elektronik ii - yıldız teknik Üniversitesi - analog elektronik

8/10/2019 Elektronik II - Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi - Analog Elektronik

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FCFNEK JNJA]YEC!A \.Meë.Mr.F.Dfrua IFAFC

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FCFNEK JNJA]YEC!A

FCFNEK JNJA]YEC!A .............................................................................................................. lF. ALPF F]EH I!NK!P! ............................................................................................................"

Klrl# ............................................................................................................................................."\ôrþckj vj Afiua......................................................................................................................."Jcjrol Ifctnfr Ķ..............................................................................................................................9!njtajc, \fr Ķ !njtajc vj \fnĶtafcnfr .............................................................................................=Aevfnjct If$ ...............................................................................................................................:Pfd \fr Ķ !njtajc Hfnzjhjclc Ôzjnnlanjrl.....................................................................................:

C ]lpl Hfnzjhj...........................................................................................................................4R ]lpl Hfnzjhj ...........................................................................................................................;Afta Ķ Hfmmjnjrlcj PĶ`fanĶ$Ķc Jtalsl............................................................................................7

I. M!\E]NFY vj ËJ%!]NJY ! ...................................................................................................<R-C Oecaslyecu............................................................................................................................<]jrs Autupnfhf ...........................................................................................................................<ËĶ$ Mjnlchj..............................................................................................................................."2!njrl Autupnfhf.........................................................................................................................."2Mlyemuc T-L Afrfatjrlstl$l........................................................................................................""Mlyetnu Mjvrjnjrmj Krfdla \ôctjhl lnj ËfnĶ#hf CeatfsĶcĶc IunuchfsĶ.................................."9

!njrl Autupnfhf Muruhu ......................................................................................................."9Zykunfhf " ? ........................................................................................................................."0Ëôzþh ? ................................................................................................................................."0]jrs Autupnfhf Muruhu......................................................................................................."=

Zykunfhf 9 ? ........................................................................................................................."=Ëôzþh ? ................................................................................................................................."=Pecuënfr.....................................................................................................................................":Mlyemuc Mlrjc`l ........................................................................................................................":

Zykunfhf 0 ? .........................................................................................................................":Ëôzþh ? ................................................................................................................................."4Zykunfhf = ? .........................................................................................................................";Ëôzþh ? .................................................................................................................................";

Mlyet Mjvrjnjrlclc \fanf#Ķa J#mj$jr Fcfnlzl ...........................................................................";Zykunfhf : ? ........................................................................................................................."7Ëôzþh ? ................................................................................................................................."7

Zykunfhf 4 ? ........................................................................................................................."<Ëôzþh ? ................................................................................................................................."<Zykunfhf ; ? ........................................................................................................................."<




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FCFNEK JNJA]YEC!A

I!RENFY ]YFCP!P]ÔY 0:

\fpĶsĶ vj Pjhienþ.....................................................................................................................0:]rfcslstôrþc ËfnĶ"hfsĶ ..............................................................................................................0:

Fatld Iônkj ............................................................................................................................04Meyuh Iônkjsl ......................................................................................................................0;Ajslh Iônkjsl........................................................................................................................0;]jrs ËfnĶ"hf Iônkjsl.............................................................................................................0;

Ertfa ]fifcnĶ Mjvrj ..................................................................................................................0;Ajslhmj Iônkjsl....................................................................................................................07Fatld Iônkj vj Meyuh Iônkjsl .............................................................................................07Zykunfhf # ? .........................................................................................................................07

Ëôzþh ? .................................................................................................................................07Zykunfhf 9? ..........................................................................................................................0<Ëôzþh? ..................................................................................................................................0<

Ertfa Jhltjrnl Mjvrj .................................................................................................................=2Zykunfhf 0? ..........................................................................................................................=2Ëôzþh....................................................................................................................................=2Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj ëĶa Ķ" afrfatjrlstl$l ............................................................................=#Ajslh Iônkjsl........................................................................................................................=#Fatld Iônkj vj Meyuh Iônkjsl .............................................................................................=9Zykunfhf =? ..........................................................................................................................=9Ëôzþh ? .................................................................................................................................=9

Ertfa Aennjatôrnþ Mjvrj............................................................................................................=0Zykunfhf :? ..........................................................................................................................=0Ëôzþh ? .................................................................................................................................=0

]rfcslstôrþc hfaslhuh mj$jrnjrl.............................................................................................==Zykunfhf 4? ..........................................................................................................................==Ëôzþh? ..................................................................................................................................==

Autupnfhf Fhf`Ķ......................................................................................................................=:




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ALPF F]EH I!NK!P!

Klrl"

Hfmmjclc jc aþëþa pfrëfsĶ enfc fteh, hjrajzlcmj ilr ëjalrmja vj jtrfd Ķcmf môcjcjnjatrecnfrmfc enu#ur. Ëjalrmj$l enu#turfc jc f$Ķr pfrëf`Ķanfr pretec vj côtrecnfrmĶr. Rretec vjcôtrecnfr Ķc f$ĶrnĶ$Ķ yfanf#Ķa enfrfa ilrilrlcj j#lttlr. Rretecuc f$ĶrnĶ$Ķ jnjatrecuc f$ĶrnĶ$ĶcĶc 7222aftĶmĶr. Jnjatrec vj pretecuc jnjatrla yþanjrl ilrilrlcj j#lttlr. Rretecnfr pezltld yþanþ enup,jnjatrecnfr cjkftld yþanþmþr. Côtrecnfr yþasþz pfrëf`ĶanfrmĶr. Pjrijst gfnmj fteh côtr gfnmjmlr yfcl jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ pretec sfyĶsĶcf j#lttlr. Ftehnfrmfal jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ ilrmjc yþzij#j afmfr mj$l#hjatjmlr. Jnjatrec, côtrec vj pretec sfyĶsĶcf kôrj dfranĶ ftehnfr vj iu ftehnfrmfcôzjnnlanjrl mj$l#la enfc jnjhjctnjr enu#ur. Ilr ftehuc cuhfrfsĶ jnjatrec sfyĶsĶcf vjyf pretecsfyĶsĶcf j#lttlr. Ftehuc f$ĶrnĶ$Ķ lsj ëjalrmjatjal côtrec vj pretecnfr Ķc sfyĶsĶcf j#lttlr. Glmreojcftehucuc yfpĶsĶ #jaln "."“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln ".". Glmreojc ftehu

\ôrþckj vj Afiua

Jnjatrecnfr ftehuc ëjalrmj$l jtrfd Ķcmf yôrþckjnjrmj môchjatjmlr. \ôrþckjnjr afiuanfrmf

tepnfchĶ#tĶr vj afiuanfr frfsĶcmf ie#nuanfr vfrmĶr. Ilr ftehuc ijnlrnl sfyĶmf afiu$u vfrmĶr. Gjr ilr afiuatf iunucfilnj`ja hfaslhuh jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ ijnlrnl vj sfilttlr. Afiuanfr ëjalrmjatjcltlifrjc A,N,H,C,E,R,V enfrfa fmnfcmĶr ĶnĶr. Afiuanfrmf iunucfilnj`ja hfaslhuh jnjatrec sfyĶsĶsĶrfsĶynf 9,7,"7,09,:2,;9,<7 enfrfa ilnlchjatjmlr. Ôrcja enfrfa dfranĶ ftehnfr Ķc yfpĶnfr Ķ #jaln".9“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln ".9 Mj$l#la fteh yfpĶnfr Ķ f) Glmreojc, i) Nltyuh vj `) Plnlsyuh.




9

Jcjrol IfctnfrĶ

Ëjalrmja jtrfd Ķcmfal môcjc jnjatrecnfr Ķc gjr ilrl fyr Ķ ilr yôrþckjyj vj gjr yôrþckj ijnlrnl ilr jcjrol sjvlyjslcj sfglptlr. Hemjrc dlzl$j kôrj gjr ilr jnjatrecuc fyr Ķa ilr jcjrol sjvlyjslhjvùttur. Jnjatrecnfr ëjalrmjatjal pezltld yþanþ pretecnfr tfrfd Ķcmfc ëjalnlr. @eunehi afcucfkôrj jnjatrla yþanjrl frfsĶcmfal ëjalh auvvjtl hjsfdjclc afrjsl lnj tjrs erfctĶnĶmĶr. MenfyĶsĶynf

þst afiuanfrmf iunucfc jnjatrecnfr Ķc ëjalrmja tfrfd Ķcmfc ëjalnhj auvvjtl mfgf zfyĶdtĶr. Ilr ftehuc A afiu$ucmf iunucfc jnjatrecnfr, N afiu$ucmfal jnjatrecnfrf kôrj ëjalrmja tfrfd Ķcmfcmfgf auvvjtnl ilr #jalnmj ëjalnlr. Jnjatrecuc yôrþckjslclc ëfpĶ frttĶaëf jcjrolsl mj frtfr. Jnjatrecjcjrolsl petfcslyjn vj alcjtla jcjrolnjrlc tepnfhĶmĶr. %jaln ".0“tj yôrþckjnjrmjal jnjatrecnfr vjjcjrolnjrl kôrþnhjatjmlr.

%jaln ".0. Ëjalrmja jtrfd Ķcmfal yôrþckjnjr vj jcjrol sjvlyjnjrl.

jcjrolsl yfr Ķëf

jnjatrec?J, p?r

JJJJJJr r r r r r 4:=09"4:=09" >>>>>⇙>>>>>

Jnjatrecnfr Ķc jcjrolnjrl ëjalrmjatjc uzfanf#tĶaëf frthfatfmĶr. \fr ĶëfpĶ aþëþa enfc jnjatrecucjcjrolsl jc aþëþatþr vj jcjrol yfr Ķëfp lnj frtfr. Afiua lëlcmjal jnjatrecnfr Ķc jcjrolnjrl frfsĶcmfal

dfra aþëþatþr. Afiuanfr frfsĶcmfal jcjrol dfra Ķ lsj iþyþatþr. N afiu$ucmf lzlc vjrlnjchfaslhuh jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ sjalzmlr yfcl sjalz dfranĶ jcjrol sjvlyjsl iunucfilnlr.

Afiuanfr frfsĶcmfal iônkj, yfsfa iônkj vjyf jcjrol ie#nu$u enfrfa fmnfcmĶr ĶnĶr. Jnjatrecnfr iu iônkjmj iunuchfznfr. Iþtþc afiuanfr frfsĶcmf jcjrol ie#nu$u hjvùttur. Ftehuc jc mĶ#afiu$ucmfal jnjatrecnfrf vfnfcs jnjatrec fmĶ vjrlnlr. Ftehuc tþrþcj kôrj mĶ# afiua A, N, H, Cvjyf if#af ilr afiua enfilnlr. Ôrcj$lc ifa Ķr ftehucmfal jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ 9< enup jc mĶ# afiua Cafiu$umur. Ifa Ķr ftehucmf ilr tfcj vfnfcs jnjatrec hjvùttur (A89, N87, H8"7, C8").Ftehnfr Ķc alhyfsfn ôzjnnlanjrl vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr tfrfd Ķcmfc ijnlrnjclr. Iu jnjatrecnfr alhyfsfnrjfaslyecnfrf klrjr vj ftehnfr frfsĶcmf if$ enu#turur. Jc mĶ# afiuatf iunucfc vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr ftehla yfpĶmfc aenfynĶanf fyr Ķnfrfa sjrijst jnjatrec gfnlcj kjnjilnlr. Jnjatrecnfr ilr ftehmfc

if#af ilr ftehf ja ilr jcjrol uykunfcfrfa kjëlrlnjilnlr. Ftehuc jc mĶ# afiu$u tfhfhjc menu lsjml$jr ftehnfrnf jnjatrec fnĶ#vjrl#l yfpfhfz. Ilr fteh jnjatrec vjrml$lcmj pezltld, fnmĶ$Ķcmf lsj




0

cjkftld lyec enur. Rezltld lyec enu#tu$ucmf sjrijst afnfc jnjatrec, ftehuc ëjalrmj$lclcjtalslcmjc ëĶafrfa mĶ# jtalnjrj fëĶa gfnj kjnlr.

]ja fteh lëlc kjëjrnl enfc jcjrol mlyfkrfhnfr Ķ, ftehnfr ilr frfyf kjnjrja aftĶ hfmmjylenu#turmu$ucmf kjëjrnl enhfz. AftĶ hfmmjnjrmj ftehnfr ilrilrlcj ëea yfa Ķc enmu$ucmfc tja ilr ftehmfal jcjrol sjvlyjnjrl, aftĶ hfmmjmj jcjrol ifctnfr ĶcĶ enu#turur. AftĶ ilr hfmmjmj jnjatrecnfr

lëlc tja ilr ftehf kôrj mfgf dfznf jcjrol sjvlyjsl vfrm Ķr vj iu sjvlyjnjr ifctnfr lëjrlslcmjtepnfchĶ#tĶr. %jaln ".=“tj jcjrol ifctnfr Ķ kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln ".=. Jcjrol ifctnfr Ķ

%jaln ".=“tj kôrþnmþ$þ klil vfnfcs ifcmĶcĶc fntĶcmf ilr ëea ifct iunucfilnlr. Hfmmjclc jnjatrlasjnôzjnnlanjrlcl lc`jnjhja lëlc fëĶsĶcmfc vfnfcs ifcmĶ, lnjtlh ifcmĶ vj iu lal ifct frfsĶcmfal jcjrol

ie#nu$u þzjrlcmj murhfa yjtjrnlmlr.

Fteh vj yfr Ķ lnjtajc tjerlslcmj aunnfcĶnfc jnjatrec vent (jT) ilrlhl, ilr jnjatrecuc ilr T“nua kjrlnlh petfcslyjnlcj afr #Ķ gfrjajt jthjsl secu`u afzfcmĶ$Ķ jcjrolmlr. Ilr aftĶ hfmmjclc vfnfcs

ifcmĶcmfal jnjatrecnfr Ķ lnjtlh ifcmĶcf kjëlrhja lëlc ĶsĶ, Ķ#Ķa, jnjatrla klil jcjrolnjrmjc ilrluykunfcfilnlr. Hfmmjyj kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf enu#fc sjrijst jnjatrecnfr jnjatrla fa ĶhĶ þrjtlr.

Fa ĶhĶ tf#Ķyfc jnjatrecnfr sjrijst jnjatrecnfrmĶr. Fa Ķh yþa fa Ķ#Ķ enmu$ucf kôrj ijnlrnl ilr ceatfmfc sfclyjmj fafc yþa hlatfr Ķ enfrfa tfcĶhnfcfilnlr. \þa ilrlhl `eunehi vj jcjrol ilrlhl

oeunj lnj jnjatrec jcjrolsl jT frfsĶcmfal lnl#al f#f$Ķmfal klil yfzĶnfilnlr.

Jcjrol 8 Kþë x _fhfc L 8 V / t " Fhpjr 8 " @eunehi / sfclyj

[ 8 R x t 8 T x L x t V 8 L x t " Fhpjr 8 4.9: x "7"2 jnjatrec / sfclyjOeunj 8 [ftt x sfclyj " @eunehi 8 4.9: x "7"2 jnjatrec[ 8 T x V " jnjatrec yþaþ 8 ".4 x "<"2∙ @eunehi

" jT 8 ".4 x "<"2∙ oeunjs




=

!njtajc, \frĶ !njtajc vj \fnĶtafcnfr

Hfmmjnjrlc jnjatrlasjn lnjtajcnl$l sjrijst jnjatrec hlatfr Ķcf if$nĶmĶr. Hfmmjnjrlc 0`h" “nþa gf`lh lëjrlslcmjal sjrijst jnjatrec hlatfrnfr Ķcf kôrj lnjtajc, yfr Ķ lnjtajc vj yfnĶtafcnfr f#f$Ķmfaltfinemf kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

]fine ".". !njtajc, \fnĶtafc vj \fr Ķ !njtajcnjrmjPjrijst jnjatrec sfyĶnfr Ķ

Pjrijst Jnjatrec PfyĶsĶ

!njtajc 0`h/"299 - 0`h/"290

\frĶ !njtajc 00 `h`h /"2/"2 "=7 ∙

\fnĶtafc 0`h/"2

!njtajc, yfr Ķ

lnjtajc vj yfnĶ

tafcnfr jcjrol ie#nuanfr Ķ

cf kôrj mj sĶ

cĶ

dnfcmĶ

r Ķ

nĶ

r. Iu muruh%jaln".:“tj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Jcjrol ie#nu$u ilr lnjtajcmj 2.2: jT“tfc aþëþa, yfnĶtafcnfrmf lsj 7jT“mjc iþyþatþr. \fr Ķ lnjtajcnjrmjal jcjrol ie#nu$u 2.; lnj ".= jT frfsĶcmfmĶr.

%jaln ".:. f) !njtajc, i) \fr Ķ !njtajc vj `) \fnĶtafc hfnzjhjclc jcjrol ifct mlyfkrfhnfr Ķ.

!njtajcnjrmj jcjrol ifct mlyfkrfhĶcmfc kôrþnmþ$þ klil vfnfcs ifcmĶ lnj lnjtlh ifcmĶ frfsĶcmf ie#nua yeatur. Tfnfcs jnjatrecnfr ftehnfrf zfyĶd enfrfa if$nĶmĶr. Tfnfcs jnjatrecuc ftehmfcfyr Ķnfrfa sjrijst jnjatrec gfnlcj kjnhjsl ëea aenfymĶr. Emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf lnfvj ilr jcjrol

uykunfhfmfc jnjatrla fa ĶhĶcĶ lnjtjilnj`ja ëea sfyĶmf sjrijst jnjatrec hjv`uttur. Hjtfnnjrlc lyllnjtajc enhfnfr ĶcĶc jc ôcjhnl sjijil sec yôrþckjslcmj ", 9 vjyf 0 jnjatrec iunuchfsĶ vj iujnjatrecnfr Ķ aenfynĶanf vjrjilnhjnjrlmlr.

