energy 2 systems tdn calories. gross energy feces
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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ENERGY
2 Systems
TDN
Calories
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GROSS ENERGY
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
Urine & Gas
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
Urine & Gas
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
Urine & Gas
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
Heat increment
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
Urine & Gas
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
Heat increment
NET ENERGY
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
Urine & Gas
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
Heat increment
NET ENERGY
Maintenance Gain ReproductionMilk Production
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Gross Energy includes all the energy in a feed.•It is not all available to the animal•It is determined by how much heat is liberated upon combustion.
Digestible Energy is how much energy does not end up in the feces.
•Therefore it was absorbed.•It is not all used by the animal, some is lost.
Metabolizable Energy is what is left after accounting for energy in feces, urine and gasses.
•It is still not all available for the animal to use.
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Net Energy
• Is what is left after accounting for losses to feces, urine & gasses and heat increment.– Heat increment is energy lost in fermentation
and in metabolic processes.
• Net Energy is available for the animal to use.
• It is not used with the same efficiency for all processes.
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• Net Energy is always used most efficiently for maintenance.
• Milk production is almost as efficient as maintenance.
• Gain (growth and fattening) is less efficient.
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• Different uses for energy require different values be used for the energy content of feeds for each purpose.
• Maintenance needs must always be met first
• This complicates ration balancing.
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GROSS ENERGY
Feces
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
Urine & Gas
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
Heat increment
NET ENERGY
Maintenance Gain ReproductionMilk Production
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Determining Caloric Energy
• Use Paar Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter
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Steps in determining calories
• Prepare sample (grind, pellet, place in bomb)
• Wire bomb and charge with Oxygen
• Place in calorimeter in known amount of H2O
• Measure initial temperature
• Ignite
• Measure final temperature
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Calculations
• 1 calorie = energy to raise 1 g H2O 1° C
• 1000 cal = 1 Kcal– (In humans 1 Calorie = 1 Kcal, animal
nutritionists don’t use Calorie vs calorie)
• Temp rise X g H2O = calories in sample
• Cal in sample X amount of feed = Cal in feed– same for feces
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• Calculate the total calories (or Kcal) (per day) eaten and excreted (in feces, urine).
• Calculate DE, ME, Net E (must know the endogenous contribution in Kcal/Kg and %– For Kcal/Kg divide the Kcal of interest by Kg
consumed– For %, divide the Kcal of interest by Kcal of
feed consumed (times 100).
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TDN
• Total Digestible Nutrients– Forget that, I consider it a misnomer– It is really:
• An ENERGY INDEX on a carbohydrate equivalent basis
• Calculated from proximate analysis
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Calculating TDN
• % CP X Digestibility = x
• % EE X 2.25 X Digestibility = x
• % CF X Digestibility = x
• % NFE X Digestibility = x
• ------
• SUM = TDN TDN
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Example
• Water 12
• Nitrogen 2
• Ether Extract 4
• Crude Fiber 10
• Ash 2
• NFE
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Example
• Water 12
• Nitrogen 2 (2*6.25) 12.5
• Ether Extract 4
• Crude Fiber 10
• Ash 2
• NFE
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Example
• Water 12
• Nitrogen 2 (2*6.25) 12.5
• Ether Extract 4
• Crude Fiber 10
• Ash 2
• NFE 59.5
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Example
• Water 12
• Nitrogen 2 (2*6.25) 12.5 .80
• Ether Extract 4 .75
• Crude Fiber 10 .40
• Ash 2
• NFE 59.5 .80
digestibility
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Example
• Water 12• Nitrogen 2 (2*6.25) 12.5 .80 = 10• Ether Extract 4 * 2.25 * .75 =6.75• Crude Fiber 10 .40 = 4• Ash 2• NFE 59.5 .80 = 47.6
• -----------------
• TOTAL (TDN) 68.35
digestibility