end show slide 1 of 33 copyright pearson prentice hall ecology ii - cycles of matter
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Ecology II - Cycles of Matter
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
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Recycling in the Biosphere
Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and mattermatter move through the biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
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3–3 Cycles of Matter
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The Water Cycle
Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.
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Nutrient Cycles
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue.
Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.
Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.
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Nutrient Cycles
CO2 in Atmosphere
Photosynthesis
feeding
feeding
Respiration
Deposition
Carbonate Rocks
Deposition
Decomposition
Fossil fuel
Volcanic activity
Uplift
Erosion
Respiration
Human activity
CO2 in Ocean
Photosynthesis
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Nutrient Cycles
The Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins.
Although nitrogen gas (N2) is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly.
Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation.
Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.
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Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins.
Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins.
FYI: Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
(It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. )
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
Bacterial nitrogen fixation
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Decomposition excretion
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Decomposition
Decomposition excretion
NO3 and NO2
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When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia.
The ammonia may be taken up again by producers.
Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification.
This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again.
Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles
The Phosphorus Cycle
•Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA.
•Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate, a salt.
•Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.
•Eventually the phosphates will enter the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms.
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Why it phosphorus is a concern:
In water, phosphorus behaves as a fertilizer, accelerating plant and algae growth.
When plants and algae die, bacteria consume oxygen that is dissolved in the water.
When this happens, less oxygen is available for fish and aquatic life that need oxygen to survive.
Excess phosphorus in drinking water is difficult to remove, and also can require an increase in treatment chemicals which adds cost.
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•Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.
Nutrient Cycles
Ocean
Land
Organisms
Sediments
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Nutrient Limitation
Nutrient Limitation
The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.
One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.
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If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient.
When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers.
Why?
Nutrient Limitation
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When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient—such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers.
This result is called an algal bloom.
Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem.
Why is that?
See, Article
Sabah, Malaysia (Red Algae bloom; where is?)
Nutrient Limitation
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3–3
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Transpiration is part of the
a. water cycle.
b. carbon cycle.
c. nitrogen cycle.
d. phosphorus cycle.
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Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of
a. carbohydrates.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. calcium carbonate.
d. ammonia.
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Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances
a. start as simple organic forms that plants need.
b. provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.
c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.
d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.
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The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing
a. plants.
b. bacteria.
c. detritivores.
d. animals.
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When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is
a. runoff.
b. algal death.
c. algal bloom.
d. less primary productivity.
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Resources:Pearson Prentice Hall DVD
Holt Modern Biology
http://www.pressherald.com/news/weeding-out-trouble_2010-07-15.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XlBGdX1r1g dtd 10/15/2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeQ5DCCfjpE dtd 10/15/2010
http://www.google.com/search?q=sabah+malaysia&sourceid=ie7&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&ie=&oe=
dtd 10/15/2010
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