\fr Ķ lnjtajcnjrmjal jcjrol ie#nu$u cjmjclynj lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf glë jnjatrec enhfmĶ$Ķ afiunjmlnjilnlr. \fr Ķ lnjtajcnjrlc vfnfcs yôrþckjnjrl lnjtajcnjrj kôrj mfgf dfznf menu enmu$ucmfcftehnfr frfsĶcmfal if$ mfgf auvvjtnlmlr. \fr Ķ lnjtajcl lnjtajc gfnj kjtlrhja lëlc iu if$Ķ

iezfilnj`ja ilr jcjrol uykunfhfa kjrjalr. Plnlsyuhuc jcjrol ie#nu$u "." jT, kjrhfcyuhuc 2.;jT“tur. Kjrhfcyuh slnlsyuhf kôrj mfgf lyl lnjtajcmlr. Kjrhfcyuhuc sjrijst jnjatrec sfyĶsĶslnlsyuhf kôrj "222 aft dfznfmĶr. Emf sĶ`fanĶ$ĶcĶc sf$nfmĶ$Ķ fz ilr jcjrol lnj ifzĶ jnjatrecnfr

if$nfr ĶcĶ aepfrfrfa lnjtlh ifcmĶcf ftnfyfilnlrnjr. Iucmfc menfyĶ yfr Ķ lnjtajc hfnzjhjnjr emf

sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf jnjatrla fa ĶhĶcĶ lnjtlrnjr. Ôrcj$lc slnlsyuhuc sjrijst jnjatrec hlatfr Ķ @9: ! “mj0"2 `h/"2x9 , @"22 ! “mj 0"9 `h/"2x9 “tþr. PĶ`fanĶanf erfctĶnĶ enfrfa sjrijst jnjatrec sfyĶsĶcĶc




:

frthfsĶ yfcl mlrjc`lc mþ#hjsl cjmjclynj yfr Ķ lnjtajcnjr cjkftld sĶ`fanĶa aftsfyĶsĶcf sfglptlr.!njtajcnjrmj lsj tf#ĶyĶ`Ķ sfyĶsĶ sĶ`fanĶa lnj frthfz. PĶ`fanĶ$Ķc frthfsĶ lnj jnjatrecnfr Ķcgfrjajtnjrlcmj enu#fc tltrj#lhnjr fa Ķh kjël#lcl zernf#tĶr Ķr. Iucmfc menfyĶ lnjtajcnjrlc mlrjc`lsĶ`fanĶanf frtfr vj mlrjcë pezltld sĶ`fanĶa aftsfyĶnĶmĶr. \fnĶtafcnfrmf jcjrol ie#nu$ucuc ëea iþyþa enhfsĶ cjmjclynj jcjrol vjrjrja vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķ lnjtlh ifcmĶcf kjëlrhja ëea zermur. Tfnfcs

ifcmĶcĶc tfhfhjc menu enhfsĶcmfc menfyĶ lmjfnmj lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf glë jnjatrec yeatur. Rrftlatj

lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf ëea fz sfyĶmf jnjatrec enhfsĶ cjmjclynj yfnĶatfcnfr ëea aþëþa fa Ķhnfr Ķ lnjtlr.

Aevfnjct If#

Ftehnfr frfsĶcmf jnjatrecnfr Ķc ertfa aunnfcĶnhfsĶ lnj aevfnjct if ! enu#ur. FycĶ `lcs ftehnfr aevfnjct if$ lnj þë ieyutnu mþzjcnl ilr arlstfn yfpĶ enu#turur. Arlstfn yfpĶ pjrlyemla ilr #jalnmjajcmlcl tjarfrnfyfc yfpĶmĶr. AftĶ `lslhnjrlc ëe$u arlstfn yfpĶmfmĶr. Rfynf#Ķnfc gjr jnjatrec,ajcmlslcl pfynf#fc lal aeh#u ftehuc ëjalrmj$l tfrfd Ķcmfc j#lt ilr #jalnmj ëjalnhjatjmlr. Tfnfcsjnjatrecnfr Ķc iu #jalnmj pfynf#ĶhĶ ftehnfr Ķ ilr frfmf tutfr. Aevfnjct if$ lnj jnjatrec pfynf#ĶhĶ

ftehuc côtr enhfsĶcĶ mj$l#tlrhjz.

AfrfrnĶ ilr fteh yfpĶsĶcmf sec yôrþckjmj 7 jnjatrec iunucur. Pec yôrþckjslcmj = jnjatrec iunucfc ilr yfr Ķ lnjtajc hfnzjhjmj (slnlsyuh vjyf kjrhfcyuh), ajcmlnjrlcj aeh#u enfc ftehnfr jnjatrec pfynf#frfa aevfnjct if$ enu#turur. Iôynj`j ftehnfr Ķc sec yôrþckjnjrlcmjal jnjatrecsfyĶsĶ 7“j tfhfhnfcĶr vj arlstfn yfpĶ enu#ur. Plnlsyuh arlstfnlclc lal ieyutnu yfpĶsĶ %jaln ".4“mfkôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln ".4. Plnlsyuh arlstfnlclc lal ieyutnu yfpĶsĶ.

Pfd \frĶ !njtajc Hfnzjhjclc Ôzjnnlanjrl

Pfd ilr yfr Ķ lnjtajc arlstfnlcmj A 2! ( @9;0!∙ )“mj vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķc gjpsl aeh#u ftehnfrf sĶa Ķ ilr #jalnmj aevfnjct if$ lnj if$nĶmĶr. If$nĶ enfc jnjatrecnfr arlstfn yfpĶ lëlcmj gfrjajt jmjhjz vjjnjatrla fa ĶhĶcĶ lnjtjhjz. Tfnfcs ifcmĶ menumur vj lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf glë jnjatrec yeatur. \fr Ķlnjtajc arlstfn ilr yfnĶtafc klil mfvrfcĶr.

Pfd ilr yfr Ķ lnjtajc arlstfnl emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf ilr hlatfr lnjtajcnla kôstjrlr. Emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf arlstfnĶsĶcfrfa ftehnfr Ķ jcjrolnjclr. Ftehnfr Ķc jcjrolnjchjsl vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķc jcjrolsl frttĶr Ķr. Tfnfcs

ifcmĶcĶc þst sjvlyjslcmj iunucfc jnjatrecnfrmfc ifzĶnfr Ķ yjtjrnl alcjtla jcjrolyj unf#frfa ftehmfc if$ĶcĶ aepfr Ķr vj sjrijst jnjatrec gfnlcj kjnlr. \fcl ie#nua ifcmĶcĶ ftnfyfrfa lnjtlh

ifcmĶcf kjëjr. Pfd enfc Kj vj Pl“mjal sjrijst jnjatrecnfr, sfmj`j vfnfcs ifcm Ķcmf iunucfc vj ĶsĶ

vjyfĶ

#Ķ

a afycfanfr Ķ

cmfc aevfnjct if$Ķ

aepfrhfyf yjtj`ja jcjrol fnfc vjyf tfhsfdnf#tĶrfhfhfatfc afycfanfcfc fz sfyĶmfal jnjatrecmfc enu#tur. "0"2 fteh lëlcmj ilr afta Ķftehu iunucmurfc slnlsyuh sfd afiun jmlnlr.




4

Arlstfn yfpĶmf ĶsĶ jcjrolsl fnfrfa aevfnjct if$ĶcĶ aepfrfc ilr jnjatrec vj jnjatrecuc fyr ĶnhfsĶcjmjclynj enu#fc ie#nua %jaln ".;“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Jnjatrec afyijmjc fteh pezltld yþanþ gfnjkjnlr. Jnjatrecuc ftehmfc fyr ĶnhfsĶ lnj aevfnjct if$mf enu#fc ie#nu$f mjnla mjclr. Mjnla pezltld yþanþ enup ilr f$ĶrnĶ$f sfglp mj$lnmlr vj jnjatrecnfr Ķ ëjajr. Pjrijst afnfc jnjatrec vj enu#fcmjnla, jnjatrec-mjnla ëltdl enfrfa fmnfcmĶr ĶnĶr. Arlstfn lëlcmjal jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtl sfyĶsĶ sĶ`fanĶanf

frtfr.

%jaln ".;. Emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf sfd slnlsyuh arlstfnlcmj ilr jnjatrecuc if$ĶcĶ aepfrtfrfa sjrijst gfnjkjnhjsl vj mjnla enu#hfsĶ.

Emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf iunucfc yfr Ķ lnjtajc arlstfnj ilr kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf, sĶ`fanĶa cjmjclynjsjrijst afnfc jnjatrecnfr jnjatrla fa ĶhĶ þrjtlr. Pjrijst jnjatrecnfr ftehnfr Ķc ëjalh jtalslcmjcaurtunmu$u lëlc gĶznĶ ilr #jalnmj afycf$Ķc pezltld u`ucf me$ru gfrjajt jmjr. PĶ`fanĶ$Ķc frthfsĶ lnjsjrijst jnjatrec vj mjnla sfyĶsĶ frtfr. Aevfnjct if$nfr ĶcĶ aepfrfc sjrijst jnjatrecnfr Ķcenu#turmu$u mjnlanjr mj gfrjajt gfnlcmjmlr. Aevfnjct if$ lëlcmjal mjnla aeh#u ftehuc jnjatrecu

tfrfd Ķcmfc menmurunur. Aeh#u ftehmf enu#fc mjnla, ecuc aeh#usu enfc fteh tfrfd Ķcmfcmenmurunur. Mjnla afycf$Ķc cjkftld u`ucf me$ru lnjrnjr vj afycfatfc aepfc ilr jnjatrec mjnl$lmenmurur. PĶ`fanĶa cjmjclynj jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtl sþrjanl enu#ur vj yfr Ķ lnjtajcmjc ilr fa Ķh kjëjr.Mjnlanjrl menmurfc jnjatrecnfr, sjrijst jnjatrec enhfa lëlc yjtjrnl hlatfrmf jcjrolnjcjhjhl# enfcvfnfcs jnjatrecnfrmĶr. Pjrijst jnjatrecuc gfrjajtl mjnla gfrjajtlcj kôrj ëea gĶznĶmĶr. \fr Ķlnjtajcmjc kjëjc fa Ķh, sjrijst jnjatrecnfr Ķc enu#turmu$u fa Ķh lnj mjnlanjrlc enu#turmu$u fa ĶhĶctepnfhĶmĶr. Mjnla gfrjajtl sjrijst jnjatrecnfr Ķc gfrjajtlclc tjrslcjmlr. Pfd ilr yfr Ķ lnjtajcmjsjrijst jnjatrecnfr Ķc sfyĶsĶ lnj mjnlanjrlc sfyĶsĶ ilrilrlcj j#lttlr. Pfd ilr yfr Ķ lnjtajc hfnzjhjyjafta Ķ ftehnfr Ķ janjcml$lcmj ifct yfpĶsĶ, jnjatrlasjn afrfatjrlstlanjrl mj$l#lr. Afta Ķ erfcĶ echlnyecmf ilr `lvfr Ķcmf enhfsĶcf rf$hjc yfr Ķ lnjtajclc mfvrfcĶ#Ķ ôcjhnl ônëþmj dfranĶnf#Ķr.Afta Ķnfcfc hfnzjhj C tlpl vjyf R tlpl hfnzjhjyj môcþ#þr.

C ]lpl Hfnzjhj

Tfnfcs jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ ij# enfc fctlhec, frsjcla, ilzhut vj desder klil ilr afta Ķ hfmmjslkjrhfcyuh vjyf slnlsyuh tfifcf ôc`jmjc ijnlrnjchl# hlatfrmf janjcjrja C tlpl hfnzjhj jnmjjmlnlr. %jaln ".7“mj slnlsyuh hfnzjhjyj fz hlatfrmf frsjcla janjcjrja jnmj jmlnjc C tlplhfnzjhjclc sĶ`fanĶa lnj lnl#alsl kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Frsjcla ftehnfr ĶcĶc ij# vfnfcs jnjatrecu slnlaecucarlstfn yfpĶsĶcf tfh enfrfa uyhfz. Pfmj`j môrt jnjatrecu aevfnjct if$mf iunucur. Ij#lc`ljnjatrec aevfnjct if$f aftĶnhfz vj hutnfa sĶd Ķr sĶ`fanĶatf aeh#u ftehf kjv#ja ilr #jalnmj

if$nĶmĶr. Iu jnjatrec emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf fnmĶ$Ķ jcjrol (2.2: jT `lvfr Ķcmf) lnj sjrijst jnjatrec enur.

Iu jnjatrecuc ftehmfc fyr ĶnhfsĶ lnj mjnla enu#hfz. Frsjcla ftehu jnjatrec afyijttl$l lëlc pezltld lyec enur. Rezltld lyecnfr Ķc arlstfn yfpĶ lëlcmjal aecuhnfr Ķ mj$l#hjz.




;

%jaln ".7. Plnlsyuhf frsjcla janjchjslynj jnmj jmlnjc C tlpl hfnzjhj.

Aevfnjct if$Ķ enu#turfc jnjatrecnfrmfc ifzĶnfr Ķ emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf lnjtlh ifcmĶcf kjëjrja mjnlanjr enu#ur. !njtlh ifcmĶcmfal sjrijst jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ vfnfcs ifcmĶcmfal mjnla sfyĶsĶcmfc ëea dfznfmĶr.Iu hlatfr afta Ķnfhf erfcĶ lnj ijnlrnjclr. Afta Ķnfhf l#njhl frsjcl$lc sjrijst jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ, emfsĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf enu#fc jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtlclc ilr hlnyec aftĶ enf`fa #jalnmj yfpĶnĶr. Pfd afiun jmlnjc

slnlsyuh hfnzjhjslcmj emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf gjr "9"2 ftehmf ilr sjrijst jnjatrec iunucur. 4"2

ftehmf ilr afta Ķ ftehu iunucursf, tf#ĶyĶ`Ķ erfcĶ 4"2 (ilr hlnyec aft) frtfr. C tlpl hfnzjhjmjsjrijst jnjatrecnfr ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`ĶsĶ vj mjnlanjr fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`ĶsĶmĶr. %jaln ".<“mf Ctlpl hfnzjhjmj jnjatrec vj mjnla fa Ķ#nfr Ķ kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Jnjatrecnfr afycf$Ķc (‐) u`ucmfc (+)u`ucf me$ru gfrjajt jmjr. Fa Ķh yôcþ jnjatrec fa Ķ#ĶcĶc tjrsl enfrfa afiun jmlnlr.

%jaln ".<. C tlpl hfnzjhjmj jnjatrec vj mjnla fa Ķ#nfr Ķ.

R ]lpl Hfnzjhj

Tfnfcs jnjatrec sfyĶsĶ þë enfc lcmlyuh, ierec, fnuhlcyuh vj kfnnlyuh klil ilr afta Ķ hfmmjslkjrhfcyuh vjyf slnlsyuh tfifcf ôc`jmjc ijnlrnjchl# hlatfrmf janjcjrja R tlpl hfnzjhj jnmj

jmlnlr. %jaln "."2“mf slnlsyuh hfnzjhjyj fz hlatfrmf lcmlyuh janjcjrja jnmj jmlnjc R tlplhfnzjhjclc sĶ`fanĶa lnj lnl#alsl kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Lcmlyuh ftehnfr ĶcĶc þë vfnfcs jnjatrecuslnlsyuhuc arlstfn yfpĶsĶcf tfh enfrfa uyhfz. Lcmlyuh arlstfn yfpĶmf þë aevfnjct if$ enu#turur vj ilr aevfnjct if$ ie# afnĶr. Ie# afnfc aevfnjct if$mfal mjnla, aeh#u ftehnfr Ķc vfnfcsjnjatrecnfr Ķ lnj aenfynĶanf menmurunfilnlr. Iu mjnl$lc menmurunhfsĶ lëlc kjrjajc jcjrol, vfnfcsjnjatrecnfr Ķc ie#nua ifcmĶcĶ ftnfyfrfa lnjtlhj ifcmĶcf kjëhjnjrl lëlc kjrjajc jcjrolmjc ëea aþëþatþr. Lcmlyuh ftehnfr Ķcf aeh#u enfc slnlsyuh ftehnfr ĶcĶc vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķ emfsĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf yjtjrnl hlatfrmf jcjrol fnfrfa (2.27 jT `lvfr Ķcmf) mjnlanjrl aenfynĶanf menmurur.!cmlyuh ftehnfr Ķ jnjatrec fnmĶ$Ķ lëlc cjkftld lyec enur. Emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf slnlsyuh ftehnfr Ķcmfenu#fc jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtl cjmjclynj lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf fz sfyĶmf sjrijst jnjatrec mf iunucur. R tlplhfnzjhjmj ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ mjnlanjr vj fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ jnjatrecnfrmĶr. Iumuruh %jaln ".""“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.




7

%jaln "."2. Plnlsyuhf lcmlyuh aftĶnfrfa jnmj jmlnjc R tlpl hfnzjhj.

%jaln "."". R tlpl hfnzjhjmj jnjatrec vj mjnla fa Ķ#nfr Ķ.

