emily booth rn bscn mn phc-np nurse led outreach team assessment and management of constipation
TRANSCRIPT
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Emi ly Booth RN BScN MN PHC-NPNURSE LED OUTREACH TEAM
Assessment and Management of
Constipation
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Agenda
DefinitionTypes/ClassificationCausesAnatomy and PhysiologyBowel AssessmentTreatmentSummary/Conclusion
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What is Constipation?
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One or more of…
Excessive straining with bowel movementSense of incomplete emptying with BMFailed or lengthy attempts to defecateHard stoolsDecreased stool frequency
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Prevalence
Most common digestive complaint4.53 million people per year2.5 million physician visits per yearTwice as common in women than men2 fold increase in LTC residents
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Types of Constipation
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Types of Constipation
Primary Causes:Disorder of neuromuscular function and
brain- gut functionSlow transit time (decreased propulsion of
stool)Evacuation disorders (incoordination of
contractions or inadequate relaxation of pelvic floor muscles during defecation)
IBS (genetic, environmental, social, biological, psych factors)
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Types of Constipation
Secondary Causes: other conditionsDietary – inadequate fluid intake and
dietary fibreBehavioural – decrease physical activity,
failure to respond to initial urge to defecate, chronic use of stimulant laxatives
Metabolic – hypercalcemia, hypothyroidNeurologic – parkinsons, spinal cord
lesions, DMDisease of the colon – strictures, fissures, ca
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Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Colon – divided into ascending colon ( from cecum to edge of liver border), goes across the abdomen under the stomach called the transverse colon and then descends down the left side of the abdomen (descending colon)and leads into the sigmoid colon and rectum
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Ascending and transverse colon absorb H2O and electrolytes
Descending and sigmoid colon stores fecal matter until eliminated
Smooth muscle of colon contracts and relaxes in response to distension and mixing movements occur
Contents of colon enter the rectum usually q amSpinal reflex to defecate occurs and the anal
sphincter relaxes or contracts with pelvic and abdominal muscle movement
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Risk Factors for Older Adults
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Diet low in fibrePoor or reduces oral fluid intakeLow level of physical activity or immobilityAdvanced ageOveruse of laxativesEndocrine/metabolic disease (diabetes,
hypothyroid, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia)Neurologic disease (stroke, MS, parkinsons)Disease of the colon (diverticulitis, IBS)Medications (anticholinergic drugs)
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Drug Induced Constipation
OPIOIDS Cause ConstipationCodeine, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl patch
The Hand that Writes the Narcotic Writes the Cathartic
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Drug Induced Constipation
Antinauseant Antiparkinson meds Alzheimers meds Iron supplements Incontinence meds Antacids Ulcer meds Antidepressants Antipsychotics Antihypertensives Lipid lowering drugs
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Quality of Life
Pain, discomfort, bloatingLack of appetiteNauseaFatigueIrritabilityChange in behaviourHaemorrhoids, prolapseFecal impaction , diarrhea
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Bowel Assessment
The most essential step is determining the etiology or cause Usual bowel pattern and measures currently usedHx of problemAbility to sense urge to defecateDaily fluid and fibre intakeRelevant medical/surgical hxFunctional abilities7 day bowel recordPhysical assessment
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Treatment
First line acuteTreat underlying causeDiet and lifestyle measuresPrunes and /or stool softenerIf impacted , enema/suppository/disimpaction
and stimulant laxative
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Ongoing Constipation
First lineTreat underlying causeDiet/lifestyle measuresBulk laxative (metamucil/psyllium) or prunes,
and/or stool softenerSecond lineDiet/lifestyle measuresOsmotic laxative (lactulose, mg containing
laxatives)
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Third lineDiet/lifestyle measuresOsmotic laxative (lactulose, glycerin, PEG or mg containing products – MOM, citromag fleet)Stimulant laxative (senna, castor oil or dulcolax) if no BM x 3 days
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Laxatives
Caution with bulk forming laxatives in elderly , may cause obstruction
Stool softeners are not to be used alone for constipation. Little value for chronic constipation. Help with pain and straining with defecating
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Pharmacologic Considerations
Meds do have a place in the treatment of constipation
Short term, time limitedChoose laxatives based on resident symptoms
and hxUse homes bowel protocol
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Summary
Focus is on preventionResident specific interventionsStaff communication ( 7 day bowel record
and ongoing monitoring)In house bowel protocolPharmacological interventions
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The End