elimination of chromium in cancer patients 2

8/9/2019 Elimination of Chromium in Cancer Patients 2

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Marrium Mansoor | Computer Fundamentals |

Elimination of Chromium inCancer Patients

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Ta"le of Contents#c$no%led&ements'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''i

Ta"le of Fi&ures'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ii#cron(ms'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''iii

Chapter )'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Introduction

)

Cancer..............................................................................................1

Chromium ions and Cancer..............................................................6

Chapter *'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Pro"lem Identi+cation

,

Toxicity of Chromium........................................................................7

Exposure to Chromium.....................................................................7

Role of Industry................................................................................8

Measuring Chromium concentration leels in human !ody.............."

Cancer #etection.............................................................................."

Chapter -''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Proposed Solutions

))

Cancer Treatment...........................................................................11Cancer $reention..........................................................................1%

&creening' (enetic Tests and Counseling.......................................1%

Chapter .''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Research Methodolo&(

)-

Epidemiologic and )nimal &tudies..................................................1*

Cancer Incidence and Mortality #ata..............................................1+

Chapter /''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' O"ser0ation and #nal(sis

)/

Chapter 1'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Conclusion

)1

References'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''),

Inde2'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''')3

)


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#c$no%led&ements

*


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Ta"le of Fi&ures

*


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#cron(ms

-


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Chapter ) Introduction

Cancer

4e+nition5

Cancer is a &roup of diseases in0ol0in& a"normal cell &ro%th %ith the

potential to in0ade or spread to other parts of the "od(' It is also $no%n

"( the term 6Mali&nanc(7'

Causes5

Cancer occurs %hen dama&ed cells di0ide uncontrolla"l( to form lumpsor masses of tissue called tumors' Tumors can &ro% and interfere %ith

the di&esti0e8 ner0ous8 and circulator( s(stems8 and the( can release

hormones that alter "od( function' The( are of t%o t(pes5

)' Benign tumors that sta( in one spot and demonstrate limited

&ro%th'*' Malignant tumors form %hen t%o thin&s occur5

a' # cancerous cell mana&es to mo0e throu&hout the "od(

usin& the "lood or l(mph s(stems8 destro(in& health(

tissue in a process called invasion.

"' That cell mana&es to di0ide and &ro%8 ma$in& ne% "lood0essels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis'

,igure 1

c' 9hen a

tumor

successfull( spreads to other parts of the "od( and &ro%s8

in0adin& and destro(in& other health( tissues8 it is said to

ha0e metastasi:ed' This process itself is called

*


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metastasis8 and the result is a serious condition that is

0er( di;cult to treat' > t(pes of cancer8 includin&5

• S$in cancer

• un& cancer

• Colon cancer

• ?idne( cancer

• eu$emia

• Th(roid cancer

• (mphoma

Cancer is classi+ed "( the t(pe of cell that is initiall( a@ected'S(mptoms 0ar( dependin& on the t(pe'


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,igure %

[http5%%%'utm'utoronto'ca%-cellancancer'html!

Cancer is usuall( the result of e2posure to carcinogens' Carcino&ens

are "asicall( a class of su"stances that are directl( responsi"le for

dama&in& 4A#8 promotin& or aidin& cancer' To"acco8 as"estos8 arsenic8

radiation such as &amma and 2Dra(s8 the sun8 and compounds in car

e2haust fumes are all e2amples of carcino&ens' 9hen our "odies are

e2posed to carcino&ens8 free radicals are formed that tr( to steal

electrons from other molecules in the "od(' Theses free radicals

dama&e cells and a@ect their a"ilit( to function normall('


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Some oral cancers present %hite patches inside the mouth or %hite

spots on the ton&ue'

Other cancers ha0e s(mptoms that are less ph(sicall( apparent' Some

"rain tumors tend to present s(mptoms earl( in the disease as the(a@ect important co&niti0e functions' Pancreas cancers are usuall( too

small to cause s(mptoms until the( cause pain "( pushin& a&ainst

near"( ner0es or interfere %ith li0er function to cause a (ello%in& of

the s$in and e(es called aundice' S(mptoms also can "e created as a

tumor &ro%s and pushes a&ainst or&ans and "lood 0essels'