Afta Ķ Hfmmjnjrlcj PĶ`fanĶ#Ķc Jtalsl

PĶ`fanĶanf C vjyf R tlpl hfnzjhjmj enu#fc jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtl, yfcl fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķfrtfr. Afta Ķ hfmmjslcmjc kjnjc ëe$ucnua tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ lsj sĶ`fanĶanf mj$l#hjz. Ôrcja enfrfa C tlpl

ilr hfnzjhjmj dfranĶ sĶ`fanĶanfrmf enu#fc jnjatrecnfr vj mjnlanjr ]fine ".9“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.Hutnfa sĶd Ķrmf (-9;0 ²@) jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtl enu#turf`fa ilr jcjrol yeatur. FycĶ zfhfcmf afta Ķftehnfr ĶcĶc jnjatrecnfr ĶcĶ lnjtlh ifcmĶcf kjëlrj`ja sjvlyjmj ilr jcjrol mj yeatur. EmfsĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf (9: ²@) fzĶcnĶa tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶc sfyĶsĶ, afta Ķ hfmmjslcmjc afycfanfcfc sjrijstjnjatrec sfyĶsĶcf kôrj ëea mþ#þatþr. PĶ`fanĶa 9:2 ²@ enmu$ucmf mjnla sfyĶsĶ jnjatrec sfyĶsĶcfyfanf#Ķa enfrfa j#lttlr vj hfmmj sfd ilr yfr Ķlnjtajc klil mfvrfcĶr.

]fine ".9. DfranĶ sĶ`fanĶanfrmf tlpla ilr C tlpl slnlsyuhuc tf#ĶyĶ`Ķ aecsfctrfsyecnfr Ķ.

PĶ`fanĶa Afta Ķ hfmmjslclcsjrijst jnjatrecnfrĶ

PĶ`fanĶanf enu"fcjnjatrec (mjnla) sfyĶsĶ

]epnfh sjrijstjnjatrec sfyĶsĶ

-9;0 ²@ 2 2 29: ²@ "2": ".:x"2"2

≇"2":

922 ²@ "2": "2": 9x"2":

9:2 ²@ "2": "2"4 "."x"2"4




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F. M!\E]NFY vj ËJ$!]NJY !

R-C Oecaslyecu

R vj C tlpl hfnzjhjnjr ilr arlstfn yfpĶ lëlcmj ilr frfyf kjtlrlnml$lcmj lal iônkj frfsĶcmf ilr R-C

oecaslyecu enu#tur. Iu jnjhfc yfr Ķ lnjtajc mlyet enfrfa ilnlclr vj tja yôcmj fa Ķh kjëlrlr. R-C oecaslyecu mlyet, trfcslstôr vj ml$jr yfr Ķ lnjtajc jnjhfcnfr Ķc tjhjnlmlr.

Oecaslyec enu#hfmfc ôc`j emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmf, C iônkjslcmj ëea sfyĶmf sjrijst jnjatrec vj R iônkjslcmj ëea sfyĶmf mjnla hjvùttur. Jnjatrecnfr vj mjnlanjr iþtþc yôcnjrj sjrijstëj gfrjajtjmjr. Oecaslyec enu#hfsĶ fcĶcmf jnjatrecnfrmfc ilr a ĶshĶ R iônkjslcj me$ru gfrjajt jmjr. Iugfrjajtlc sjijil mldþzyec fa ĶhĶmĶr. Mldþzyec fa ĶhĶ jnjatrec ye$ucnu$ucuc ëea enmu$u yjrmjcfz enmu$u yjrj me$ru enu#fc yfyĶnhfmĶr. R iônkjslcj kjëjc jnjatrecnfr mjnlanjrnj ilrnj#lr. C

iônkjslcmj jnjatrecnfr ĶcĶ afyijmjc ftehnfr (+) vj R iônkjslcmj jnjatrec fnfrfa mjnlanjrlclafyijmjc ftehnfr (-) enur. Iucuc secuùcmf R-C oecaslyecu yfa ĶcĶcmf ëea sfyĶmf pezltld vjcjkftld lyec enur. C iônkjslcmjal jnjatrecnfr Ķc gjpsl R iônkjslcj kjëjhjz. C iônkjslcmjal

jnjatrecnfr pezltld lyecnfr tfrfd Ķcmfc ëjalnlr. Iu jnjatrecnfr Ķc R iônkjslcj kjëjilnhjnjrl lëlccjkftld lyecnfr Ķc lthj auvvjtlcl yjchjnjrl kjrjalr. %jaln 9."(f)“mf R-C oecaslyecu vj (i)“mj

oecaslyecuc ilrnj#hjslcmjc secrf enu#fc ie#nua iônkjsl kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Ie#nua iônkjsl ilr plnklil kjrlnlh þrjtlr. Ie#nua iônkjslcmj enu#fc kjrlnlh kjrhfcyuh mlyetnfrmf 2.0 T, slnlsyuhmlyetnfrmf lsj 2.; T“tur.

%jaln 9.". f) R-C oecaslyecu, i) Ie#nua iônkjslclc enu#hfsĶ.

Ie#nua iônkjsl, oecaslyecu mldþzyec yenuynf kjëhja lstjyjc ëe$ucnua tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ lëlc ilr jckjnenu#turur. C iônkjslcmjal ilr sjrijst jnjatrecuc R iônkjslcj kjëjilnhjsl lëlc iu kjrlnlh

petfcslyjnlcl f#f`fa ilr jcjrolyj sfglp enhfsĶ kjrjalr. Ie#nua iônkjslcmj sĶ`fanĶa cjmjclynj

enu#fc jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtnjrl sþrþanjchj (mrldt) fa ĶhĶ lnj mldþzyec fa ĶhĶcĶc tjrslcj gfrjajt jmjr.Iu lal fa ĶhĶc tepnfhĶ sĶd ĶrmĶr.

]jrs Autupnfhf

R-C oecaslyecucuc R iônkjslcj cjkftld vj C iônkjslcj pezltld ilr kjrlnlh uykunfchfs Ķcf tjrs

autupnfhf (penfrhf) mjclr. R iônkjslcmjal mjnlanjr afycf$Ķc cjkftld uù tfrfd Ķcmfc vj C iônkjslcmjal jnjatrecnfr afycf$Ķc pezltld uù tfrfd Ķcmfc ëjalnlr. Ëe$ucnua tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ oecaslyecmfc uzfanf#frfa oecaslyec jtrfd Ķcmf mfgf ëea pezltld vj cjkftld lyec enu#ur. Kjël`lrjolhmj ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ ilr fa Ķh enu#turur. Ie#nua iônkjsl kjcl#njyjrja afrfrnĶ

rjolhmj iu iônkjclc petfcslyjnl R-C oecaslyecucf uykunfcfc Y T kjrlnlhlcj j#lt enur vj




"2

ëe$ucnua tf#ĶyĶ`Ķ fa ĶhĶ sĶd Ķr enur. Ëea aþëþa ilr Y T kjrlnlhl ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶc

fa Ķ#ĶcĶ murmurhfa lëlc yjtjrnlmlr. ]jrs autupnfcfc ilr R-C oecaslyecucmf fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh

tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ oecaslyecmfc ilr sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ kjëlrlr. Y T kjrlnlhl frttĶaëf sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ frtfr. Y T

kjrlnlhlclc mfgf dfznf frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶc sfyĶsĶcĶ frttĶrhfz ëþcaþ jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtlclc hlatfr Ķ sĶ`fanĶ$f if$nĶmĶr. Oecaslyecmfc kjëjc iu fa Ķhf tjrs meyhf fa ĶhĶ mjclr.

%jaln 9.9“mj tjrs autupnfhf muruhucmfal R-C oecaslyecu vj lëlcmjc kjëjc sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ

kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln "."0 ]jrs autupnfhf muruhucmfal R-C oecaslyecu.

ËĶ# Mjnlchj

R-C oecaslyecucf uykunfcfc tjrs kjrlnlhlc frtĶr ĶnhfsĶ fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶc mfgf gĶznĶgfrjajt jthjnjrlcj cjmjc enur. Iu fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ arlstfn lëlcmjal ftehnfrf ëfrpfrfa vfnfcsjnjatrecnfr Ķc jcjrolnjchjslcj vj aevfnjct if$Ķ aepfrfrfa vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķc sjrijst afnhfsĶcfcjmjc enur. Pjrijst afnfc fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ gĶznf gfrjajt jmjrja if#af ftehnfrf ëfrpfr vjyjcl jnjatrec-mjnla ëldtnjrlclc enu#hfsĶcf cjmjc enur. Iôynj`j fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķ sfyĶsĶ gĶznĶ

ilr #jalnmj (ëĶ$ klil) yþasjnlr. Iu enfyf ëĶ$ mjnlchj mjclr vj fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶ iu #jalnmjgĶznfcmĶrhfa lëlc kjrjanl jcjrolyl enu#turfc kjrlnlhj tjrs mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhl ( IMT ) mjclr. ]jrs

mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhl sĶ`fanĶ$f, afta Ķ hlatfr Ķcf vj if#af dfatôrnjrj if$nĶmĶr.

!njrl Autupnfhf

R-C oecaslyecucuc R iônkjslcj pezltld vj C iônkjslcj cjkftld ilr kjrlnlh uykunfchfsĶcf lnjrl

autupnfhf mjclr. R iônkjslcmjal mjnlanjr afycf$Ķc pezltld uù tfrfd Ķcmfc vj C iônkjslcmjaljnjatrecnfr afycf$Ķc cjkftld uù tfrfd Ķcmfc oecaslyecf me$ru ltlnlr. Iu iônkjmjal pezltld vjcjkftld lyecnfr côtr gfnj kjnhjyj if#nfr. Oecaslyecf uykunfcfc DT kjrlnlhl yjtjrl afmfr iþyþa

lsj, mlyet lëlcmj enu#fc kjrlnlh petfcslyjnl sĶd ĶrnfcĶr vj ie#nua iônkjsl ertfmfc afnafr. C iônkjslcmjal jnjatrecnfr yjtjrnl jcjrol fnfrfa R iônkjslcj kjëjr. R iônkjslcj kjëjc jnjatrec iurfmf vfnfcs jnjatrec gfnlcj kjnlr vj mjnlatjc mjnl$j ftnfyfrfa afycf$Ķc pezltld uùcf me$rugfrjajt jmjr. R iônkjslcmj vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķc gfrjajtl, mjnlanjrlc tjrs yôcmj gfrjajtl mjhjatlr.

Fa Ķh yôcþ, mjnla gfrjajtl lnj fycĶ yôcmj afiun jmlnlr. C iônkjslcl tjra jmjc gjr jnjatrec lëlcafycf$Ķc cjkftld uùcmfc ilr jnjatrec ëĶafr. Iôynj`j oecaslyecmfc sþrjanl fa Ķh kjëjr. DT

kjrlnlhl slnlsyuh mlyettf 2.; T vj kjrhfcyuh mlyettf 2.0 T“tfc iþyþa enmu$ucmf R-C




""

oecaslyecucmfc fa Ķh kjëhjyj if#nfr. Kjrlnlhlc ilrfz mfgf frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ fa ĶhĶc gĶznf frthfsĶcfcjmjc enur. Fa ĶhĶ sĶcĶrnfhfa lëlc mlyemf sjrl ilr mlrjcë if$nfcĶr. %jaln 9.0“tj lnjrl yôcmjautupnfchĶ# ilr R-C oecaslyecu kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

C iônkjslcmj ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`ĶsĶ enfc jnjatrecnfr Ķc, R iônkjslcj kjëhjnjrl mldþzyec lnjenur. R iônkjslcmj jnjatrecnfr fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶmĶr. Iu muruh trfcslstôrþc ëfnĶ#hfsĶcĶc

fcnf#ĶnhfsĶ fëĶsĶcmfc ôcjhnlmlr.

%jaln 9.0. !njrl yôcmj autupnfchĶ# R-C oecaslyecu.

Mlyemuc T-L Afrfatjrlstl#l

R-C mlyemucuc R iônkjslcj fcet vj C iônkjslcj aftet lshl vjrlnlr. !njrl yôcmj autupnfchĶ#

mlyettf fa Ķh R“mjc C“yj me$ru fafr. Mlyemuc ea sjhienþ lnjrl yôcmj autupnfchĶ# mlyettfckjëjc fa Ķh yôcþcþ kôstjrlr. %jaln 9.=“tj mlyemuc sjhienþ vj T-L afrfatjrlstl$l kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9.=. Mlyemuc sjhienþ vj T-L afrfatjrlstl$l.

Mlyemuc fa Ķh kjëlrhjyj if#nfmĶ$Ķ kjrlnlh j#la kjrlnlhl ( 2]T ) enup, kjrhfcyuh lëlc 2.0 T vj

slnlsyuh lëlc 2.4 T“tur. J#la kjrlnlhl sĶ`fanĶanf fzfnĶr. sL tjrs yôcmj meyhf fa ĶhĶmĶr vj




"9

sĶ`fanĶanf frtfr. Emf sĶ`fanĶ$Ķcmfal meyhf fa ĶhĶ slnlaecmf ec cfce fhpjrnjr hjrtjijslcmjmlr.Kjrhfcyuhmf lsj jcjrol ie#nu$u mfgf aþëþa enmu$ucmfc slnlaecf kôrj mfgf dfznf fzĶcnĶa fa Ķhtf#ĶyĶ`ĶsĶ hjv`uttur vj sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ ilrafë hlare fhpjr hjrtjijslcmjmlr. IMT mlyemuc tjrs

yôcmj mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlmlr. Mlyemf tjrs yôcmj uykunfcfilnj`ja kjrlnlhlc tjpj mj$jrl (RYT),

IMT “mjc aþëþatþr vj slnlsyuh mlyettf T"222 , kjrhfcyuhmf lsj =22 T `lvfr ĶcmfmĶr. RYT a Ķsf

sþrjnl tjrs kjrlnlhmlr. Aftfneknfrmf fyr Ķ`f tjrs yôcmj uykunfcfilnj`ja M@ kjrlnlhlc hfaslhuh

mj$jrl ( YM@T ) mj vjrlnlr. Plnlsyuh mlyet @922 ! sĶ`fanĶ$f afmfr aunnfcĶnfilnlrajc, kjrhfcyuh

mlyet @"22 ! “yj afmfr aunnfcĶnfilnlr. Plnlsyuh mlyemuc kjrhfcyuhf kôrj mjzfvfctfoĶ j#la kjrlnlhlclc mfgf yþasja enhfsĶmĶr. Kjrhfcyuh mlyet slnlsyuhmfc mfgf gĶznĶmĶr.

Mlyetnu Mjvrjnjrmj Krfdla \ôctjhl lnj ËfnĶ"hf CeatfsĶcĶc IunuchfsĶ

Jnjatrecla mjvrjnjrmj aunnfcĶnfc mlyetnfr Ķc ëfnĶ#hfsĶcĶ mjvrj fcfnlzl yôctjhnjrl lnj lc`jnjhja hþhaþcmþr. Zykunfhfnfrmf mlyet mjvfhnĶ lnjtlh, mjvfhnĶ yfnĶtĶh vjyf zfhfc zfhfc lnjtlh vjyfnĶtĶh muruhucmf ëfnĶ#Ķr. M@ mjvrjnjrmj mlyemuc tja ilr ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ yfcl fa Ķh vj kjrlnlhlhjv`uttur. F@ ilr mjvrjmj lsj mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ mj$l#ajcmlr.

Mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ krfdla yôctjhnjrl aunnfcĶnfrfa mf iunucfilnlr. Mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hfceatfsĶcĶc krfdla lnj iunuchfsĶ lëlc ôc`j mlyemuc gfckl iônkjmj enmu$ucf afrfr vjrlnlr. Mlyetlnjrl autupnfhf, tjrs autupnfhf vjyf mjvrlnhj iônkjnjrlcmjc ilrlcmj enfilnlr. Mfgf secrf T-Lafrfatjrlstl$l lnj yþa me$rusu ajsl#tlrlnlr vj ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ iunucur.

! njrl Autupnfhf Muruhu

!njrl yôcmj autupnfchĶ# ilr mlyet vj ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ %jaln 9.:“tj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9.:. M@ ilr mjvrjmj mlyemuc lnjrl autupnfchfsĶ vj ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ.

Pjrl mjvrjmj afycfa kjrlnlhl, mlyet kjrlnlhl lnj yþa kjrlnlhlclc tepnfhĶ enfrfa yfzĶnĶr.

M\MP lY vT +8

\þa me$rusucuc ëlzlnhjsl lëlc yuafr Ķmfal mjcanjhmj 2lM 8 lëlc PM Tv 8 vj 2vM 8 lëlc

\PM Y /Tl 8 mj$jrnjrl jnmj jmlnlr. Iu lal mj$jr aunnfcĶnfrfa yþa me$rusu ëlzlnlr. \þa me$rusu lnj

mlyemuc T-L afrfatjrlstl$lclc ajsl#tl$l ceatf ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶmĶr. Iu ceatfcĶc fa Ķh vj kjrlnlhmj$jrnjrl ML vj MT enfrfa kôstjrlnhl#tlr.




"0

Zykunfhf " ?

T-L afrfatjrlstl$l f#f$Ķmf vjrlnjc ilr mlyet ℤ8 a :."Y \ enfc sjrl mlrjcë þzjrlcmjc lnjrl

autupnfcf`fa #jalnmj M@ kjrlnlh afycf$Ķcf if$nfchĶ#tĶr. Mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶcĶ iunucuz.

f) T:."TP 8 i) T0TP 8

Ëôzþh ?

f) T:."TP 8 lëlc

MM l":22v:." +8 (yþa me$rusucuc mjcanjhl)

Ml 8 2 ⇙ T:."vM 8

Mv 8 2 ⇙ Ml 8 ".: / ":22 8 2.22" F 8 " hF

Iu lal mj$jr aunnfcĶnfrfa yþa me$rusu ëlzlnlr. Mlyemuc T-L afrfatjrlstl$l lnj yþa me$rusucucajsl#hj ceatfsĶ (f) mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶmĶr. Krfdlatj (f) ceatfsĶcmf mlyemuc kjrlnlhl

T::.2vM 8 vj fa ĶhĶ hF40.2lM 8 enfrfa kôrþnhjatjmlr. Pecu`uc me$runu$ucu aectren jthja

lëlc iunucfc fa Ķh vj kjrlnlh mjcanjhmj yjrlcj aecunur. -02.40x"2x":22::.2:." +≊

i) T0TP 8 lëlc

MM l":22v0 +8 (yþa me$rusucuc mjcanjhl)

Ml 8 2 ⇙ T0vM 8

Mv 8 2 ⇙ Ml 8 0 / ".: a ℤ 8 9 hF

Mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ (i ceatfsĶ) T4.2vM 8 vj fa ĶhĶ hF4."lM 8 enfrfa kôrþnhjatjmlr.




