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A

Seminar report

On

EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN AUTOMOBILES

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree

Of Mechanical

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

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Acknowledgement

I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a wonderful

opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a

seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work

and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and

well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped

my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete

my report on time.

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Preface

I have made this report file on the topic EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN AUTOMOBILES; I have

tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in

the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful

note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the preparation of

this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the

track for the topic whenever I needed it.

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CONTENTS

What are embedded systems?

In the driving seat

The doctor will see you now

Wired wearables

Don’t keep your eyes on the road

The working principle of Adaptive cruise control

About the beauty of Adaptive Cruise Control

Conclusion

References

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WHAT ARE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS?

We read in newspapers that a doctor had successfully transplanted a cardiac

pacemaker in his patient’s chest by sitting around 200kilometres away. Also we know

about driverless cars that could take us to the destiny by using its inbuilt navigation

systems. Embedded microprocessors or micro controllers are the brain behind these.

An embedded system is any device controlled by instructions stored on a chip.

These devices are usually controlled by a micro processor that executes the instructions

stored on a read only memory(ROM) chip.

The software for the embedded system is called firmware. The firmware will be

written in assembly language for time or resource critical operations or using higher level

languages like C or embedded C. The software will be simulated using micro code

simulators for the target processor. Since they are supposed to perform only specific tasks,

these programs are stored in read only memories(ROMs).Moreover they may need no or

minimal inputs from the user, hence the user interface like monitor, mouse and large

keyboard etc,may be absent.

Embedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control an

external environment. This environment is connected to the computer system through

sensors, actuators, and other input-output interfaces. It may consist of physical or biological

objects of any form and structure. Often humans are part of the connected external world,

but a wide range of other natural and artificial objects, as well as animals are also possible.

Embedded systems are also known as real time systems since they respond to an

input or event and produce the result within a guaranteed time period. This time period

can be few microseconds to days or months. The computer system must meet various

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timing and other constraints that are imposed on it by the real-time behavior of the external

world to which it is interfaced. Hence comes the name real time. Another Name for many

of these systems is reactive systems, because their primary purpose is to respond to or react

to signals from their environment. A real time computer system may be a component of a

larger system in which it is embedded; reasonably such a computer component is called an

embedded system.

Embedded systems control engine management systems in automobiles, monitor

home heating systems and regulate the quiet operation and the even distribution of laundry

in washing machines. They are the heart of toys like Furby and Tamagotchi, of golf balls

that cannot get lost and of gas pumps at gasoline stations that advertise nearby restaurants

on video. Above all, state-of-the art communications equipment like WAP mobile

telephones, MP3 players, set-top boxes and Net devices would not be possible without

these powerful miniature brains.

Applications and examples of real time systems are ubiquitous and proliferating,

appearing as part of our commercial, government, military, medical, educational, and

cultural infrastructures. Included are:

Vehicle systems for automobiles, subways, aircraft, railways and ships.

Traffic control for highways, airspace, railway tracks and shipping lanes.

Process control for power plants, chemical plants and consumer products such as soft

drinks and beer.

Medical systems for radiation therapy, patient monitoring and defibrillation

Military uses such as firing weapons, tracking and command and control.

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Manufacturing systems with robots.

Telephone, radio and satellite communications.

Computer games.

Multi media systems that provide text, graphic, audio and video interfaces.

House holds systems for monitoring and controlling appliances.

Building managers that controls such entities as heat, light, Doors and elevators.

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IN THE DRIVING SEAT

There are several tasks in which real time OSs beat their desktop counterparts

hands-down. A common application of embedded systems in the real world is in

automobiles because these systems are cheap, efficient and problem free. Almost every car

that rolls off the production line these days makes use of embedded technology in one form

or the other.RTOSs are performed in this area due to their fast response times and minimal

system requirements.

Most of the embedded systems in automobiles are rugged in nature, as most of

these systems are made up of a single chip. Other factors aiding their use are the low costs

involved, ease of development, and the fact that embedded devices can be networked to act

as sub modules in a large system. No driver clashes or ‘system busy’ condition happen in

these systems. Their compact profiles enable them to fit easily under the cramped hood of a

car.

