emergency response and land use planning: a historical ... 10/e… · slide 3 introduction an...
TRANSCRIPT
Emergency response and land use planning: A historical perspective
from case studies
Pranav Kannan
3rd Year PhD Student
Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering
Texas A&M University
MKOPSC- Steering committee meeting – 10th March 2016
Slide 2
Outline
Introduction Overview Incidents Regulatory climate Academic research Recommendations Conclusions References Acknowledgements
3/10/2016
Image source:http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/130418211153-1-texas-explosion-0418-horizontal-large-gallery.jpg
http://www.ms-experts.com/pictures/common/industries/bhopal-disaster.jpg
Slide 3
Introduction
An Emergency Response Plan is a plan of action for the
efficient deployment and coordination of services,
agencies and personnel to provide the earliest possible
response to an emergency[1]
Land use planning refers to the process by which a society,
through its institutions, decides where, within its territory,
different socioeconomic activities such as agriculture,
housing, industry, recreation, and commerce should take
place[2]
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Slide 43/10/2016
Image source: https://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/02/13/italys-mount-versuvius-
rattled-by-several-small-tremors/
A 2000 Years-old story
Slide 5
Overview
3/10/2016
Emergency response and land use
planning Lessons learnt
Case
Histories
From 1984
to today
Regulations:
OSHA,EPA
FEMA, NRC etc.
R&D Tools:
Academia
Industry guidelines,
NFPA
Commercial tools
3rd December 1984 Present day
Executive order 13650 – Improving chemical facility
safety and security
EPA RMP proposed regulations change
40 CFR Part 68
17th April 2013
National enforcement initiative: Reducing risks of
accidental releases at industrial and chemical
facilities (Fiscal years 2017-2019)
Dates of landmark events affecting land use and emergency planning
Timeline of events
Slide 6
Facility type
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Location Evacuations Fatalities/Injuries
Date
Incident
Description
Relation to land use planning and
emergency response
Slide 7
Pesticide manufacturing
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Bhopal, IndiaThousands disabled
and evacuated 3800+ fatalities
December,1984
Leak of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) caused by runaway
chemical reaction in storage tank
• Facility located close to a city of 1 million people
Half a million exposed to MIC
• Large incident emergency response was not existent
• Risk Reduction in plant location, design and
emphasis on safety legislation
Ref:[3,4]
Slide 8
Ammonium nitrate warehouse
3/10/2016
Toulouse, France
390 to 450 tons of off spec Ammonium nitrate (AN)
explosion leading to a TNT equivalent explosion of 20 – 40 t
and estimated damages of ~ 1.5 billion euros
• The explosion scenario of the “off-spec” AN and AN
based fertilizer was not considered in the safety studies
• The scenario was not considered in the LUP safety
perimeters nor in the emergency response plans
• The lethal effects were catastrophic because of the
vicinity to the city of Toulouse
27,000 houses damaged
5079 PT acute stress
30 fatalities/
2242 injuries
September, 2001
Slide 9
Biochemical facility
3/10/2016
Miami
Township, Ohio 2000 evacuated 1 Injury
September, 2003
Release of nitric oxide from a cryogenic distillation unit
followed by a explosion of the distillation column
• Population growth around facility, eventually more than
500 homes, businesses and recreational areas, zoning
inadequate
• Incomplete/inconsistent information to residents
causing confusion among evacuees
Ref:[5]
Slide 10
Petrochemical facility
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Jilin, China 40,000 evacuated8 Fatalities
60 Injuries
November, 2005
Chemical blockage in a nitration
tower leading to explosion
• Severe pollution in nearby river with an
estimated 100 tons of pollutants
• Lack of communication with local authorities,
air monitoring and training
• No emergency response plan
Ref:[33]
Slide 11
Ink and paint factory
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Danvers,
Massachusetts 300 residents 10 Injuries
November, 2006
Confined vapor cloud explosion caused by release from
2000 gallon flammable liquid tank. Domino effect caused further
ignition of flammable liquid and 51,000 pounds of nitrocellulose
• No fixed frequency for local fire department
inspection. Four years lapsed since last inspection
• Massachusetts does not require relicensing of land,
considers the risks to the public/notifying affected
land owners