"=

]jrs Autupnfhf Muruhu

]jrs yôcmj autupnfchĶ# ilr mlyet vj ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ %jaln 9.4“mf kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Ëjvrj mjcanjhlf#f$Ķmfal klil yfzĶnĶr.

M\MP lY vT +8∙

\þa me$rusucuc ëlzlnhjsl lëlc yuafr Ķmfal mjcanjhmj 2lM 8 lëlc PM Tv ∙8 vj 2vM 8 lëlc

\PM Y /Tl ∙8 mj$jrnjrl jnmj jmlnlr. Iu lal mj$jr aunnfcĶnfrfa yþa me$rusu ëlzlnlr.

%jaln 9.4. M@ ilr mjvrjmj mlyemuc tjrs autupnfchfsĶ vj ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ.

Zykunfhf 9 ?

T-L afrfatjrlstl$l f#f$Ķmf vjrlnjc ilr mlyet ℤ8 H:Y \ enfc sjrl mlrjcë þzjrlcmjc tjrs

autupnfcf`fa #jalnmj M@ kjrlnlh afycf$Ķcf if$nfchĶ#tĶr. Mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶcĶ iunucuz.

f) T:2TP 8 i) T;:TP 8 `) T"9:TP 8

Ëôzþh ?

f) \þa me$rusu kjrlnlh jasjclcl ‐:2 T“tf, fa Ķh jasjclcl ‐:2 / : Hℤ 8 -"2ºF mj$jrlcmj ajsjr.ËfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ 8Mv =: T vj 8Ml " ºF“mlr.

i) \þa me$rusu kjrlnlh jasjclcl ‐;: T“tf, fa Ķh jasjclcl ‐;: / : Hℤ 8 -":ºF“mj ajsjr.ËfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ 8Mv ;2 T vj 8Ml 9 ºF“mlr. Iu fa Ķh tjrs meyhf fa ĶhĶmĶr vj kjrlnlhnj frthfz.

Mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlcj afmfr fycĶ mj$jrmj fa Ķh kjëjr. Iu fa Ķh mj$jrl fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶcsfyĶsĶcf if$nĶmĶr.

`) \þa me$rusu kjrlnlh jasjclcl ‐ "9: T“tf, fa Ķh jasjclcl ‐ "9: / : Hℤ 8 -9:ºF“mj ajsjr.

ËfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ 8Mv "22 T vj 8Ml : ºF“mlr. "22 T“uc þzjrlcmjal ilr tjrs kjrlnlh mlyemuc tjrsmjvrlnhjslcj vj f#Ķr Ķ fa Ķh kjëhjslcj cjmjc enur. Mjvrlnhj iônkjslcmj mlyet fa ĶhĶ




":

sĶcĶrnfchfzsf f#Ķr Ķ fa Ķh kjëjr vj mlyet iezunur. Iu mjvrjmj : Hℤ“nua sjrl mlrjcë f#Ķr Ķ fa Ķhkjëhjslcl ôcnjr.

Pecuënfr

\þa me$rusu fcfnlzlcmjc f#f$Ķmfal secuënfr ëĶafr Ķnfilnlr.". Afycfa kjrlnlhl mlyemu lnjrl autupnfmĶ$Ķcmf, afycfa kjrlnlhlclc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj mlyet kjrlnlhl

j#la kjrlnlhlcmjc secrf frthfyf mjvfh jthjz, gjhjc gjhjc sfilt afnĶr. Mlyettfc kjëjcfa Ķh sjrl mlrjcë tfrfd Ķcmfc ijnlrnjclr.

9. Afycfa kjrlnlhl mlyemu tjrs autupnfmĶ$Ķcmf, mlyettfc ëea aþëþa ilr tjrs fa Ķh kjëjr. Afycfa kjrlnlhl IMT∙ kjrlnlhlcj unf#fcf afmfr sfilt afiun jmlnjilnlr.

0. Mlyemf uykunfcfc tjrs kjrlnlh IMT “mjc iþyþa lsj, mlyet þzjrlcmj IMT kjrlnlhl mþ#jr.

Mlyet fa ĶhĶ sjrl mlrjcë tfrfd Ķcmfc ijnlrnjclr.

Mlyemuc Mlrjc`l

Mlyemuc mlrjc`l M@ vjyf F@ enfrfa tfcĶhnfcfilnlr. ËfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶcmfal mlrjcë M@ vjyf stftla

mlrjcë enfrfa tfcĶhnfcĶr. !njrl yôcmj autupnfchĶ# ilr mlyemuc stftla mlrjc`l fa Ķh yþasjnmlaëjfrtfr. Mlyet afrfatjrlstl$lclc ijnlrnl ilr iônkjslcmj, kjrlnlhmjal mj$l#hjclc fa Ķhmfal mj$l#hjyjerfcĶ F@ vjyf mlcfhla mlrjcë enfrfa tfcĶhnfcĶr. %jaln 9.;“mj mlrjcë tfcĶhnfr Ķ kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9.; Mlyemuc F@ vj M@ mlrjc`l.Zykunfhf 0 ?

F#f$Ķmfal vjrlnjc mlyet afrfatjrlstl$lcl aunnfcfrfa F, I vj @ ceatfnfr Ķcmfal mlyemuc mlrjcënjrlcl iunucuz. !mjfn mlyet lnj afr #Ķnf#tĶr ĶcĶz.




"4

Ëôzþh ?

F ceatfsĶcmfal M@ mlrjcë1 ℤ888 9:2hF9

:.2

L

TY

M@

M@M@

I ceatfsĶcmfal M@ mlrjcë1 ℤ888 =2hF92

7.2

L

TY

M@

M@M@

!njrl autupnfhf iônkjslcmj mlyemuc mlrjc`l kjrlnlh vj fa Ķ

h frttĶ

aëf frtfr. !mjfn ilr mlyettflnjtlhmjal lë mlrjcë sĶd Ķr afiun jmlnlr.

@ ceatfsĶcmfal M@ mlrjcë1 ℤ8º

∙88 H

:

F9

"2

L

TY

M@

M@M@

]jrs autupnfhf iônkjslcmj mlrjcë enmuaëf yþasjatlr. !mjfn ilr mlyettf lsj iu iônkjmj mlrjc`lcsecsuz enmu$u vj glë fa Ķh kjëhjml$l afiun jmlnlr.

M@ ilr mjvrjmj ijnlrnl ilr ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶcmf mlyemuc mlrjc`l iunucfrfa, mlyet yjrlcj iu j#mj$jr mlrjcë aecunfilnlr.




";

Zykunfhf = ?

\fcmf vjrlnjc mlyet afrfatjrlstl$lclaunnfcfrfa F, I ceatfnfr Ķ frfsĶcmfmlyemuc F@ mlrjc`lcl iunucuz.

Ëôzþh ?

ℤ8

∙

∙8

∙

∙8

∙∙

:Y "2.4"2.92

;0.27.2

ll

TTY

FI

00IF

IFFI

FI ceatfnfr Ķ frfsĶcmfal mlrjcë F@mlrjcë vjyf ertfnfhf mlrjcë enfrfa fmnfcmĶr ĶnĶr.

Mlyet Mjvrjnjrlclc \fanf"Ķa J"mj#jr Fcfnlzl

Ilr mjvrjmj mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶ krfdla hjtemu lnj vjyf mlyemuc j#mj$jrl aunnfcĶnfrfa iunucfilnlr. Mlyemuc yfanf#Ķa j#mj$jrlcl aunnfchfa aenfy ilr ëôzþhmþr vj me$runu$u mfgfmþ#þatþr. ËfnĶ#hf ceatfsĶcĶc iunuchfsĶ krfdla hjtemu lnj enmuaëf kþëtþr.

Mlyemuc yfanf#Ķa j#mj$jr mjvrjslcmj, kjëlrhj yôcþcmj mlyemuc ijnlrnl ilr j#la kjrlnlhlcmjlnjtlhj kjëtl$l afiun jmlnlr. Iu j#la kjrlnlhl kjrhfcyuh lëlc 2.0 T vj slnlsyuh lëlc 2.; T“tur.

Mlyet j#la kjrlnlhlcmjc secrf ilr mlrjcë klil mfvrfcĶr. !njtlhmjal lë mlrjcë enmuaëf mþ#þatþr (ilrafë egh hjrtjijslcmj) vj ilr ëea uykunfhfmf lghfn jmlnlr. !mjfn mlyemuc j#mj$jrl lnjslnlsyuh vj kjrhfcyuh mlyetnfr Ķc j#mj$jr mjvrjnjrl %jaln 9.7“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9.7 !mjfn, slnlsyuh vj kjrhfcyuh mlyetnfr Ķc j#mj$jr mjvrjnjrl.

]jrs autupnfhf iônkjslcmj mlyemuc j#mj$jr mlrjc`l secsuz afiun jmlnlr. Mlyemf tjrs yôcmjmjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlcmjc mfgf iþyþa ilr kjrlnlhl uykunfcĶrsf mlyet mjvrlnjrja fa Ķh kjëlrlr. Iufa ĶhĶc mj$jrl mlrjc`j if$nĶmĶr. Iu jscfmf mlyemuc þzjrlcmjal kjrlnlh mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlmlr.Zykunfhfmf mlyemuc tjrs mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhl, þzjrlcj kjnjilnj`ja hfaslhuh kjrlnlhmjc iþyþa sjëlnlr.




"7

Zykunfhf : ?

\fcmf vjrlnjc mjvrjmj,

f) !mjfn mlyet lëlc, i) Plnlsyuh mlyet lëlc,

`)

Kjrhfcyuh mlyet lëlc

mlyet fa ĶhĶcĶ vj mlrjcë kjrlnlhlcl iunucuz.

Ëôzþh ?

Mjvrjmj mlyet kjëlrhj yôcþcmj autupnfchĶ#tĶr vj lnjtlhmjmlr. Mlyet vj mlrjcë sjrl if$nĶenmu$ucmfc mlyet fa ĶhĶ mlrjcë fa ĶhĶcf j#lttlr. Mlyet kjrlnlhl lnj mlrjcë kjrlnlhlclc tepnfhĶ

afycfa kjrlnlhlcl vjrlr.

f)

!mjfn mlyemuc kjrlnlh mþ#þhþ sĶ

d Ķ

rmĶ

r vj lnjtlhmjal lë mlrjc`l sĶ

d Ķ

rmĶ

r. Mjvrjmjc kjëjc fa Ķ

h,

0"2."

"2L 8 8 "2 hF iunucur.

Mlrjcë kjrlnlhl,

Y .LTY 8 8 "2 hF."a ℤ 8 "2 T iunucur.

i) Plnlsyuh mlyemuc lnjtlh kjrlnlh mþ#þhþ 2.; T“tur. Mlyemuc lnjtlhmjal lë mlrjc`l ëea

aþëþatþr vj mlrjcë yfcĶ

cmf sĶ

d Ķ

r afiun jmlnjilnlr. Mjvrjmjc kjëjc fa Ķ

h,

0"2."

;.2"2L

∙8 8 <.0 hF iunucur.

Mlrjcë kjrlnlhl,

Y .LTY 8 8 <.0 hF."a ℤ 8 <.0 T iunucur.

`) Kjrhfcyuh mlyemuc lnjtlh kjrlnlh mþ#þhþ 2.0 T“tur. Mlyemuc lnjtlhmjal lë mlrjc`l ëea

aþëþatþr vj mlrjcë yfcĶ

cmf sĶ

d Ķ

r afiun jmlnjilnlr. Mjvrjmjc kjëjc fa Ķ

h,

0"2."

0.2"2L

∙8 8 <.; hF iunucur.

Mlrjcë kjrlnlhl,

Y .LTY 8 8 <.; hF."a ℤ 8 <.; T iunucur.

CE] ? Mjvrjmjal kjrlnlh ëea iþyþa lsj slnlsyuh vj kjrhfcyuh mlyemuc j#la kjrlnlhl mj lghfnjmlnjrja ëôzþh lmjfn mlyettfal klil iunucur.




"<

Zykunfhf 4 ?

%jalnmjal mjvrjmj aunnfcĶnfc mlyemuc mjvrlnhjkjrlnlhl T;:TIM 8 “tur.

f) T02TP 8 vj

i) T"22TP 8 lëlc,

mjvrjmjc kjëjc fa Ķh lnj mlyet vj mlrjcëkjrlnlhlcl iunucuz.

Ëôzþh ?

f) Mlyet tjrs autupnfhf iônkjslcmj enmu$ucf kôrj mjvrjmjc kjëjc fa Ķh sĶd Ķr afiun jmlnlr. Iþtþckjrlnlh mlyet þzjrlcmj enu#ur. Mlrjcë þzjrlcmjal kjrlnlh sĶd ĶrmĶr.

L ≊ 28MT - 02 T

8Y T L.Y 8 2

i) Mlyemf kjnjc tjrs kjrlnlh mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlcl f#tĶ$Ķcf kôrj sjrl mlrjcë fa ĶhĶ ijnlrnjr.

8MT - :2 T

hF

9:.2a "22

;:"22

Y

TTL IMP 8

ℤ

∙8

∙8 8 9:2 ºF

8Y T L.Y 8 "22 a ℤ. 9:2 ºF 8 "22. 0"2 . 9:2. 4"2∙ 8 9: T

Mlyettf gfr`fcfc kþë, 4M "2.9:2.:2R ∙8 8"9.: h[ iunucur.

\frĶh Mfnkf Me#runtuù

Mlyet tja yôcmj fa Ķh kjëlrhj ôzjnnl$lcmjc menfyĶ me$runtuù mjvrjnjrlcmj yfykĶc enfrfa aunnfcĶnĶr. Me$runtuù mjvrjnjrl, F@ kjrlnlhl M@ kjrlnlhj ëjvlrhja lëlc aunnfcĶnĶr. Me$runtuùfcfnlzlcmj mlyetnfr lmjfn afiun jmlnj`jatlr. %jaln 9.<“mf yfr Ķh mfnkf me$runtuù mjvrjsl

kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Mjvrjclc klrl#lcj ilr F@ kjrlnlh uykunfchĶ#tĶr. "2 tt ∙ frfnĶ$Ķcmf yfcl pezltld fntjrcfcstf mlyet lnjtlhmjmlr. Iu frfnĶatf mlyemuc kjrlnlhl sĶd Ķr afiun jmlnlrsj, klrl# kjrlnlhlctfhfhĶ yþa þzjrlcmj kôrþnþr. 9" tt ∙ frfnĶ$Ķcmf yfcl cjkftld fntjrcfcstf mlyet ajslhmjmlr.

Mjvrjmjc kjëjc fa Ķh vj yþa kjrlnlhl sĶd ĶrmĶr.

%jaln 9.< \fr Ķh mfnkf me$runtuù, klrl# vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhnjrl.




92

]fh Mfnkf Me#runtu`u

]fh mfnkf me$runthf, F@ kjrlnlhlc gjr lal fntjrcfcsĶcĶc me$runtunfrfa yþaj vjrlnhjsl lnj yfpĶnĶr.%jaln 9."2“mf ertf uënu trfcsderhftôr lnj yfpĶnfc tfh mfnkf me$runtu`u mjvrjsl kôstjrlnhl#tlr.]rfcsderhftôr klrl#lcj uykunfcfc #jijaj kjrlnlhlclc vj ëĶa Ķ#Ķcmfal kjrlnlhnjrlc ertf u`f kôrjmj$l#lhnjrl #jalnmj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Mjvrjmj lal mlyet aunnfcĶnfrfa gjr lal fntjrcfcs me$runtunur vj

yþaj vjrlnlr. "2 tt ∙ frfnĶ$Ķcmf "M mlyemucf kjnjc kjrlnlh ertf u`f kôrj pezltldtlr. "M mlyemulnjtlhj klrjr vj yþaj pezltld fntjrcfcs vjrlnlr. 9M mlyemu iu frfnĶatf cjkftld kjrlnlhj hfruz

afnmĶ$Ķcmfc ajslhmjmlr. 9" tt ∙ frfnĶ$Ķcmf frfnĶ$Ķcmf, 9M mlyemu ertf u`f kôrj pezltld kjrlnlhj

hfruz afnĶr vj lnjtlhj klrjr. Iôynj`j cjkftld fntjrcfcs me$runtunfrfa yþaj vjrlnlr. Iu frfnĶatf þstsfrkĶ kjrlnlhl ertf u`f kôrj cjkftldtlr vj "M mlyemu ajslhmjmlr. \þatjc kjëjc fa Ķh gjr lal

fntjrcfcstf mf pezltldtlr menfyĶsĶynf yþa kjrlnlhl pezltld enur.

%jaln 9."2. Ertf uënu trfcsderhftôr lnj yfpĶnfc tfh mfnkf me$runthf mjvrjsl.

Môcþ#tþrhj erfcĶ c?" , klrl# kjrlnlhl "T vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl 9x 9T enfc ertf uënu trfcsderhftôrmj,

c9

TT h"

h9 8

enfrfa yfzĶnĶr. h lcmlsl hfaslhuh mj$jrmlr. \þa þzjrlcmjal kjrlnlhlcl ertfnfhf mj$jrl,

ς8 h9

M@T9

T

enfrfa gjsfpnfcĶr. Ilr mlyemuc hfruz afnmĶ$Ķ hfaslhuh kjrlnlh,

RLT 8 h9T9

#janlcmj gjsfpnfcĶr. RLT (Rjfa Lcvjrsj Tentfkj) mlyet ajslhmj lajc enu#ur. AunnfcĶnfc mlyemucRLT mj$jrl iu mj$jrlc þstþcmj enhfnĶmĶr.




