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YILDIZ TEKNK NVERSTESFEN BLMLER ENSTTS

GNMZ TEKNOLOJSYLE RETLEN

AHAP KONUTLARINTASARIM-UYGULAMA-KULLANIMGENNDE DEERLENDRLMES

(STANBUL RNEKLER)

Mimar Elif ERKO

FBE Mimarlk Anabilim Dal Yap ProgramndaHazrlanan

YKSEK LSANS TEZ

Tez Danman : Yrd. Do. Dr. Erkan AVLAR

STANBUL, 2004


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NDEKLER

Sayfa

EKL LSTES .......................................................................................................................... i

ZELGE LSTES ...................................................................................................................iii

NSZ................................................................................Hata! Yer iareti tanmlanmam.

ZET...................................................................................Hata! Yer iareti tanmlanmam.

ABSTRACT ...................................................................... Hata! Yer iareti tanmlanmam.i

1 GR....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Sorunun Belirlenmesi .............................................................................................. 11.2 Ama........................................................................................................................41.3 nem ....................................................................................................................... 51.4 Varsaymlar .............................................................................................................51.5 Snrllklar...............................................................................................................51.6 Yntem .................................................................................................................... 6

2 AHABIN YAPISI ve ZELLKLER ..................................................................7

2.1 Ahabn Yaps ........................................................................................................72.1.1 Ahabn Fiziksel Yaps...........................................................................................72.1.2 Ahabn Kimyasal Yaps ........................................................................................82.1.3 Ahabn Biyolojik Yaps ........................................................................................92.2 Ahabn zellikleri.................................................................................................. 92.2.1 Ahabn Fiziksel zellikleri ....................................................................................92.2.1.1 D Grnm .........................................................................................................102.2.1.2 zgl Arlk.........................................................................................................112.2.1.3 Isletimi................................................................................................................122.2.1.4 Ses letimi ..............................................................................................................122.2.1.5 Su Miktar ..............................................................................................................12

2.2.1.6 Elektrik Yal

tkanl

k zellii .................................................................................132.2.2 Ahabn Mekanik zellikleri..........................1Hata! Yer iareti tanmlanmam.2.2.2.1 Anma Direnci......................................................................................................152.2.2.2 Elastikiyet Modl ................................................................................................ 152.2.2.3 Sertlik.....................................................................................................................162.2.2.4 Basn Direnci .......................................................................................................162.2.2.4.A Liflere Paralel Ynde Basn Direnci.................................................................... 172.2.2.4.B Liflere Dik Ynde Basn Direnci......................................................................... 172.2.2.5 ekme Direnci....................................................................................................... 172.2.2.5.A Liflere Paralel Ynde ekme Direnci ...................................................................182.2.2.5.B Liflere Dik Ynde ekme Direnci ........................................................................ 18

2.2.2.6 Eilme Direnci.......................................................................................................192.2.2.7 Makaslama Direnci................................................................................................ 192.2.2.8 Yarlma Direnci ..................................................................................................... 20


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2.2.2.9 Dinamik Eilme (ok) Direnci.............................................................................. 202.3 Ahabn Olumlu zellikleri................................................................................... 202.4 Ahabn Olumsuz zellikleri ................................................................................22

3 AHAP YAPI RETM ......................................................................................23

3.1 Tarihe...................................................................................................................233.2 Ahap Yapnn zellikleri .....................................................................................243.2.1 Tasarm Asndan zellikleri ...............................................................................243.2.2 Uygulama Asndan zellikleri ........................................................................... 253.2.3 Kullanm Asndan zellikleri............................................................................. 253.3 Ahap Yap Sistemleri ...........................................................................................273.3.1 Ahap ereve Sistemler .......................................................................................273.3.1.1 Dikme-Kiri ereveler.........................................................................................273.3.1.1.A Srekli Kirilerle Oluturulan ereveler .............................................................313.3.1.1.B Srekli Dikmelerle Oluturulan ereveler ..........................................................333.3.1.1.C Srekli Kiriler ve Srekli Dikmelerle Oluturulan ereveler............................ 343.3.1.2 Kaburga ereveler ............................................................................................... 363.3.1.2.A Balon ereve........................................................................................................393.3.1.2.B Platform ereve ................................................................................................... 413.3.2 Ahap Panel Sistemler ...........................................................................................453.3.2.1 Kk Tayc Paneller.........................................................................................493.3.2.2 Geni Tayc Paneller..........................................................................................503.3.2.3 Oda niteleri .........................................................................................................513.3.2.4 Tayc Olmayan Kk ve Byk Boyutlu Paneller........................................... 523.3.3 Ahap Ktk Sistemler ..........................................................................................533.3.3.1 Dikmeli Ktk Yapm Yntemi ............................................................................ 55