• No Local emergency planning committee (Town level)
Ref:[6]
Slide 12
Food factory leak
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Bad fallingbostel,
Germany 1000+ People None recorded
October, 2012
Introduction of Nitric acid to a Sodium Hydroxide tank
forming toxic Nitrous oxides vapor cloud
• Nitrous oxide plume released inadvertently
• Poorly prepared first responders leading to
increased risk of exposure
• Located near schools, kindergartens and
highways
Ref:[8-11]
Slide 13
Fertilizer storage
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West, Texas150+ offsite
buildings damaged12 E.R fatalities
3 public fatalities
April, 2013
Fire followed by violent detonation at a Fertilizer
grade ammonium nitrate (FGAN) storage facility
• Emergency responders exposed to a extremely
high level of risk with a plan of action with no
prior experience (Lack of command and
management system)
• Growth of community around facility and lack of
zoning regulations
Ref:[12]
Slide 14
Chemical storage
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Tianjin, China17,000 houses damaged
5600 families within 1 mile
173 Fatalities (110 fire
fighters), 797 injuries
August, 2015
Fire and explosion at chemical storage warehouse over
three days
• Lack of emergency response plan with local
authorities
• Poor preparedness and absence of hazmat team
• Siting in a densely populated area
• Absence of MSDS and lack of communication with
local residents
Ref:[13,14]
Slide 15
Container terminal
3/10/2016
Santos, Brazil 500+ evacuated66 people
to hospital
January 2016
Fire and toxic cloud released after water ingress into
hazardous chemical container leading to runaway reaction
• Located close to one of the largest cities of Brazil
• Highly toxic chemicals with possibility of toxic rain
• 40 hours to combat the fire
Ref:[15-18]
Slide 16
And many more..
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Year Location Evacuations/damage offsite Fatality Injury
1944 Cleveland, Ohio [27] 30 square mile area devastated 131 225
1998 Turkey Darm, Iowa[60] - 7 2
1999Allentown,
Pennsylvania[62] 10 buildings damaged by the explosion 5 14
2003 Glen Pool, Oklahoma[25] Residents evacuated and school closed - -
2004 Illiopolis, Illinois[28] 150 5 3
2005Hemel Hempstead,
England[59] 2000+ evacuated - 43
2006 Apex, North Carolina[30] 17,000 - 30
2006 Bellwood, Illinois[31] - 1 22007 Des Moines, Iowa[61] 6000 - 12
2008 Petrolia, Pennsylvania[29] 2500 - 1
2008 Houston, Texas[32] - 1 5
2009 West Carrolton, Ohio[19,20]20 Residences and businesses, $27 million - 4
2009 Bayamon, Puerto Rico[27] 300 homes and businesses damaged - 3
2012Amuay refinery,
Colombia[21] 1600 residences and 11 business damaged 47 - 100 150+
2012 Hebei, China[7] - 25 46
RMP facility accidents have led to 2 fatalities
and 44 injuries to public responders
(2004 – 2014) [40]
Slide 17
Major learnings: Incident analysis
Land use planning (LUP) and emergency response planning (ERP) considerations need to be considered explicitly in safety studies
The lessons regarding LUP and ERP are facility type independent and have occurred a large range of geographies
In spite of existing regulations and standards there is continued public responder injuries and fatalities
There is a need to understand human error and safety culture implications in the investigation of the accident
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Slide 18
Regulations – Emergency Response planning
3/10/2016
Federal water pollution act (FWPCA)
40 CFR 112
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) (40 CFR 265)
Emergency Planning and Community
Right to Know (EPCRA)
Clean Air Act Amendments
(CAAA)
Hazardous Waste Operations
and Emergency Response
29 CFR 1910.120)
Process Safety Standard (29
CFR 1910.119)
Employee Emergency and Fire Prevention
Plans (29 CFR 1910.38)
Miscellaneous OSHA Regulations
and Requirements
Complex framework of regulations with potential implications in emergency response
considerations
Slide 19
Regulations – Land use planning
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Clear Air Act (1970)
Clear Water Act (1972)
Coastal Zone
Management Act (1972)
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (known as CERCLA or
“Superfund”) (1980)
Toxic Substances Control Act
(known as ToSCA) (1976)
Safe Drinking Water Act
(1974)
National Environmental Policy Act (1970)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Federal land policy and management act (1976)
Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act
(ReCRA) (1976)
United States does not have a national land-use planning law denominated as such nor any other
differently named national law that would be construed as its functional equivalent.