9hen cancer spreads8 or metastasi:es8 additional s(mptoms can

present themsel0es in the ne%l( a@ected area' S%ollen or enlar&ed

l(mph nodes are common and li$el( to "e present earl(' If cancer

spreads to the "rain8 patients ma( e2perience 0erti&o8 headaches8 or

sei:ures' Spreadin& to the lun&s ma( cause cou&hin& and shortness of

"reath' In addition8 the li0er ma( "ecome enlar&ed and cause aundice

and "ones can "ecome painful8 "rittle8 and "rea$ easil(' S(mptoms of

metastasis ultimatel( depend on the location to %hich the cancer has

spread'


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compression' Currentl(8 %hen a tumor is remo0ed sur&eons also

ta$e out a 6mar&in7 of health( tissue to ma$e sure no mali&nant

cells are left "ehind' This usuall( means $eepin& the patients

under &eneral anesthetic for an e2tra -> minutes %hile tissue

samples are tested in the la" for 6clear mar&ins7' If there are noclear mar&ins8 the sur&eon has to &o "ac$ in and remo0e more

tissue


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"( administerin& an a&ent such as the protein interferon alpha

that can shrin$ tumors' Immunotherap( can also "e considered

nonDspeci+c if it impro0es cancerD+&htin& a"ilities "( stimulatin&

the entire immune s(stem8 and it can "e considered tar&eted if

the treatment speci+call( tells the immune s(stem to destro(cancer cells' These therapies are relati0el( (oun&8 "ut

researchers ha0e had success %ith treatments that introduce

anti"odies to the "od( that inhi"it the &ro%th of "reast cancer

cells' Bone marro% transplantation


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The respirator( tract is the maor tar&et or&an for chromium


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• Chromium occurs in the

en0ironment predominantl( in one

of t%o 0alence states5 tri0alent

chromium '* to >'.

micro&rams


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"ecause it is di;cult to di@erentiate "et%een chromium KI and

chromium III in tests'


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MRI is an accurate process8 and patients must lie

completel( still durin& the procedure for "est results'o Ultrasound uses hi&hDfreuenc( sound %a0es to determine

if a suspicious lump is solid or uid' These sound %a0es are

transmitted into the "od( and con0erted into acomputeri:ed ima&e'

Blood Tests

Some tumors release su"stances called tumor mar$ers8 %hich

can "e detected in the "lood' # "lood test for prostate cancer

determines the amount of prostate speci+c anti&en


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Chapter - Proposed Solutions

Cancer Treatment

#s cancer comprises man( diseases8

doctors use man( di@erent treatments'

The course of treatment depends on

the t(pe of cancer8 its position8 and its

state of ad0ancement' Sur&er(8 often

the +rst treatment8 is used to remo0e

solid tumors' It ma( "e the onl(treatment necessar( for earl( sta&e

cancers and "eni&n tumors'

Radiation $ills cancer cells %ith hi&hD

ener&( ra(s tar&eted directl( to the tumor' It acts primaril( "(

dama&in& 4A# and pre0entin& its replication therefore8 it

preferentiall( $ills cancer cells8 %hich rapidl( di0ide' It also $ills some

normal cells8 particularl( those that are di0idin&' Sur&er( and radiation

treatment are often used to&ether'

)-

,igure -

,igure 6


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Chemotherap( dru&s are to2ic compounds

that tar&et rapidl( &ro%in& cells' Man( of

these dru&s are desi&ned to interfere %ith

the s(nthesis of precursor molecules

needed for 4A# replication the( interfere%ith the a"ilit( of the cell to complete the S

phase of the cell c(cle' Other dru&s cause

e2tensi0e 4A# dama&e8 %hich stops

replication' # class of dru&s called spindle inhi"itors stops cell

replication earl( in mitosis' 4urin& mitosis8 chromosome separation

reuires spindle +"ers made of microtu"ules spindle inhi"itors stop

the s(nthesis of microtu"ules' Because most adult cells donQt di0ide

often8 the( are less sensiti0e to these dru&s than are cancer cells'

Chemotherap( dru&s also $ill certain adult cells that di0ide more

rapidl(8 such as those that line the &astrointestinal tract8 "one marro%cells8 and hair follicles' This causes some of the side e@ects of

chemotherap(8 includin& &astrointestinal distress8 lo% %hite "lood cell

count8 and hair loss'