3.3.3.2 Gemeli Ktk Yap

m Yntemi............................................................................ 594 STANBUL'DA RETLEN AHAP YAPILARIN TESPT ve

DEERLENDRLMES ......................................................................................60

4.1 stanbul'da Yaplan Ahap Yap Uygulamalarnn Tespiti....................................614.1.1 Altnorak Sunflower Evleri-Silivri ........................................................................ 614.1.2 Kemer Country Orman Evleri-Kemerburgaz ........................................................ 674.1.3 Meeli Evler Sitesi-merli ....................................................................................704.1.4 Durusupark Haftasonu Evleri-Terkos....................................................................754.1.5 emeler Vadisi Evleri-Kemerburgaz................................................................... 794.1.6 Kemer Evleri-Kemerburgaz ..................................................................................84

4.1.7 Gzelce Ahap Kkleri-Kumburgaz....................................................................904.2 stanbul'da Yaplan Ahap Yap Uygulamalarnn Deerlendirilmesi ..................964.2.1 Ahap Yaplarn Tasarm Asndan Deerlendirilmesi........................................ 984.2.2 Ahap Yaplarn Uygulama Asndan Deerlendirilmesi ....................................994.2.3 Ahap Yaplarn Kullanm Asndan Deerlendirilmesi.................................... 103

5 SONU ve NERLER ......................................................................................105

KAYNAKLAR.......................................................................................................................107

EKLER ...................................................................................................................................109

Ek 1 TS 2478................................................................................................................110


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Ek 2 TS 2595................................................................................................................114Ek 3 TS 2475................................................................................................................117Ek 4 TS 2476................................................................................................................120Ek 5 TS 2474................................................................................................................123Ek 6 TS 3459................................................................................................................126

Ek 7 TS 7613................................................................................................................129Ek 8 TS 2477................................................................................................................133Ek 9 Anket Formu........................................................................................................136

ZGEM............................................................................................................................140


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i

EKL LSTESSayfa

ekil 2.1 Ahabn yaps ....................................................................................................... 7ekil 2.2 Lif yn ekilleri, (A) Dzgn lifli, (B) Spiral lifli ............................................ 10ekil 2.3 Nemin ahabn direncine etkisi ........................................................................... 13

ekil 2.4 Uygulanan kuvvetin ahaba etki etme ekillerine gre malzemede oluanfarkl diren tipleri............................................................................................... 14ekil 3.1 Dikme-kiri ereve sistem ................................................................................. 28ekil 3.2 Ahap dikmeler ................................................................................................... 28ekil 3.3 Ahap deme tabliyeler ..................................................................................... 29ekil 3.4 Dikme st kiri ereve, tek katl ...................................................................... 31ekil 3.5 Dikme st kiri ereve, iki katl....................................................................... 32ekil 3.6 Dm kiri ereve............................................................................................ 33ekil 3.7 ift kiri ereve ................................................................................................. 35ekil 3.8 Ayrk dikme ereve ........................................................................................... 36ekil 3.9 Rijit alt kaplama ve diagonal uygulamas ........................................................... 37