Slide 20
Regulations: Summary
Multiple regulations oversee emergency response
planning requirements but there is a lack of
comprehensive Land Use planning (LUP) regulations
in the United States
LUP models in other regions such as EU indicate the
defining of “zones” with designated usage categories
Alternative LUP model includes the use of financial
incentive tools, establishment of “no man’s land”,
technological risk prevention plans, vulnerability
assessment etc.
3/10/2016
Slide 21
Academic research
Integrated city planning and emergency
response
Use of GIS for risk management and control
Resilient communities (hazard, vulnerability
and development management)
Scenario development and emergency
response system design
Response reliability analysis
And many more..
3/10/2016
MKOPSC Research
• Incident database for chemical releases affecting
the community
• LNG vapor cloud control and mitigation research
program
• Facility layout optimization based on risk analysis
for arranging the units and equipment
• Mitigation system study for toxic gas release
Slide 22
Recommendations
3/10/2016
Design
Basic controls
Alarms and manual
intervention
Automated safety
Physical protection
Emergency response
Community response
Impact of land
use planning
and
emergency
response
Regulations
Standards
Best use
practices
Slide 23
Emergency response planning – Adequacy
Important to ensure that the emergency response plans adequately address inherent hazards in the facility
Recovery procedures address predicted possibilities and also provide sufficient flexibility for unforeseen eventualities
Emergency response plans need to be current and account for changes in within fence line considerations (Change in process, layout etc.) and beyond fence line consideration (changes in land use etc.)
3/10/2016
Slide 24
Conclusions
Review of incidents with lessons for land
use and emergency planning
Regulatory climate
Barrier management
Enhanced hazard analysis
3/10/2016
Slide 25
References
3/10/2016
[1] Guidance notes on tools for pollution management - This guidance note is part of World Bank Group publication: Getting to Green—A Sourcebook of Pollution Management Policy Tools for Growth and Competitiveness,
[2] Waterloo region: Emergency management - http://www.wrem.ca/en/emergencyplans/ Retrieved on 03/01/2016
[3] The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review, Edward Broughton, Environmental health: A global access science source, 2005
[4] Jackson Browning Report – Union Carbide corporation, 1993
[5] Explosion at biochemical facility: Liquid nitric oxide release, Case study, U.S Chemical safety and Hazard investigation Board, No
2003-15-C-H, August 2004
[6]Investigation report- Confined vapor cloud explosion: CAI Inc. and Arnel company Inc. U.S Chemical and Hazard Investigation
board, Report No. 2007 03 I MA, May 2008
[7]Case study: Keeper chemical explosion in china , MKOPSC Steering Committee meeting, June 14, 2012
[8]http://www.businessinsider.com/kraft-factiry-fire-bad-fallingbostel-2012-10 Retrieved on 03/04/2016
[9]http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/16/germany-chemical-toxic-kraft/1635917/ Retrieved on 03/04/2016
[10]http://naturalsociety.com/kraft-factory-chemical-accident-leads-deadly-poison-cloud/ Retrieved on 03/04/2016
[11]http://www.industryweek.com/operations/chemical-accident-kraft-factory-germany-prompts-evacuations Retrieved on
03/04/2016
[12] Investigation report: West fertilizer company fire and explosion, Report 2013-02-I-TX, US Chemical safety and hazard
investigation board.
