TOPIC -:

EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN AUTOMOBILE -:

BY- SWARAJ NAYAK

ROLL NO.===38

DIM 3RD YEAR

1. About Embedded system

2. Embedded system components

3. Characteristics of embedded systems

4. Automotive Systems: Technology in today's vehicle

a) Air Bags : Principle of function

b) Anti-lock Braking System(ABS)

c) Dynamic Traction & Stability Control

d) Adaptive Cruise Control

e) Drive by wire

5. Conclusion

About EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• System is the collecting of entities (people, machine )that are work

together and interact towards some end. This is called system.

Embedded systems is nothing but the combination of both hardware

and software.

• It not only deals with the combination rather we can say as

synchronization of both hardware and software

Embedded system components

• FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) : A type of logic chip that can be programmed & supports

thousands of gates

•ASIC (Application-specific integrated circuit): An integrated circuit (IC) that has been customized for

a specific use

Sophisticated functionality.◦ Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple algorithms.

◦ Often provide sophisticated user interfaces..

Must finish operations by deadlines

Many systems are multi-rate must handle operations at widely varying rates

Low manufacturing cost.

Low power.

Air Bags

Anti-lock Brake System(ABS)

Adaptive Cruise Control

Drive by wire

Satellite Radio Eg:XM

Rain-sensing Wipers

Traction Control system

Automatic Parking

In-vehicle entertainment

display

Night Vision

Back-up collision sensor

Navigation Systems

Tire Pressure Monitor

Climate Control

Flying Cars

Power window

Air Bags : Principle of function

It is from the Newton's 2nd law of motion

It basically restrains the continuous motion of the passenger, by giving a soft surface to land on.

AIR BAGS are among the most important safety improvements added to cars and light trucks in recent years, providing extra protection for front-seat occupants in head-on crashes.

And of late, every passengers protection

Anti-lock Braking System(ABS)

Up until the seventies speed, hitting the brakes too hard could lead to an accident.

The reason: When the coefficient of slip between tires and road surface is too low, hitting the brakes can cause wheel lock-up. The vehicle is no longer steerable and goes into a skid.

In particular, this danger is present On wet or slippery road surfaces with different

levels of grip between tires and road

On preventing wheel lock-up: Reduces the total braking distance as far

as possible

Increase vehicle stability

Maintains steer ability even in case of all-out braking

Without ABS

The vehicle in no longer

steerable when driver

hits the brake

With ABS

The vehicle remains

steerable even during

panic

Wheel-speed sensors detect whether a wheel is showing a tendency to lock-up

In case of a lock-up tendency, the electronic control unit reduces the braking pressure individually at the wheel concerned

High-speed correction of the braking pressure up to shortly before the lock-up threshold

The brake-fluid return together with the closed-loop brake circuits makes this a safe, reliable, and cost-effective system

Advantage A gain for driving safety◦ The vehicle remains steerable, even in case of panic braking◦ Shorter stopping distances on practically all road surfaces

Many accidents are avoided

Dynamic Traction & Stability Control

The traction control system is required to prevent driver error

from overloading any of the four wheels and causing slip,

through either throttle or brake application

Drastically improve vehicle performance and safety by

maintaining optimal wheel traction in all road conditions

The basic principle is always the adaptation of the wheel torque

to the coefficient of friction between the wheel and the road

surface.

However the means, a wheel spinning out of control is

quicklybrought in line with the rest of the car wheels.

Dynamic Traction & Stability Control

Adaptive Cruise Control with Collusion Warning (ACC + CW)

ACC: Cruise at given speed when the road is clear (cruise control) otherwise follow the car in front, using radar (adaptive) and/or communications (cooperative).

CW: Warn the driver when an object is being approached too fast, or is too close

How it works :

Uses forward-looking radar, installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.

Can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane

Drive-by-Wire replaces mechanical connections – push rods , rack & pinion, steering columns, overhead cams, cables – by mechatronic connections – sensors, actuators, embedded microprocessors, control software

Fig: Drive-by-Wire Throttle Control Fig: Future Car with drive by wire technology