,

should be implemented as soon as possible.

These joint principles address the problem of asset classification within the US grid. Energy storage systems can simultaneously provide services

to the generation, transmission and distributions systems, which make them subject to a range of limiting and often contradictory regulations. By

classifying energy storage systems by the services provided instead of their location within the grid, they can provide wider range of services – not

the least of which is to stabilize the power output of wind farms.

With regard to the Chinese grid, these joint principles will lead to more wind integration projects in the US, which will subsequently serve as mod-

els for Chinese grid operators struggling to resolve their own wind integration issues.

On June 7th, compressed air energy storage technology developer, Gen-

eral Compression, announced that it raised $54.5 million during the first

tranche of its Series B funding round, led by Northwater Capital Man-

agement. General Compression’s previous investors included the

American utility company Duke Energy, and oil company ConocoPhillips

- both whom are now collaborating with General Compression on its

first demonstration project. This most recent round of funding will be

used to further develop General Compression’s technology and boost

its manufacturing capacity as it prepares for its first demonstration

project as well as several others in its pipeline.

According to General Compression CEO, Eric Ingersoll:

The closing of the first tranche of our Series B Round leaves General

Compression well-positioned to quickly ramp up our supply chain

activity and to develop full-scale Dispatchable Wind™ projects.

We’re very excited about the market opportunities we see, and

thankful for the continued support of our investors.

Since 2006, General Compression has been developing its proprietary

isothermal CAES technology. There are several features that separate

General Compression’s technology from previous underground CAES

systems. First and foremost, General Compression claims that its sys-

tem can switch from ‘idle’ to ‘operational’ in less than six seconds and

can switch between ‘compression’ and ‘expansion’ modes in less than a

second. This opens up a range of fast-responding energy storage appli-

cations, such as frequency regulation and other ancillary services. Se-

cond, the system does not use fuel. This should make it easier to per-

mit and more environmentally friendly. Third, the system is modular –

large systems will be composed of 2 MW units that are operated inde-

pendently, which increases the reliability of the overall system and

makes performing maintenance easier.

General Compression is currently working on its first demonstration

project. Later this year, it will deploy a prototype system for field

testing in Texas with its development partner ConocoPhillips. The sys-

tem is expected to have an efficiency of around 70%. It will lay the

foundation for the commercialization of General Compression’s system

– something it hopes to accomplish by the end of 2012.

General Compression is an ARPA-E success story. In 2010, it received an

ARPA-E grant of $750,000 to test an improved version of its technology.

After receiving this grant, General Compression has attracted over $65

million in private investment and has added several projects to its pipe-

line. General Compression estimates that it will be able to produce its

systems for $1,200/kW. Depending on the size of the underground

cavern, this system may be as cheap as $10/kWh. If this low price point

can be realized, it will make General Compression’s system one of the

most affordable to date.


Year



Year


13

CNESA Update 2011/11

On June 18th, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced that it has devel-

oped Japan’s first large-capacity transportable energy storage system.

This 1 MW/.408MWh lithium-ion system, which includes power control

systems, is contained within a 20-ft container mounted onto a trailer.

By making the system transportable, Mitsubishi hopes to capture sever-

al high value applications, including emergency backup and renewable

integration. Testing of the system will begin this July at Mitsubishi’s

Nagasaki Shipyard and Machinery Works.

This most recent energy storage project is part of an ongoing $76 mil-

lion research and development project announced in May of 2010. As

part of this program, Mitsubishi is conducting a solar integration pro-

ject, which combines a 4 MW PV system with a 500 MW energy storage

solution in Amagasaki, Japan. Mitsubishi is also developing household

energy storage systems – its first project, an apartment building in Ko-

kubunji, Tokyo is expected to be ready for occupancy in early 2012.

These projects are the first step towards the commercialization of a

wide range of energy storage solutions. While these systems were orig-

inally scheduled to reach commercialization by mid to late 2012, the

power shortages resulting from the failure of Fukushima have motivat-

ed Mitsubishi to speed up its product development to meet Japan’s

domestic demand.

Mitsubishi’s systems will also be tailored to specific opportunities that it

has identified in overseas markets. In Europe, Mitsubishi sees growth

opportunities for solar and solar-integrated energy storage systems. In

China and North America, Mitsubishi has identified transmission and

distribution upgrades as a strong growth market. Finally, in South-east

Asia, Mitsubishi sees room for strong growth in comprehensive smart

grid packages.