[13] Chinese Investigators identify cause of Tianjin Explosion, Jean Francois Tremblay, Chemical and Engineering News
[14] 2015 Tianjin Explosions – Case study – MKOPSC steering committee meeting 26th October 2015
[15]http://www.newsmaritime.com/2016/chemical-explosion-at-container-terminal-closed-port-of-santos/ Retrieved on 03/04/2016
[16]http://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-fire-ports-idUSKCN0US2PS20160115 Retrieved on 03/04/2016
[17]http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35320083 Retrieved on 03/04/2016
[18]https://www.ajot.com/news/fire-blocks-truck-access-to-one-side-of-brazils-santos-port Retrieved on 03/04/2016
Slide 26
References
3/10/2016
[19] Case study – Fire and explosion at veolia technical solutions, West Carrolton Ohio, MKOPSC Steering committee
meeting, March 27th 2013
[20]A case study from veolia flammable vapor explosion and fire released from a waste recycling process, MKOPSC
steering committee meeting, January 19th 2012
[21] Amuay refinery: Deadly explosion, MKOPSC Steering committee meeting, October 30th 2014
[22] Bayer cropscience pesticide chemical runaway reaction pressure vessel explosion, MKOPSC Technical advisory
committee meeting, October 27th, 2011
[23]Lac Megantic train derailment, MKOPSC steering committee meeting, January 22nd 2015
[24]Caribbean petroleum refining tank explosion and fire, Bayamon, puerto rico, 2009, MKOPSC steering committee
meeting, October 26th 2015
[25]Case study- Storage tank fire and explosion, MKOPSC steering committee meeting, May 1st 2014
[26]Confined Vapor cloud explosion CAI/Arnel chemical plant- Case study,MKOPSC steering committee meeting
[27] East Ohio Gas Co. Explosion Cleveland 1944, MKOPSC steering committee meeting, March 14th 2007
[28]Formosa plastics vinyl chloride monomer explosion, MKOPSC steering committee meeting, December 17th 2008
[29]Case study-INDSPEC chemical corporation oleum release, MKOPSC technical advisory committee meeting,
October 25th 2012
[30]Fire and explosion at a hazardous waste plant, Environmental quality company, MKOPSC steering committee
meeting, August 14th 2014
[31]Propane explosion at the little general store in Ghent, Virginia, MKOPSC Steering committee meeting, August 8th
2013
[32]Case study- Heat exchanger rupture and ammonia release in good year tire and rubber and company, MKOPSC
steering committee meeting
[33]Case study, Jilin petrochemical plant explosion, MKOPSC steering committee meeting
[34]Universal form clamp co. explosion, bellwood, IL, 2006, MKOPSC steering committee meeting, 3rd August 2013
Slide 27
References
3/10/2016
Regulations reference:
[35]Potential changes to OSHA ‘s PSM standard and EPA ‘s RMP regulation, Chemical Industry Update, Thomson Hine October 2014
[36]Environment protection agency 40CFR part 68, Accidental release prevention requirements: Risk management programs under clean air act, section 112®(7), proposed rule,
RIN 2050-AG82
[37]1601-Land use planning, Manual Transmittal sheet, US department of interior, Bureau of land use management, 22nd November 2000
[]Principal emergency response and preparedness requirements and guidance, Occupational health and safety administration OSHA 3122-06R 2004.
[38]Regulatory impact analysis, Accidental release prevention requirements: Risk management programs under clean air act, section 112®(7), proposed rule, US EPA, February
24th 2016
[39] Final Report of the Small Business Advocacy Review Panel on EPA’s Planned Proposed Rule Risk Management Modernization Rule February 19, 2016
[40]Technical background document for notice of proposed rule making: Risk management program under the clean air act section 112 ® (7)
January 27th 2016
[41] Evaluating the reliability of emergency response systems for large scale operation, Homeland security and defense center, RAND corporation
[42] Executive order 13650– Improving chemical facility safety and security- https://www.osha.gov/chemicalexecutiveorder/’, The White house, August 1st 2013
[43] http://www.epa.gov/rmp/pre-publication-copy-proposed-changes-risk-management-program-rmp-rule Retrieved on 6th March 2016
[44] http://www.epa.gov/rmp/proposed-changes-risk-management-program-rmp-rule Retrieved on 6th March 2016
[45] https://blog.epa.gov/blog/2016/02/preparing-for-emergencies/ Retrieved on 6th March 2016
[46] http://www.epa.gov/rmp/proposed-changes-risk-management-program-rmp-rule Retrieved on 6th March 2016
[47] Gnoni, M. G., et al. "A fast method for societal risk appraisal in clustered Seveso installations: A case study." (2006).
[48] Cozzani, Valerio, et al. "Application of land-use planning criteria for the control of major accident hazards: A case-study." Journal of hazardous materials 136.2 (2006): 170-
180.
[49] Sengupta, Anandita, et al. "Challenges for introducing risk assessment into land use planning decisions in an Indian context." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process
Industries (2015).
[50] Burby, Raymond J., et al. "Creating hazard resilient communities through land-use planning." Natural hazards review 1.2 (2000): 99-106.
[51]US CSB RFI comments to OSHA on potential revision to agency standards including process safety management standard. March 31st 2014
[52] Duan, Weili, and Bin He. "Emergency response system for pollution accidents in chemical industrial parks, China." International journal of environmental research and public
health 12.7 (2015): 7868-7885.
[53] Dechy, Nicolas, et al. "First lessons of the Toulouse ammonium nitrate disaster, 21st September 2001, AZF plant, France." Journal of hazardous materials 111.1 (2004): 131-
138.
[54]Contini, Sergio, et al. "The use of geographic information systems in major accident risk assessment and management." Journal of Hazardous Materials 78.1 (2000): 223-245.