Embedded systems can be used to implement features ranging from adjustment of

the suspension to suit road conditions and the octane content in the fuel to anti lock braking

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systems (ABS) and security systems. Speaking of the things nearer home the ‘computer

chip’ that control fuel injections in a Hyundai Santro or the one that controls the activation

of air bag in a Fiat in a weekend in nothing but an embedded system. Right from brakes to

automatic traction control to air bags and fuel/air mixture controls, there may be upto 30-50

embedded systems within a present-day car. And this is just a beginning.

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THE DOCTOR WILL SEE YOU NOW

Imagine a time when body transplants like cardiac pacemakers will be able to

monitor and manage themselves remotely. These systems will be so compact that the

patient wouldn’t even be aware that they are embedded in his body. Another point in favor

of RTOSs is their stability, instantaneous response and efficiency. No OS crashes or delay

in responding, as in the case with most desktop OSes. After all, which patient can rest easy

with the thought of his life literally hanging by a thread due to the time taken by the OS to

load!

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Embedded technology advances are pointing towards the use of pace makers that

can be transplanted in or near the heart itself. The pacemaker will be able to monitor

parameters like blood pressure, blood flow, pulse rate, temperature, etc, using micro

sensors planted in various parts of the body. This capability will enable the pace maker to

automatically vary its operation to suit the changing body conditions. It will also transmit

data using wireless transmission, thus enabling a doctor to constantly monitor its operation.

In most cases, wireless transmitter implanted near the surface of the skin. In case any

abnormality is detected the doctor will be able to take remedial actions even from a remote

location.

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WIRED WEARABLES

A mobile phone in the form of a ring or an ear ring? What about cool sunglasses

with streaming video displays built into them? All these can soon be a reality. Embedded

systems have a small foot print and consume very little power which makes them ideal for

wearable computing applications.The minimal system requirements of these devices ensure

that the hardware is almost microscopic.

IBM is already working on the prototype of a mobile phone that can be worn as

jewellery.The components of the phone will be distributed among different pieces of

jewellery ear ring, necklace, ring and bracelet.

The phone is likely to have blue tooth capability built into it. The ear rings will

have embedded speakers and will act as the receiver. The necklace will have embedded

micro phones that will act as a mouth piece user can talk into. IBM called the ring part of

the phone the decoder ring. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) will flash to indicate an incoming

call. The ring will also have features that will enable it to be programmed to flash different

colors for a particular user or to indicate the importance of a call. A video graphics array

(VGA) will be built into the bracelet, which will display the name and phone number of the

caller. The bracelet will also integrate the keypad and the dialing functions in it. IBM plans

to incorporate voice recognition technology for dialing a number. The phone may also have

features to indicate new email.

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DON’T KEEP YOUR EYES ON THE ROAD

Embedded systems can also make driverless vehicle control a reality. Major

automobile manufacturers are already engaged in work on these concepts. One such

technology is Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC).

ACC allows cars to keep safe distances from other vehicles on busy highways. The

driver can set the speed of his car and the distance between his car and others. When

traffic slows down, ACC alters vehicle speed using moderate braking. This ensures that a

constant distance is maintained between cars. As soon as traffic becomes less, ACC moves

up to the desired cruise speed that has been set by the driver. The driver can over ride the

system any time he wants to be breaking.

Each car with ACC has a micro wave radar unit or laser transceiver fixed in front

of it to determine the distance and relative speed of any vehicle in the path. The ACC

computer (What else but an embedded system or a grouped system of embedded system)

constantly controls the throttle and brakes of the car. This helps to make sure that the set

cruise speed or adapted speed of traffic at that time is not exceeded.

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THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ADAPTIVE CRUISE

CONTROL

As already mentioned each car with ACC have a micro wave radar unit fixed in

front of it to determine the distance and relative speed of any vehicle in it’s path. The

principle behind the working of this type of radar is- the Doppler Effect.

Doppler Effect:

Doppler Effect is the change in frequency of the waves when there is a relative

motion between the transmitting and receiving units. The two figures below clearly show

the Doppler Effect.