ekil 3.10 Kaburga ereve duvar ve deme kurgusu........................................................ 38ekil 3.11 Deme stabilitesi ............................................................................................... 39ekil 3.12 Balon ereve ...................................................................................................... 40ekil 3.13 Platform ereve.................................................................................................. 42ekil 3.14 Platform ereve deme kirileri kurgusu ......................................................... 43ekil 3.15 Platform erevede zemin ve birinci kat oluumu .............................................. 44ekil 3.16 Deme sistem kurgusu....................................................................................... 46ekil 3.17 Ahap duvar paneli.............................................................................................. 47ekil 3.18 Ahap panel sistemle oluturulmu iki katl konut.............................................. 48ekil 3.19 Kk tayc panel ............................................................................................ 49ekil 3.20 Geni tayc panel ............................................................................................. 50ekil 3.21 Oda niteleri........................................................................................................ 51ekil 3.22 Tayc olmayan kk ve byk boyutlu paneller............................................ 52ekil 3.23 Tek katl ahap ktk konut ................................................................................ 53ekil 3.24 Dikmeli ve gemeli ktk yapm yntemleri...................................................... 55ekil 3.25 Dikmeli ktk yapm yntemiyle oluturulan ahap konut ................................ 55ekil 3.26 Dikmeli ktk yapm yntemi uygulama detay (a)............................................ 56ekil 3.27 Dikmeli ktk yapm yntemi uygulama detay (b) ........................................... 56ekil 3.28 Dikmeli ktk yapm yntemi uygulama detay (c)............................................ 57ekil 3.29 Dikmeli ktk yapm yntemi uygulama detay (d) ........................................... 57ekil 3.30 Dikmeli ktk yapm yntemi uygulama detay (e)............................................ 58

ekil 3.31 Dikmeli ktk yap

m yntemi uygulama detay

(f) ............................................ 58ekil 3.32 Gemeli ktk yapm ynteminde ke birleimleri........................................... 59ekil 3.33 Gemeli ktk uygulamas.................................................................................. 59ekil 4.1 Sunflower Evleri yerleim plan.......................................................................... 61ekil 4.2 Tayc I kiriler ve duvar ereveleri................................................................ 62ekil 4.3 Duvarlarda kullanlan yatay kuaklar.................................................................. 63ekil 4.4 Yapnn d duvar ereveleri zeri OSB kaplamas........................................... 63ekil 4.5 Klima ve mekanik tesisatn I kirilerin arasndan geirilerek uygulanmas........ 64ekil 4.6 Yapda kullanlan at makaslar ve kuak balantlar....................................... 65ekil 4.7 Sunflower Evleri'nden ahap konut rnekleri ..................................................... 66ekil 4.8 Ktk sistemle oluturulan konutun genel grnm......................................... 68

ekil 4.9 at oluumunda kullanlan makaslar ................................................................. 69ekil 4.10 Meeli Evler Sitesi vaziyet plan ......................................................................... 70


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ii

ekil 4.11 Duvar erevesi oluturulma aamas ................................................................. 71ekil 4.12 Ahap at makaslarndan oluan at sistemi ..................................................... 72ekil 4.13 Ahap konutun genel grnm ......................................................................... 73ekil 4.14 Meeli Evler Sitesinin genel grnm............................................................. 74ekil 4.15 Meeli Evler Sitesinin genel grnm............................................................. 74

ekil 4.16 Tayc dikme ve kiriler .................................................................................... 75ekil 4.17 Yapnn i mekannda grlen kiriler ................................................................ 77ekil 4.18 Yapnn orta blmnde bulunan cam blme ..................................................... 78ekil 4.19 Ahap konutun genel grnm ......................................................................... 78ekil 4.20 emeler Vadisi Evleri yerleim plan................................................................ 79ekil 4.21 Deme I kirileri ve duvar ereveleri............................................................... 80ekil 4.22 Duvar ve deme birleimlerinde kullanlan metal balant elemanlar ............. 81ekil 4.23 Duvar ve deme birleim detaylar.................................................................... 81ekil 4.24 Deme sisteminin kuruluu ............................................................................... 82ekil 4.25 atda rijitlii salama amacyla yaplan zmbalama ve makaslama.................. 83ekil 4.26 Ahap konutun genel grnm ......................................................................... 84

