1. Chemistry ICastillo BeltrnVega GonzlezVaquero GonzlezDiaz CardosoReta Oceguera

2. Hydrogen SourcesHydrogen occurs in thefree state in volcanicgases and some naturalgases. Hydrogen isprepared by steam onheatedcarbon, decomposition ofcertain hydrocarbonswith heat, action ofHydrogen is placed in group 1 because it has onesodium or potassiumvalence electron. hydroxide on aluminumHydrogen shares properties of the group 1 metals. Itelectrolysis of water, orcan lose an electron to form an hydrogen ion (H+) displacement from acidsHydrogen shares properties of the group 17by certain metals.nonmetals. It can gain an electron to form an hydrideion (H-)Analytical testspH is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of aqueoussolutions. When the hydrogen ion concentration is expressed inmole per liter, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ionconcentration, -log [H+]. For example, if the hydrogen ionconcentration is 1*10-2 mol/L, the pH is 2. 3. Elements Melting Boiling Densities point PointLithium 181C 1342C0.535g/mlSodium98C883C 0.968g/mlPotassium 63C759C 0.856g/mlRubidium39C668C 1.532g/mlCesium28C671C 1.879g/ml 4. Lithium Potassium Rubidium CesiumSodium 5. Environmentally Friendly Batteries Lightweight Lithium-Ion batteries. Lithium batteries do not contain toxic metals. Lithium batteries dont charge rapidly. Cost is also a drawback. Spirit and Opportunity, use solar energy to recharge lithium-ionLithium is used in heat transfer applications. It is batteries.used as an alloying agent, in synthesizing organiccompounds, and is added to glasses and ceramics.Characteristics-ALKALI METAL-lightest metal and the least dense solid element.Standard conditions.-lithium is highly reactive and flammable.-Appearance: Silvery-white. 6. T he Sodium/ Potassium ATPase uses energy fromthe hydrolysis of ATP to pump sodium ions out ofcells and pump potassium ions into cells.Humans and other vertebrates need tomaintain a negative potential charge insidetheir cells in order to survive.This process needs:-Sodium ions-Potassium ions The sodium ions concentration into cells is low andhigh outside cells.-Membrane-bound enzyme = The potassium ions concentration into cells is highSodium/Potassium ATPase and low outside cells. 7. 152pm186pm ELECTRONEGATIVIES(Pauling Units)227pmLI 0.98248pmNa 0.93265pm K0.82Rb 0.82Cs 0.79Fr 0.70 8. Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in fireworks to give them a purple color. Rubidium has also been considered for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magneto hydrodynamic principle, wher e rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field.Is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37.Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metalgroup, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highlyreactive, with properties similar to those of other elements in Group1, such as very rapid oxidation in air. 9. It can be 2 types of reactions: Halides: Caesium Chloride (CsCl) Oxides:Superoxide (CsO2)Caesium oxide (Cs2O)Peroxide (Cs2O2)Ozonide (CsO3)The Caesium or Cesium is the chemical element with symbol Cs, with atomicnumber of 55. It is a silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28C (82F).This metal is extremely reactive and pyrophoric, reacting with the water at thetemperature of -116C (-177F) and it have a stable isotope.The German Scientifics, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered it in 1860by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy. Since the 90s, the use ofthis has been as cesium format for drilling fluids. The radioactive isotope cesium-137 is use in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology.Atomic propertiesCesium-based atomic clocks observe electromagnetictransitions in the hyperfine structure of caesium-133 atomsand use it as a reference point. The first accurate caesiumclock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the NationalPhysical Laboratory in the UK. 10. Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic Fr in the gold target withnumber 87. It is one of the two least electronegativethe nuclear reaction 197Au + 18O 210Fr + 5n. Theelements, the other being caesium. Francium is a highlyradioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and production required someradon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron.time to develop and understand. It was critical to operate the gold target very close to its melting point and to make sure that its surface was very clean.