eneral rganic, and iological cheistry

GLOBAL EDITION

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Structures of Life

SIXTH EDITION

Timberlake

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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structuresof Life, eBook, Global Edition

Table of Contents

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright

Brief Contents

Contents

Applications and Activities

About the Author

Preface

Visual WalkthroughCareer Focus Engages Students

Builds Students' Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills (I)

Builds Students' Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills (II)

Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Mastering Chemistry (I)

Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Mastering Chemistry(II)

Mastering Chemistry

Pearson eText

Instructor and Student Supplements

1. Chemistry in Our LivesCareer Forensic Scientist

Clinical Update Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime

1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals��

1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like aScientist��

Chemistry Link to Health Early Chemist: Paracelsus

1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry��

1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry��

1.5 Writing Numbers in ScientificNotation��

Clinical Update Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime

Concept Map��

Chapter Review��

Key Terms��

Table of Contents

Key Math Skills��

Understanding the Concepts��

Additional Practice Problems��

Challenge Problems��

Answers��

2. Chemistry and MeasurementsCareer Registered Nurse

Clinical Update Gregs Visit with His Doctor

2.1 Units of Measurement��

2.2 Measured Numbers and SignificantFigures��

2.3 Significant Figures inCalculations��

2.4 Prefixes and Equalities��

2.5 Writing Conversion Factors��

2.6 Problem Solving Using UnitConversion��

Chemistry Link to Health Toxicology and RiskBenefit Assessment

2.7 Density��

Chemistry Link to Health Bone Density

Clinical Update Gregs Visit with His Doctor

Concept Map��


Key Terms��

Key Math Skill��

Core Chemistry Skills��




Answers��

3. Matter and EnergyCareer Dietitian

Clinical Update A Diet and Exercise Program

3.1 Classification of Matter��

Chemistry Link to Health Breathing Mixtures

3.2 States and Properties of Matter��

3.3 Temperature��

Chemistry Link to Health Variation in Body Temperature

Table of Contents

3.4 Energy��

3.5 Energy and Nutrition��

Chemistry Link to Health Losing and Gaining Weight

3.6 Specific Heat��

3.7 Changes of State��

Chemistry Link to Health Steam Burns

Clinical Update A Diet and Exercise Program

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 to 3��

Answers��

4. Atoms and ElementsCareer Farmer

Clinical Update Improving Crop Production

4.1 Elements and Symbols��

4.2 The Periodic Table��

Chemistry Link to Health Elements Essential to.Health

4.3 The Atom��

4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number��

Chemistry Link to the Environment Many Forms of Carbon

4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass��

4.6 Electron Energy Levels��

Chemistry Link to Health Biological Reactions to UV Light

4.7 Electron Configurations��

4.8 Trends in Periodic Properties��

Clinical Update Improving Crop Production

Concept Map��


Key Terms��



Table of Contents



Answers��

5. Nuclear ChemistryCareer Radiation Technologist

Clinical Update Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope

5.1 Natural Radioactivity��

5.2 Nuclear Reactions��

Chemistry Link to Health Radon in Our Homes

5.3 Radiation Measurement��

Chemistry Link to Health Radiation and Food

5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope��

Chemistry Link to the Environment Dating Ancient Objects

5.5 Medical Applications UsingRadioactivity��

Chemistry Link to Health Brachytherapy

5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion��

Clinical Update Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

6. Ionic and Molecular CompoundsCareer Pharmacy Technician

Clinical Update Compounds at the Pharmacy

6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons��

Chemistry Link to Health Some Important Ions in the Body

6.2 Ionic Compounds��

6.3 Naming and Writing IonicFormulas��

6.4 Polyatomic Ions��

6.5 Molecular Compounds: SharingElectrons��

6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions

Table of Contents

6.7 Electronegativity and BondPolarity��

6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules��

6.9 Intermolecular Forces inCompounds��

Clinical Update Compounds at the Pharmacy

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

Combining Ideas from Chapters 4 to 6��

Answers��

7. Chemical Reactions and QuantitiesCareer Exercise Physiologist

Clinical Update Improving Natalies Overall Fitness

7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions��

7.2 Types of Chemical Reactions��

7.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions��

7.4 The Mole��

7.5 Molar Mass��

7.6 Calculations Using Molar Mass��

7.7 Mole Relationships in ChemicalEquations��

7.8 Mass Calculations for ChemicalReactions��

7.9 Limiting Reactants and PercentYield��

7.10 Energy in Chemical Reactions��

Chemistry Link to Health Cold Packs and Hot.Packs

Clinical Update Improving Natalies Overall Fitness

Concept Map��


Key Terms��


Table of Contents




Answers��

8. GasesCareer Respiratory Therapist

Clinical Update Exercise-Induced Asthma

8.1 Properties of Gases��

Chemistry Link to Health Measuring Blood Pressure

8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyles Law)

Chemistry Link to Health PressureVolume Relationship in Breathing

8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charless Law)

8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussacs Law)

8.5 The Combined Gas Law��

8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadros Law)