9"

Zykunfhf ; ?

%jalnmj vjrlnjc tfh mfnkf me$runtuùmftrfcsderhftôr klrl# kjrlnlhl 992 T, :2 Gz vjëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl 9x": T“tur (Kjrlnlh mj$jrnjrljdjatld mj$jrnjrmlr).

f) Klrl# vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhnjrlclc mj$l#lhnjrlclëlzlclz vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhlclc ertfnfhfsĶcĶ

iunucuz. i) Ilr mlyemuc hlclhuh RLT mj$jrlcl

gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh ?

f) T992T" 8

T9992T h9 8 8 0"" TT":T9 8

T9":T h9 8

hs9229.2:2

"] 888

T:."09":.9T9

T h9M@ 8

ς8

ς8

i) Ilr mlyemf kjnjc hfaslhuh kjrlnlh,

RLT 8 h9T9 8 02 9 8 =9.= T

Mlyemuc RLT mj$jrl =9.= T“tfc iþyþa enhfnĶmĶr. RLT mj$jrl :2 T vjyf ;: T sjëlnjilnlr.

Aôprþ Me#runtuù

Aôprþ me$runtuù lnj jnmj jmlnjc M@ kjrlnlh, ertf uënu trfcsderhftôr lnj yfpĶnfc tfh mfnkfme$runtuùmfal M@ kjrlnlhlc lal aftĶmĶr. %jaln 9.""“mj aôprþ me$runtuù mjvrjsl vj klrl# ëĶa Ķ#

kjrlnlhnjrl kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9."". Aôprþ me$runtuù mjvrjsl vj klrl# ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhnjrl.




99

Rezltld fntjrcfcstf "M - 9M mlyetnfr Ķ lnjtlhmj, =0 MM ∙ mlyetnfr Ķ ajslhmjmlr. Cjkftld fntjrcfcstf

=0 MM ∙ mlyetnfr Ķ lnjtlhmj, "M - 9M mlyetnfr Ķ ajslhmjmlr. \þatjc kjëjc fa Ķh vj yþa kjrlnlhl

gjr lal fntjrcfcstf mf pezltldtlr. Ilr mlyemuc hfruz afnmĶ$Ķ hfaslhuh kjrlnlh klrl# kjrlnlhlclctjpj mj$jrlmlr.

ALYRL@L MJTYJNJY

Mlyet mjvrjnjrl klrl# l#frjtlclc ijnlrnl ilr iônkjslcl a Ķrphfa vj l#frjtl ôtjnjhja lëlc aunnfcĶnfilnlr.A ĶrpĶ`Ķnfr ôckjrlnlhnl, ôckjrlnlhslz, sjrl, pfrfnjn, pezltld vjyf cjkftld tþrmj enfilnlr. Ôckjrlnlhnlmjvrjnjrmj M@ kjrlnlh afycf$Ķ aunnfcĶnĶr. A Ķrphf sjvlyjsl mjvrjmj aunnfcĶnfc M@ kjrlnlhafycf$ĶcĶc mj$jrl lnj fyfrnfcfilnlr. Mlyemuc yôcþ lnj sjrl vjyf pfrfnjn if$nĶ enhfsĶcf kôrj,

pezltld vjyf cjkftld a Ķrphf yfpĶnfilnlr. Afycf$Ķc yôcþcþc mj$l#tlrlnhjsl lnj a Ķrphf l#njhltfhfhjc mj$l#lr.

%jaln 9."9“mj ôckjrlnlhnl sjrl a ĶrpĶ`Ķ vj klrl# kjrlnlhl lnj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl frfsĶcmfal lnl#al

kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Iu mjvrjmj ‐: T“tfc mfgf mþ#þa kjrlnlhnjr lëlc mlyet fëĶ

a mjvrj enur vj ëĶ

a Ķ

#kjrlnlhl sĶd Ķr enur. ‐: T“uc þzjrlcmj mlyet lnjtlhj klrjr. Iôynj`j klrl# kjrlnlhl : T yuafr Ķôtjnjchl# enur vj fntĶ a ĶrpĶnĶr.

%jaln 9."9 Ôckjrlnlhnl sjrl ilr a ĶrpĶ`Ķ.

%jaln 9."0“mj ôckjrlnlhnl pfrfnjn a ĶrpĶ`Ķ kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Iu mjvrjmj : T“tfc mfgf aþëþa kjrlnlhnjr lëlc mlyet a Ķsf mjvrj enur vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl : T enur. Klrl# kjrlnlhlclc : T“uc fntĶcmfal a ĶshĶ

a ĶrpĶnĶr.

%jaln 9."0 Ôckjrlnlhnl pfrfnjn a ĶrpĶ`Ķ.

%jaln 9."=“tj kôstjrlnjc ôckjrlnlhnl pfrfnjn a ĶrpĶ`Ķmf lal mlyet aunnfcĶnhĶ#tĶr. Rezltld fntjrcfcstf vj: T“uc þstþcmj, pezltld yôcmjal mlyet lnjtlhj klrjr vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl : T enur. Cjkftld fntjrcfcstfvj ‐ "2 T“uc fntĶcmf, cjkftld yôcmjal mlyet lnjtlhj klrjr vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl -"2 T enur. Iôynj`jklrl# kjrlnlhl gjh fnttfc gjh mj þsttjc a ĶrpĶnhĶ# enur. Kjrlnlh mj$jrnjrl mj$l#tlrlnjrja a Ķrphfsjvlyjnjrl mj$l#tlrlnjilnlr.




90

%jaln 9."= Ôckjrlnlhnl lal mlyetnu pfrfnjn a ĶrpĶ`Ķ.

AJCJ]NJ\!@! MJTYJNJY

Ajcjtnjyl`l mjvrjnjr f` ilr l#frjtj m` ilr sjvlyj janjhja lëlc aunnfcĶnĶr. Ajcjtnjyl`lnjr tjnjvlzyecfnĶ`Ķnfr Ķcmf m` sjvlyj jnmj jthja lëlc aunnfcĶnĶr. FnĶ`Ķyf kjnjc vlmje l#frjtl kjcjnnlanj afpfsltld

ilr fhpnldlaftôr lnj yþasjntlnlr. \þasjnthj l#njhl m` ilnj#jclc yfcl slyfg, ijyfz vj ie#nua sjvlyjnjrlclc afyienhfsĶcf cjmjc enur. Tlmje l#frjtl rjslh tþpþcj uykunfchfmfc ôc`j iu

rjdjrfcs sjvlyjnjr ajcjtnjyl`l yjclmjc jnmj jmlnlr.

%jaln 9.":“tj pezltld m` ajcjtnjyl`l kôstjrlnhl#tlr. F ceatfsĶcf afmfr aecmfcsftôr #fro enur. Mfgfsecrf aecmfcsftôr kjrlnlhlclc sfilt afnmĶ$Ķ afiun jmlnlr. Mjvrjmj aecmfcsftôrþc mjofroĶ Y þzjrlcmjc enur. Y@ zfhfc sfiltl uykunfcfc klrl# slcyfnlclc pjryemucmfc ëea iþyþatþr. ËĶa Ķ#kjrlnlhl sfilt enfc aecmfcsftôr kjrlnlhl lnj klrl# kjrlnlhlclc tepnfhĶmĶr.

%jaln 9.": Rezltld ilr m` ajcjtnjyl`l.

Ajcjtnjyl`l mjvrjnjr klrl# l#frjtlcl cjkftld m` sjvlyjyj mj afymĶrfilnlr. Ajcjtnjyl`l mjvrj lëlcmjm` ilr kjrlnlh afycf$Ķ aunnfcĶnfrfa dfranĶ m` sjvlyjnjr mj jnmj jmlnjilnlr. %jaln 9."4“mf cjkftld ilr m` ajcjtnjyl`l kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9."4 Cjkftld ilr m` ajcjtnjyl`l.




9=

Zykunfhf 7 ?

F#f$Ķmf vjrlnjc ajcjtnjyl`l mjvrjmj klrl# kjrlnlhl lëlc ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhlcl ëlzlclz.

Ëôzþh ?

Mjvrj klrl#lcj uykunfcfc l#frjtlc drjafcsĶ " aGz enmu$ucf kôrj mfrij pjryemu,

] 8 " / d 8 " hs

enfrfa iunucur. Y@ zfhfc sfiltl,

Y.@ 8 "22a."º 8 040 "2."22"2."."2."22 ∙∙ 8 8"22 hs.

Y@ zfhfc sfiltl mfrij pjryemucmfc ëea iþyþa enmu$u lëlc aecmfcsftôr kjrlnlhlclc Y þzjrlcmjcmj#fro enhfmĶ$Ķ afiun jmlnlr.

Fcfnlzj mlyemuc lnjtlhmj enmu$u frfnĶatfc if#nfyfnĶh.

9" tt ∙ frfnĶ$Ķcmf mlyet lnjtlhmjmlr. Mjvrjclc klrl#lcmj ‐ 92 T kjnhjatjmlr. \fcl fnt u`ucf + 92 T uykunfchĶ#tĶr.Mlyet iu frfnĶatf Fcet-Aftet kjrlnlhl pezltld enmu$ucmfclnjtlhj klrjr vj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl : T enur. Aecmfcsftôr lsj#jalnmj kôstjrlnml$l klil + 9: T“f #fro enur. 09 tt ∙

frfnĶ$Ķcmf mlyet ajslhj klrjr. ËĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl klrl# kjrlnlhllnj aecmfcsftôr kjrlnlhlclc tepnfhĶmĶr. 8ev "2 T + 9: T

8 0: T. ËĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhlclc mj$l#lhl yfcmf vjrlnhl#tlr.

_jcjr Mlyet

Cerhfn mlyetnfrmf tjrs mjvrlnhj enfyĶ lstjchjz. _jcjr mlyetnfr lsj ijnlrnl ilr kþ`j afmfr tjrsmjvrlnhj iônkjslcmj aunnfcĶnfilnlr. ]jrs autupnfchĶ# ilr mlyemuc mjvrlnhjsl lal #jalnmj enur.

"- ËĶ$ mjvrlnhj? ]jrs autupnfhf lnj gĶznfcfc fzĶcnĶa tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķc aevfnjct if$mfal vfnfcsjnjatrecnfr Ķ aepfrhfsĶ lnj enu#ur. ËĶ$ mjvrlnhj mlyemf : venttfc mfgf iþyþa ilr tjrs kjrlnlhuykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf enu#ur.

9- _jcjr mjvrlnhj ? Ie#nua iônkjsl mfr enhfsĶ muruhucmf hjymfcf kjnjc yþasja jnjatrla fnfcĶ

cjmjclynj enu#ur. Iu jnjatrla fnfcĶ aevfnjct if$mfal vfnfcs jnjatrecnfr Ķ aepfrfrfa mlyettfctjrs yôcmj yþasja fa Ķh kjëhjslcj cjmjc enur. _jcjr mjvrlnhj : venttfc aþëþa kjrlnlhnjrmj

enu#ur. Afta Ķ erfcĶcĶc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ ie#nua iônkjslcl mfrfntĶr. Ie#nua iônkjslcmj enu#fcjnjatrla fnfcĶ (uzfanĶa lnj tjrs erfctĶnĶ) lsj frtfr. MenfyĶsĶynf afta Ķ erfcĶcĶc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ zjcjr mlyemuc mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlcl fzfntĶr.




9:

_jcjr mlyemuc afrfatjrlstl$l, sjhienþ vj j#mj$jr mjvrjnjrl %jaln 9.";“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. _jcjr mlyet lnjrl yôcmj autupnfcĶrsf cerhfn ilr mlyet klil mfvrfcĶr. Zykunfhfnfrmf zjcjr mlyet tjrsmjvrlnhj iônkjslcmj aunnfcĶnĶr. Afrfatjrlstla j$rlmj lal ôcjhnl ceatf kôstjrlnhl#tlr. F ceatfsĶzjcjr mlyemucuc tjrs mjvrlnhj ceatfsĶmĶr. _jcjr mlyemuc F ceatfsĶcmf ëfnĶ#filnhjsl lëlc,mlyettfc hlclhuh ilr fa Ķh kjëhjsl kjrjalr. Iu muruhmf zjcjr kjrlnlhl hlclhuhmur. IceatfsĶcmf mlyettfc hfaslhuh fa Ķh kjëjr vj zjcjr kjrlnlhl hfaslhuhmur. I ceatfsĶcmfal

fa Ķh mj$jrl aftfnekmf vjrlnjc _HL mj$jrlcl f#hfhfnĶmĶr. _jcjr mlyetnfr ".7 T lnj 922 TfrfsĶcmfal kjrlnlh mj$jrnjrlcmj vj =/" [ lnj :2 [ frfsĶcmfal kþë mj$jrnjrlcmj þrjtlnhjatjmlr.

_jcjr mlyemuc lmjfn j#mj$jrl ilr kjrlnlh afycf$Ķ afiun jmlnlr. \fanf#Ķa j#mj$jrl lsj ilr mlrjcë vjafycfa kjrlnlhlclc tepnfhĶ enfrfa vjrlnlr.

zzzz l.r Tv +8

_jcjr mlyemuc lë mlrjc`lclc tfcĶhĶ afrfatjrlstla j$rl þzjrlcmj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. !ë mlrjcë cj afmfr aþëþa enursf, zjcjr uënfr Ķcmfal kjrlnlhlc fa Ķh lnj mj$l#hjsl e afmfr fz enur. _jcjr mlyet,

rjkþnfsyec vj rjdjrfcs kjrlnlh sf$nfhfa fhf`Ķ

ynf yfykĶ

c enfrfa aunnfcĶ

nhfatfmĶ

r.

%jaln 9.";. _jcjr mlyemuc afrfatjrlstl$l, sjhienþ vj j#mj$jr mjvrjnjrl.

_jcjr mlyemuc mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhl sĶ`fanĶanf mj$l#lr. Aftfneknfrmf kjrlnlhlc @! if#Ķcf yþzmjenfrfa mj$l#hjslcl kôstjrjc ilr sĶ`fanĶa aftsfyĶsĶ ( ]A ) vjrlnlr. Ôrcj$lc ": T“nua ilr zjcjr

mlyettf ]A 8 2.9 % / @

!

lsj, " @

!

“nla frtĶ

# zjcjr kjrlnlhlclc 2.20 T frthfsĶ

cf cjmjc enur.PĶ`fanĶa aftsfyĶsĶ zjcjr mjvrlnhj iônkjslcmj ëfnĶ#fc mlyetnfrmf cjkftld, ëĶ$ mjvrlnhj iônkjslcmjëfnĶ#fc mlyetnfrmf pezltldtlr. _jcjr kjrlnlhl frttĶaëf sĶ`fanĶa aftsfyĶsĶ mf frtfr.

Zykunfhf ? <

Ilz zjcjr mlyemuc fa ĶhĶcmf 9 hF“nla ilr mj$l#hj enmu$ucmf, uënfr Ķcmfal kjrlnlh :2 hTmj$l#hjatjmlr. _jcjr mlrjc`lcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh ?

ℤ88∄

∄8

hF9

hT9:

:2

L

Tr

z

z_




94

Zykunfhf ? "2

Kjrlnlhl "2 T vj lë mlrjc`l : ℤ enfc zjcjr mlyettfc 92 hF kjëhjsl muruhucmf uënfr Ķcmfalkjrlnlhlc cj enf`f$ĶcĶ iunucuz.

Ëôzþh?

Mlrjcë uënfr Ķ

cmfal kjrlnlh,T".2"2.92.:l.r 0

zz 88 ∙

iunucur. _jcjr uënfr Ķcmfal kjrlnlh,

T"."2".2"2l.r Tv zzzz 8+8+8

enur. 92 hF fa Ķh kjëtl$lcmj zjcjr mlyetkjrlnlhl % "2 frtfr.

Zykunfhf ? ""

%jalnmj vjrlnjc mjvrjmj klrl# kjrlnlhlclc gfcklfrfnĶ$Ķcmf rjkþnfsyec sf$nfcf`f$ĶcĶ gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

hF"L hlc_ 8 , hF":L hfx_ 8

T".:T_ 8 , ℤ8 "2r _

Ëôzþh?

hF"L hlc_ 8 lëlc1

hlc___e L.r TT +8 8:." + "2. "hF 8 :."" Tehlc_hlcl TL.Y T +8 8 422. "hF + :."" 8 :.;" T

hF":L hfx_ 8 lëlc1

hfx___e L.r TT +8 8:." + "2. ":hF 8 :.9: T

ehfx_hfxl TL.Y T +8 8 422. ":hF + :.9: 8 "=.9: T

Klrl#j mj$l#ajc ilr klrl# kjrlnlhl uykunfchfsĶ lnj ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhlclc mj$l#hjhjsl lstjchjatjmlr.ËĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhlclc rjkþnj jmlnjilnhjsl lëlc klrl#j :.;" T lnj "=.9: T frfnĶ$Ķcmf ilr kjrlnlhuykunfchfsĶ kjrjalr. Iu muruhmf ëĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhl :."" T lnj :.9: T frfsĶcmf ilr mj$jr fnĶr.

Zykunfhf ? "9

%jalnmj vjrlnjc mjvrjmj hF0L hlc_ 8 ,

hF<2L_H 8 , T"9T_ 8 , ℤ8"2r _ enfc ilr

zjcjr mlyet aunnfcĶnhĶ#tĶr.f) Yjkþnfsyec sf$nfcfilnhjsl lëlc \Y

mlrjc`lclc hlclhuh mj$jrlcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz( 2r _ 8 fnĶcĶz).

i)

ËĶ

a Ķ

# kjrlnlhlclc fa Ķ

hf if$nĶ

mj$l#lhlclëlzlclz. ËĶa Ķ# kjrlnlhlcmjal if$Ķnrjkþnfsyecu gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.




