endnotes - commissioner for environmental …...endnotes 1 ‘thinking beyond pipes and pumps: water...

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FOUNDATION PAPER | ThREE WATER VicToRiA: ThE sciEncE, ouR uRbAn communiTiEs And ouR WATER fuTuREs | EndnoTEs

EndnoTEs

1 ‘Thinking beyond pipes and pumps: water soft paths at the urban scale’ in DB Brooks, OM Brandes and S Gurman, 2009, Making the most of the water we have: the soft path approach to water management, Earthscan, London.

2 CSIRO, 2012, Climate and water availability in south-eastern Australia: A synthesis of findings from Phase 2 of the South Eastern Australian Climate Initiative (SEACI), CSIRO Australia.

3 European Environment Agency, 2012, Towards efficient use of water resources in Europe, Copenhagen.

4 OECD, 2012, Meeting the Water Reform Challenge.

5 ‘Funding the design of liveable cities’ in Harvard Business School Working Knowledge Series at www.hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7135.html?wknews=09052012

6 Cited in Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2012, Many Publics, Participation, inventiveness and change, Victoria, found at www.ces.vic.gov.au

7 Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2010, Science Policy People, State of the Environment Reporting 2013, Victoria, State of Victoria, produced in accordance with section 17 of the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 2003 (the Act). The three papers are - Climate change, Biodiversity and Water.

8 UNEP, 2012, Measuring water use in a green economy found at www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Portals/24102/Measuring_Water.pdf and also see the UNESCO-International Hydrological Programme (IHP) Water and Cultural Diversity Programme generally on water as the life blood of the planet.

9 Expressing a global view which is reflected in broad spectrum water scholarship see David Mosse, 2004, ‘The rule of water: uncertainty and the cultural ecology of water in south India’ in Proceedings of the Theme Water and Cultural Diversity at the 3rd World Water Forum, Paris, UNESCO found at www.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/wwf3-cult.pdf

10 John Dahlenburg and Peter Morison, 2009, ‘Community engagement in environmental values water quality objective settings. WSUD planning at the catchment and local scales’ paper presented to the 6th International WSUD Conference, Perth, 2009.

11 Foundation Paper One Climate Change. Victoria: the science, our people and our state of play, Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability 2012.

12 Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2008, State of the Environment 2008, State of Victoria.

13 For the full text see the State of the Environment 2008, report section 3.2 Water Resources. The following dot points represent a precise of the text. The report suggested that the state government do the following

•coordinateinvestmentinwaterinfrastructureacrossalltiersofgovernment(WR2)andconsider national mandatory minimum standards for water efficiency (WR11)

•engagethepublictodeterminevalues(WR5)andbuild‘waterliteracy’(WR15)

•fundresearchfortechnologicalsolutionsincludingsolardesalinationand‘indirectpotableuse of recycled water’ (WR6) and the socio-economic implications of drought (WR18)

•pursuedecentralisedsupplyoptions(WR8)

•mandateinstallationofrainwatertanksandotherefficienciesassociatedwiththe5starbuilding standard (WR12) and improve water efficiency in commercial buildings (WR13)

•waterefficiencytobecompulsorilydisclosedinpointofsale/leasetransactionsforbuildings(WR14)

•erodedemandmanagementbarriersinpartnershipwithlocalgovernments(WR16).

Integration, alignment, the exploration of novel ideas, good professional development efforts will always typify better sustainability service provision and organisations as we showed in the 2011 Strategic Audit where Yarra Valley Water was cited as an exemplar for change in the water industry.

14 BOM Special Report (no 39) on the Exceptional heavy rainfall across southeast Australia (as at 6 March 2012) http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs39.pdf

15 Foundation Paper One Climate Change. Victoria: the science, our people and our state of play, Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability 2012.

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16 Water Services Association Australia (WSAA) submission to Infrastructure Australia, 2010, Review of Urban water Strategies found at http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/mcu/urbanpolicy/files/WaterServicesAssociationOfAustralia.pdf

17 http://www.seaci.org/publications/synthesis.html

18 www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/documents/966_WMOstatement.pdf

19 www.unep.org/pdf/permafrost.pdf

20 See The World Bank, 2012, Turn down the heat: Why a 40C warmer world must be avoided, Washington DC found at http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf

21 PWC, 2012, Too late for 2 degrees? Low carbon economy index 2012, found at www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/low-carbon-economy-index/assets/pwc-low-carbon-economy-index-2012.pdf

22 P. C. D. Milly , Julio Betancourt, Malin Falkenmark, Robert M. Hirsch, Zbigniew W.Kundzewicz, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Ronald J. Stouffer, Stationarity Is Dead:Whither Water Management? www.sciencemag.org, Science Vol 319 1 February 2008 accessed 19 September 2012.

23 Water Services Association Australia submission to Infrastructure Australia, 2010, Review of Urban water Strategies found at http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/mcu/urbanpolicy/files/WaterServicesAssociationOfAustralia.pdf

24 Broadly this need for integration and interdisciplinarity is expressed in the water scholarship, for example - N Matthews, 2012, ‘Drowning under progress: water culture, and development in the greater Mekong Delta’ in BR Johnston, M Barber, V Strang, I Klaver, L Hiwasaki and Ameyah Ramos Castillo, 2012, Water, cultural diversity and global environmental change. Emerging trends and sustainable futures? UNESCO and IHP, Springer. On line, free, from the UNESCO site.

25 Ibid 18 Principled flexibility is the condition of ‘regulating/legislating to pursue goals of increasing resilience and adaptive capacity’.

26 R A Meganck, 2012, ‘The water-culture-environment nexus practical lessons from the field’, Foreword to BR Johnston et al, eds., 2012, Water, cultural diversity, and global environmental change. Emerging trends, sustainable futures? UNESCO-IHP, Springer, free on line.

27 http://wsud.melbournewater.com.au/

28 A new era in urban water cycle management, Business Strategy 2012, Office of Living Victoria, 2012

29 Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2012, Many Publics, Participation, inventiveness and change, Victoria, found at www.ces.vic.gov.au

30 NWC, 2011, Urban water in Australia: future directions, Australian Government, http://apo.org.au/node/24510

31 But note there is real change taking place in water organisations - see the work being done by City West Water www.citywestwater.com.au/our_company/liquid_assets_magazine.aspx and the Smart Water Fund http://www.smartwater.com.au/ as examples. There are others.

32 http://www.cittaideale.eu/data/proefschrift/Swarmplanning_total_Lr_F.pdf accessed 1 November 2012.

33 See the work of anthropologist John Wagner, 2009, ‘Water as commons and commodity in the 21st century: Two competing imaginaries’ a paper presented to the American Anthropological Assocation Annual Meeting Philadelphia December 2009 for a discussion of commons and commodity.

34 Enforcement of standards remains important as the outbreak of cholera in Israel in the 1990s reminds us, see the work of Alon Tal, 2002, Pollution in a promised land. An environmental history of Israel, Berkeley, University of California Press.

35 Draft Montreal Declaration on cities of the future see http://www.iwahq.org/contentsuite/upload/iwa/Document/Draft_Montreal%20Declaration_CoF_Nov%202010.pdf (accessed 21/8/2012).

36 For instance, few people would know that the street trees in the City of Melbourne during the long recent drought years were watered in part by the rainfall captured by the Public Records Office in North Melbourne. And, most people would not be aware that the provision of water to street trees has a flow-on effect as canopy cover provides respite from the urban heat island effect associated with extreme hot days and reflective and absorptive city surfaces. See the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2011 Strategic Audit, Structures for sustainability case study on the Public Records Office sustainability work found at www.ces.vic.gov.au

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37 www.smartwater.com.au/knowledge-hub/water-quality/stormwater-recycling-risks-and-benefits.html

38 Melbourne Water 2011 cited in the Ministerial Advisory Council for the Living Melbourne. Living Victoria Plan for Water 2011.

