emotional development more extreme emotions emotions more changeable, fleeting –moodiness is...

Emotional Development

• More extreme emotions

• Emotions more changeable, fleeting– Moodiness is normal

• Decrease in overall happiness– Risk of depression

What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?

Self-Esteem

• How we feel about ourselves

– Often decreases in transition from elementary to junior high school

– Appears to fluctuate across lifespan

– Higher for males at most ages


Erikson and Identity

• 5th stage: Identity vs. identity confusion

– Confusion takes 2 forms: isolation or lost identity in the crowd

• Identity: a self-portrait of many pieces

– Physical, cognitive, social, emotional

– A lengthy, complex, lifelong process


Family Influences on Identity

• Family atmosphere is important

– Individuality: two dimensions• Self-expression

• Separateness

– Connectedness: two dimensions• Mutuality

• Permeability


Autonomy and Attachment

• Conflict when adolescents push for autonomy

• Parents should relinquish control gradually, as adolescent is able to make reasonable decisions

• Gender and culture affect seeking and granting autonomy

What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?

Parent-Adolescent Conflict

• Escalated conflict due to

– Biological changes (puberty)

– Cognitive changes (idealism, logic)

– Social changes (independence, identity)

– Maturational changes

– Violated expectations


Parent-Adolescent Conflict

• Parents serve as support system as adolescents explore wider world

– Most conflict is moderate

– Some prolonged, unhealthy conflict associated with adolescent problems

– Conflict is less in some cultures



Competent Adolescent Development

• Parents should• Show warmth and respect• Show sustained interest in children’s lives• Recognize and adapt to child’s cognitive

and socioemotional development• Communicate expectations, high standards• Display constructive problem solving

Friendships

• Dramatic increase in psychological importance and intimacy of close friends

– Most motivated by popularity with peers

– Peers help shape development; increased mutual dependency for many needs

– Friend’s character and quality of friendship are important influences

What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?

Peer Groups

• Peer pressure can be negative; most is positive

• Adolescents conform more to peer standards than younger children do

– Resist parental influence stronger in U.S.– Self-esteem can motivate membership

What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?

Youth Violence

• Predicting a violent youth– Overwhelmingly male– Violence gives sense of power– Much more in poverty-infested, urban areas– Inadequate parent involvement, supervision – Past history of violence, serious problems– Poor self-control, temperamental

What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?

Reducing Youth Violence

• Recommit to raising children safely and effectively

• Make prevention a reality

• Give more support to schools

• Forge effective partnerships among families, schools, social service systems, churches, and other agencies


Rites of Passage

• Ceremony or ritual that marks one’s transition from one status to another

– Gain access to adult practices, knowledge, sexuality, separation from nuclear family

– Sometimes dramatic or spiritual

– Affected by ethnicity and economic class

– Minority youth and double disadvantage

Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?

Depression

• More likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood

• Higher rates in girls than boys

• Related factors– Family– Peers– Difficult changes


Suicide

• Rare in childhood; risk escalates in adolescence– Third leading cause of death in 10- to 19-

year-olds in the U.S.– 19% of U.S. high school students have

considered or attempted– Females more at risk than males


Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs

• Know that most at-risk adolescents have multiple problems

– Early sexual activity linked to use of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol

– High-risk youth do-it-all


Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs

• Intensive individualized attention

• Community-wide, multiagency, collaborative approaches

• Early identification and intervention


emotional development more extreme emotions emotions more changeable, fleeting –moodiness is...

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