8.7 The Ideal Gas Law��

Chemistry Link to Health Hyperbaric Chambers

8.8 Partial Pressures (Daltons Law)

Chemistry Link to Health Blood Gases

Clinical Update Exercise-Induced Asthma

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

Combining Ideas from Chapters 7 and8��

Answers��

9. SolutionsCareer Dialysis Nurse

Clinical Update Using Dialysis for Renal Failure

9.1 Solutions��

Chemistry Link to Health Water in the Body

9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes��

Table of Contents

Chemistry Link to Health Electrolytes in Body Fluids

9.3 Solubility��

Chemistry Link to Health Gout and Kidney Stones: Saturation in Body Fluids

9.4 Solution Concentrations andReactions��

9.5 Dilution of Solutions��

9.6 Properties of Solutions��

Chemistry Link to Health Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney

Clinical Update Using Dialysis for Renal Failure

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

10. Reaction Rates and Chemical EquilibriumCareer Neonatal Nurse

Clinical Update An Iron-Rich Diet for Childrens Anemia

10.1 Rates of Reactions��

10.2 Chemical Equilibrium��

10.3 Equilibrium Constants��

10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants��

10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châteliers Principle

Chemistry Link to Health OxygenHemoglobin Equilibrium and Hypoxia

Chemistry Link to Health Homeostasis: Regulation of Body Temperature

Clinical Update An Iron-Rich Diet for Childrens Anemia

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

11. Acids and Bases

Table of Contents

Career Clinical Laboratory Technician

Clinical Update Acid Reflux Disease

11.1 Acids and Bases��

11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases��

11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases��

11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids andBases��

11.5 Dissociation of Water��

11.6 The pH Scale��

Chemistry Link to Health Stomach Acid, HCl

11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases��

Chemistry Link to Health Antacids

11.8 Buffers��

Chemistry Link to Health Buffers in the Blood Plasma

Clinical Update Acid Reflux Disease

Concept Map��


Key Terms��

Key Math Skills��





Answers��

Combining Ideas from Chapters 9 to11��

Answers��

12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: HydrocarbonsCareer Firefighter/Emergency Medical Technician

Clinical Update Dianes Treatment in the Burn Unit

12.1 Organic Compounds��

12.2 Alkanes��

12.3 Alkanes with Substituents��

12.4 Properties of Alkanes��

12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes��

12.6 Cis–Trans Isomers��

Chemistry Link to the Environment Pheromones in Insect Communication

Chemistry Link to Health CisTrans Isomers for Night Vision

Table of Contents

12.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes��

Chemistry Link to Health Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats

12.8 Aromatic Compounds��

Chemistry Link to Health Some Common Aromatic Compounds

Chemistry Link to Health Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Clinical Update Dianes Treatment in the Burn Unit

Concept Map��


Summary of Naming��

Summary of Reactions��

Key Terms��





Answers��

13. Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and EthersCareer Nurse Anesthetist

Clinical Update Janets New Diet Plan

13.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols��

Chemistry Link to Health Some Important Alcohols and Phenols

13.2 Ethers��

Chemistry Link to Health Ethers as Anesthetics

13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Chemistry Link to Health Hand Sanitizers

13.4 Reactions of Alcohols andThiols��

Chemistry Link to Health Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body

Clinical Update Janets New Diet Plan

Concept Map��




Key Terms��




Table of Contents


Answers��

14. Aldehydes and KetonesCareer Dermatology Nurse

Clinical Update Dianas Skin Protection Plan

14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones��

Chemistry Link to Health Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones

14.2 Physical Properties of Aldehydes andKetones��

14.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones

14.4 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals andAcetals��

Clinical Update Dianas Skin Protection Plan

Concept Map��




Key Terms��





Answers��


Answers��

15. CarbohydratesCareer Diabetes Nurse

Clinical Update Kates Program for Type 2 Diabetes

15.1 Carbohydrates��

15.2 Chiral Molecules��

Chemistry Link to Health Enantiomers in Biological Systems

15.3 Fischer Projections ofMonosaccharides��

Chemistry Link to Health Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

15.4 Haworth Structures ofMonosaccharides��

15.5 Chemical Properties of

Table of Contents

Monosaccharides��Chemistry Link to Health Dental Cavities and Xylitol Gum

15.6 Disaccharides��

15.7 Polysaccharides��

Chemistry Link to Health Varied Biological Roles of Carbohydrate Polymers: TheCase of Glycosaminoglycans

Clinical Update Kates Program for Type 2 Diabetes

Concept Map��


Summary of Carbohydrates��


Key Terms��





Answers��

16. Carboxylic Acids and EstersCareer Surgical Technician

Clinical Update Liquid Bandages

16.1 Carboxylic Acids��

Chemistry Link to Health Alpha Hydroxy Acids

16.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids��

Chemistry Link to Health Carboxylic Acids in Metabolism

16.3 Esters��

Chemistry Link to Health Salicylic Acid from a.Willow Tree

Chemistry Link to the Environment Plastics

16.4 Properties of Esters��

Clinical Update Liquid Bandages

Concept Map��




Key Terms��





Table of Contents

Answers��

17. LipidsCareer Clinical Lipid Specialist

Clinical Update Rebeccas Program to Lower Cholesterol

17.1 Lipids��

17.2 Fatty Acids��

Chemistry Link to Health Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils

Chemistry Link to Health A Prostaglandin-like Medication for Glaucoma That AlsoThickens Eyelashes

