elena turrado and rodrigo martinez-val
DESCRIPTION
ICRAT 2004 IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY. Elena Turrado and Rodrigo Martinez-Val ETSI Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN. November 2004. Index. Introduction Solutions Supersonic Aircraft Flying Wing NLA - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Elena Turrado and Rodrigo Martinez-Val
ETSI Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN
ICRAT 2004IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY
AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
November 2004
Index• Introduction• Solutions• Supersonic Aircraft• Flying Wing• NLA• A380 a detailed example of NLA• Costs• Conclusions
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Introduction
What’s the problem?
Slot -constraints Airports & Airspace constraints
Growth will cause the airports to adapt
5 % per year growth in traffic air means 50% more passengers in 2012.
To cope with growth, the choice is:
• Adaptation to bigger aircraft
• New runways and terminals.
• Additional airports.
• More extensive use of air space
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Solutions
• MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF AIR SPACE (FL 400)
Supersonic / high subsonic aircraft
Flying Wings
• ADAPTATION TO BIGGER AIRCRAFT
New Large Aircraft (NLA)
Flying Wings
• Sonic Cruiser: It was expected to be introduced into service in 2008 (Project finished in 2002)
- Mach 0.95 -0.98
- 100-300 passengers.
- 9000 NM Range
• High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT): It was expected to be introduced into service sometime between the years 2005 and 2015.
- Mach 2.0 to 2.5
- 250-300 passengers.
- 9260 km Range
Advantages : - Reduce Airspace Congestion (FL 400)
- Reduce time route (20% less)
Disadvantages: - Increase in fuel consumption (+ 30 -40 %)
- Increase in Business class charges ( +15% )
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Supersonic / High Subsonic Aircraft
• OPERATIONAL CAPACITYThe large wing span (up to 99,6 m) exceed the maximum requirement (80 m) by the airport authorities. So, it involve significant modifications to accommodate the size and weight.
LARGE CAPACITY & HIGH FLIGHT LEVEL
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
EUROPEANLARGE CAPACITY
FLYING WINGB-747 A380
Track (m) 13,89 11 12,4Wheel base (m) 30,1 – 35,9 25,6 31,7
FLYING WING (Boeing) Boeing 747-400
Wingspan 289 feet (88.1 meters) 211 feet (64.3 meters)Height 40.9 feet (12.5 meters) 63 feet (19.2 meters)Length 160.8 feet (49 meters) 232 feet (70.7 meters)
Engines Three high-bypass-ratio jetengines. Four turbofan engines
Passenger Capacity 800 Up to 624(high density config.)
Range 7,000 miles(11,265 km)
7,200 miles(11,587 km)
Cruising Speed 486 knots(560 mph / 900 kph)
490 knots(563 mph / 908 kph)
Flying Wings : Characteristics
• GROUND HANDLING- A reduction of height on ground level make difficult the movement of vehicles needed to supply the aircraft. - Passenger boarding/deboarding, with an optimum timearound, involve a minimum of three bridges at the same level.
• EMERGENCY EXITS At least five type A doors (1,067 m x 1,829 m) are necessary at both sites of the aircraft (leading edge and rear aircraft).
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Flying Wings : Ground Operation
Airport Compatibility (maximum span 80m)
ADVANTAGES (vs. B777-200 /A330-200)• Reduced Take-off and landing field length.• Less fuel burnt per passenger-kilometre (15% more efficient).• 10-20 percent more efficient as a transport vehicle in terms of global transport productivity.
DISADVANTAGES • Uncommon wing architecture => manufacturing and maintenance problems.• Uncommon cabin arrangement => negatively perceived by passengers.• Increased passenger and cargo flight loads for increased distance to airplane axis.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
C-FlyWing A330-200 B777-200VARIABLEWheel Track 14,0 m 12,4 m 12,7 mFloor height 3 m 5 m 5 mFIELD LENGTHTake-off (MTOW) 1860 m 2530 m 2530 mLanding (MLW) 1320 m 1722 m 1570 mPERFORMANCES (300 pax)Range 10230 km 8900 km 9730 kmFuel efficiency 19,8 g/pax..km 21,5 g/pax..km 23,5 g/pax..kmTransport productivity(PLxR)/(MTOWxRG) 0,0749 0,0661 0,0652
Flying Wings : Advantages & Disadvantages
Source FAA (1989)
Source ICAO (1999)
Airport reference Code ICAO/FAA
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Aerodromecode number
Reference fieldlength(m)
Aerodrome codeletter Wingspan (m) Outer main gear-
wheel span (m)1 <800 A b < 15 < 4.52 800 = 1200 B 15 = b < 24 4.5 = d < 63 1200 = 1800 C 24 = b < 36 6 = d < 9
D 36 = b < 52E 52 = b < 65 9 = d <144
=1800F 65 = b < 80 14 = d < 16
Aircraft ApproachCategory
Aircraft ApproachSpeed (Kn)
Airplane DesignGroup
Aircraft Wingspanfeet (m)
A <91 I 0 b 49 (15)B 91 = 121 II 49 (15) b 79 (24)C 121 = 141 III 79 (24) b 118 (36)D 141 = 166 IV 118 (36) b 171 (52)E
= 166VVI
171 (52) b 214 (65)214 (65) b 262 (80)
NLA : Characteristics
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison
NLA : Airport Design Impact (1/4)
DesignCharacteristics
Aircraft DesignGroup V
Aircraft DesignGroup VI
% Incremental andReduction in Safety Margin
Length -- -- NoneWidth 150 ft 200 ft 33%Shoulder Width 35 ft 40 ft 14%Blast Pad Length 200 ft 200 ft NoneBlast Pad Width 220 ft 280 ft 27%Runway SafetyArea Length
1000 ft 1000 ft None
Runway SafetyArea Width
500 ft 500 ft None
Runway ObjectFree Area Length
1000 ft 1000 ft None
Runway
Runway ObjectFree Area Width
800 ft 800 ft None
Bridges andCulverts Taxiing Weights Up to 877,000
pounds
Up to1,400,000pounds
60%
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison (cont.)
