Background / Issue

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Why switching to renewable energy

+

Further population increase may lead to energy crisisHigher energy usage compared to the world

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Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Biomass SolarInsufficient mean wind speed of 2m/s or 7.2km/hrNeed an average of 6m/s or 21.6km/hr wind speed to harness wind power

Only possible in Tekong and Sembawang hot springs at 70C

Fairly flat. Need a large amount of water and height difference between stored water and turbine plantDisplacement of wildlife and population

Mostly for industrial uses like the incineration Plants.Mainly Wood, horticultural, food waste and waste paper

Abundant tropical solar energyFurther improvement in efficiency

Why solar energy source in Singapore?

Limit of 21.6

16MW46MW

80MW

56MW

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Trends of Energy Consumption

Energy Design for tommorrow:

Klaus Daniels, Ralf E Hammann

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Can a residential block be powered by 100% PV?

Energy losses

1m

1m

1m

Vertical Surface : 100kW/m2/yrHorizontal Surface: 250kW/m2/yr

1.7MW

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Can a residential block be powered by 100% PV?Mar10 to Aug10 (SP Services)    

Premise TypeEnergy Consumption(kwh)

Average Area (m2)

kwh/m2.yr

HDB 1 Room 122    

HDB 2 Room 181 45 48.3

HDB 3 Room 294 67 52.7

HDB 4 Room 407 94.5 51.7

HDB 5 Room 475 114.5 49.8

Excutive 575 148 46.6

Apartment 717 160 53.8

Terrace 980    

Semi D 1281    

Bungalow 2491    

Residential High-rise Average: 50.5

Household Electricity Consumption

407kwh/household/month4.8MWh/household/yr

4.8MWh x 120household= 576MWh/building/yr

Total Consumption= household + public services= 576MWh + 58.8MWh= 634.8MWh/building/yr

Public Services Daily Consumption (kWh)

Lift 40

Pump 11

Booster Pump 14

Lighting 81

Other 15

Total 161

NEA,2004

Single block

Can a residential block be powered by 100% PV?

Taking dimensions from existing residential blocks of 120 unitsAssuming 40% fenestrationAssuming 3m floor to floor heightAssuming PV produce 100 and 250kw/m2/yr for horizontal and vertical surfaces respectively

Possible Energy Production by PV envelopeEnergy usage of typical

block

634.8MWh/yr

Single block

concept

Solar Sky FarmingResidential community benefit with solar canopy

Strategies

Maximizing potential wasted spaces to: 1. harness renewable energy 2. cool residential environment 3. improve community connectivity

objective

Improved sustainable urbanscape

Case StudyTreelodge@Punggol

Potential of solar energy at precinct level

Predicted energy usage by Treelodge estate : 3305.5 + (58.8 x 7)

= 3717.1MWh/year

precinct

Solar energy production from envelope system

Assuming 40% fenestration

Assuming 3m floor to floor height

Assuming PV produce 100 and 250kw/m2/yr for horizontal and vertical surfaces respectively

precinct

Potential Energy

7617.MWh/yr

109378

Solar energy production from wasted spaces

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Negative spaces

7042MWh/yr

Livable space (roof)

1388MWh/yr

Total Potential Energy

8430MWh/yr

potential negative spaceLivable space

5552m2

28170.6m2

PV Canopy above residents

Comparing energy production

PV envelope systemTypical Energy Usage

3717.1MWh/year7617MWh/yr 8431MWh/yr

Here we can deduce that the canopy system produce the most efficient solar energy production• Maximum solar capture without interfering with residential space• Another form of connectivity for residents

Horizontal

Vertical

Total

6229.5MWh/yr

1388 MWh/yr 8431MWh/yr

PV canopy system

Area 109378 m2 33723 m2

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Issues with existing solar farms

• Large scale solar farms destroy the surrounding natural environment

• Disrupting the landscape of a community • reflections interfering with pilot’s vision• power grids are not able to handle the

excess capacity that a solar farm would introduce

Jumilla, Spain, 20MW, 100hectars, 120000 panels

http://morgansolar.wordpress.com/2009/04/14/solar-farm-site-selection/

Why residential?

Site

site

concept

Solar Sky FarmingResidential community benefit with solar canopy

Strategies

Maximizing potential wasted spaces to: 1. harness renewable energy 2. cool residential environment 3. improve community connectivity

objective

Improved sustainable urbanscape

strategies

active

Create a high rise Sky Solar Farm

passive

Manage wasted residential spaces to be sustainable

social

improve the connectivity and conditions for the eco-community

Solar Sky Farm

Land management that uses potential wasted spaces

•Sheltered semi outdoor recreational spaces• cooler homes due to the sky solar farm canopy

Create an energy conscious community that benefits clean energy

• Social activities of various levels of connection

massing

1

2

strategies

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massing

Bridging Stream lining Expansion Combination

Various forms of sky connections Further comprehensive analysis by ecotect and radiance25000m2 canopy6250MWh/yr (optimum)2 times energy needed for typical precinct

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Potential spaces for solar sky farming

residenceresidence

waterway

Section A-A

A

ASite plan

Not within floodplainNo obstructions

Potential improvements (canopy porosity)Porous light shafts to ensure light penetration32000-130000lux

Cool spaces under canopy1000-5000lux

Canopy porosity

Floriade Hall

Potential improvements (canopy porosity)

20000 PV modules, 28000m2, 2.3MW

Potential programs

Power distribution station

Charge Controller (prevent overcharging)

Battery Bank

SW Inverter

Workers area to maintain PV

Storage supply

Control room /repairs

Office

RecreationSky gym, yogaPark facilities Viewing platformFitness stationsRoof gardenEducationExhibition of photovoltaic

Light pollution

Artificial light reflected downwards when the PV cells inverted at night

Carrizo Energy Solar Farm

Great Erget Blue-Tailed Bee-eater Common Redshank Longtailed Shrike

Birds in My Backyard — Punggol 21Reproduced with permission from James WongNature Photography Society

Light pollution

http://www.astronomynotes.net/2006/10/26/light-pollution-in-south-east-asia/

Further Studies

Solar Statistics