17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols��

17.4 Chemical Properties ofTriacylglycerols��

17.5 Phospholipids��

Chemistry Link to Health Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones

Chemistry Link to Health A Steroid Receptor Antagonist That Prevents theDevelopment of Male Sexual Characteristics

17.7 Cell Membranes��

Clinical Update Rebeccas Program to Lower Cholesterol

Concept Map��



Key Terms��





Answers��

18. Amines and AmidesCareer Environmental Health Practitioner

Clinical Update Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals

18.1 Amines��

18.2 Properties of Amines��

18.3 Heterocyclic Amines��

Chemistry Link to Health Synthesizing Drugs and Opioids

18.4 Neurotransmitters��

18.5 Amides��

Chemistry Link to Health Amides in Health and Medicine

Table of Contents

18.6 Hydrolysis of Amides��

Clinical Update Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals

Concept Map��




Key Terms��





Answers��


Answers��

19. Amino Acids and ProteinsCareer Hematology Nurse

Clinical Update Jeremys Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle-Cell Anemia

19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids��

Chemistry Link to Health Cystinuria

19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure��

Chemistry Link to Health Essential Amino Acids and Complete Proteins

19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure��

Chemistry Link to Health Protein Secondary Structures and Alzheimers Disease

Chemistry Link to Health Keratoconus

19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures

Chemistry Link to Health Sickle-Cell Anemia

19.5 Protein Hydrolysis andDenaturation��

Clinical Update Jeremys Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle-Cell Anemia

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Understanding Protein Structures��

Table of Contents

Answers��

20. Enzymes and VitaminsCareer Physician Assistant

Clinical Update Noahs Diet for Lactose Intolerance

20.1 Enzymes and Enzyme Action��

Chemistry Link to Health Fabry Disease

20.2 Classification of Enzymes��

20.3 Factors Affecting EnzymeActivity��

20.4 Regulation of Enzyme Activity��

Chemistry Link to Health Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools

20.5 Enzyme Inhibition��

Chemistry Link to Health Taking Advantage of Enzyme Inhibition to Treat Cancer:Imatinib

20.6 Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins��

Clinical Update Noahs Diet for Lactose Intolerance

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��

21. Nucleic Acids and Protein SynthesisCareer Histology Technician

Clinical Update Ellens Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery

21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids��

21.2 Primary Structure of NucleicAcids��

21.3 DNA Double Helix andReplication��

21.4 RNA and Transcription��

21.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis��

Chemistry Link to Health Cataracts

21.6 Genetic Mutations��

Chemistry Link to Health EhlersDanlos Syndrome

Table of Contents

21.7 Recombinant DNA��

Chemistry Link to Health Protein Sequencing

21.8 Viruses��

Chemistry Link to Health Cancer

Clinical Update Ellens Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery

Concept Map��


Key Terms��





Answers��


Answers��

22. Metabolic Pathways for CarbohydratesCareer Hepatology Nurse

Clinical Update Philips Diet for von Gierkes Disease

22.1 Metabolism and Energy��

22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways

22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates��

22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation ofGlucose��

Chemistry Link to Health Galactosemia

22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate��

22.6 Glycogen Synthesis andDegradation��

Chemistry Link to Health Glycogen Storage Diseases (GSDs)

22.7 Gluconeogenesis: GlucoseSynthesis��

Chemistry Link to Health Glucocorticoids and Steroid-Induced Diabetes

Clinical Update Philips Diet for von Gierkes Disease

Concept Map��



Key Terms��


Table of Contents




Answers��

23. Metabolism and Energy ProductionCareer Physical Therapist

Clinical Update Increasing Brians Functional Capacity

23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle��

23.2 Electron Transport and ATP��

Chemistry Link to Health Toxins: Inhibitors of Electron Transport

Chemistry Link to Health Uncouplers of ATP Synthase

23.3 ATP Energy from Glucose��

Chemistry Link to Health Efficiency of ATP Production

Clinical Update Increasing Brians Functional Capacity

Concept Map��



Key Terms��





Answers��

24. Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino AcidsCareer Public Health Nurse (PHN)

Clinical Update Treatment of Lukes Hepatitis C

24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols��

24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids��

24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation��

Chemistry Link to Health Jamaican Vomiting Sickness

24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies��

Chemistry Link to Health Diabetes and Ketone Bodies

24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis��

24.6 Degradation of Proteins and AminoAcids��

24.7 Urea Cycle��

24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino

Table of Contents

Acids��24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids��

Chemistry Link to Health Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Clinical Update Treatment of Lukes Hepatitis C

Concept Map��



Key Terms��





Answers��


Answers��

Credits��

Glossary/Index��

eneral rganic, and iological cheistry

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