39 http://www.ghd.com/global/projects/alternative-water-atlas/

40 Other data has been provided in the discussion paper underpinning the Metropolitan Planning strategy where it is suggested that in 2010 water consumption in the :Melbourne region’ was 412 gl, run off was 463 gl and we produced 315gl of wastewater. See www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0004/121855/Discussion-Paper-November-2012.pdf

41 See Appendix 1 for drought statistics. We are not alone in confronting this new climate change reality. In the USA the research institutions and media are increasingly engaged in commentary about their record, ongoing and ‘under-reported’ 5 year drought which affects upwards of two thirds of the country and ‘almost every aspect of human life, from food and water to public safety, as cash-strapped states and cities and towns try to deal with massive wildfires’, describing it as a ‘slow-motion meteorological catastrophe’ and the ‘wreck’ that constitutes the ‘absolutely strained’ public water infrastructure By ALGIS J. LAUKAITIS / Lincoln Journal Star http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/drought-stresses-water-supplies-of-eastern-nebraska-towns/article_15ae8402-4ab4-5af2-b2ea-ef2ce7839222.html, http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/The_Drought_Goes_On#ixzz22FjNTqlS, http://www.greenvilleonline.com/usatoday/article/56343680. Contemporaneous UK reports spoke of expectations of record rainfall, drought conditions impacting run off potential and flash flooding http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/flood-warnings-issued-in-droughthit-areas-on-wettest-day-of-the-year-7678653.html

42 See Appendix 2 for a discussion of some of the recent flooding data for Victoria.

43 See the work done by water corporations all over the state, in relation to both city water use and rural water use. Note too that water corporations have been adjusting to climate change since at least 2002 when they were required to establish greenhouse plans.

44 Living Melbourne, Living Victoria 2012, Report of the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, www.water.vic.gov.au

45 Colonial First State Group, 2011. Carbon regulation and infrastructure: risk or opportunity? Infrastructure Research Paper; SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute) Policy Brief, Integrated water-energy-emissions analysis: Applying LEAP and WEAP together in California http://www.sei-international.org/publications?pid=2149

46 Clearwater Report, author Anna Jennings, 2011, found at www.clearwater.asn.au/sites/clearwater

47 Living Melbourne, Living Victoria 2012, Implementation Plan of the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, www.water.vic.gov.au

48 This commitment extends well beyond water conservation design, as was recently evidenced at the Victorian State Architect’s Housing Melbourne Symposium, at which the Prince of Wales spoke about building community through innovative demonstrated design. See the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability’s facebook page at the website www.ces.vic.gov.au for the references to this conference and also for the link to The Prince’s Foundation for Building Community found at www.princes-foundation.org/content/we-unveil-unique-suburban-retrofit-model-australia

49 Cranbourne Gardens, see the work being done in the project Gardening beyond our boundary, undertaken by scholars Dr Dave Kendal (Postdoctoral Research Fellow, ARCUE) and Sharon Willoughby (PhD Scholar ANU). Contact point for a discussion about this research is [email protected]

50 Waters Services Association Australia, 2010, The WSAA Report Card for 2009–2010: performance of the Australian urban water industry and projections for the future, WSAA, Melbourne. cited in NWC 2011, Urban water in Australia: future directions, Australian Government, http://apo.org.au/node/24510

51 National Water Commission (NWC), 2011, Urban water in Australia: future directions, Australian Government, http://apo.org.au/node/24510

52 Local governments made the point to the Clearwater Advisor (see note 29 - Clearwater Report - above) that it was much more likely that planning provision for innovative water management would be made at times when stormwater or other water infrastructure was being updated anyway, particularly in new subdivisions. The example of the Boulevard in Shepparton was cited as a case in point.

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53 Productivity Commission, 2008, Towards urban water reform: a discussion paper, research paper, http://www.pc.gov.au/

54 Marsden Jacobs Associates, 2007, http://www.vicwater.org.au/index.php?sectionid=934

55 There are always exceptions to such broad statements, however, as is shown in the city state of Singapore. Initiatives will always, at best, respond to local circumstances. Yap Kheng Guan and Sally Toh, 2012, ‘From zero to hero: NEWater wins public confidence in Singapore’ and Brendan Harley, 2012, ‘Singapore’s marina barrage and reservoir – changing mindsets in urban solutions’, both published in C Howe and C Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

56 This cautionary approach was first detected and aired in an official context in the VAGO Report and at the ENRC hearings into water Supply. See Appendix 1.

57 F Pearce, Beyond Big Dams: Turning to Grass Roots Solutions on Water, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/beyond_big_dams_turning_to_grass_roots_solutions_on_water/2571/ accessed 14 Sept 2012.

58 World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2012, Vision 2050: The new agenda for business http://www.wbcsd.org/vision2050.aspx

59 National Water Commission (NWC),2011, Urban Water in Australia: future directions, ISBN 978-1-921853-06-7, April 2011, 68pp.

60 Living Melbourne, Living Victoria 2012, Report of the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, www.water.vic.gov.au, outlines its public participation methodology and discusses and notes ‘co-production … is a significant shift from the current approach which does not always have a strong focus on meaningful community engagement’ (p 14); United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio plus 20, Outcomes of Conference, Agenda 10 – The future we want, clause 1: 13 commits to community involvement in water and other planning processes; and in 2008 the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development married community involvement with integration of water planning observing that ‘developed [not just underdeveloped] countries need to improve public awareness campaigns’ as … ‘water is a key driver of economic and social development’ and that ‘traditional fragmented approach to water planning is no longer viable’ www.unwater.org/downloads/UNW_status_report_IWRM.pdf (2006 UNWater Task Force on Integrated Water Resource Management on Monitoring and Reporting). And for a broad discussion about particular issues and participation see Cynthia Mitchell, C Fam and D Cordell, 2012, ‘Effectively managing the transition towards restorative futures in the sewerage industry: a phosphorus case study’, in Carol Howe and Cynthia Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Design, IWA Publishing, London and New York. Work has been ongoing in many settings to draw people into the planning process through citizen juries and also through charrettes (see R Roggema, ed., 2009, INCREASE II (International Conference on Renewable Energy Approaches for the Spatial Environment); Proceedings Increase II. Groningen: Province of Groningen and Beijing: UIBE.

61 SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute) Policy Brief, Multifunctional Wetlands and stakeholder engagement: Lessons from Sweden http://www.sei-international.org/publications?pid=2148

62 letstalkwatermelbourne.com.au/document/show/59, published by City West Water, Yarra Valley Water, South East Water and Melbourne Water.

63 CSIRO submission to the ENRC Inquiry into Melbourne’s Future Water Supply (29 August 2008) see http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc/inquiries/article/1140


65 For an indication of how bad our water leak issues were see the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2008, State of the Environment 2008, p 134.

66 Office of Living Victoria, Business Strategy 2012, A new era in water cycle management.

67 For examples of the level of complexity and the planning possibilities which will open up see R Roggema, 2012, ‘City in Advance: Climate as Trigger for Adaptive Planning’, paper given to the International Conference for Urban Planning and Environment. Sydney, 24-27 July 2012; R Roggema, ed., 2009, Adaptation to Climate Change: A Spatial Challenge, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer.

68 www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Australia/Local%20Assets/Documents/Industries/Energy%20and%20resources/Water/Deloitte_Water_tight_Jan2012.pdf

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69 CSIRO and BOM, 2012, State of the Climate and see also Ross Garnaut, 2011, The Garnaut Review Update 2011. Australia in the global response to climate change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) and the most recent Climate Commission Report on Victoria’s exposure to climate change impacts.