9;

Ëôzþh?

f) Mjvrjmj yþa if$nĶ mj$ln lajc, Y mlrjc`lcmjc kjëjc fa Ķh hfaslhuh enur. Iu fa Ķh fycĶ

zfhfcmf zjcjrmjc kjëjr.

hF9=:22

"99=

Y

TT

LL_l

hfx_hfxY 8

∙

8

∙

88 _Hhfx_ LL >

_jcjrmjc kjëjc hfaslhuh fa Ķh _HL mj$jrlcl kjëhjhjnlmlr. Mjvrjmj _Hhfx_ LL > #frtĶ

sf$nfcmĶ$Ķcmfc Y mlrjc`lclc mj$jrl uykucmur. Iu mjvrjmj Y mlrjc`l ilrfz mfgf aþëþa sjëlnjilnlr.

\þa fa ĶhĶ hfaslhuh lajc zjcjrmjc kjëjc fa Ķh hlclhuhmur. _jcjr mlyemuc rjkþnfsyecyfphfsĶ lëlc hF0L hlc_ 8 mj$jrlcmj ilr fa Ķh zjcjrmjc kjëhjnlmlr. \þa fa ĶhĶcmfc kjëjc

hfaslhuh fa Ķh vj hlclhuh yþa mlrjc`l f#f$Ķmfal klil gjsfpnfcĶr.

hlc_hfxY hfx\ LLL ∙8

hF9"hF0hF9=L hfx\ 8∙8

ℤ888 :;2hF9"

"9

L

TY

hfx\

\hlc\ ℤ3 :;2Y \ enhfnĶmĶr.

\þa kjrlnlhlclc mj$l#lhl fa Ķhf kôrj f#f$Ķmfal klil ëlzlnjilnlr. \þa fa ĶhĶ 9" hF enfcf afmfr zjcjr mlyet rjkþnfsyec sf$nfr. Iu frfnĶatf me$rucuc j$lhl _r mlrjc`lcl vjrlr. Iu mj$jrmjc secrf

zjcjr mlyet ëea fz fa Ķh kjëlrlr vj yþasja mlrjcë kôstjrlr. ËĶa Ķ# a Ķsf mjvrj jmlnlrsj kjrlnlh sĶd Ķr enur, fa ĶhĶ sfmj`j Y mlrjc`l sĶcĶrnfr. A Ķsf mjvrj fa ĶhĶ 9=T/:22 8 =7 hF“mlr.

i) Ie#tf ëfnĶ#hfmf yþa fa ĶhĶ sĶd ĶrmĶr vj zjcjrmjc hfaslhuh fa Ķh kjëjr. Iu muruhmf zjcjr kjrlnlhl (yþa kjrlnlhl) hfaslhuh enur.

0hfx___hfx_hfx\ "2.9"."2"9L.r TTT ∙+8+88 8 "9.9" T

\þa fa ĶhĶ hfaslhuh enmu$ucmf zjcjrmjc kjëjc fa Ķh hlclhuhmur. Iu muruhmf zjcjr kjrlnlhl(yþa kjrlnlhl) hlclhuh enur.

0hlc___hlc_hlc\ "2.0."2"9L.r TTT ∙+8+88 8 "9.20 T

If$Ķn \þa Yjkþnfsyecu 8 8∙

"22x"9

20."99"."9% ".:




97

_jcjrnl F@ rjkþnftôr (F@ P ĶcĶrnfyĶ`Ķ )

_jcjr mlyet, jnjatrecla jnjhfc vj jctjkrj mjvrjnjrlc klrl#njrlcl f#Ķr Ķ kjrlnlhnjrmjc aeruhfa lëlcaunnfcĶnfilnlr. %jalnmj 9."7“mj kjrlnlhl tja yôcmj a Ķrphf mjvrjsl kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Mjvrjmj klrl#kjrlnlhlclc pezltld iônkjslcmj zjcjr kjrlnlhlclc þstþcþ a Ķrpfr. Cjkftld fntjrcfcstf cerhfn mlyetklil mfvrfcĶr vj lnjtlhj klrjr.

%jaln 9."7. ]ja yôcnþ a ĶrpĶ`Ķ

Kjrlnlhl lal yôcmj a Ķ

rphfa lëlc %jalnmj 9."<“mf vjrlnjc mjvrj aunnfcĶ

nfilnlr. Rezltld fntjrcfcstf_" mlyemu cerhfn, _9 mlyemu lsj zjcjr mlyet klil mfvrfcĶr. Cjkftld fntjrcfcstf lsj _9 cerhfnmlyet, _" zjcjr mlyet klil mfvrfcĶr. _jcjr mlyetnfr Ķc kjrlnlhnjrl uykuc sjëlnjrja klrl# kjrlnlhllstjclnjc sjvlyjmj a ĶrpĶnfilnlr.

%jaln 9."<. !al yôcnþ a ĶrpĶ`Ķ

Tfrfatôr Mlyetnfr

]jrs kjrlnlh uykunfcfc mlyet ilr afpfsltj klil mfvrfcĶr. Cerhfn mlyetnfrmf tjrs kjrlnlhuykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf ilr ie#nua iônkjsl enu#ur. Iu ie#nua iônkjsl uykunfcfc tjrs kjrlnlh lnj frtfr.Ie#nua iônkjsl fa Ķh kjëlrhjml$lcmjc yfnĶtafc afiun jmlnlr. R vj C iônkjnjrl lsj lnjtajc

enmu$ucmfc afpfsltjclc pnfafnfr Ķ

klil mfvrfcĶ

r. Cerhfn mlyetnfr Ķ

c afpfsltjsl uykunfcfc tjrskjrlnlhj if$nĶ enfrfa fz hlatfrmf mj$l#lr. Afta Ķnfhf hlatfr Ķ oecaslyec `lvfr Ķcmf frttĶr Ķnfrfa afpfsltjclc mj$l#hj erfcĶ yþasjntlnjilnlr. Iu #jalnmj yfpĶnfc ôzjn mlyetnfrf vfrfatôr mlyet mjclr.Tfrfatôr mlyetnfr Ķc afpfsltjsl kjrlnlhnj mj$l#tlrjilnlr. Mlyemuc afpfsltjsl,

m

F@ κ8

enfrfa gjsfpnfcĶr. Iurfmf κ kjëlrkjcnla, F oecaslyecuc fnfcĶ vj m oecaslyecuc kjcl#nl$lmlr.Mlyemf tjrs kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf enu#fc afpfsltj vj vfrfatôr mlyemuc j#mj$jrl %jaln 9.92“mjkôstjrlnhl#tlr. ]jrs kjrlnlh frttĶaëf ie#nua iônkjsl frtfr vj afpfsltj fzfnĶr. Afpfsltjclc kjrlnlhj

if$nĶ mj$l#lhl %jaln 9.9"“ mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. Ilr petfcslyehjtrj lnj mlyemf kjnjc tjrs kjrlnlhmj$l#tlrlnjrja vfrfatôr mlyemuc afpfsltjsl aectren jmlnjilnlr. Tfrfatôr mlyet, rfmyenfrmf drjafcsĶcfyfrnfchfsĶcmf vj tjnjvlzyecnfr Ķc jnjatrecla tucjr mjvrjnjrlcmj yfykĶc enfrfa aunnfcĶnĶr.




9<

%jaln 9.92. Mlyemf tjrs kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf enu#fc afpfsltj vj vfrfatôr mlyemuc j#mj$jrl.

%jaln 9.9" . Ilr vfrfatôr mlyettf afpfsltjclc kjrlnlhj if$nĶ mj$l#lhl.

P`gettay Mlyetnfr

P`gettay mlyetnfr ëea yþasja drjafcsnfrmf vj gĶznĶ fcfgtfrnfhf uykunfhfnfr Ķcmf aunnfcĶnĶr.!njtlh kjrlnlh mþ#þhþcþc fznĶ$Ķ vj yþasja fcfgtfrnfhf gĶzĶcmfc menfyĶ ôzjnnlanj fcfgtfrnfhfnĶkþë afycfanfr Ķcmf vjrlh fëĶsĶcmfc tjr`lg jmlnlr. GĶznfr ĶcĶc yþasjanl$l sjijilynj jctjkrj (L@)mjvrjnjrmj aunnfcĶnĶr. P`gettay mlyettf R tlpl hfnzjhj yjrlcj fntĶc, kþhþ#, pnftlc klil ilr hjtfnaunnfcĶnĶr. Hjtfnmj lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf ëea sfyĶmf jnjatrec hjv`uttur. R-C mlyemucmf hjv`ut enfc

ie#nua iônkjsl P`gettay mlyettf yeatur vj mþ#þa ilr kjrlnlhnj lnjtlhj klrjr. Rezltld autupnfhf lnj

C iônkjslcmjal yþasja jcjrolnl jnjatrecnfr hjtfnj (R iônkjslcj) kjëjrja iu iônkjmjaljnjatrecnfr Ķc jcjrolnjrlcl frttĶr Ķr. P`gettay mlyet, R-C mlyemf kôrj ëea gĶznĶmĶr. Ëþcaþ iu mlyetsfmj`j ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf#ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ lnj ëfnĶ#Ķr. Pjrijst jnjatrecnfr Ķc gfrjajtl mjnlanjrlc gfrjajtlcjkôrj ëea gĶznĶmĶr. Pgettay mlyemuc yfpĶsĶ vj sjhienþ %jaln 9.99“mj kôstjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9.99. Pgettay mlyemuc yfpĶsĶ vj sjhienþ.




02

]þcjn Mlyet

]þcjn mlyet, R vj C iônkjnjrlcmj oecaslyec `lvfr Ķcmfal afta Ķnfchf hlatfr Ķ frttĶr Ķnfrfa yfpĶnfc ilr mlyettur. Ilnlcml$l klil afta Ķnfhf hlatfr ĶcĶc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ ie#nua iônkjslcl mfrfntĶr vj zjcjr kjrlnlhlcl fzfntĶr. ]þcjn mlyettf ie#nua iônkjslclc kjcl#nl$l cerhfn mlyemuc yþzmj ilrl afmfr aþëþatþr. Iu cjmjcnj ëea aþëþa ilr lnjrl kjrlnlh mlyettfc fa Ķh kjëhjslcj cjmjc enur. ]þcjn

mlyemuc yfpĶsĶ, afrfatjrlstl$l vj sjhienþ %jaln 9.90“tj vjrlnhl#tlr.

%jaln 9.90. ]þcjn mlyemuc yfpĶsĶ, afrfatjrlstl$l vj sjhienþ.

%jalnmj kôstjrlnml$l klil tþcjn mlyemuc afrfatjrlstl$l ijnlrnl ilr iônkjmjc secrf cerhfn mlyet lnjfycĶmĶr. ]þcjn mlyemuc ëfnĶ#hfsĶ #u #jalnmjmlr. F ceatfsĶcmf ilr kjrlnlh uykunfchfhĶ#tĶr vjmlyettfc fa Ķh kjëhjz. F ceatfsĶcĶc fntĶcmf ëea aþëþa tjrs ilr kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf mlyettfckjëjc fa Ķh tjrs kjrlnlhnj gĶznĶ ilr #jalnmj frtfr. Mlyemf aþëþa ilr pezltld kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf

fa Ķh kjëjr vj pezltld kjrlnlhlc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj fa Ķh frtfr. I ceatfsĶcmfc @ ceatfsĶcf afmfr fa ĶhfzfnĶr. I lnj @ frfsĶcmf mlyemuc mlcfhla mlrjc`l cjkftldtlr. Kjrlnlhmjal frtĶ# fa Ķhmf fzfnhfyfcjmjc enur. ]þcjn mlyet iu ôzjnnl$l cjmjclynj eslnftôr mjvrjnjrlcmj aunnfcĶnĶr.

]þcjn mlyettf ie#nua iônkjslcl kjëjc jnjatrecnfr Ķc gĶzĶ, cerhfn mlyettf mldþzyec lnj yfyĶnfcjnjatrecnfrf kôrj ëea yþasjatlr. ]þcjn mlyettf jnjatrecnfr R-C oecaslyecu `lvfr Ķcmf Ķ#Ķa gĶzĶcf

yfa Ķc ilr gĶznf gfrjajt jmjr. ]þcjn mlyet iu cjmjcnj ëea yþasja drjafcsnfrmf ( ;"2 HGz“j afmfr)aunnfcĶnfilnlr.

L"Ķa \fyfc Mlyetnfr (NJM)R-C mlyet me$ru yôcmj autupnfcmĶ$Ķcmf, C-tlpl hfnzjhjmjal sjrijst jnjatrecnfr mldþzyec lnj R

iônkjslcj kjëjr. Jnjatrecnfr R iônkjslcmj mjnlanjrnj ilrnj#jrja vfnfcs jnjatrec gfnlcj kjnlr. C iônkjslcmj lnjtlh ifcmĶcmf iunucfc jnjatrecnfr Ķc, R iônkjslcmj vfnfcs ifcmĶcf kjëhjnjrl jcjrolafyijthjnjrlcj cjmjc enur. Iu jcjrol afyiĶ slnlsyuh vj kjrhfcyuh mlyetnfrmf ĶsĶyf môcþ#þr.Kfnnlyuh frsjclm vj kfnnlyuh desdft klil hfnzjhjnjrmjc yfpĶnfc mlyetnfrmf iu jcjrolclc ilr hlatfr Ķ Ķ#Ķa jcjrolslcj (detecnfrf) môcþ#þr. \fyĶnfc Ķ#Ķ$Ķc jcjrolsl vj drjafcsĶ f#f$Ķmfal klilgjsfpnfcĶr.

J 8 g x d

g 8 =."0;x ":"2∙ ? Rnfc`a sfiltl (Jnjatrecvent / Gjrtz)




0"

J iurfmf jnjatrecuc afyijttl$l jcjrolmlr. Jcjrol cj afmfr iþyþa enursf yfyĶnfc Ķ#Ķ$Ķc drjafcsĶ eafmfr yþasjatlr. Jnjatrecnfr jnjatrla jcjrolslcl tf#ĶmĶ$Ķ klil, detecnfr Ķ#Ķa jcjrolslcl tf#Ķyfc,f$ĶrnĶ$Ķ vj yþaþ enhfyfc aþëþa pfrëf`ĶanfrmĶr. L#Ķa jhjc `lslh jcjrol fnhĶ# enur vj ĶsĶcĶr. Ilr hfmmj cj afmfr ëea ĶsĶcĶrsf yfymĶ$Ķ Ķ#Ķanfr Ķc mfnkf ieynfr Ķ e afmfr a Ķsf enur. L#Ķ$Ķc gĶzĶ lnj

jnjatrehfcyjtla mfnkfcĶc gĶzĶ fycĶ enup ` 8 0 x 7"2 hjtrj / sfclyj“mlr. L#Ķ$Ķc drjafcsĶ lnj mfnkf ieyu frfsĶcmfal lnl#al f#f$Ķmf vjrlnhl#tlr.

d

`8α

Mfnkf ieyu, Ķ#Ķa vjyf jnjatrehfcyjtla mfnkfcĶc ilr pjryemucmf afë hjtrj yen fnmĶ$ĶcĶ kôstjrlr.\þasja drjafcsnfrmf uzucnua ilrlhl enfrfa hjtrj yjrlcj, hlnlhjtrjclc echlnyecmf ilrl enfcfckstrec aunnfcĶnĶr.

"2-"2F8!

" hjtrj

DfranĶ rjcatjal Ķ#Ķa jcjrolnjrlclc drjafcs vj mfnkf ieynfr Ķ %jaln 9.9=“tj kôstjrlnhl#tlr. !csfc kôzþ0722-;222 fckstrec mfnkf ieyucmfal Ķ#Ķanfr Ķ kôrjilnlr. Kôzþc jc lyl fnkĶnfmĶ$Ķ rjcanjr sfr Ķ lnjsfr Ķ-yj#ln rjca iônkjnjrlmlr. Kþcj# Ķ#Ķ$Ķ iþtþc Ķ#Ķanfr Ķ j#lt lëjrml$l lëlc ijyfz Ķ#Ķa enfrfa kôrþcþr.

%jaln 9.9=. L#Ķa jcjrolslclc drjafcs vj mfnkf ieyu sprjatruhu.

Zykunfhf ? "0

Mfnkf ieyu ;222!

F enfc a ĶrhĶzĶ Ķ#Ķa detecnfr ĶcĶc jcjrolslcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh ?

L#Ķ$Ķc drjafcsĶ,

α8

`d 8 ":

"2

7"2x=0.2

"2x;222

"2x0 ∙∙ 8 Gz

Detecnfr Ķc jcjrolsl,

J 8 g x d 8 =."0;x ":"2∙ x 2.=0x ":"2∙ 8 ".;7 jT.




09

Njmnjrmj kfnyuh frsjclt (KfFs), kfnyuh desdft (KfR), kfnyuh frsjclt desdft (KfFsR) klilhfmmjnjr aunnfcĶnĶr. Iu hfnzjhjnjrlc afr Ķ#tĶr ĶnhfsĶ vj afta Ķnfhf erfcĶcĶc fyfrnfchfsĶ lnjNJM“njrlc lstjclnjc mfnkf ieyucmf Ķ#Ķa vjrhjsl sf$nfcĶr. NJM“njr a ĶrhĶzĶ, turucù, sfr Ķ vj ijyfzrjcanjrmj þrjtlnhjatjmlr.