Cancer Pre0ention

Cancer appears to result from a com"ination of &enetic chan&es and

en0ironmental factors' # chan&e in lifest(le that minimi:es e2posure to

en0ironmental carcino&ens is one e@ecti0e means of pre0entin&

cancer' Indi0iduals %ho restrict their e2posure to to"acco products8sunli&ht8 and pollution can &reatl( decrease their ris$ of de0elopin&

cancer' Man( foods contain antio2idants and other nutrients that ma(

help to pre0ent cancer' The Aational Cancer Institute recommends a

diet %ith lar&e amounts of colorful fruits and 0e&eta"les' These foods

suppl( ample amounts of 0itamin #8 C8 and E8 as %ell as

ph(tochemicals and other antio2idants that help to pre0ent cancer'

There is stron& e0idence that a diet rich in 0e&eta"les and fruits %ill

not onl( reduce the ris$ of cardio0ascular disease8 o"esit(8 and

dia"etes8 "ut %ill also protect a&ainst cancer'

Screenin&8 Jenetic Tests and Counselin&

Earl( dia&nosis of cancer &reatl( increases sur0i0al therefore8 re&ular

e2ams for cancer can help to pre0ent deaths from cancer' These

include mammo&rams and Pap tests for %omen8 prostate cancer tests

for men8 colonoscop( e2ams for colon cancer8 and re&ular ph(sical

).


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e2ams for other t(pes of cancer' Indi0iduals %ith a stron& famil( histor(

of cancer should consider &enetic tests for cancer and cancer ris$

counselin&' The focus of cancer ris$

counselin& is the indi0idualQs personal

ris$ of de0elopin& cancer andappropriate actions "ased on that ris$'

)/

,igure 7


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Chapter . Research Methodolo&(

Epidemiolo&ic and #nimal Studies

There are t%o maor cate&ories of

research studies used to identif(

causes of cancer5 animal and

epidemiolo&ic studies' #nimal studies

&i0e the in0esti&ator the ad0anta&e

of controllin& the conditions under

%hich animals are e2posed at 0ariousle0els to a &i0en su"stance8 their

diet8 and e0en their &enetic ma$eDup'

#nimal studies also allo% the

researcher to ma$e conclusions

a"out the li$elihood that the tumor is

caused "( the e2posure8 since all

other rele0ant factors are controlled' Guman e2posures8 ho%e0er8 are

not so easil( controlled in either epidemiolo&ic studies or case reports'

In studies of indi0iduals or &roups of e2posed people8 there ma( "e

man( un$no%n or uncontrolled factors that lead to di;culties ininterpretin& the results' People are continuall( e2posed to multiple

su"stances and these su"stances are li$el( to act s(ner&isticall( at

least some of the time' People also mo0e from place to place and

cancers often ha0e a lon& latenc( period' In addition8 man( t(pes of

cancer are


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esta"lished the necessar( tools for controllin& for potential sources of

"ias and for e0aluatin& the potential role of chance' These tools allo%

us to dra% %ellDfounded8 scienti+call( 0alid conclusions from

epidemiolo&ic studies'

Cancer Incidence and Mortalit( 4ata

Trends in cancer incidence and mortalit( are another important source

of data for considerin& lin$s "et%een occupational and en0ironmental

e2posures and cancers' These descripti0e anal(ses "( (ear8 se28 race8

a&e8 and cancer t(pe are in0alua"le tools for e2aminin& temporal

chan&es in the patterns of cancer' #nal(ses of cancer incidence o0er

time in speci+c populations are e2tremel( useful for &eneratin& ne%

h(potheses re&ardin& possi"le ris$ factors for the disease' Because

a"out half of ne%l( dia&nosed cancer cases do not result in death8mortalit( studies are more limited in their a"ilit( to indicate causes of

cancer8 "ut mortalit( data are crucial for understandin& the "urden of

cancer in particular populations' Geart disease %as far and a%a( the

leadin& cause of death in the U'S' for all a&es com"ined for nearl( a

centur(' In anuar( *>>/8 the #merican Cancer Societ(


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)3


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Chapter / O"ser0ation and

#nal(sis

)N


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Chapter 1 Conclusion

*>


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Inde2

elimination of chromium in cancer patients 2

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