70 In 2006-2007 the figure was 336 GJ/GL - CSIRO submission to the ENRC Inquiry into Melbourne’s Future Water Supply (29 August 2008) see http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc/inquiries/article/1140. Compared with the Kalgoorlie-Perth pipeline 43,200 GJ/GL and estimations for the Wonthaggie desalination plant to Silvan dam estimation of 19,000 GJ/GL.

71 Melbourne Water Submission to the Ministerial Advisory Council on Living Victoria, 2011-12, pp 3-4. And for a general discussion of resilience and research needs see G Albrecht, H. Allison, N. Ellis and M. Jaceglav, 2010, Case study: resilience and water security in two outback towns in new.nccarf-partner-dev.rcs.griffith.edu.au/sites/default/files/attached_files_publications/Resilience and water security in two outback cities.pdf

72 2011-2015 outlook period assumes (a) 1 January 2011 start storage; (b) Melbourne demands from RWC/DSE forecast past current water plan (2011-12); (c) Restrictions applied as per Drought Response Plan; (d) No environmental flow qualifications; (e) No Sugarloaf Pipeline inflows; and (f) Variable desalination plant output (yield-based triggers).

73 Population increases of challenging dimensions are projected, increasing our exposure to the difficulties inherent in dealing with water scarcity. Three quarters of the State’s population live in an urban setting, either in the capital city or major regional centres. Victoria’s current population is 5,354,042, an increase of 15% since 2001 (ABS 2011). Population and household projections suggest that over the next 40 years Victoria’s population will increase to approximately 8.7 million people (http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/mf/3222.0). Melbourne’s population is expected to grow to 6.5 million people and regional Victoria will become home to an additional 2.3 million people. Rapid growth is already being experienced in the satellite local government areas of Wyndham, Whittlesea, Melton and Casey and Gippsland, the Central Highlands and Barwon are also dealing with significant population growth and the demands which attend such growth.

74 Department of Planning and Community Development, 2002, Melbourne 2030 Planning for Sustainable Growth.



77 See Growth Area Authority website, www.gaa.vic.gov.au

78 Melbourne Water Submission to the Ministerial Reference Council Living Victoria (cited from this point as MW submission to MAC).

79 Each of the following comments is extracted from the Growth Area Authority website at www.gaa.vic.gov.au

80 Precinct Structure Plan for Cranbourne East, May 2010, p 15, see www.gaa.vic.gov.au

81 See www.gaa.vic.gov.au

82 Found at http://www.gaa.vic.gov.au/east_werribee/

83 In 1883 the Yarra Yarra falls near Queen Street was demolished to improve access after we had already re-engineered the path of the Yarra River. Serious development of infrastructure took a different turn when, in 1890, the MMBW was established and, in 1897, the first sections of the Melbourne sewerage system were opened.

84 Followed by Sydney Water after which the scheme found a formal home in the Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act 2005, this scheme having been reviewed in 2010, www.environment.gov_au/water/wels-review/pubs/wels-review.pdf, to find that governance, compliance, administration and source and level of funding issues needed to be addressed. The response of the Commonwealth government Standing Committee on environment and water can be found at the same site.

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85 The California Water 2008 Plan for Integrated Water Management developed pursuant to the Integrated Regional Water Management Planning Act is an example of efforts to entrench ‘considerably expanded public involvement and access to state government water planning processes’ www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/cwpu2009. The Plan’s collaborations produce tangible benefits and encourage stronger outcomes with greater longevity.

86 See the New York City Plan at http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/home/home.shtml and for a discussion of how mega cities will work in a climate change era see the work of Arup at http://www.arup.com/Publications/Climate_Action_in_Megacities.aspx

87 see the work being done in London at http://www.london.gov.uk/climatechange/

88 As to the changing perceptions of climate change and its impacts in the USA in 2012 see the work of the University of Arizona, ‘American’s perspectives on the link between extreme events and climate change’, in CLIMAS (Climate Assessment for the Southwest) at http://www.climas.arizona.edu/feature-articles/may-2012

89 http://switchbirmingham.wordpress.com/ And see Hamburg, Zaragoza, Lodz, Tel Aviv and Lima, cities which also provide illustrations of water work which can be done to address these and other challenges, discussed in J. Butterworth, Peter McIntyre and Carmen da Silva Wells, 2011, SWITCH in the city. Putting urban water management to the test, published by the SWITCH consortium, funded by the European Commission and the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, Netherlands. And see the discussion about the SWITCH program by Carol Howe, 2012, ‘Communicating across disciplinary divides – are we bridging the gap?’ and Peter van der Steen, 2012, ‘Strategic planning for sustainable and integrated urban water management in some SWITCH demonstration cities’, both published in Carol Howe, and Cynthia Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York .

90 CSIRO submission to the ENRC Inquiry into Melbourne’s Future Water Supply (29 August 2008) see http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc/inquiries/article/1140. For instance CSIRO suggests that in the next 50 years, at least at green fields sites, black water could be engineered separately, promoting a further 20% reduction in household water with urine separating, composting and short run piping to treatment facilities. Fertiliser and methane recovery of the 90% nitrogen, 75% phosphorous and 50% organic carbon in sewerage would be enabled and sensible. The residual greywater (absent nitrogen) will be safer for recycling for potable sources. Long distance water transport and its energy cost will be reduced. Energy and fertiliser offsets against the greenhouse gas production of the urban water industry will be the other highly significant outcome – 50-100%.

91 Multiple earlier programs – the Stormwater Strategy, Health Waterways Strategy, Port Phillip and Westernport Region Flood Management and Drainage Strategy, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Sewerage Review, water transfer servicing plans as well as the regional plans – will be aligned.

For discussion on the importance of managing common resources and that “institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival”, see Elinor Ostrom et al, 1999, ‘Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges’ Science 9 April 1999: Vol. 284 no. 5412 pp. 278-282 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.278.

92 There is a considerable literature on this issue. Articles of interest include D Biello, 2008, ‘Fertilizer run-off overwhelms streams and rivers creating vast ‘dead zones’’ found at www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fertilizer-runoff-overwhelms-streams

See also the Great Waters Program Chesapeake Bay commentary found at www.epa.gov/oaqps001/gr8water/xbrochure/chesapeake.html

And for Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC) on Total Nitrogen go to www.npi.gov,.au/students/total-nitrogen.html

And Scott Fields, 2004, ‘Global nitrogen: cycling out of control’ in 2004 Environmental health perspectives 112 (10) 556-563 found at www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473981

93 www.fwr.org, Foundation for water research check reference.

94 http://e360.yale.edu/feature/to_tackle_runoff_cities_turn_to_green_initiatives/2613/

95 See the commentary of C Mitchell, D Fam and D Cordell, 2012, ‘ Effectively managing the transition towards restorative futures in the sewerage industry: a phosphorus case study’, in C Howe and C Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press London and New York.

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96 The New York City Department for Environmental Protection (NYC DEP) funds and implements a comprehensive Long Term Watershed Protection Program, which maintains and protects the high quality source of drinking water for nine million water consumers (nearly half the state’s total population). New York City’s partners include the Watershed Agricultural Council and the Catskill Watershed Corporation. Both of these organisations are local not for profit corporations. The program cost US$1.5 billion, compared to the estimated US$8 10 billion for a water filtration plant, and was administered through a formal urban rural partnership that is considered as a true market (from http://www.theriverstrust.org/seminars/archive/water/WRT_WATER_PES_Guide_27-06-12_A3.pdf accessed 17 August 2012).

97 See the insightful commentary about this by RG Varady and M Iles-Shih, 2009, ‘Global water initiatives: what do the experts think?’ in Asit K Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, eds., 2009, Impacts of megaconferences on the water sector, Springer.