[55] Christou, Michalis D., Aniello Amendola, and Maria Smeder. "The control of major accident hazards: The land-use planning issue." Journal of hazardous materials 65.1
(1999): 151-178.
[56] Kayden, Jerold S. "National land-use planning in America: Something whose time has never come." Wash. UJL & Pol'y 3 (2000): 445.
[57] Ma, Shuming, et al. "Assessing Major Accident Risks to Support Land‐Use Planning Using a Severity‐Vulnerability Combination Method: A Case Study in Dagushan
Peninsula, China." Risk analysis 35.8 (2015): 1503-1519.
[58] Christou, Michalis D., and Marina Mattarelli. "Land-use planning in the vicinity of chemical sites: Risk-informed decision making at a local community level." Journal of
hazardous materials 78.1 (2000): 191-222.
[59] Board, Buncefield Major Incident Investigation. "The Buncefield Incident, 11 December 2005." The final report of the Major Incident Investigation Board 1 (2008).
[60]Herrig brothers farm propane tank explosion, US Chemical safety Board, Final investigation report 98-007-I-IA
[61] Barton solvents – static spark ignites explosion inside flammable liquid storage tank, MKOPSC Steering committee meeting, January 13th 2010
[62] Case study- The explosion at concept sciences, US Chemical safety and hazard investigation board, Report No 1999-13-C-PA
Slide 283/10/2016
Acknowledgement
Dr. M.S.Mannan
Dr. Noor Quddus
Dr. Chad Mashuga
Cassio Ahumada
Susmitha Kotu
Juliana Guarguati
Yizhi Hong
Mengxi yu
Jingyao Wang
Venkata Vasiraju
Olga reyes
Nirupama gopalaswami
Brian harding
Valerie Green
Members of the Steering
Committee
Members of MKOPSC
Special thanks to:
San Burnett
Kelly Keim
Katherine Prem
Slide 303/10/2016
RMP Facility Name City State Accident Date NAICS Code Public Responder
Injurie s /De aths
Clarks Grove Fertilizer LLC Clarks Grove MN 12/15/2014 42491 1/0
American Industrial Partners - Tank Farm Wapakoneta OH 8/26/2014 48422 0/2
Midwest Farmers Coop - Tecumseh Tecumseh NE 3/20/2014 42491 1/0
Crop Production Services - Harrington, WA 320 Harrington WA 9/13/2013 42491 1/0
UlyssesDealerFertilizer Plant Ulysses KS 8/31/2013 32531 1/0
Gateway FS, Inc. - Venedy Venedy IL 4/14/2010 42491 2/0
West Central FS, Inc. (Macomb) Macomb IL 09/01/09 42491 1/0
Upstate Niagara Cooperative, Inc. Fulton Facility Rochester NY 8/13/2009 311511 2/0
Columbus Chemical Industries, Inc. Columbus WI 05/11/09 42469 3/0
Calumet Shreveport Lubricants and Waxes, LLC Shreveport LA 10/30/2008 32411 2/0
West Central FS, Inc. (Roseville) Roseville IL 10/13/2008 42491 4/0
Indspec Chemical Corporation Petrolia PA 10/11/08 32519 3/0
OMNOVA Solutions Inc. - Calhoun Latex Plant Calhoun GA 06/12/08 325212 1/0
Reser's Fine Foods, Inc. - Topeka Salad Plant Topeka KS 12/19/2007 311991 1/0
Agri-Chem, LLC - Herndon, KY Herndon KY 10/29/2007 42491 1/0
Crop Production Services - Athena, OR 314 Athena OR 10/15/2007 42491 1/0
Frenchman Valley Coop - Sidney Sidney NE 07/11/07 49313 1/0
Farmers Coop Co. - Mount Ayr Branch Mount Ayr IA 05/12/07 42491 1/0
Saputo Dairy Foods USA, LLC White Bear
Lake MN 8/13/2005 311511 1/0
Lynchburg Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility Lynchburg VA 5/17/2005 22132 3/0
EPA – Technical report
Slide 31
Civil Nuclear plant
3/10/2016
March, 2011
Fukushima,
Japan300,000+ evacuated 37 immediate
injuries
Nuclear reactor meltdown due to insufficient cooling
following an earthquake and tsunami
Operator (TEPCO) was unprepared for a cascading
nuclear disaster
Poor communication and delays
Poor regulatory oversight