NJM Afrfatjrlstlanjrl

NJM“lc T-L afrfatjrlstl$l, sjhienþ vj yfymĶ$Ķ Ķ#Ķ$Ķc kþ`þ %jaln 9.9:“tj vjrlnhl#tlr. NJM“lclnjtlh kjrlnlh mþ#þhþ " T vj kjëjc fa Ķh "22 hF `lvfr ĶcmfmĶr. Iucf rf$hjc Ķ#Ķ$f môcþ#jc kþëº[ sjvlyjslcmjmlr. Jnjatrla jcjrolslclc Ķ#Ķa jcjrolslcj môcþ#þhþcmjal vjrlh ëea mþ#þatþr.

NJM“njrlc kþë lgtlyf`Ķ "2 lnj ":2 h[ frfsĶcmf mj$l#lr vj ôhþrnjrl "22.222 sffttjc dfznfmĶr.NJM“njrlc tjrs mfyfchf kjrlnlhnjrl 0-= T `lvfr ĶcmfmĶr.

%jaln 9.9:. NJMlc T-L afrfatjrlstl$l, sjhienþ vj yfymĶ$Ķ Ķ#Ķ$Ķc kþ`þ.

Mlyet Aftfnek IlnklnjrlKjcjn enfrfa þrjtl`lnjrlc aftfneknfrmf mlyetnfrnf lnklnl vjrmlanjrl ilnklnjr 0 a ĶsĶhmf tepnfcfilnlr.Iucnfr lnjrl yôcmj fa Ķh-kjrlnlh, tjrs yôcmj fa Ķh-kjrlnlh vj sĶ`fanĶanf lnklnl mj$jrnjrmlr. Fyr Ķ`fhjafcla ôzjnnlanjr vj a Ķsf ilnklnjr mj vjrlnlr. Mlyemuc tþrþcj kôrj pfrfhjtrj ëj#ltnjrl mj$l#jilnlr.Ôrcj$lc, zjcjr mlyet lnj me$runtuù mlyemuc aftfneknfr Ķcmf dfranĶnĶanfr hjvùttur. F#f$Ķmf ilr me$runtuù mlyemucmf aunnfcĶnfc kjcjn a Ķsfnthfnfr vj fëĶanfhfnfr Ķ vjrlnhl#tlr.

Hfaslhuh Mj # jrnjr vj ]jrhfn Afrfatjrlstlanjr

YYHT ? ]jrs yôcmj mfyfcfilnj`j$l pla kjrlnlh

YHPT ? ]jrs yôcmj mfyfcfilnj`j$l jdjatld kjrlnlh

M@T ? ]jrs yôcmj mfyfcfilnj`j$l M@ kjrlnlh

)(FTDL ? Mlyettfc kjëjilnj`ja hfaslhuh me$runtunhu# fa Ķh

DPHL ? Mlyettfc kjëjilnj`ja tja ilr yfr Ķh mfnkf slcþs #janlcmjal fa ĶhĶc tjpj mj$jrl

ΗY ? ]jrhla mlrjcë

F] ? M@ kjrlnlhlc tutunmu$u hfaslhuh sĶ`fanĶa

O] ? Oecaslyecuc ëfnĶ#hf sĶ`fanĶa frfnĶ$Ķ

Jnjatrlasjn Afrfatjrlstlanjr

DT ? !njrl yôcmj hfaslhuh fcl kjrlnlh mþ#þhþ

Y L ? Cehlcfn tjrs M@ kjrlnlhmj kjëjc hfaslhuh tjrs fa Ķh

O@ ? ]lpla oecaslyec afpfsltjsl




0:

I!RENFY ]YFCP!P]ÔY

\fpĶsĶ vj Pjhienþ

Ilpenfr trfcslstôr lal oecaslyecnu vj þë uënu ilr jnjhfcmĶr. Mlyemuc ëfnĶ"hfsĶcmfal prjcslpnjr

aunnfcĶnfrfa ilpenfr trfcslstôrþc ëfnĶ"hfsĶ fëĶanfcfilnlr. „Ilpenfr trfcslstôr‘ yjrlcj kjcjnnlanjsfmj`j „trfcslstôr‘ ajnlhjsl aunnfcĶnhfatfmĶr. CRC vj RCR enhfa þzjrj lal ëj"lt trfcslstôr vfrmĶr. ]rfcslstôr, jhltjr, tfifc vj aennjatôr uënfr Ķcmfc enu"ur. CRC trfcslstôrmj tfifc (ifz), lal

C iônkjsl frfsĶcmfmĶr. C iônkjnjrlcmjc ilrl jhltjr, ml$jrl aennjatôrmþr. RCR trfcslstôrmj lsjtfifc, lal R iônkjsl frfsĶcmfmĶr. R iônkjnjrlcmjc ilrl jhltjr, ml$jrl aennjatôrmþr. ]rfcslstôrmjtfifc iônkjslclc kjcl"nl$l vj afta Ķnfhf erfcĶ, jhltjr vj aennjatôrj kôrj ëea aþëþatþr. Jhltjr vjaennjatôr fycĶ tþr hfnzjhj enhfanf ilrnlatj jhltjrlc afta Ķnfhf erfcĶ aennjatôrj kôrj ëea yþasjatlr. %jaln 0.#“mj CRC vj RCR trfcslstôrnjrlc yfpĶ vj sjhiennjrl kôstjrlnhl"tlr.

%jaln 0.#. CRC vj RCR trfcslstôrnjrlc yfpĶ vj sjhienþ.

]rfcslstôrþc ËfnĶ"hfsĶ

]rfcslstôrmj lal oecaslyec hjv`uttur. Jhltjr lnj tfifc frfsĶcmfal oecaslyec vj tfifc lnj aennjatôr frfsĶcmfal oecaslyec. Iu lal oecaslyecuc autupnfchfsĶcf kôrj trfcslstôr dfranĶ iônkjnjrmj ëfnĶ"Ķr.]fine 0.#“mj trfcslstôrþc ëfnĶ"hf iônkjnjrl kôstjrlnhl"tlr.

]fine.0.# ]rfcsltôrþc ëfnĶ"hf iônkjnjrl.ËfnĶ"hf Iônkjsl J-I oecaslyecu @-I oecaslyecu

Fatld

MeyhfAjslh]jrs

!njrl autupnfhf

!njrl autupnfhf]jrs autupnfhf]jrs autupnfhf

]jrs autupnfhf (vjyf ie")

!njrl autupnfhf]jrs autupnfhf (vjyf ie")

!njrl autupnfhf




04

Fatld Iônkj

]rfcslstôrþc môrt dfranĶ ëfnĶ"hf iônkjslcmjc ôc`jnlanj fatld iônkjyl lc`jnjyjnlh. CRC ilr trfcslstôrþc fatld iônkjmj ëfnĶ"hfsĶ lëlc autupnfhfcĶc cfsĶn yfpĶnmĶ$Ķ %jaln 0.9“mj kôstjrlnhl"tlr.Fatld iônkjmj ëfnĶ"fc ilr CRC trfcslstôrmj J-I oecaslyecu lnjrl yôcmj, @-I oecaslyecu tjrsyôcmj autupnfcĶr. Jhltjr iônkjslcmj ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ enfc jnjatrecnfr afycf$Ķc (-) u`utfrfd Ķcmfc ltlnjrja tfifc iônkjslcj me$ru gfrjajt jmjr. ]fifc iônkjslclc mfr enhfsĶ vj fz

hlatfrmf afta ĶnfchfsĶ sjijilynj, jhltjr iônkjslcmjal jnjatrecnfr Ķc ëea fzĶ tfifc iônkjslcmjalmjnlanjrnj ilrnj"lr, ëe$ucnu$u aennjatôr iônkjslcj kjëjr. Iucuc cjmjcl @-I oecaslyecucuc tjrsautupnfchfsĶmĶr. Jhltjrmjal jnjatrecnfr, aennjatôrj if$nĶ (+) kjrlnlh afycf$Ķ tfrfd Ķcmfc ëjalnlr.FycĶ zfhfcmf @-I“mj enu"fc ie"nua iônkjsl jhltjrmjc kjnjc jnjatrecnfr Ķc gfrjajtlcl mjstjanjr.Jhltjrmjc kjnjc jnjatrecnfr Ķc yfanf"Ķa enfrfa % <<“u aennjatôrj klmjr. Iu fa Ķh afnĶc eanfkôstjrlnhl"tlr. ]rfcslstôrmjal ml$jr fa Ķhnfr iu fa ĶhĶc yfcĶcmf ëea aþëþatþr. Jhltjr jnjatrecnfr Ķyfyfc iônkjmlr. Aennjatôr lsj iu jnjatrecnfr Ķc tepnfcmĶ$Ķ iônkjmlr. Jhltjrmjc kjnjc jnjatrecnfr Ķcyfanf"Ķa enfrfa % #“l tfifcf me$ru klmjr. Iu jscfmf tfifc iônkjslcmjal mjnlanjrlc ilr a ĶshĶ mfjhltjrj me$ru gfrjajt jmjr. ]fifcĶc afta Ķnfhf erfcĶ ëea mþ"þa enmu$ucmfc iu fa Ķh mf ëea aþëþatþr.

@-I oecaslyecucuc tjrs yôcmj autupnfchfsĶ lnj ie"nua iônkjsl enu"ur vj sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ kjëjr.I“mj fzĶcnĶa fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ enfc jnjatrecnfr @“yj me$ru, @“mj fzĶcnĶa fa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķenfc mjnlanjr I“yj me$ru gfrjajt jmjr. I-J uënfr Ķcf ilr kjrlnlh uykunfchfmĶ$Ķcmf, @-I“mjckjëjc sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ 2@IL sjhienþ lnj kôstjrlnlr.

%jaln 0.9. Fatld iônkjmj ëfnĶ"fc ilr CRC trfcslstôrþc autupnfchfsĶ.

!njrl yôcmj uykunfcfc IJT kjrlnlhlclc mj$jrl, trfcslstôrmjc kjëjc jhltjr fa ĶhĶc hlatfr ĶcĶ

ijnlrnjr. ]jrs yôcmj uykunfcfc @IT kjrlnlhlclc aennjatôr fa ĶhĶcf jtalsl ëea fzmĶr. @IT

kjrlnlhlclc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ ie"nua iônkjslcl kjcl"njtlr vj ifz iônkjslcl mfrfntĶr. Iu muruhmfjhltjrmjc aennjatôrj kjnjc jnjatrecnfr frtfr, tfifcf kjnjc jnjatrecnfr fzfnĶr.

Mjvrj ëôzþhþcmj afiun jmlnjc fa Ķh yôcþ jnjatrec fa Ķ"ĶcĶc tjrslmlr. CRC trfcslstôrþc fatld iônkjmj ëfnĶ"hfsĶ muruhucmf jnjatrecnfr Ķc fa Ķ"Ķ vj fa Ķh yôcþ %jaln 0.0“tj kôstjrlnhl"tlr.

%jaln 0.0. CRC trfcslstôrmj fa Ķh yôcnjrl.




0;

]rfcslstôrmj tfifc fa ĶhĶ lnj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶcĶc tepnfhĶ jhltjr fa ĶhĶcĶ vjrlr. ]fifc fa ĶhĶ,jhltjr vj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶcf kôrj ëea aþëþatþr. Aennjatôr fa ĶhĶcĶc jhltjr fa ĶhĶcf erfcĶ #“jyfa ĶcmĶr. Iu erfc M@ fa Ķh afzfc`ĶcĶ vjrlr vj M@ζ lnj kôstjrlnlr.

@IJ LLL +8

JI LL >>2@IJM@@ LLL +ζ8

2L 2@I ≇ 83 JM@@ LL ζ≊

J

@M@ L

L8ζ , M@ fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ, <<<.2<:.2 M@ >ζ>

Meyuh Iônkjsl

]fine 0.#“mj kôstjrlnml$l klil gjr lal iônkj mj lnjrl yôcmj autupnfcĶrsf ëfnĶ"hf meyuh iônkjslcmjenur. Meyuhmf @-I oecaslyecucmfal ie"nua iônkjsl ertfmfc afnafr. Aennjatôrþc jhltjrmjc kjnjcfa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķnfr Ķ tepnfhf ôzjnnl$l iþyþa ônëþmj fzfnĶr. J$jr @-I oecaslyecucmfal lnjrl autupnfhf

yjtjrnl lsj aennjatôr jhltjrmjc kjnjc fa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķnfr ĶcĶ tepnfhfz vj jhltjr klil tfifcf me$rufa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķ yfyfr.

Ajslh Iônkjsl

]rfcslstôrþc gjr lal oecaslyecu tjrs yôcmj autupnfcĶrsf ëfnĶ"hf ajslh iônkjslcmj enur. Jhltjr tfifc iônkjslcj ëe$ucnua fa Ķh tf"ĶyĶ`Ķ kôcmjrhjz. Jhltjr vj aennjatôrmjc sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ kjëjr.Jhltjr fa ĶhĶcĶc sĶd Ķr enhfsĶ mf ajslh iônkjslcmj ëfnĶ"hfmĶr.

]jrs Ëfn Ķ!hf Iônkjsl

]rfcslstôrmj aennjatôr vj jhltjr yjr mj$l"tlrlnjrja aunnfcĶnĶrsf iu iônkj tjrs ëfnĶ"hf iônkjslmlr.

Jhltjr vj aennjatôrþc afta Ķnfhf erfcĶ fycĶ enhfmĶ$Ķ lëlc iu iônkjmjal ëfnĶ"hf, fatld iônkjmjcdfranĶmĶr. Aennjatôr vj jhltjrlc mj$l"tlrlnhjsl kjcjnnlanj hþhaþc mj$lnmlr. Dfaft ifzĶ ôzjnmjvrjnjrmj trfcslstôr iu "jalnmj aunnfcĶnfilnlr.

Ertfa ]fifcnĶ Mjvrj

Þë uënu ilr mjvrj jnjhfcĶcmf ilr ertfa uë, ilr klrl" u`u vj ilr ëĶa Ķ" u`u vfrmĶr. Ertfa u`f kôrjtrfcslstôr mjvrjnjrl dfranĶ afrfatjrlstla kôstjrlr. Ertfa uë tfifc lsj ertfa tfifcnĶ mjvrj enu"ur.

CRC vj RCR trfcslstôrnjrlc ertfa tfifcnĶ mjvrjsl %jaln 0.=“tj kôstjrlnhl"tlr. Ertfa tfifcnĶmjvrjmj klrl" fa ĶhĶ jhltjr, ëĶa Ķ" fa ĶhĶ lsj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶmĶr. ËĶa Ķ" fa ĶhĶcĶc klrl" fa ĶhĶcf erfcĶ

M@ fa Ķh afzfc`ĶcĶ vjrlr vj M@ζ enfrfa tfcĶhnfcĶr.

%jaln 0.=. CRC vj RCR trfcslstôrnjrmj ertfa tfifcnĶ mjvrjnjr.




07

Ajslhmj Iônkjsl

Ajslh muruhucmf jhltjrmjc ilr fa Ķh kjëhjz vj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ enu"hfz. ]rfcslstôrþc ajslhmjenhfsĶcĶc sjijil f"f$Ķmfalnjrmjc ilrl enfilnlr.

- Jhltjr u`ucuc fëĶa enhfsĶ

-

J-I oecaslyecuc autupnfchfhfsĶ ( 2TIJ 8 )- !njrl yôcmjal J-I oecaslyec kjrlnlhlclc yjtjrnl enhfhfsĶ- J-I oecaslyecucf tjrs yôcmj kjrlnlh uykunfchfsĶ

Fatld Iônkj vj Meyuh Iônkjsl

J-I oecaslyecu yjtjrnl ilr lnjrl kjrlnlh lnj autupnfcĶrsf, jhltjr fa ĶhĶ kjëjr vj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ

enu"ur. Aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ yfanf"Ķa enfrfa, jhltjr fa ĶhĶcf j"lttlr ( JM@@ LL ζ≊ , #M@ ≇ζ ,

J@ LL ≇ ). @-I oecaslyecu tjrs autupnfcmĶ$Ķcmf trfcslstôr fatld iônkjmj ëfnĶ"Ķr vj JL “clc

frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ @

L “clc frthfsĶcf cjmjc enur. @-I oecaslyecu lnjrl yôcmj autupnfcmĶ$Ķcmf trfcslstôr

meyuhf klrjr vj JL “clc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj @L fa ĶhĶ mj$l"hjz.

Zykunfhf " ?

%jalnmjal mjvrjmj aunnfcĶnfcslnlsyuh CRC trfcslstôrmj

#M@ ≇ζ afiun jmjrja,

f) JL , @L vj @IT mj$jrnjrlcl

gjsfpnfyĶcĶz. i) T#.:TJJ 8 enhfsĶ muruhucmf

JL , @L vj @IT mj$jrnjrlclgjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh ?

f) ]rfcslstôrþc I-J oecaslyecu me$ru yôcmj autupnfchĶ"tĶr. T;.2TIJ 8 .

ℤ

∙8

a 0.0

;.2=LJ

8 # hF

J@ LL ≇ 8 # hF

@IT 8 92 ‐ # hF x #: a ℤ 8 : T

i) ℤ

∙8

a 0.0

;.2#.:LJ

8 #.00 hF

J@ LL ≇ 8 #.00 hF

@IT 8 92 ‐ #.00 hF x #: a ℤ 8 2 T ( trfcslstôr meyuhmf )

@-I oecaslyecu tjrs autupnfchfmĶ$Ķ lëlc ( @IT 8 2) trfcslstôr meyuhf klrhl"tlr. Meyuhmf

JL fa ĶhĶcĶc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ @L “yl frttĶrhfz. Aennjatôr fa ĶhĶcĶc meyuh mj$jrl,

@@@@ TY L 8

Jsft@

@@@sft@ L

Y TLL 888 "janlcmj gjsfpnfcĶr.




0<

Zykunfhf 9?