98 Ray Ison, Lee Godden et al, 2011, editors, Introduction to Special issue: Water Governance in a Climate Change World: Appraising Systemic and Adaptive Effectiveness, Water Resources Management vol 25 no 15.

99 Wodonga City Council, the North East CMA, the Department of Health and the EPA have all worked together to produce better outcomes for the community and the Murray and Kiewa Rivers.

100 A number of projects – the Eastern Park Stormwater Harvesting Project on 200 acres at Corio Bay, the Kardinia Park and Grinter Park wetlands all show promise. See also Barwon region Integrated Water Catchment Management Forum for an illustration of the capacity of collaborations to promote change.

101 The Boulevard Estate covered 280 lots, involved developer and contractors negotiating with council, produced a delayed transfer of responsibility back to the council (after 5 years) and promotes the amenity of a part of the township near the Goulburn River in novel and attractive ways.

102 Tower Hill subdivision is the Swan Hill example of improved design.

103 The Water Tank Reliability and Capacity Study in Ballarat was used to clarify outstanding questions about rain water tanks.

104 The Langtree Mall Tree Pits are a good example of contemporary, attractive, serviceable methods of providing shade, reducing the heat island effect and providing stormwater filtration. The Etiwanda Wetlands treat 40% of the stormwater run off from the township before it enters the Murray River.

105 Wodonga Planning Scheme found at www.planning schemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au

106 T. Allen, Wonthaggi’s Winding Wetlands, provided to Prof K Auty, CfES February 2013.

107 Growth Area Authority maps and other supporting reports can be found at www.gaa.vic.gov.au

108 Found at www.water.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/137538/Government-Response.pdf

109 Found at www.vic.gov.au/livingvictoria

110 The Living Melbourne, Living Victoria, Implementation Plan noted that to give effect to recommended water planning outcomes, the Office of Living Victoria should work with the Department of Planning and Community Development and the development industry to establish interim universally applicable minimum standards for water cycle performance for new developments and redevelopments. The longer term goal is better water cycle performance standards, implemented by a Victorian variation to the National Building Code and changes to the Victorian planning scheme. This would work to optimise/integrate outcomes across the building and planning systems.

111 MW submission to MAC page 11. As is increasingly apparent in multiple settings, the benefits of these reforms would ‘include reduction of pollution in water dependent ecosystems (rivers, groundwater), greening of the urban fabric with attendant health benefits, and, potentially, peri-urban agricultural employment.’

112 MW submission to MAC page 15-6.

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113 MW submission to MAC makes this observation:

Clause 56 of the Victorian Planning Provisions 2006 adopts the principle ’that stormwater management and Integrated Water Management is most effective at source (the sub-division and individual property scale).’ It requires the management of stormwater on site and connection of recycling systems in new developments. As to the extent of its success - Clause 56 is supported by Melbourne Water’s Clearwater program [which provides grants to local government to support adoption of Water Sensitive Urban Design and sustainable stormwater management] …[however] implementation … has been inconsistent across councils and it only applies to new residential subdivisions not where there is an existing building or industrial and commercial areas.

The Victorian EPA describes the operation of the Clause as follows - “The integrated water management provisions (Clause 56.07 – Integrated Water Management) provide a new and more sustainable basis for managing water in residential subdivisions by conserving potable (drinking) water, providing opportunities for reusing and recycling water for non-drinking purposes and managing the quality as well as quantity of urban run-off. In particular, the urban run-off management objectives (Clause 56.07-4) address urban stormwater, and will contribute to improved stormwater water quality and assist in achieving the objectives of State Environment Protection Policy (SEPP - Waters of Victoria). The standards to be met include performance objectives set out in the Urban Stormwater Best Practice Environmental Management Guidelines (BPEMG). These standards can be met by incorporating water sensitive urban design elements as part of the drainage system.” http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/stormwater/stormwater_clause56.asp; MW submission to MAC p 18. There is a plethora of commentary upon this and associated issues some of which may be of interest to a reader - T. A’Hearn, 2011, Environment and Energy: Conjuring Sustainability from Austerity, WSP report; Aldersgate Group, Andrew Raingold, 2011, Dealing with deficits: best value regulation to reduce out financial and environmental debts; J Back, 2005, ‘The emergence of Risk Based regulation and the New Public Risk Management’ in UK Public Law 512 (Autumn); L Crerar, 2007, Report of the independent review of regulation, audit, inspection and complaints handling in public services in Scotland; G A Emison and J C Morris, eds.,2012, True Green: executive effectiveness in the US Environmental Protection Agency, Lexington Maryland; European Commission, 2006, A strategic review of better regulation in the EU Commission. COM 2006-689 November; European Environment Agency, 2001, Late lessons from early warning: the precautionary principle 1896-2000; A. Freiberg, 2010, The Tools of Regulation, Sydney; C Gemmell, 2010, Politics and Better Environmental Regulation, conference paper to The Annual Regulatory Affairs International Symposium, Institute for Parliamentary Affairs and Commonwealth Association, London 2010 http://regulationforum.org/docs/14-07-2010/08%20Campbell%20Gemmell.pdf; N. Gunningham,2011, ‘Enforcing Environmental Regulation’, in J Environmental Law 23 (9): 169-201; P. Kellett2008, ‘Is the better regulation agenda producing better regulation’ in UKELA Environmental Law and Management, vol 20, 221-231; B Lange and A Gouldson, 2010, ‘Trust-based environmental regulation’ in Science of the Total Environment 408 5235-5243; B Lange, 2009, ‘Implementing EU Pollution Control: Law and Integration’, in J Environmental Law 21(1): 163-165; OECD, 2008, Costs of Inaction on Environmental Policy Challenges: Summary Report, Meeting of the EPOC at Ministerial Level – Environment and Global Competitiveness; Robert B Reich, 2009., ‘Government in your business’, Harvard Business Review July-August PP94-9 http://hbr.org/2009/07/government-in-your-business/ar/1; Regulatory Review Group Annual Report, 2009, Scottish Government http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/917/0082893.pdf and see link to other RRG publications http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/support/better-regulation/regulatory-reviewgroup; SEPA, 2012, Progress on delivering better environmental regulation; MK Sparrow, 2009, The Regulatory Craft: Controlling Risks, Solving problems, and Managing Compliance, RR Donnelley and Sons, Harrisonburg, VA ISBN 0-8157-8065-6; MK Sparrow, The Character of Harms; Operational Challenges in Control, Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521872102; N. Stern,2006, The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, HM Treasury, London; N., Stern,2007, The Economics of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407010852 http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/sternreview index.htm; J Stiglitz, A Sen and J-P Fitoussi, 2009, Report by the Commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress, EU Commission.

114 Living Melbourne, Living Victoria, 2012, Implementation Plan of the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, www.water.vic.gov.au

115 Peter Binney et al., 2010, Principles for a City of the Future, http://www.iwahq.org/Home/Themes/Cities_of_the_Future/

116 Ibid page 17.

117 See the discussion about these issues in the Ministerial Advisory Council’s 2012 Implementation Plan at p 70.

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118 Melbourne Water submission to the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, 2012, p 28.