It is unclear which markets Mitsubishi will target with this 1 MW trans-

portable system. On one hand, transportable systems are ideal for

transmission and distribution deferral, which has been identified by the

U.S Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) as the second most valuable

energy storage application. By using energy storage systems to supply

additional capacity at locations where load has exceeded the capabili-

ties of the transmission equipment, grid operators can delay costly up-

grades for several years. The avoided cost of the transmission equip-

ment upgrade is substantial (~$1,700/kW-h). After several years, the

upgrade can be performed and the storage system moved to a new

location on the grid. On the other hand, the specifications of

Mitsubishi’s system do not match the requirements for a T&D deferral

system. T&D deferral systems effectively provide peak shaving service,

which calls for energy storage systems that can provide power for sev-

eral hours during peak demand. Mitsubishi’s system has a discharge

time of less than 30 minutes, making it unsuitable. The high value ap-

plications targeted by Mitsubishi are difficult to discern.

S&C Electric Announces Two New Projects S&C Electric is ready to bring its energy storage solutions to market. This June, S&C announced two new projects

totaling 3MW/18MWh. It will build two 1 MW systems in Golden and Field, Canada and a 1 MW system on Catalina

Island, just off the coast of Los Angeles, California. These projects are part of S&C’s larger plan to install 12 MW of

energy storage systems this year. For both of these projects, S&C is targeting markets with small, constrained grids

that rely on expensive diesel generators.

On June 11, BC Hydro and S&C Electric announced that they will partner to provide 1 MW energy storage systems to

two remote towns in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. These systems will be used to supplement diesel generation

during peak load, resulting in emissions reduction and fuel savings. They will also serve to increase the reliability of

the local network by providing backup during power outages. The projects, which will cost $15 million, are expected

to be completed by the Spring of 2012.

On June 27, electric utility Southern California Edison awarded S&C Electric a contract to build a turnkey 1-MW S&C Smart Grid SMS™ Storage

Management System on Catalina Island. Similar to the Canadian projects, this system will support diesel generation. When paired with energy

storage, diesel generators can operate at constant RPMs, which can optimize performance and reduce emissions. It will also ensure power relia-

bility for the island’s 3,000 residents and numerous visitors.

Since 2006, global power systems provider, S&C Electric, has been conducting a range of energy storage demonstrations utilizing sodium-sulfur

batteries from Japanese producer NGK Insulators. Through these projects, which also total 12 MW, S&C has fine-tuned its power control systems

and control software. As a result, it has become a global expert in “islanding” and peak shaving applications using this technology.

S&C’s latest projects clearly illustrate its intention to become the leading provider of turnkey sodium-sulfur energy storage system in the North

American market. There are over 250 MW of NGK’s batteries installed worldwide, giving them the largest market share of the advanced energy

storage market. S&C’s deep understanding of this technology gives it a distinct advantage over competitors pursuing similar projects.

Industry Trends

Mitsubishi Develops Japan’s First Transportable Large-scale System


14


Year

Disclaimer

In the preparation of the information contained in this document, CNESA has endeavored to present information that is as accurate and current as possible from sources believed to be reliable. However, unintentional errors can occur. Therefore, the information is provided “as is”, without any representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. Should you discover any errors or misrepresentations, please contact us at the address provided above.

Contact Information:

For English, please call or email

Kevin Popper, Industry Research Manager

[email protected]

(+86) 1065667066

For Chinese, please call or email

Liu Wei, Head of Member Relations

[email protected]

(+86) 1065667066

China Energy Storage Alliance

Suite 5 Floor 12B Tower B

No. 6 Jianhuanan Rd

Chaoyang District, Beijing, China 100022

About Our Organization

The China Energy Storage Alliance, CNESA, is the first and only energy storage industry association in China. It is a

nonprofit member-based organization, that was founded in 2010 as a sub-committee under China New Energy

Chamber of Commerce (CNECC), the largest renewable group in China.

Our mission is to influence government policy in order to encourage healthy growth of renewable energy through the

use of competitive and reliable energy storage systems.

As part of this mission, we regularly track both technology development and policy directions to provide proposals

and commentary to members of government and the state grid system. We also encourage cooperation between

international and domestic market participants through publications, annual forums, and informal round-table discus-

sions. We use our resources to communicate the most up-to-date market trends to our members, help them find

market opportunities and provide a bridge to investors and government officials in China.

This newsletter - published in both Chinese and English - is one of the services that we provide to our members. The

first three issues will be provided free of charge in order to spread awareness. If you are interested in joining our alli-

ance or learning more about our organization, please contact us.

Sincerely,

Shore Lin

Managing Director

China Energy Storage Alliance


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