NLA : Airport Design Impact (2/4)
DesignCharacteristics
Aircraft DesignGroup V
Aircraft DesignGroup VI
% Incremental andReduction in Safety Margin
Width 75 ft 100 ft 33%Shoulder Width 35 ft 40 ft 14%Taxiway EdgeSafety Margin 15 ft 20 ft 33%
Safety AreaWidth 214 ft 262 ft 22%
Airfield TaxiwayObject Free Area& Safety Margin
320 ft 386 ft 21%54% Safety Reduction
Taxiway
TerminalTaxilane ObjectFree Area &Safety Margin
276 ft 334 ft 21%81% Safety Reduction
Holdline 280 ft 280 ft NoneParallel Runways -- -- NoneRunway/ ParallelTaxiway 400 ft 600 ft 50%
Parallel Runways& Safety Margin 267 ft 324 ft 21%
92% Safety ReductionSeparations
Parallel Taxilanes& Safety Margin
245 ftNLA DesignWingspanequals 262 ft
298 ft 22%Wingtip Collision
• AIRSIDE: - Pavements : Increase in weight -> increase in tyres
- Safety: Fire protection (CAT.10- ICAO/ F ó G - FAA).
Emergency Procedures (increase of 30% in passengers.)
Deicing facilities and operations (increase in equipment and staff)
Object free areas o protection areas of Navigation Aids. - Operations: Wake vortex effects
• AIRSIDE / LANDSIDE:Gate requirements, Apron separation clearances, Compatible passenger loading bridges and Ground servicing (Spaces, 30% more equipment, capabilities).
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Airport Design Impact (3/4)
• LANDSIDE :More facilities in terminal (check-in desks, security and passport control, Departure lounges, baggage lobbies), parking.
• ENVIRONMENT - Airport Noise: Below Stage 3 noise levels.
- Air quality (emissions): Higher efficiency jet engines.
- Water runoff.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Airport Design Impact (4/4)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
A380 a detailed example of a NLA
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Costs
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
• ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT:
In base on surveys realised by ACI to American airports of USA (20 answers). Airports which currently operate B747
• AVERAGE COST PER AIRPORT
Total average : 200 millions € (aprox. 8000 Mill SKK*)
Concepts: 80% Airside, 15% Terminal and 5% Operational facilities
NOTE: Staff and maintenance costs no included. * 1 € ~ 40 SKK
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Cost (1/2)
• MAXIMUM JUSTIFIED: 100 Mill. $ (83 millions € ~ 3320 Mill SKK)
• SOLUTION: INCREASE IN CHARGES
Aeronautical tariffs for landing, parking and the use of terminals could rise by up to 25%.
Airports Operators point of view(50% of movements currently made by B747s are in the future made by A380s)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Cost (2/2)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions
• AIR TRAFFIC CONGESTION
- The large aircraft is a good solution to air traffic congestion in airports.
- Large capacity Flying-wing is a double solution to airspace congestion.
• CHANGES IN AIRPORT INSTALLATIONS
- Most future generation aircraft will be design group VI (FAA) and Type F (ICAO) aircraft
- Possible requirements of operational waivers, restrictions or prohibitions from operating them.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions (1/3)
• FINANCIAL ASPECT
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions (2/3)
Large Aircraft reduce seat-km costs.
And at slot-constrained airports, NLA provides growth capacity.
Airport Operator should evaluate the cost of adecuate airport infrastructures (in average 200 mill. € per Airport) and the possibly necessary subsidies or changes in tariffs politicy.
4 B747 -> 3 A380 equal earnings per passenger
1 B747 -> 1 A380 revenue from charges
AIRLINES
AIRPORTS
• SAFETY
NLA reduces separation clearances => Supplemental safety items :
Ground looking camera systems,
wingtip collision indicators,
or reduced speed limits….etc.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions (3/3)
• MARKET ANALYSIS
Airport Operators => Market opportunityMarket opportunity open like Hub Airport operating with NLA.
Thanks for your attention.
Any Questions?