119 See the following case studies - South East Water and Southern Rural Water, http://www.google.com.au/url?q=http://vicwater.org.au/uploads/Downloads/Sustainability/2010/Shaun%2520Coxdf&sa=U&ei=vkJkTeLNJ4fsuAPG48GFAg&ved=0CBUQFjAC&usg=AFQjCNF4t09V

Adj92IdyZZpSsjcOhhYtMg, Yarra Valley Water and City of Manningham and MW (Doncaster Hill) - http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/lifecycle/LCM-in-action/case_yvw.asp. And see for example Anne Barker,2010, Water Business of the Future: Transitioning to Sustainable Business presented at IWM Summit: Water for 10 million Victorians (October 2010) http://www.citywestwater.com.au/documents/environmental_sustainability_plan_summary.pdf

120 And, this is not only a Victorian concern. The NSW government has recently released a Discussion Paper on Urban Water issues in which it talks about, amongst other things producing a ‘climate resistant portfolio’ and in which it discusses the complexity of the regulatory regime, its lack of integration and its inability to address the challenges of the next decades. Found at www.wsaa.asn.au/NewsAndMedia/WSAAUpdate/Pages/Urban-Water-Regulation-in-NSW-%E2%80%93-Discussion-Paper.aspx#.UM5paqxafTo

121 Institution of civil engineers, 2012, The state of the nation – water 2012.

122 J Black, 2002,Critical Reflections on regulation, Australian Journal of Legal philosophy 27, 1.

123 RK Craig, 2010, ”Stationarity is dead” – long live transformation: 5 principles for climate change adaptation law’ in 2010, 34 Harvard Environmental Law Review 10-74.

124 Ibid at p 16.

125 Ibid 18 Principled flexibility is the condition of ‘regulating/legislating to pursue goals of increasing resilience and adaptive capacity’.

126 Ibid p 66.

127 JB Ruhr, 2010, ‘Climate change adaptation and the structural transformation of environmental law’, in 2010, Environmental Law 363- 423 found at www.ssrn_id1517374CL_pdf

128 JB Ruhr, 2010, ‘Climate change adaptation and the structural transformation of environmental law’, in 2010, Environmental Law 363- 423 found at www.ssrn_id1517374CL_pdf

129 Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2011, Strategic Audit, Structures for sustainability, Environmental management systems in the Victorian Government found at www.ces.vic.g.ov.au

130 For a discussion of the extent of the shift required in respect of planning for 1:100 year floods see the work of Lee Godden and Anthony King, 2011, ‘Water law and planning frameworks under climate change variability: systemic and adaptive management of flood risk, in Water Resources Management 25: 4051-4068.

131 See L Godden and J Peel, 2010, Environmental Law: scientific, policy and regulatory dimensions, Oxford University Press for a discussion of this.

132 See the Clearwater consultation paper by Jennings in note 24.

133 Green roofs will also contribute to these outcomes see: http://www.gbca.org.au/gbc_scripts/js/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/Living_Wall_and_Green_Roof_Plants_for_Australia_Report_230712.pdf accessed 17 August 2012.

134 For a helpful discussion of the end of stationarity see PCD Milly, J Betancourt, M Falkenmark, RM Hirsch, ZW Kundzewicz, DP Lettenmaier and RJ Stouffer, 2008,’Climate change – stationarity is dead: wither water management? In Science 319: 573.

135 V Galaz, 2005, ‘Does the EC Water Framework Directive build resilience? Harnessing socio-ecological complexity in European water management. Resilience and Freshwater Initiative Policy Paper’. Swedish Water House, Stockholm; Ron Pollard and Derick du Toit, 2011,’Towards Adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management in Southern Africa: The Role of Self-organisation and Multi-scale Feedbacks for Learning and Responsiveness in the Letaba and Crocodile Catchments, in Water Resources Management’, 25: 4019-403; SR Pollard, H Biggs, D du Toit, 2008, ‘Towards a Socio-Ecological Systems View of the Sand River Catchment, South Africa: An exploratory Resilience Analysis’, Report to the Water Research Commission K8/591. Pretoria; B Walker and D Salt, 2006, Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world, Island Press, Washington; B Walker, CS Holling, S Carpenter, A Kinzig, 2004, ‘Resilience, adaptability and transformality in social and ecological systems’, in Ecology and Society 99:5; J Coaffee, 2008, ‘Risk, resilience, and environmentally sustainable cities’, in Energy Policy 36:4633–4638.

136 See the Resilience Alliance at /www.resalliance.org/

137 F. Berkes and C Folk, eds.,1998, Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanism for building resilience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Walker and Salt 2006.

107

138 H Allison, R Hobbs, 2006, Science and policy in natural resources management: Understanding system complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

139 R Hobbs, 2009, ‘Woodland restoration in Scotland: ecology, history, culture, economics, politics and change’, in Journal of Environmental Management, 90:2857–2865.

140 This table draws upon the work of the following scholars – T Wong, and R Brown, 2011, Chapter 25 Water Sensitive Urban Design in Q Grafton and K Hussey, (eds), Water Resources, Planning and Management: Challenges and Solutions, Cambridge University Press, pp483-504. And see the work of N Keath,and R Brown, 2009, ‘Extreme events: being prepared for the pitfalls with progressing sustainable urban water management’, in Water Science and Technology, 59(7), 1271–80., P Newman, 2001 ‘Sustainable urban water systems in rich and poor countries: steps towards a new approach’, in Water Science and Technology, 43(4), 93–100; C Maksimovic,. and J.A Tejada-Guibert. (eds.) 2001, Frontiers in Urban Water Management: Deadlock or Hope, Cornwall: IWA Publishing; B Mitchell, 2005, ‘Integrated water resource management, institutional arrangements and land-use planning’, in Environment and Planning A, 37, 1335–52., C Pahl-Wostl, 2007, ‘Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change’, in Water Resources Management, 21, 49–62.

141 See R Brown, R Ashley and M Farrelly, 2011, ‘Political and professional agency entrapment: an agenda for urban water research’ in Water Management Journal 2011, 25: 4037-4050.

142 See the article by Iwona Wagner and Michael Zalewski, 2012, ‘System solutions in urban water management: the Lodz (Poland) perspective’, in C Howe and C Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York. Lodz is a SWITCH city site.

143 http://www.water.vic.gov.au/livingvictoria

144 Monash University submission to Parliamentary Inquiry into Melbourne’s Future Water Supply, 28 August 2008, http://www.watersensitivecities.org.au/wp-content/uploads/monash-submission_melb-future-waters.pdf and T Wong, , R Allen, ,R Brown, ,A Deletic, D Griggs, L. Hodyl, B McIIrath, T Montebello, L. Smith, 2011, Transitioning to a resilient, liveable and sustainable greater Melbourne (localised case studies), report prepared for the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, March 2011.

145 Ibid

146 Many now use this terminology and it has been the subject of a number of texts. See RR Brown and JM Clarke 2007, Transition to water sensitive urban design: the story of Melbourne, Australia, Report no 07/1, Faculty for Advancing Water Biofiltration, Monash University, June 2007.

147 Note the work done by Melbourne Water which is generating a stormwater strategy found at www.sustainablemelbourne.com/policies/melbourne-water-draft-strategies/

148 http://www.kingston.vic.gov.au/Page/page.asp?Page_Id=1429

149 The city of Melbourne has been working on this for a number of years www.melbourne..vic.gov.au/Sustainability?councilActions/Documents /city_as_catchment.pdf. For the history of this work see the Total watermark policy 2004, and the Water Sensitive Urban Design Guidelines 2005.