%jalnmjal mjvrjmj ilr slnlsyuh RCRtrfcslstôr aunnfcĶnhĶ"tĶr. JL , @L vj

@IT mj$jrnjrlcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

f) ℤ8 a ;.=Y J

i) ℤ8 472Y J`) ℤ8 =;2Y Jm) ℤ8ℤ8 , #:2Y =;2Y @J

Ëôzþh?

f) ]rfcslstôrþc meyhf fa ĶhĶ,ℤ

888a :.#

#:

Y

TLL

@

@@Jsft@sft 8 #2 hF

ℤ

∙8

a ;.=

;.2#2LJ

8 #.<;hF ≊ 9 hF

JsftJ LL > trfcslstôr meyhfyf klrhjz. Fatld iônkjmjmlr.

J@ LL ≇ 8 9 hF

@IT 8 -#: + 9 hF x #.: a ℤ 8 -#9 T, secuë cjkftld. RCR trfcslstôrþ fatld iônkjmjmlr.

i) ℤ

∙8

472

;.2#2LJ 8 #0.;hF

JsftJ LL 3 trfcslstôr meyhfyf klrjr.

@sft@ LL 8 8#2 hF

@IT 8 -#: + #2 hF x #.: a ℤ 8 2 T

`) ℤ

∙8

=;2

;.2#2LJ 8 92 hF

JsftJ LL 3 trfcslstôr meyhfyf klrjr.

@sft@ LL 8 8#2 hF

@IT 8 2 T

m) ]rfcslstôrþc yjcl meyhf fa ĶhĶ,

ℤ

888

#:2

#:

Y

TLL

@

@@Jsft@sft 8 #22 hF

JL 892 hF

JsftJ LL > trfcslstôr meyhfyf klrhjz.

J@ LL ≇ 8 92 hF

@IT 8 -#: + 92 hF x #:2 ℤ 8 -#9 T, secuë cjkftld. RCR trfcslstôrþ fatld iônkjmjmlr.




=2

Ertfa Jhltjrnl Mjvrj

Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj CRC trfcslstôrþc fatld iônkjmj ëfnĶ"hfsĶ lëlc uykunfcfc kjrlnlhnjr %jaln.0.=“tj kôstjrlnhl"tlr. I-J uënfr Ķcf IJT vj @-J uënfr Ķcf @JT autupnfhf kjrlnlhnjrl

uykunfcĶr. J-I oecaslyecu lnjrl yôcmj autupnfcĶr yfcl IJT kjrlnlhl pezltldtlr. Aennjatôrj,

jhltjrj kôrj pezltld @JT kjrlnlhl uykunfcĶr. Aennjatôr kjrlnlhl tfifcf kôrj f"f$Ķmfal klilyfzĶnĶr.

IJ@J@I TTT ∙8

@-I oecaslyecucu tjrs autupnfhfa lëlc @IT kjrlnlhl pezltld enhfnĶmĶr. \fcl @JT kjrlnlhl IJT

kjrlnlhlcmjc iþyþa enhfnĶmĶr. @JT kjrlnlhl IJT “mjc aþëþa lsj @IT kjrlnlhl cjkftld enur vj

@-I oecaslyecu lnjrl yôcmj autupnfcĶr menfyĶsĶynf trfcslstôr meyhfyf klrjr.

Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj klrl" tfifc, ëĶa Ķ" aennjatôrmþr. Ijnlrnl ilr IL klrl" fa ĶhĶ lëlc @L ëĶa Ķ"fa ĶhĶ enu"ur. ]rfcslstôrþc ëfnĶ"hfsĶ ertfa tfifcnĶ mjvrjal klilmlr. Ertfa tfifcnĶ mjvrjmjal afzfcë`lcslcmjc IL lnj @L frfsĶcmfal lnl"al f"f$Ķmfal klil jnmj jmlnlr.

@IJ LLL +8

2@IJM@@ LLL +ζ8 , 2L 2@I ≇ , JM@@ LL ζ≊

JM@I L).#(L ζ∙≇

M@

IJ

#

LL

ζ∙≇

M@

II@J #

LLLLζ∙

8+8

IM@

M@@ L

#L

ζ∙

ζ8 , IM@@ L.L ι8

M@

M@M@ # ζ∙

ζ8ι

I

@M@ L

L8ι ? Fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ

IM@IM@I@IJL)#(L.LLLL ι+8ι+8+8

%jaln 0.:. Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrj.

Zykunfhf 0?

Ilr trfcslstôr <<:.2M@ 8ζ mj$jrlcj sfglptlr. ]rfcslstôrþc M@ι mj$jrlcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh

#<<<<:.2#

<<:.2

# M@

M@M@ 8

∙8

ζ∙

ζ8ι




=#

Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj ëĶa Ķ! afrfatjrlstl # l

Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj ilr CRC trfcslstôrþc ëĶa Ķ" afrfatjrlstl$l %jaln 0.4“mf vjrlnhl"tlr. FceatfsĶcmf tfifc fa ĶhĶ sĶd ĶrmĶr vj trfcslstôrmjc ëea aþëþa ilr aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ kjëjr. Iu fa Ķh

2@JL sjhienþ lnj kôstjrlnlr ( 2@IM@2@J L.L ζ8 ). F ceatfsĶcmf trfcslstôr ajslhmjmlr. I vj @

ceatfnfr Ķcmf trfcslstôr fatld iônkjmjmlr. Fatld iônkjmj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ, tfifc fa ĶhĶcĶcM@

ζ

aftĶmĶr. Afrfatjrlstla þzjrlcmj kôrþnmþ$þ M@ζ klil gjr ceatfmf fycĶ mj$lnmlr. M ceatfsĶcmf lsj

trfcslstôr meyuhmf ëfnĶ"Ķr. ]rfcslstôrmj ëfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶcĶc iunuchfsĶ yþa me$rusu ëlzlnjrja yfpĶnfilnlr. @@@@@J Y LTT ∙8 (%jaln 0.:“tjc) mjcanjhl aunnfcĶnfrfa yþa me$rusu ëlzlnlr.

Afrfatjrlstla lnj ëfa Ķ"fc ceatf ëfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶmĶr. ]rfcslstôr fhpnldlaftôr enfrfa aunnfcĶnĶyersfëfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶ mlaaftnl sjëlnhjnlmlr.

%jaln 0.4. Ertfa jhltjrnl CRC trfcslstôrþc ëĶa Ķ" afrfatjrlstl$l.

Ajslh Iônkjsl

%jaln 0.;. Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj trfcslstôrþc ajslhmj enhfsĶ.

Ajslh iônkjslcmj trfcslstôrmjctfifc fa ĶhĶ kjëhjz. Iu muruh,I-J oecaslyecucuc fëĶa mjvrjenhfsĶ, tjrs autupnfchfsĶ vjyfyjtjrl afmfr autupnfchfhfsĶ lnjertfyf ëĶafr.

]rfcslstôrþc aennjatôr-jhltjr uënfr Ķ fëĶa mjvrj klil mfvrfcĶr.

Aennjatôrmjc kjëjc fa Ķh sĶd ĶrmĶr vj aennjatôr-jhltjr uënfr Ķcmfhfaslhuh kjrlnlh enu"ur.

Ajslhmj trfcslstôrmjc 2@JL fa ĶhĶ kjëjr. Iu fa Ķh lghfn jmlnjilnlr.




=9

Fatld Iônkj vj Meyuh Iônkjsl

J-I oecaslyecu yjtjrl afmfr autupnfchĶ"sf tfifc fa ĶhĶ kjëjr. Fatld iônkjmj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ

IM@@ L.L ι8 enfrfa gjsfpnfcĶr. ]fifc fa ĶhĶ frttĶr ĶnmĶ$Ķcmf aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ erfctĶnĶ enfrfa frtfr.

Meyhf iônkjslcmj tfifc fa ĶhĶcĶc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ frthfz. Meyhfmf aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ hfaslhuh mj$jrlcj vj @-J kjrlnlhl hlclhuh mj$jrlcj unf"Ķr. Meyhf iônkjslcmj

2T@J

≇ afiun jmlnjrja@sft

L vjIsft

L f"f$Ķmfal "jalnmj gjsfpnfcĶr.

@

@Jsft@sft Y

TL ≇ ,

@

@sftIsft Y

LL ≇

Zykunfhf =?

%jalnmjal mjvrjmj aunnfcĶnfc CRCtrfcslstôrmj #:2M@ 8ι enmu$ucf kôrj,

f) 8IY ℤa #22 lëlc IL , @L , JL vj

@JT mj$jrnjrlcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

i) ]fifc mlrjc`lcl ℤa :2 fnfrfa yuafr Ķmfal l"njhnjrl tjarfrnfyĶcĶz.

`) hF#LI 8 enhfsĶ muruhucmf @L

vj JL “yl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh ?

f) ℤ

∙8

a #22

;.24LI 8 :0 ºF

8ℤ

8a #

#9L@sft #9 hF

#:2

hF#9LIsft 8 8 72 ºF

IsftI LL > enmu$ucmfc trfcslstôr

fatld iônkjmjmlr.

IM@@ LL ι8 8#:2 x :0 ºF 8 ;.<: hF8@JT #9 T ‐ ;.<: hF x # a ℤ 8 =.2: T

hF7LLL I@J ≇+8

i) ℤ

∙8

a :2

;.24LI 8#24 ºF

#9L@sft 8 hF, IsftL 872 ºF

IsftI LL ⌯ enmu$ucmfc trfcslstôr

meyuhf klrjr.

hF#9LL @sft@ 88

2T@J ≇

I@J LLL +8 8#9.## hF

`) ]fifc fa ĶhĶ # hF lsj trfcslstôr meyuhmfmĶr. Meyuhmf aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ sfilt enup, tfifcfa ĶhĶ lnj erfctĶnĶ enfrfa frthfz. ]fifc fa ĶhĶcĶc dfznfnĶ$Ķ jhltjr fa ĶhĶcĶ frttĶr Ķr.

I@J LLL +8 8#9 hF + # hF 8 #0 hF




=0

Ertfa Aennjatôrnþ Mjvrj

Ertfa aennjatôrnþ mjvrjmj trfcslstôrþc autupnfchfsĶ ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmjal klilmlr. %jaln0.7“mj CRC trfcslstôrþc ertfa aennjatôr if$nfctĶsĶ vj j"ltnlanjr vjrlnhl"tlr. Mjvrjclc klrl"l tfifc,ëĶa Ķ"Ķ lsj jhltjrmlr.

%jaln 0.7. Ertfa aennjatôrnþ mjvrj.

JJIJIIII Y LTY LT ++8

JJIIIJII Y LY LTT +8∙

IM@J L)#(L +ι8

JIM@IIIJII Y L)#(Y LTT +ι+8∙

JM@I

IJIII Y )#(Y

TTL

+ι+

∙8

]fifc fa Ķ

hĶ

JM@I Y )#(Y +ι+ mlrjc`ltfrfd Ķcmfc ijnlrnjclr.

Meyuhmf 1J

@@Jsft Y

TL ≇ ,

)#(

LL

M@

JsftIsft

ι+8

Zykunfhf :?

%jaln 0.:“tjal ertfa aennjatôrnþ mjvrjmj ℤ8 a :2Y I , ℤ8 a #Y J , T#98IIT , T#4T@@ 8 vj

<<M@ 8ι enfrfa ilnlchjatjmlr.

f) IL , JL , JT vj @JT mj$jrnjrlcl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

i) IIT kjrlnlhl frttĶr ĶnmĶ$Ķcmf afë T meyhfyf cjmjc enur5

Ëôzþh ?

f) F0.;::2

;.2#9LI º8

ℤ++ℤ

∙8

#).#a (<<a

8ι+8 IM@J L)#(L ;.:0 hF

JJJ Y LT 8 8;.:0 T

IJJI TTT +8 8;.:0 + 2.; 8 7.90 T

8∙8 J@@@J TTT #4 ‐ ;.:0 T 8 7.=; T

i) ℤ

88a #

#4

Y

TL

J

@@Jsft 8 #4 hF

F<<#

hFº8

+8

ι+8 #42

#4

#

LL

M@

JIsft

F#).#a (<<a º8ℤ++ℤ

∙8 #42:2

;.2TL III T;.9=TII 8




==

]rfcslstôrþc hfaslhuh mj#jrnjrl

]rfcslstôrþc hfaslhuh mj$jrnjrl, aennjatôr-tfifc kjrlnlhl, aennjatôr-jhltjr kjrlnlhl, jhltjr-tfifc kjrlnlhl, aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ, oecaslyec sĶ`fanĶ$Ķ vj gfr`fcfc kþë lëlc vjrlnlr. ]rfcslstôrþckþ`þ @JT lnj @L “clc ëfrpĶhĶmĶr.

@J@ T.LR 8

F-I ceatfnfr Ķ frfsĶcmfal iônkj hfx@L iônkjslmlr. hfxR iônkjsl I-@ ceatfnfr Ķ frfsĶcmfal

iônkjmlr. @-M ceatfnfr Ķ frfsĶcmfal iônkj lsj hfx@JT iônkjslmlr. %jaln 0.<“mf trfcslstôrþc

hfaslhuh kþë j$rlsl aennjatôr afrfatjrlstl$l þzjrlcmj ëlzlnhl"tlr. I lnj @ ceatfsĶ frfsĶcmfalgjrgfckl ilr ceatfmf fa Ķh vj kjrlnlhlc ëfrpĶhĶ, trfcslstôrmj gfr`fcfilnj`ja hfaslhuh kþ`þvjrlr.

#9 T x :2 hF 8 422 h[ ( I ceatfsĶcmf)92 T x 02 hF 8 422 h[ (@ ceatfsĶcmf)

]rfcslstôrmj gfr`fcfilnj`ja hfaslhuh kþë sĶ`fanĶanf fzfnĶr. 9: @! “mj # [ gfr`fcfilnjc ilr

trfcslstôrmj, sĶ`fanĶa aftsfyĶsĶ :h[/ @! lsj, iu trfcslstôrmj ;2 @! “mj gfr`fcfilnj`ja hfaslhuh

kþë #[ - :h[/ @! x ( ;2 @! ‐ 9: @! ) 8 2.;;: [ iunucur.

%jaln 0.<. Ilr trfcslstôrþc hfaslhuh kþë j$rlsl.

Zykunfhf 4?

Hfaslhuh kþ`þ 2.9: [ enfc ilr trfcslstôrmj @JT 8 4 T muruhucmf trfcslstôrmjc kjëjilnj`ja

hfaslhuh fa ĶhĶ iunucuz

Ëôzþh?

T4

[9:.2

T

RL

@J

hfx@ 88 8=#.4; hF

@JT kjrlnlhl mþ"þa lajc aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ frttĶr Ķnfilnlr. Fa Ķh hfx@L sĶcĶr ĶcĶ, kþë hfxR sĶcĶr ĶcĶ

f"hfhfnĶmĶr.




=:

Autupnfhf Mjvrjnjrl

Ilr trfcslstôrþc yþasjntl`l (fhpnldlaftôr) enfrfa ëfnĶ"filnhjsl lëlc m` enfrfa autupnfchfsĶ (ôckjrlnlhnjchjsl) kjrjalr. \þasjntl`l mjvrjclc klrl"lcj ilr F@ l"frjt uykunfcmĶ$Ķcmf, ëĶa Ķ"tf jnmjjmlnjc l"frjt, M@ ilnj"jc lnj F@ l"frjtlc tepnfhĶmĶr. Ilr F@ l"frjt uykunfchfzsf mjvrjmj sfmj`jM@ ilnj"jc hjv`uttur. %jaln 0.#2“mf iu muruh kôstjrlnhl"tlr. Zykunfhfmf trfcslstôr lal fyr Ķ

afycfa yjrlcj tja ilr afycfa lnj autupnfcĶr. %jaln 0.##“mj kôstjrlnjc ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjclcklrl"lcj ilr F@ kjrlnlh uykunfchĶ"tĶr vj tfifc fa ĶhĶ 922 Fº lnj =22 Fº frfsĶcmf mj$l"hjatjmlr.

]fifc fa ĶhĶcĶc :22 Fº “mjc iþyþa enhfsĶ muruhucmf aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ vj kjrlnlhl meyhfyf

klmjr. ]fifc fa ĶhĶcĶc cjkftld enhfsĶ muruhucmf lsj trfcslstôr ajslhj klmjr. ËfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶcfvj sĶcĶrnfrf mlaaft jmlnhjnlmlr.

%jaln 0.#2. Ilr yþasjntl`lmj M@ vj F@ ilnj"jcnjrlc tepnfhĶ.

%jaln 0.##. ËfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶcĶc iunuchfsĶ.




=4

]fifc Autupnfhf Mjvrjsl

I-J vj @-J oecaslyecnfr ĶcĶc lal fyr Ķ afycfa yjrlcj tja ilr afycfa lnj autupnfchfsĶ mfgf prftla ilr ëôzþhmþr. Iu mjvrjyj tfifc autupnfhf mjvrjsl mjclr. %jaln 0.#9“mj tfifc autupnfhf mjvrjslkôstjrlnhl"tlr. %jalnmjal ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj mjvrjclc klrl" vj ëĶa Ķ"Ķcf aecmfcsftôr aecunfrfa M@ ilnj"jcnjr dlntrj jmlnhl"tlr.

%jaln 0.#9. Ertfa jhltjrnl mjvrjmj tfifc autupnfhf mjvrjsl.

I

IJ@@I Y

TTL

∙8

T;.2TIJ ≇

Fatld iônkjmj1

I@ L.L ι8

@@@@@JY LTT ∙8

Mjvrjmj ëfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶ afrfrnĶ mj$lnmlr. IJT kjrlnlhl sĶ`fanĶ$Ķc frthfsĶ lnj fzfnĶr. IJT

kjrlnlhlclc frthfsĶ tfifc fa ĶhĶcĶ fzfntĶr. 2@IL sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ sĶ`fanĶanf frtfr. 2@IL fa ĶhĶ, IY

mlrjc`l þzjrlcmj tfifc fa ĶhