Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention,Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

Elias G. CarayannisEditor

Encyclopedia ofCreativity, Invention,Innovation, andEntrepreneurship

With 376 Figures and 97 Tables

EditorElias G. CarayannisDepartment of Information Systems & TechnologyManagement, School of BusinessGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA

ISBN 978-1-4614-3857-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-3858-8 (eBook)ISBN 978-1-4614-4579-1 (Print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4614-3858-8Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013931184

# Springer ScienceþBusiness Media LLC 2013

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Preface

I am pleased to share with you perhaps the first in its nature, scale and

scope, publishing project trying to bring together theories, practices and

policies related to the nature and dynamics of creativity, invention,

innovation and entrepreneurship. In collaboration with Springer Pub-

lishers, the four Associate Editors of the Springer Encyclopedia ofCreativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship and I have

brought to completion this precedent-setting and intellectual footprint-

defining Work of Reference. The aim has been to help define the intel-

lectual scaffolds for the four related emerging thematic areas of research

and practice.

Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Elias G. Carayannis, Department of Information

Systems& TechnologyManagement, School of Business, GeorgeWashington

University, USA

Creativity Associate Editor Dr. Igor N. Dubina, Altai State University,

Russia

Invention Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Norbert Seel, University of Freiburg,

Germany

Innovation Associate Editor Dr. David F. J. Campbell, University of

Klagenfurt, Austria

Entrepreneurship Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Dimitri Uzunidis, Universite du

Littoral, France

The CI2E Encyclopedia has a total of 274 entries including definitions /

entries of approximately 2,000-4,000 words apiece plus longer (up to 6000

words) essays. The presentation style of the entries is informational /

educational; the entries describe, define, synthesize, and review a topic,

whereas there are several entries that showcase original theoretical or

empirical research findings (see for instance the piece on the Epidemiology

of Innovation). We have included qualified input from Government,

University, Industry and Civil Society researchers, policy makers andpractitioners. All contributions were reviewed on the basis of peer review

as well as editorial review.

v

The CI2E Encyclopedia will consist of both print and on-line versions and

will remain a living conceptual platform that will incorporate new entries on

an ongoing basis in its online version and will have follow up print editions

on a periodic basis.

May 2013 Elias G. Carayannis

PhD, MBA, BScEE, CPMMA

Washington, DC, USA

vi Preface

About the Editor

Elias G. Carayannis

Title: Professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Department: Information Systems & Technology Management, School of

Business

Address: Funger Hall, Suite 515C

Phone: (202) 994-4062Email: caraye@gwu.edu

Degrees:Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1994

M.B.A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1990

B.Sc.E.E., National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 1985

Area of Expertise

Dr. Elias G. Carayannis is full professor of Science, Technology, Innovation

and Entrepreneurship, as well as co-founder and co-director of the Global and

Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Research

on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, European Union

Research Center, (EURC) at the School of Business of the GeorgeWashington

University in Washington, DC. Dr. Carayannis’ teaching and research activi-

ties focus on the areas of strategic Government-University-Industry R&D

vii

partnerships, technology road-mapping, technology transfer and commercial-

ization, international science and technology policy, technological entrepre-

neurship, and regional economic development.

Publications

Dr. Carayannis has several publications in both academic and practitioner

journals, including the following:

• IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management

• Research Policy

• Journal of R&D Management

• Journal of Engineering and Technology Management

• International Journal of Technology Management

• International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management

• International Journal of Technovation

• Journal of Technology Transfer

• Engineering Management Journal

• Journal of Growth and Change

• Review of Regional Studies

• International Journal of Global Energy Issues

• International Journal of Environment and Pollution

• Le Progres Technique

• Focus on Change Management

He has also published 16 books to date on science, technology, innovation

and entrepreneurship with Springer Publishers, CRC Press, Praeger/

Greenwood, Palgrave/MacMillan, and Edward Elgar, and has several more

projects under contract.

He has also published working papers with the World Bank and given

invited lectures on a number of occasions at the World Bank, the IADB, the

European Union, and several universities.

Professional Activities

Dr. Carayannis has the following professional roles and affiliations:

• Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of the Knowledge Economy

• Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship:

A Systems View Across Time and Space

• Editor in chief of the IGI International Journal of Social Ecology and

Sustainable Development

• Editor in chief of the Edward Elgar Book Series on Science, Technology,

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• Editor in chief of the Springer Book Series on Innovation, Technology,

and Knowledge Management

• Associate editor of the International Journal of Innovation and Regional

Development

• Visiting professor at the Jonkoping School of Entrepreneurship, Sweden

• Visiting professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management, France

• Visiting senior research fellow at Southeastern European Research Center,

Greece

• Visiting senior research fellow at NIFU-STEP, Norway

viii About the Editor

He has consulted for a wide variety of technology-driven organizations in

both government and the private sector, including the World Bank, the

European Commission, the Inter-American Development Bank, the US

Agency for International Development, IKED, the National Science

Foundation Small Business Innovation Research Program, the National Insti-

tute of Standards and Technology Advanced Technology Program, the

National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), the USN

CNO Office, Sandia National Laboratories’ New Technological Ventures

Initiative, the General Electric Corporate Training & Development Center,

Cowen & Co, First Albany International, and others.

Current Research

Dr. Carayannis is engaged with doctoral students and colleagues from around

the world in the following areas of research:

• Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• New Technology Ventures Formation and Financing

• Technology Innovation Metrics and Measurement

• International Science & Technology Policies and Practices

• International Development and Technology Entrepreneurship

• Technology Transfer and Commercialization

• Strategic Government – University-Industry R&D Partnerships

• Regional Economic Development

• Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters

• ICT-Enabled Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Other

Dr. Carayannis is the co-founder and co-director of the Global and

Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Research

on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship of the European

Union Research Center (EURC) at the GW School of Business.

He is fluent in English, French, German, Greek, and has a working

knowledge of Spanish.

About the Editor ix

Associate Editors

Igor N. Dubina, Ph.D. in Social Philosophy, Dr.Sc.h. in Mathematical

Economics, Vice-Rector for Strategic Programs and International Coopera-

tion, Altai State University.

Igor N. Dubina has a Ph.D. in social sciences and a Dr.Sc. in mathematical

economics. Recently, he is a vice-rector for Strategic Programs and Interna-

tional Cooperation and professor of Mathematical Economics at Altai State

University, Barnaul, Russia. His educational background is in the fields of

economics and statistical analysis, his Ph.D. dissertation (1999) was on the

topic “Creativity as a Phenomenon of Social Communications,” and his

habilitation Dr.Sc. dissertation (2012) was on the topic “Game Theory

Models for the Organization of Creative and Innovative Activities in

Firms.” His research interests are concentrated in interdisciplinary

approaches to creativity and innovation studies, mathematical and computer

simulation of innovation, survey design and statistical methods for empirical

social and economic research.

Dr. Dubina has published 11 monographs and textbooks on creativity

and innovation management, and mathematical methods and models

for social and economic research, including Creativity Management in the

Innovation Economy (Moscow, 2009); Statistical Methods for Socialand Economic Research (Moscow, 2010); Game Theory Fundamentals

(Moscow, 2010); Managing Creative and Innovative People: The Art,

xi

Science and Craft of Fostering Creativity, Triggering Invention andCatalyzing Innovation (London/Westport, 2007); Creative Approaches in

Business and Management (Barnaul, 2007); and over 80 papers in Russian

and English.

During 2010–2011 academic year, Dr. Dubina was a Fulbright

visiting scholar at the George Washington University (GWU) School of

Business (Washington, DC). From August 2004 to July 2005, he worked in

the Department of Management Science at GWU and in the International

Center for Studies in Creativity (Buffalo, NY) as a visiting research scholar.

During the 2009 fall semester, he was in a position of a visiting

research fellow at the Central European University (Budapest, Hungary).

He presented conference papers in over 20 countries and gave guest

lectures in George Washington University, Texas A&M University,

Drake University, Buffalo State College, Waubonsee College (USA),

Central European University (Hungary), Japan Institute of Applied

Technologies, Kindai University (Japan), and other universities over the

world.

xii Associate Editors

Norbert M. Seel, Dr. phil. Dr. habil, Professor emeritus of Education,

University of Freiburg, Germany.

Dr. Norbert M. Seel was chair and distinguished professor for research on

learning and instruction as well as the head of the Department of Educational

Science at the Albert-Ludwigs-University at Freiburg, Germany, until

September 2012. From 1992 to 1998, he was a professor at the Technical

University of Dresden where he also was the dean of the School of Education.

He graduated from Saarland University in 1979.

His research interests include model-based learning and thinking, induc-

tive reasoning and complex problem solving, the investigation of exploratory

learning within technology-enhanced environments, creativity and processes

of decision making in instructional settings.

Dr. Seel has published or edited more than 20 books, among them the

textbook Psychology of Learning (2nd ed.), as well as more than 200 refereed

journal articles and book chapters in the area of cognitive psychology,

learning research and instruction. He is the editor in chief of the Encyclopedia

of the Sciences of Learning.

Associate Editors xiii

David F. J. Campbell, The Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Faculty for

Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Institute of Science Communication and

Higher Education Research (WIHO), Vienna, Austria.

The University of Applied Arts Vienna, Unit for Quality Enhancement,

Vienna, Austria.

The University of Vienna, Lecturer in Political Science, Department of

Political Science, Vienna, Austria.

David F. J. Campbell is a research fellow (senior scientist) at the Institute of

Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Faculty

for Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Alpen-Adria-University of Klagenfurt

(http://uni-klu.ac.at/wiho/inhalt/876.htm); lecturer in Political Science

at the University of Vienna (http://politikwissenschaft.univie.ac.at/institut/

personen/lektorinnen/); and quality enhancement manager and quality

researcher at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna (http://www.

dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=12688

29109404&reserve-mode=active). He studied political science at the Univer-

sity of Vienna and finished with a doctoral degree in 1996.

Campbell lead-authored Epistemic Governance in Higher Education: Qual-ity Enhancement of Universities for Development (Springer, 2013) andDemoc-

racy Ranking (Edition 2012): The Quality of Democracy in the World (Books

on Demand, 2012); coauthored Mode 3 Knowledge Production in QuadrupleHelix Innovation Systems: 21st-Century Democracy, Innovation, and Entre-

preneurship for Development (Springer, 2012); coedited Encyclopedia of

Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Springer, 2013, forth-coming); Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and

Knowledge Clusters (Praeger, 2006); and Demokratiequalitat in Osterreich:Zustand und Entwicklungsperspektiven (Leske+Budrich, 2002) (“Democracy

Quality in Austria”). His articles on knowledge, innovation, knowledge econ-

omy and democracy, knowledge democracy, and quality of democracy have

been published in several international journals. Campbell teaches (taught) at

the University of Klagenfurt, University of Vienna, and George Washington

University in Washington D.C. (Elliott School of International Affairs).

xiv Associate Editors

David Campbell is academic director of the global Democracy Rankingof the quality of democracy (http://www.democracyranking.org), and senior

associate editor of two new journals, launched in 2010 and 2012:

1. Journal of the Knowledge Economy (JKEC) (SPRINGER), http://

www.springer.com/economics/policy/journal/13132

2. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (JIE) (SPRINGEROpen Source), http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/

entrepreneurship/journal/13731

Associate Editors xv

Dimitri Uzunidis, Professor of Economics, University of Littoral and

Westford Business School.

After having worked in various international and Hellenic institutions

(Ministry of Industry and the Economy), Dimitri Uzunidis was named as an

associate professor in 1992 at the new University of Littoral Cote d’Opale

(Dunkirk, France). He participated in the establishment of this university,

where he founded and managed the Research Unit on Industry and Innovation

(Lab.RII). A specialist in the international political economics and in the

economics of innovation and entrepreneurship, he currently teaches in some

French-speaking and Greek universities.

Dimitri Uzunidis has published and edited many books on international

economics and on economics of innovation. The research he has developed

on the innovation, entrepreneur, and the dynamics of capitalism has given rise

to some major publications at the international level: John Kenneth Galbraith

and the Future of Economics (Palgrave MacMillan, London, 2005); Innova-tion, Evolution and Economic Change: New Ideas in the Tradition of

Galbraith (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006); Genesis of Innovation: Systemic

Linkages Between Knowledge and Market (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008);

Powerful Finance and Innovation Trends in a High-Risk Economy (Palgrave

MacMillan, 2008); Innovation Networks and Clusters: The Knowledge

Backbone (Peter Lang, Brussels, 2010); andCrisis, Innovation and SustainableDevelopment: The Ecological Opportunity (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2012).

Dimitri Uzunidis has also significant responsibilities in the scientific

edition sector, he is the editor of international journals: Innovations, Cahiers

d’economie de l’innovation and Journal of Innovation Economics. The

former in French and the latter in English are published by De Boeck and

Cairn. He is also director of publication of the series Marche et organisations

and L’esprit economique at L’Harmattan, Paris. He is also editor of Business

and Innovation series, Peter Lang, Brussels.

Dimitri Uzunidis is currently president of the Research Network on

Innovation (http://2ri.eu).

xvi Associate Editors

Contributors

Marian Adolf Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin

University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany

Omer Akin School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University,

Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Carol R. Aldous School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA,

Australia

Andrei G. Aleinikov International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA,

USA

Laurice Alexandre-Leclair Research Network on Innovation, CEDAG

Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

Sharam Alijani Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Reims

Management School, Reims, France

Darien Allan Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC,

Canada

Carl Martin Allwood Department of Psychology, University of

Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden

Beth Altringer Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,

Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA

Alessandro Antonietti Department of Psychology, Catholic University of

the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Markus Arnold Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute for

Science Communication & Higher Education Research (WIHO), Alpen-

Adria University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria

Arvind Ashta Burgundy School of Business (ESC Dijon-Bourgogne),

CEREN, CERMi, Dijon, France

Jonathan Bainee ENSTA ParisTech, Universite Paris 1 Pantheon-

Sorbonne – France, Paris, France

Mohamed Bakhouya Department of Engineering Design and Production,

Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

xvii

Chaffik Bakkali University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche

Management, ISEM, Montpellier, France

Pierre Barbaroux French Air Force Research Center, BA 701-EOAA/

CReA, Salon Air-France, France

Gerald Bartels Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada

Thorsten D. Barth Political Scientist & Academic Entrepreneur, Vienna

Democracy Ranking Organization - Academic Ranking Team, Vienna,

Austria

Redouane Barzi Ecole Nationale de Commerce et Gestion, Universite Ibn

Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco

Tim Basadur College of Business, Krauss Hall 215, Concordia University

Chicago, River Forest, IL, USA

Min Basadur Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster Univer-

sity, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Gerald Bast University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Alain Philippe Batsale University of Paris 12, Paris, France

Frank Beckenbach University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften,

Kassel, Germany

Guy Ben-Ari Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, Center for Strategic and

International Studies, Washington, DC, USA

Nicolas Bencherki Center for the Sociology of Innovation, Mines ParisTech

University, Paris, France

Philippe Beraud TELECOMBretagne & CIAPHS, Universite de Rennes 2,

Campus de Rennes, Cesson Sevigne, France

James Berry Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Tarek R. Besold Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr€uck,Osnabr€uck, Germany

Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human

Resource Development, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Shubhasheesh Bhattacharya Symbiosis Institute of International Business,

Pune, Maharashtra, India

Peter S. Biegelbauer Department Foresight and Policy Development,

Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria

Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy

Andreas Binder Industrial Mathematics Competence Center, MathConsult

GmbH, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

xviii Contributors

Mauro Birattari IRIDIA, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles,

Belgium

Alan F. Blackwell Computer Laboratory, Crucible Network for Research in

Interdisciplinary Design, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Gerhard W. E. Blasche Center for Public Health, Medical University of

Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Vincent Boly Equipe de recherche sur les processus innovatifs (ERPI),

Universite de Lorraine, Nancy, France

Maria Bonnafous-Boucher Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Najoua Boufaden ISG – Institut Superieur de Gestion, Paris-France, Paris,

France

Helene Perrin Boulonne France Angels, Paris, France

Pierre Bourgogne CAIRN-INNOVATION Consulting Agency, BLENOD-

LES-PAM, France

Sophie Boutillier Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE–

CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network

on Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Cote

d’Opale, Dunkerque, France

Jay L. Brand Ideation, Haworth, Inc., Holland, MI, USA

Pascale Brenet IAE, Universite de Franche-Comte, Besancon, France

Marc B€uhlmann Annee Politique Suisse, Institute of Political Science,

University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Thierry Burger-Helmchen BETA- Bureau d’Economie Theorique et

Appliquee, EM Strasbourg, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Cyndi Burnett International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo,

NY, USA

Kevin Byron Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

John F. Cabra International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State,

Buffalo, NY, USA

Anuja Cabraal Graduate School of Business and Law, College of Business,

RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Mauricio Camargo ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

David F. J. Campbell Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute

of Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Alpen–Adria–

University Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria

University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria

Contributors xix

George S. Campbell Vienna, Austria

Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems & Technology

Management, School of Business, The George Washington University,

Washington, DC, USA

Hernan Casakin School of Architecture, Ariel University Center of

Samaria, Ariel, Israel

Didier Chabaud Universite d’Avignon IUT TC, Avignon, France

Ming Ming Chiu University at Buffalo, State University of New York,

Buffalo, NY, USA

Denis Choulier University of Technology of Belfort Montbeliard, Belfort,

France

Francois Christophe Department of Engineering Design and Production,

Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

Eric Coatanea Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto

University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

Cinzia Colapinto Department of Management, Ca’ Foscari University

Venice, Venice, Italy

Barbara Colombo Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the

Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Franck Cormerais Universite of Bordeaux 3 & MICA, Bordeaux, France

Mawuli Couchoro CERFEG, FASEG, Universite de Lome, Lome, Togo

Jerry Courvisanos The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat,

Victoria, Australia

Helen De Cruz Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Centre for Logic and Analytical Philosophy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium

Alexander Damianisch Support Art and Research, University of Applied

Arts, Vienna, Austria

Marie-France Daniel Departement de kinesiologie, Universite de Montreal,

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Maria Daskalakis University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften,

Kassel, Germany

Jim Davies Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa,

ON, Canada

James Day Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Karl Dayson Department of Sociology and Criminolgy, University of

Salford, Salford, UK

xx Contributors

Robert L. DeHaan Division of Educational Studies, Emory University,

Atlanta, GA, USA

Marc-Hubert Depret University of Poitiers, IRIAF, CRIEF, Niort, France

Robert H. Desmarteau Department of Strategy, Social and Environmental

Responsabilities, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of

Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada

Faridah Djellal Clerse-CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve

d’Ascq, France

Marija Dobrovolska-Stoian Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga,

Latvia

Igor N. Dubina Economic Information Systems, Altai State University,

Barnaul, Russia

Susanne Durst University of Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein

Geert Duysters Brabant Center of Entrepreneurship, Eindhoven University

of Technology and Tilburg University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Robert P. Eckert New & Improved, LLC, Paul Smiths, NY, USA

Ingi Runar Edvardsson University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Michihiko Esaki Wisdom Management Research, DTCN International

Incorporation, Gifu City, Japan

Dawn Eubanks Behavioural Science and Strategy, Warwick Business

School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Nikolaos G. Evangelatos Intensive Care Unit, Klinikum N€urnberg, Bayern,

Germany

Joshua Fairchild The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA,

USA

Alain Fayolle EM Lyon Business School, Grenoble, France

Gregory J. Feist Department of Psychology, San Jose State University,

San Jose, CA, USA

Roger Firestien Innovation Resources Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA

Joelle Forest EVS-ITUS UMR5600, National Institute of Applied Sciences

of Lyon, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France

Claude Fournier Reseau de Recherche sur I’Innovation (RRI), Laboratoire

de recherche sur I’industrie et I’innovation (Lab.RII), Dunkerque, France

Janice Francisco BridgePoint Effect, Ottawa, Canada

Liane Gabora Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia

Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada

Contributors xxi

Andrea Gaggioli Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the

Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Mathieu Gagnon Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Delphine Gallaud INRACESAER (UMR 1041), Unite Mixte de Recherche

INRA-Agrosup, Dijon Cedex, France

Faız Gallouj Clerse-CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve d’Ascq,

France

Christian Garaus Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,

Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Raghu Garud Department of Management and Organization, The Pennsyl-

vania State University, State College, PA, USA

Brigitte Gay University of Toulouse, Toulouse Business School, Toulouse,

France

Robert M. Gemmell Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship,

Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Horst Geschka Geschka & Partner Unternehmensberatung, Darmstadt,

Germany

Michael Gibbons SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit), University of

Sussex, Brighton, UK

Georg Glaeser Institute of Arts and Technology, Department of Geometry,

University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Aytac Gogus BAGEM, Center for Individual and Academic Development,

Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey

Richard Tabor Greene De Tao Master’s Academy, Beijing, China

System Design & Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan

Samapti Guha Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,

India

Priya Dhamija Gupta Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human

Resource Management, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Wolfgang H. G€uttel Institute of Human Resource and Change Manage-

ment, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Samia Haddad Institute of High Commercial Studies of Tunis (IHEC),

Tunis, Tunisia

Mavis Haigh Faculty of Education, The University of Auckland, Auckland,

New Zealand

Abdelillah Hamdouch Planning Department, Polytechnic School, Univer-

sity of Tours, Tours, Cedex 3, France

xxii Contributors

Ulrike Hanke Department of Educational Science, Albert-Ludwigs-

University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Cynthia Hardy Department of Management & Marketing, University of

Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Phillip Sinclair Harvard EIGSI – University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle,

France

Parina Hassanaly IEP (Institute of Political Studies), Aix en Provence,

France

John Haworth Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Thomas Heinze Lehrstuhl f€ur Organisationssoziologie, Bergische

Universit€at Wuppertal, Germany

Andreas Heller University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Inter-

disciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna) Department of Palliative Care and

Organisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria

Ludger Helms University of Innsbruck, Institute of Political Science,

Innsbruck, Austria

Sven Hemlin Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI), School of Business,

Economics and Law&Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg,

Goteborg, Sweden

Beth A. Hennessey Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA

MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA

Takeo Higuchi Idea-Marathon Institute (IMS Institute)/University of

Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan

Rae Ann Hirsh Early Childhood, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Indiana University of Pennsylvania,

Josef Hochgerner Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Vienna,

Austria

Bjørn M. Hofmann University College of Gjøvik, Gjøvik, Norway

University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

W. David Holford Department of Management and Technology, School of

Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM),

Montreal, QC, Canada

Werner Holzl Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna,

Austria

Jesus Huerta de Soto Catedratico de Economıa Polıtica, Universidad Rey

Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Samuel T. Hunter The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA,

USA

Contributors xxiii

Dirk Ifenthaler Department of Educational Psychology, University of

Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

Jonathan Impett School of Media and Performing Arts, Middlesex Univer-

sity, London, UK

Jean-Pierre Issa International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo

State College, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

Anna Katharina Jacob Zentrum fuer Hochschul- und Qualitaetsent-

wicklung (ZfH), Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Garrett Jaeger University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Sabina Jaeger Auckland University of Technology-NewZealand, Auckland,

New Zealand

Jonatan Jelen Parsons The New School for Design, New York, NY, USA

Bjorn Johnson Department of Business and Management, Aalborg Univer-

sity, Aalborg, Denmark

Renata Jonina Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia

Nowshade Kabir Knolee Group, Toronto, ON, Canada

Robert Kaiser Seminar of Social Sciences, University of Siegen, Siegen,

North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany

Thomas Kaiserfeld Departmant of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund

University, Lund, Sweden

Bahman Kalantari Department of Computer Science, Rutgers, The State

University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, NJ, USA

Dafna Kariv The School of Business Administration, The College of

Management Academic Studies, Rishon Lezion, Hamerkaz, Israel

James C. Kaufman Department of Psychology, Learning Research

Institute, California State University at San Bernardino, San Bernardino,

CA, USA

Uwe H. Kaufmann Centre for Organisational Effectiveness/COE, Singapore,

Singapore

Ralph Kerle The Creative Leadership Forum, Willoughby, Australia

Stefan Kesting Auckland University of Technology-NewZealand, Auckland,

New Zealand

Daehyun Kim University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Kyung Hee Kim The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA,

USA

Laurens Klerkx Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Group,

Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

xxiv Contributors

David A. Kolb Department of Organization Behavior, Weatherhead School

of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Stefan Konlechner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,

Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Gerhard Krauss Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Rennes 2,

Rennes, France

Georg Kr€ucken International Centre for Higher Education Research

(INCHER), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany

Ulf Krumnack Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr€uck,

Osnabr€uck, Germany

Stefan Kuhlmann Science, Technology, and Policy Studies (STePS),

University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands

Kai-Uwe K€uhnberger Institute of Cognitive Science, University of

Osnabr€uck, Osnabr€uck, Germany

Hubert Lackner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,

Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Thomas Lans Education and Competence Studies Group, Wageningen

University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Blandine Laperche Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE–

CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network

on Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Cote

d’Opale, Dunkerque, France

Edgar Lasevich Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia

Kung Wong Lau Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Eric Michael Laviolette Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Divya Leducq School of Geography and Planning, University of Lille 1,

Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

Johannes Leitner University for Applied Sciences bfi Vienna, Vienna,

Austria

Nadine Levratto EconomiX, UMR 7235 CNRS, University Paris Ouest

Nanterre La Defense and Euromed Management, Nanterre, France

Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communication Research

(ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Gordana Licina Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster

University, Brampton, ON, Canada

Contributors xxv

Peter Liljedahl Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,

BC, Canada

Malin Lindberg Department of Business Administration, Technology and

Social Sciences, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden

Bengt-Ake Lundvall Department of Business and Management, Aalborg

University, Aalborg, Denmark

Stuart Mackenzie The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat,

Victoria, Australia

Steve Maguire Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University,

Montreal, Canada

Michel Marchesnay ERFI, Universite de Montpellier, Montpelier, France

Ben R. Martin SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research, The

Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

Jason L. Mast Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin

University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany

Ruth Mateus-Berr Institute of Art Sciences and Art Education, Institute of

Art & Society, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Camargo Mauricio ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

Kurt Mayer REFLACT – Sustainable Consulting, Vienna, Austria

Galina Medyna Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto

University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

Celine Merlin-Brogniart CLERSE, Lille, France

University of Lille–France, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

Karim Messeghem University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche

Management, AES, Montpellier, France

Michael Meyer Nonprofit Management Group, WU – Vienna University of

Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria

Winter Meyer Learning Research Institute, California State University at

San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA

Dimis Michaelides Performa Consulting, Nicosia, Cyprus

Blair Miller Blair Miller Innovation, Evanston, IL, USA

Alfonso Montuori Department of Transformative Inquiry, California

Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA

Seana Moran Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore,

Singapore

MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA

Laure Morel ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

xxvi Contributors

Piera Morlacchi Department of Business and Management, School of

Business Management and Economics (BMEc), University of Sussex,

Falmer, East Sussex, UK

Barbara M€uller Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,

Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Karl H. M€uller Wiener Institut f€ur Sozialwissenschaftliche Dokumentation

und Methodik (WISDOM), Vienna, Austria

Marc Muller International University Institute, Munsbach, Luxembourg

Francis Munier BETA, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa Credit and Development Forum (CDF),

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Bence Nanay Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp,

Antwerp, Belgium

Peterhouse University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Ferreira Nathalie Research Network of Innovation, Paris, France

Patrice Noailles RRI – Marne-la-Vallee University, Seillans

Investissement, MemoPage.com, Paris, France

Kamisah Osman Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

The National University of Malaysia, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia

Andreas Panagopoulos University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece

Elke Park Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education

Research (WIHO), University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria

Florin Paun ONERA – The French Aerospace Lab, Palaiseau Cedex,

France

Ingrid Vaileanu Paun Institut de l’Evaluation Participative de la Valeur

Territoriale, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France

Michael Pawlikowski University at Buffalo, State University of New York,

Buffalo, NY, USA

Michael Peneder Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO),

Vienna, Austria

Julien Penin University of Strasbourg – BETA (UMR 7522 CNRS-UdS),

Strasbourg Cedex, France

Yvon Pesqueux Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers,

Developpement des Systemes d’Organisation, Paris, France

Francesca Petrella Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite, Aix-en-

provence, France

Contributors xxvii

Thomas Pfeffer Department for Migration and Globalization, Danube

University Krems, Krems, Austria

Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research,

Klagenfurt University, Vienna, Austria

Fabienne Picard University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort,

France

Robert A. Pierce Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA,USA

Carlotta Piscopo IRIDIA, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles,

Belgium

Christian Poncet ART-Dev, University of Montpellier, Montpelier

CEDEX 01, France

Colin Porlezza Institute of Media and Journalism, University of Lugano,

Lugano, Switzerland

Barbara Prainsack Department of Sociology and Communications, Brunel

University School of Social Sciences, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK

Heiko Prange-Gstohl DG Research & Innovation, European Commission,

Brussels, Belgium

Hector Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Educa-

tion & Human Development, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA

Suzanna J. Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of

Education & Human Development, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station,

TX, USA

Kathleen Randerson University of Grenoble IUT2-CERAG, Grenoble,

France

Clint Randles Center for Music Education Research, School of Music,

MUS 317 College of the Art, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Jacques-Laurent Ravix University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and CNRS,

Valbonne, France

Julie Ray Reseau de Recherche sur l’Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Olga M. Razumnikova Cognitive Physiology Laboratory, State Research

Institute of Physiology SB RAMS, Novosibirsk State Technical University,

Novosibirsk, Russia

Sophie Reboud UWA Western Australia

Groupe ESC Dijon Bourgogne, Burgundy School of Business, Dijon, France

Renaud Redien-Collot Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Nadine Richez-Battesti Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite, Aix-en-

provence, France

xxviii Contributors

Alan G. Robinson Isenberg School of Management, University of Massa-

chusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Serge Le Roux Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of

Littoral, Dunkerque, France

Research Network on Innovation, Paris, France

Mark A. Runco University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Anne-Laure Saives Department ofManagement and Technology, School of

Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM),

Montreal, QC, Canada

Sylvie Sammut University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche

Management, ISEM, Montpellier, France

Aljona Sandgren School of Business, Abo Akademi University,

Turku/Abo, Finland

Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm

University, Sweden

Helene Schiffbaenker JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Vienna, Austria

Willi Schlegelmilch Manager, Accounting System Standardisation,

Schonaich, Germany

Adele L. Schmidt School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith

University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Russell Schneck WorkingLessons, Red Hook, NY, USA

Wilfred Schoenmakers Management Studies Group, Wageningen

University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Klaus Schuch Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria

Angela Schwering Institute for Geoinformatics, University of M€unster,

M€unster, Germany

Norbert M. Seel Department of Education, University of Freiburg, Freiburg,

Germany

Franz Seifert Austrian Science Fund FWF (Funding Organization), Vienna,

Austria

Imen Selmi National Engineering School of Gabes (ENIG), Gabes, Tunisia

Pieter Seuneke Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen University,

Wageningen, The Netherlands

Robina Shaheen The Open University, Milton, Keynes, UK

Dean Keith Simonton Department of Psychology, University of California,

Davis, CA, USA

Contributors xxix

Ph Nina Slanevskaya St. Petersburg Centre for Interdisciplinary Neurosci-

ence Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia

David A. Smarsh International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA, USA

Johan De Smedt Department of Philosophy & Ethics, Ghent University,

Ghent, Belgium

Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Alexander Sokol Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia

Hefa SONG Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, China

Markku Sotarauta School of Management, University of Tampere,

Tampere, Finland

Philippe Spieser Groupe Escpeurope, Paris, France

John E. Spillan School of Business, University of North Carolina At

Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA

Nico Stehr Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University,

Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany

Anne Stenros KONE Corporation, Espoo, Finland

Sam Stern College of Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,

USA

Billy Strean Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of

Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

K. S. Subramanian Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,

India

Gregory Tassey National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Leıla Temri Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France

Stephen Thaler Imagination Engines, Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA

Mazzarol Tim UWA Business School, Crawley, WA, Australia

Andre Torre AgroParistech, UMR SAD-APT, Paris, France

Olivier Torres University of Montpellier South of France, Montpellier,

France

Faruk Ulgen UFR ESE-University of Grenoble II, Grenoble Cedex 9,

France

Eskil Ullberg Interdisciplinary Center for Experimental Science, George

Mason University, Fairfax County, VA, USA

Diego Uribe-Larach Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Las Condes, Santiago,

Chile

xxx Contributors

Vuk Uskokovic Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory,

Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of

California, San Francisco, CA, USA

Dimitri Uzunidis Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE–

CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network

on Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Political Economy, Research Unit on Industry and Innovation University,

University of Littoral Cote d’Opale, Dunkerque, France

Jonathan Vehar Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC, USA

Etienne Vignola-Gagne Competence Centre New Technologies, Fraunho-

fer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany

Life–Science–Governance Research Platform, Department of Political

Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Daniela Villani Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the

Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Yingxu Wang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-

national Institute of Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing (ICIC),

University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Peter R. Webster Department of Music Studies, Henry and Leigh Bienen

School of Music, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Gerhard Weiss Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University

of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Vienna, Austria

European Forest Institute Central–East European Regional Office

(EFICEEC), European Forest Institute, Vienna, Austria

Claudia Wenzel University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Inter-

disciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna), Department of Palliative Care and

Organisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria

Marian Wielezynski Universite du Littoral (RRI Dunkerque), Consulting-

European Union, Beauvais, France

Lee Wilson Division of Social Anthropology, Department of Archeology

and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

David M. Wineroither Department of Political Science, University of

Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Jeffrey G. Woods School of Business, University of Indianapolis,

Indianapolis, IN, USA

Fangqi Xu The Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, Kinki

University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan

Shinya Yamamoto Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama

City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan

Contributors xxxi

Titus Yong Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore

Sureyya Yoruk University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Christopher Ziemnowicz Department of Management, Marketing, and

International Business, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke,

Pembroke, NC, USA

Andrea Zirm Hochschule f€ur Angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW),

Wentorf, Hamburg, Germany

Boris Zlotin Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA

Alla Zusman Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA

xxxii Contributors