The city is the watershed of the Yarra and the Maribyrnong Rivers and the Moonee Ponds Creek all of which have suffered significant engineering since non-Indigenous occupation. See the expansive 2020 groundwater, wastewater, stormwater, alterative water use, and water saving targets outlined in the Total watermark. City as a catchment policy (being reviewed in 2012) and the City of Melbourne. Water Sensitive Urban Design. Applying the model WSUD guidelines. An initiative of the Inner Melbourne Action Plan found at http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/SavingWater/Documents/WSUD_part1.pdf

150 City of Port Phillip, 2010, Water plan: Toward a water sensitive city, http://www.portphillip.vic.gov.au/default/Water_Plan_Full_Version_FINAL_2010.pdf

151 http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/UrbanForest/Documents/Draft_Urban_Forest_Strategy.pdf

152 Ralf Pfleiderer, 2012, City of Melbourne, paper delivered to the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design found at www.wsud2012.com/abstract/30.asp

153 All will be found on the City of Melbourne’s website www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/

154 See the Melbourne water website http://www.sustainablemelbourne.com/policies/melbourne-water-draft-strategies/

155 http://raingardens.melbourne.com.au

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156 Council of Australian Governments (COAG), 2004, Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative. Commonwealth of Australia and the Governments of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, signed 25 June 2004. Available at: http://www.coag.gov.au/meetings/250604/iga_national_water_initiative.pdf

157 For example, for a discussion on a range of solutions for water supply in California see D Lach, H Ingram and S Rayner, 2006/2011, ‘You never miss the water till the well runs dry: crisis and creativity in California’, in Marco Verweij and Michael Thompson, 2006/2011, Clumsy solutions for a complex world. Governance, politics and plural perceptions, Palgrave Macmillan.

158 THF Wong and R Ashley, 2006, International Working Group on Water Sensitive Urban Design, submission to the IWA/IAHR Joint Committee on Urban Drainage, March 2006.

159 THF Wong. (Ed.), R Allen., J Beringer., RR Brown., A Deletic., TD Fletcher., L Gangadharan., W Gernjak., C Jakob., T O’Loan, ,M Reeder., N Tapper and C Walsh,2012, blueprint 2012 – Stormwater Management in a Water Sensitive City. Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, ISBN 978-1-921912-01-6, March 2012.

160 Peter Newman and Isabella Jennings, 2008, Cities and sustainable ecosystems: principles and practices, Washington DC, Island Press.

161 We are introduced to this descriptor by Timothy Beatley, 2011, Biophilic Cities. Integrating nature into urban design and planning, Washington DC, Island Press.

162 Rachel Cooper, Graeme Evans and Christopher Boyko, 2009, Designing sustainable cities, Wiley, Blackwell.

163 For example – Jacqueline Hoyer, 2011, Water Sensitive Urban design: principles and inspirations for sustainable stormwater management in the city of the future, Berlin, Joris.

164 See for instance the fly through graphic at http://watersensitivecities.org.au

165 Department of Infrastructure and Transport,2011, Our Cities, Our Future- A national urban policy for a productive, sustainable and liveable future, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra. Available online at: http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/mcu/urbanpolicy/index.aspx

166 J.A. Puppim de Oliveira et al, 2011, ‘Cities and biodiversity: Perspectives and governance challenges for implementing the convention on biological diversity (CBD) at the city level’, ScienceDirect, Biological Conservation, Volume 144, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 1302–1313.

167 http://waterbydesign.com.au/whatiswsud/ accessed 29 October 2012.

168 The appendices in the Evaluating options for water sensitive urban design found at http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/urban/water-sensitive-design-national-guide.html and http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/urban/pubs/wsud-guidelines-appendices.pdf run through multiple possibilities – constructed wetlands, grey water reuse, swale and buffer zones, bio-retention, effluent reuse, dray-gardening (called xeriscaping), sewer mining, and porous paving.

169 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Latestproducts/DA9B028298B23ECECA257A6700128B33?opendocument accessed 29 August 2012.

170 Segmentation is considered a problem in the UK, which is presently dealing with drought conditions. There the following assessment of the take up of WSUD has been made:

In recent years, there have been great leaps forwards in the championing, incentivising and regulation of sustainable (urban) water management in the UK. However, in practice the components of the urban water cycle (ie drainage, supply, wastewater) are still considered separately and are viewed as largely an engineering concern for consideration in detailed design stages. The potential for ‘WSUD-thinking’ in the UK that simultaneously achieves water quality, flood management, quality of life and ecological aims has therefore been largely overlooked. Fundamentally, water has not yet become a coordinated and high profile consideration in the strategic planning and design of urban places where the most crucial and integrated impacts can be made(Celeste Morgan, AECOM, Paul Shaffer, CIRIA, 2012 Water Sensitive Urban design, paper outline found at www.wsud2012.com/abstract/30.asp).

And also see the Stockholm Environment Institute, Policy Brief Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline to human well-being, www.sei-international.org/publications?pid=1261

171 Melbourne Water submission to the Living Victoria Ministerial Advisory Council, 2012, p 8.

172 T Wong and R Brown,2009, The Water Sensitive City: Principles for Practice, Water Science and Technology, Vol 60(3) 2009, pp. 673-682.

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173 http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/environment-waste/water/watersmart-strategy/index.htm

174 The Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council has also identified 76 evidence-based indicators that could be used to monitor the performance of Australia’s cities with respect to sustainability and liveability and to inform public policy and decision making. Internationally, there are a number of initiatives including PriceWaterhouseCoopers’ Cities of Opportunity, Siemens’ Green Cities Index and World Bank’s Global City Indicators Program.

175 C Folke, 2006, ‘Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis’, in Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–67.

176 A Citizen’s Guide to LEED for Neighborhood Development is an example of emerging knowledge products to empower anyone to learn the highest environmental standards for green land development and become an advocate for implementing these standards in their own communities (see http://www.nrdc.org/cities/smartgrowth/leed.asp accessed on 17 August 2012.

177 See Securing Australia’s Urban Water Supplies: Opportunities and impediments for discussion on water supply diversity and challenges: http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/urban/pubs/urban-water-report.pdf, accessed 17 August 2012.

178 http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/enrc/future_water_supply/Submissions/049_Monash_University.pdf

179 Professor Tony Wong, personal communication.

180 Victoria is not going it alone. Stormwater harvesting is increasingly the new normal and there are extensive projects across the USA in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Virginia and Washington (see http://www.harvesth2o.com/statues_regulations.shtml and Tammie Stark et al, 2008 ‘The State of Rainwater Harvesting in the US’ at http://www.harvesth2o.com/state_of_rainwater.shtml accessed on 17 August 2012.

181 CSIRO and BOM, 2012, The state of the climate, found at www.csiro.au and also www.bom.gov.au/climate. Note too that a list of peer reviews can be found at www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Understanding/Snapshot-referenc.aspx.

182 Melbourne Water, http://education.melbournewater.com.au/content/rivers_and_drainage/wetlands_-_natures_filter/wetlands_-_natures_filter.as accessed 20 Sept 2012.

183 A Cleaner Yarra River and Port Phillip Bay - Plan for Action is under development to address the problems.

184 VCCCAR research found at www.vcccar.org.au/content/pages/responding-urban-heat-isalnd-optimising-implementation-green-infrastructure

185 CSIRO and BOM, 2012, State of the Climate; Australian Government, Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability,2012, Climate Change Foundation Paper; Victoria, Climate Commission, 2012, The Critical decade: Victorian climate impacts and opportunities, Commonwealth of Australia Report on Victoria 2012.

186 NOAA State of the Climate USA June 2012. Cite examples of children dying of heat stroke.

187 Only bettered by a reading of 45.6°C on 13 January 1939.

188 Y Zhou and J Shepherd, 2010, ‘Atlanta’s urban heat island under extreme heat conditions and potential mitigation strategies’, in Natural Hazards, 52, 639-668.

189 B Stone, 2005, ‘Urban heat and air pollution - An emerging role for planners in the climate change debate’, in Journal of the American Planning Association, 71, 13-25.

190 Stephen Healy, ‘Public participation as the performance of nature’, The Sociological review, 51: 94-108. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00453.x.

191 Yarra Valley Water Kalkallo Precinct Project 2012.

192 Yarra Valley Water citation in Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2011, Strategic Audit, Structures for sustainability, Victoria.