1. Higher Pitch Sound

In this case the vehicle is speeding towards the stationary listener. The distance

between the listener and the car is decreasing. Then the listener will hear a higher pitch

sound from the car, which means the frequency of sound, is increased.

2. Lower pitch sound

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In this case the vehicle is moving away from the listener. The distance between

and the car is increasing. Then the listener will hear a lower pitch sound from the car,

which means the frequency of sound, is decreased. So that is the Doppler Effect in case of

sound waves.

Similarly the radar unit in ACC will be continuously transmitting radio waves.

They will be reflected and echo singles (reflected waves) will be having the same

frequency or different frequency depending on speed/position of the object due to which

the echo singles originate. If the echoes singles have the same frequency it is clear that

there is no relative motion between the transmitting and receiving ends. If the frequency is

increased it is clear that the distance between the two is decreasing and if the frequency is

decreased it means that the distance is increasing.

The figure below shows a car having ACC transmitting and receiving radio waves.

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In the above case, the gun transmits the waves at a given frequency toward an

oncoming car. Reflecting waves return to the gun at a different frequency, depending on

how fast the car being tracked is moving. A device in the gun compares the transmission

frequency to the received frequency to determine the speed of the car. Here, the high

frequency or the reflected waves indicate the motorist in the left car is speeding.

The embedded system is connected to the radar unit and its output will be sent to

breaking and accelerating unit as early mentioned the embedded system is a device

controlled by instructions stored in a chip. So we can design the chip or ACC having an

algorithm such that it will give output only when the input signals are less than the

corresponding safe distance value. So only when the between the car and the object in

front of it is less then the same distance value the embedded system will give output to the

breaking and the accelerating units. Thus the safe distance will be kept always. That’s how

the ACC works.

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ABOUT THE BEAUTY OF ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

As the driver in the next lane swerves in front of you, you feel that gas back off

and the brakes grab in the car you’ re driving- a Mercedes Benz S-class luxury vehicle,

the first passenger car equipped with a technology called adaptive cruise control. The

technology makes these adjustments even though you haven’t touched the brake or gas

pedal.

At a safe distance behind, your Mercedes settles to a speed matching that of the

driver in front of you. That’s too slow, so after a look in your rear view mirror you pull into

the empty outside lane and feel the acceleration as your car speeds up to the preset cruising

speed. You still haven’t press the accelerator pedal. That’s the beauty of this racing star of

the auto industry, a millimeter- wave radar technology that promises not only to make

driving easier, but to ignite a market for gallium arsenide and other compound semi

conductor components.

Although grey hound buses and some heavy- goods vehicles have been fitted with

automotive radar systems, the Mercedes is reckoned to be the first passenger automobile to

sport this advanced use of electronics, and observers say it is likely to lead a proliferation

of the technology. The Mercedes Benz system uses a 77-GHz Doppler radar linked into

the electronic control and braking system to maintain a safe distance between a car with the

system and the vehicle in front of it. Daimler Benz Aero space has completed the design of

a hybrid 77-GHz radar, called Tempo mat, which is being considered for deployment.

Holger Meinel, senior researcher at Daimler Benz Aerospace AG (Ulm, Germany),

was quick to make a point stressed by all the companies working in this field. “This is not

anti- collision radar” he said. “It’s not a safety feature, it’s a comfort feature”.

The source of this distinction is concerned that if adaptive cruise control is

marketed as a safety feature, the first accident that occurs involving a vehicle equipped

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with millimeter- wave radar will bring a damaging liability suit. That’s why companies are

at great pains to point out that the driver retains control and responsibility.

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CONCLUSION

Most of the microprocessors in the world are not in pcs, they are embedded in

devices which control traffic for highways, airspace, railway tracks, and shipping lanes to

manufacturing systems with robots. An embedded system is any device controlled by

instructions stored on a chip. These devices are usually controlled by a microprocessor that

executes the instructions stored on a read only memory (ROM) chip. This the topic of my

seminar. Embedded systems can be used to implement features ranging from the way

pacemakers operate and mobile phone that can be worn as jewellery to adaptive cruise

control(ACC). In this seminar I will explain one such technology that uses the embedded

systems- The Adaptive Cruise Control.

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References

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

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