ekil 4.27 Tayc I kiriler ve duvar ereveleri................................................................ 85ekil 4.28 Duvar erevelerinin i blmnde yaltm amal kullanlan extrude polistren86ekil 4.29 Duvar ve deme birleimlerinde kullanlan metal balant elemanlar ............. 86ekil 4.30 Cephe kaplamas olarak OSB zeri boya uygulamas ........................................ 87ekil 4.31 Ahap tayc sistem oluumu ve klima tesisatnn uygulanmas....................... 88ekil 4.32 Ahap konutun yapm aamas ............................................................................ 89ekil 4.33 Yapm tamamlanm ahap konutun genel grnm....................................... 90ekil 4.34 Gzelce Ahap Kkleri yerleim plan .............................................................. 90ekil 4.35 Tayc I kiriler ve duvar ereveleri................................................................ 91ekil 4.36 Duvar erevelerinin genel grnm ................................................................ 92ekil 4.37 Duvar erevelerinin i blmnde yaltm amal kullanlan extrude

polistrenuygulamas ........................................................................................... 92ekil 4.38 Cephe kaplamas olarak OSB levha ve yalbask uygulamas ............................ 93ekil 4.39 Yapda bulunan duvar ve deme panelleri ........................................................ 94ekil 4.40 Ahap konutun genel grnm ......................................................................... 95ekil 4.41 Gzelce Ahap Kkleri genel grnm........................................................... 96ekil 4.42 Ahap konutlarn, toplu konut ve tek konut olarak uygulanma oranlar ............. 97ekil 4.43 Ahap yap tasarmlarnn Trkiyede veya yurtdnda yaplma oranlar .......... 98ekil 4.44 Ahap konut uygulamalarnda kullanlan tayc sistem trleri ve

kullanm oranlar ............................................................................................... 100ekil 4.45 Yaplarda kullanlan ahap biimi ve kullanm oranlar ................................... 100

ekil 4.46 Yap

larda kullan

lan aa trleri ve kullan

m oranlar

...................................... 101ekil 4.47 Ahap yaplarn yurtdndan alnarak veya yerli retimle uygulanma oranlar101ekil 4.48 Firmalarn ahap yap uygulamalar birim alan sat fiyatlar........................... 102ekil 4.49 Ahap yap kullanc gelir dzeyleri.................................................................. 103ekil 4.50 Firmalarn ahap yap bakm gereksiniminin olup olmad sorusuna

cevap oranlar ................................................................................................... 103


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iii

ZELGE LSTESSayfa

izelge 1.1 Trkiye genelinde tayc sistem ve yap malzemesine gre tamamen bitenyeni ve ilave biten yaplar ..................................................................................... 2

izelge 1.2 stanbul iin, tayc sistem ve yap malzemesi cinsine gre tamamen

veya ksmen biten yeni ve ilave yaplar ................................................................ 2izelge 2.1 zgl arlk deerleri bakmndan ahabn snflandrlmas ............................ 11izelge 2.2 eitli aalarn sertlik dereceleri ....................................................................... 16izelge 2.3 Farkl aa trleri iin ortalama basn ve ekme direnci deerleri ................... 18izelge 2.4 eitli malzemelerin retiminde gerekli olan enerji miktarlar .......................... 21izelge 4.1 stanbul'da yaplan ahap yap uygulamalarnn durum analizi .......................... 97


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NSZ

Bu alma kapsamnda, stanbulda retilen ahap yapm sistemlerinin tasarm, uygulama vekullanm alarndan deerlendirilmesi yaplmtr. almann konusu seilirken, ahap veahap yapm sistemlerinin yeterince tannmad ve Trk Yap Sektrnde kullanm alannnyaygnlatrlamad dncesi etkili olmutur.

Bu almann oluumunda, konu seimi, ynlendirme ve bilgilendirme alarndan her trldestei veren deerli hocam ve tez danmanm sayn Yrd. Do. Dr. Erkan AVLARa veaileme teekkrlerimi sunarm.

Ocak 2004 Elif ERKO


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