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193 There are a number of interstate and international examples which confirm the trend towards innovation demonstrated by the Kalkallo development (see http://www.gbca.org.au/gbc_scripts/js/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/IPA_July_2012_CITIES_FINAL_VERSION_2.pdf, accessed on 21/8/2012).

The Hong Kong Government has commissioned a sludge treatment plant for the city. The plant will have a treatment capacity of 2,000 metric tonnes a day and will eventually produce over 20 MW of electricity. It will be entirely self-sufficient and any surplus electricity can be exported to the electricity grid. A desalination plant will be used to produce up to 600KL/day of potable water to supply its needs. Rainwater will also be collected for non-potable use, and the wastewater produced will be treated and re-used on site. The Plant will also have an education centre and a spa for community use.

The Rosehill-Camellia Recycled Water Scheme will supply recycled water for irrigation and industry to seven foundation customers in Camellia and Smithfield, Western Sydney. The recycling plant and pipelines will be built, owned and operated by AquaNet Sydney with the treatment of the recycled water will be managed by Veolia Water. The Foundation Customers have recycled water supply agreements with Sydney Water.

The Water Factory Company will provide a privately-owned wastewater treatment plant for the Vermont estate at Pitt Town in North Western Sydney. The treatment plant intends to supply 500kL a day to homes and businesses for clothes washing, toilet flushing and outdoor uses, and 100kL a day to community facilities and sporting fields for irrigation, toilets and general wash down. This will save up to 120ML of drinking water per year. Additionally, the treatment plant will save the developer, Johnson Property Group, $12 million in water infrastructure expenses by avoiding the $24 million cost of connecting to Hawkesbury City Council’s sewerage system, which would have required 14km of pipelines and two pumping stations. The Water Factory Company plans to include social media and school partnership initiatives in order to inform and engage the Vermont Estate community.

Also, as the Infrastructure Partnerships Australia report attests, several strategies emerged during drought to secure a continuous water supply for Australian cities. These included imposing water restrictions, desalination plants, water recycling schemes and increasing capacity of catchment infrastructure. Water restrictions had a significant impact on reducing potable water demand from residential, commercial and industrial users. The Institute for Sustainable Futures and ACIL Tasman assessed these impacts across Australia and concluded that the restrictions resulted in a demand reduction of between 8 and 33% (depending on location and the stage of restrictions). The Australian Bureau of Statistics also reported that during the period of water restrictions (2004-05 to 2008-09), water consumption in impacted cities declined by 25%. Behavioural regulations (e.g. ban on hosing hard surfaces) were also introduced to support the restrictions (see Water Account Australia 2008-2009. Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat no 4610.0).

Although the restrictions were temporary, the impact has been considerably permanent. Per capita water usage has not returned to pre-restriction levels. The Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA) has projected per capita demand in Sydney and Perth will decrease from 2009 to 2026 - and it is projected to decrease in all capital cities from 2026 to 2056 due to advances in water efficiency and the expected trend towards higher density living (see Water Services Association Occasional Paper No 25. July 2010).

194 O Fryd, S Pauleit, O Buhler, 2011,‘The role of urban green space and trees in relation to climate change’ in CAB Reviews : Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 6, No 053.

195 M Gilbertson, A Hurlimann and S Dolnicar, 2011, ‘Does water context influence behaviour and attitudes to water conservation’ in Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 18 (1) 47-60.

196 As an example of leading best practice it should be noted that it was Melbourne Water which established the WELS system, after which it was nationally mandated.

197 This is an estimate provide by Lois Schmidt the environmental sustainability officer at the Suni TAFE at Swan Hill.

198 For a recent discussion of the level of complexity which WestWyck has overcome and with which others struggle see the article by Jason Barnes and Cameron Earl, 2012, ‘Managing wasterwater systems’ in Sustainability and infrastructure issue 3/2012 pp 42-43, discussing work done in the Loddon Mallee region.

199 The data cited in this section has been provided by Professor Tony Wong, CEO of the CRC for Water Sensitive Cities (site at www.watersensitivecities.org.au/).

200 Peter Newton, 2010, ‘Beyond Greenfields and Brownfields: the challenge of regenerating Australia’s greyfields’, found at www.sisr.net/newton and also see the website for the 2012 7th National Housing Conference, Brisbane found at www.nhc.edu.au/downloads.

111

201 Jane-Frances Kelly, 2012, Social Cities, (Grattan Institute report) found at http://grattan.edu.au/static/files/assets/b83340b2/137_report_social_cities_web.pdf

202 Peter Binney, 2012, ‘A framework for developing sustainable water utilities in the coming decades’ in Carol Howe, and Cynthia Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

203 Ray Green, 2012, ‘Adaptive design’ in Craig Pearson ed., 2012, 2020. Visions for a sustainable society MSSI, Melbourne, p 205.

204 Tools are becoming available to enable this. The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) has released a national rating tool, which is being lauded as the standard that will ‘transform Australia’s cities and communities’. Green Star – Communities is the highly speculated upon new rating system that goes beyond the certification of singular buildings and offers to raise the standard of and recognise sustainable communities. “Green Star – Communities is one of the world’s first rating tools designed to encourage higher levels of sustainability across a broad range of issues,” says GBCA’s Chief Executive Romilly Madew. “Green Star – Communities will support the planning, design and delivery of communities, precincts and neighbourhoods that prioritise environmental sustainability – such as minimising energy and water consumption, and reducing dependence on motor vehicles – alongside broader issues such as economic prosperity, liveability and community health and wellbeing.” Under the system, communities will be rated in each of the following categories: Liveability; Economic Prosperity; Environment; Design; Governance; and Innovation. The system will become one of this country’s, and certainly the GBCA’s first, holistic community rating system, offering incentive and encouragement for greener lifestyles under community orientated sustainable urban planning (see http://designbuildsource.com.au/planning-sustainable-australia, accessed 17/8/2012).

205 MW submission to MAC p. 12.

206 To paraphrase the work of R Brown, R Ashley and M Farrelly, 2011, ‘Political and professional agency entrapment: an agenda for urban water research’ in Water Management Journal 2011, 25: 4037-4050.

207 See the very recent collection of articles derived from the Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, ‘Collection of 2011 Highly Cited Articles on Resilience scholarship’, free access provided through www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/cjres/highly cited_2011.html

208 Joan Busquets, 2011, ed., Deconstruction/Reconstruction. The Cheonggyecheon Reconstruction Project in Seoul, Harvard University School of Design p viii.

209 Another example is the Mayesbrook Climate Change Park in East London, a partnership project including Natural England, Environment Agency, Thames River Restoration Trust, Greater London Authority and the London Wildlife Trust. The project includes restoration of the Mayes Brook; creation of floodplain habitats, grassland restoration and tree and woodland planting (see http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/regions/london/ourwork/futurelondon/climatechange.aspx accessed on 17/8/2012).

Picking up on the multiple benefits of integrated water cycle management, Mexico City was the first city in Latin America to implement a Climate Action Program. In its first two years, 2008–2010, the program resulted in a reduction of almost 1.4 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent, or approximately 4% of the city’s greenhouse gas emissions. Three of the key elements in the overall program place biodiversity at their core, namely: the Green Roof Program; the Recovery of the Rivers Magdalene and Eslava; and the Program of Restoration of Ecosystems and Compensation for Maintaining Environmental Services. Similarly innovative programs exist in Cartagena, Colombia and Iloilo City, Philippines (see Ahmed Djoghlaf, 2012, ed., Cities and Biodiversity: A global assessment of the links between urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystems (Outlook 1 synthesis), Stockholm University, p. 64.

210 Daylighting the Saw Mill River – see www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/success/BF_SS-Yonkers-Saw-Mill-032911.pdf for a discussion of the collaboration, discussion of grants and photos. Sections of the Saw Mill River were piped underground in 1920 and covered by a parking lot called Larkin Plaza. See Eric W. Sanderson, 2009, Mannahatta: a natural history of New York City, Harry N. Abrams, New York; and also see the Department of Environmental Protection, New York City, the NYC Green Infrastructure Plan which compliments PlaNYC a ‘multipronged, modular and adaptive approach to complicated problem’ solving which is efficient and cost effective, which is ‘nimble enough to incorporate new technologies’ providing ‘multiple desirable outcomes’ Administrator Lisa Jackson EPA see www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/green_infrastructure/NYCGreenInfrastructurePlan_ExecutiveSummary.pdf. The benefits of green infrastructure include – cleaner air, less combined sewer outflows, capturing rainfall (up to 10%) from impervious surfaces, cooling the city, reducing energy use and increasing property values.

211 Which has suffered a population increase from 2 to 11 million since the 1960s.

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212 Joan Busquets, 2011, Deconstruction/reconstruction. The Cheonggyecheon River Project Harvard Graduate School of Design.

213 Marion Weiss, 2011, ‘Rewinding a public infrastructure’ in Busquets see above p 49.

214 Just as we have found in relation to the Merri Creek project - see Appendix 1.

215 Heung-Sun Kim, Tae-Gyu Koh,Kie-Wool Kwon, 2011, ‘Measuring transformation: effects of the restoration work’, in Busquets above page 62.

216 Ibid.

217 Mikiko, Ishikawa, 2009, ‘Excavating the lost commons. Creating green spaces and water corridors for eco-urban infrastructure’, in Darko Radovic, ed., 2009, Eco-Urbanity. Towards well mannered built environments, Routledge, London.

218 Thanks to Anne Leitch CSIRO for these references.

219 And see the discussion about the value of a multidisciplinary approach in in Carol Howe, 2012, ‘Communicating across disciplinary divides – are we bridging the gap?’ in Carol Howe, and Cynthia Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

220 Lee Godden and Anthony King, 2011, ‘Water law and planning frameworks under climate change variability: systemic and adaptive management of flood risk, in Water Resources Management 25: 4051-4068, citing the work of Brown, Ashley and Farrelly, in the same journal.

221 T Wong and R Brown, 2009, ‘The water sensitive city: principles for practice’ in Water Science Technology 60: 673-682, P Newman, 2001, ‘Sustainable urban water systems in rich and poor cities – steps towards a new approach, Water Science Technology 43: 93-99.

222 C Pahl-Wosti, P Kabat and J Moltgen, 2008, Adaptive and integrated water management. Coping with complexity and uncertainty, Springer.

223 P Moriarty, C Fonnesca, S Smits, T Schouten, J Butterworth and C Green, 2005, Background paper for the SWITCH start-up meeting: Learning Alliances for discussion and comment, April 2005, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, The Netherlands; J Butterworth, Peter McIntyre and Carmen da Silva Wells, eds., 2011, SWITCH in the city - putting urban water management to the test, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, The Netherlands.

224 C Pahl-Wosti, P Kabat and J Moltgen, 2008, Adaptive and integrated water management. Coping with complexity and uncertainty, Springer.

225 R Ison, K Collins, J Colvin, PP Roggero, G Seddaiu, P Steyaert, M Toderi, C Zanolla, 2011, ‘Sustainable catchment managing in a climate changing world: new integrative modalities for connecting policy makers, scientists and other stakeholders’, in 25 Water Resources Management 25: 3977-3992.

226 For a discussion about the nature and variety of this dialogue and the multiplicity of the mediums which we need to use to involve the public see Jennifer Simpson, 2012, ‘Plain speaking about water – experience from the trenches’ and Yap Kheng Guan and Sally Toh, 2012, ‘From Zero to Hero: NEWater wins public confidence in Singapore’, both articles published in Carol Howe, and Cynthia Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

227 Cynthia Mitchell and Carol Howe, 2012, ‘Introduction’, in Carol Howe, and Cynthia Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

228 ibid.

229 National Water Commission Planning Report Card, 2012. http://www.nwc.gov.au/reform/assessing/continuing/report-card/victoria/key-findings

230 Established to deliver ‘socio-technical urban water management solutions, education and training programs, and industry engagement’.

231 C Howe and C Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

232 Rutger de Graaf and Frans van de Ven, 2012, ‘Keys to successful transitioning – lessons from the Netherlands’ and Japanese delta cities’ in C Howe and C Mitchell, eds., 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York and also, for a wider perspective see R Roggema, 2009, DESIGN, Final Report Hotspot Climate Proof Groningen; Groningen/Wageningen/Amsterdam: Province of Groningen and Climate Changes Spatial Planning.

233 JCJ Jacobs, 2012, ‘The Rotterdam approach: connecting water with opportunities’ in C Howe and C Mitchell, 2012, Water Sensitive Cities, IWA Press, London and New York.

234 Melbourne Water, 2012, Water report. http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water_storages/water_report/state_of_the_storages.asp?bhcp=1

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235 http://www.smartwater.com.au/knowledge-hub/water-quality/storm-water/quantifying-stormwater-recycling-risks-and-benefits.html, 2012.


237 Planning for Water Infrastructure in Victoria http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports__publications/reports_by_year/2008/20080409_water_infrastructure.aspx

238 http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/0/6BF69E5CAC3A082CA25733E0023CD2D? Consolidation and the use of shared services, the development of differing governance structures, and the clarification of water rights to recycled and storm water were all canvassed.

239 This is a position which is mirrored in the Gippsland Region Sustainable Water Strategy which rejects the possibility of building dams on the Mitchell River and its tributaries.

240 Just as has been the case in international settings as described by J. Butterworth, Peter McIntyre and Carmen da Silva Wells, 2011, SWITCH in the city. Putting urban water management to the test, published by the SWITCH consortium, funded by the European Commission and the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, Netherlands. The discussion of the benefits of learning alliances in water management contexts is further examined in respect of the SWITCH program in Belo Horizonte, Towards a paradigm SWITCH: integrated urban water management in Belo Horizonte, Brazil which can be found at http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6075/1/0373_215nascimento.pdf; the European Water Framework Directive also requires public participation in water management efforts see Anna Jonsson, 2005, ‘Public Participation in Water Resources Management: Stakeholder Voices on Degree, Scale, Potential, and Methods in Future Water Management’, in AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 34(7):495-500. 2005 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-34.7.495

241 Environment and Natural Resources Committee, 2009, Inquiry into Melbourne’s Water Supply, Parliament of Victoria. http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/enrc/future_water_supply/final_report/Water_Report_29_May.pdf

242 This comment does not detract from the essential work that the engineering profession does. See the article by David Hood, National President, Engineers Australia, 2012, ‘After the floods: engineers promote community safety’, in Sustainability and Infrastructure issue 3,pp 48-49. www.sustainabilityandinfrastructure.com.au

243 We have not been alone in promoting centralised solutions which hark back to older methods of solving problems. Both Western Australia and South Australia have built and, in the latter state, claimed desalination plants as ‘sustainable water infrastructure’ achievements. See the 2010 text, Adelaide. Water of a city edited by Christopher B Daniels with a foreword by Barbara Hardy, published by the Barbara Hardy,2010, Centre for Sustainable Urban Environments, chapter 25 for the consideration of desalination as a sustainable possibility given its lack of reliance upon rainfall.

244 Op cit., Many Publics. Participation, Inventiveness and Change, 2012.

245 BOM. Record Breaking La Nina events. An analysis of the La Nina life cycle and the impacts and significance of the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 La Nina Events in Australia www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/La-Nina-2010-12.pdf

246 letstalkwatermelbourne.com.au/document/show/59

247 Climate Commission, 2012, The critical decade. Victorian climate impacts and opportunities. http://climatecommission.gov.au/

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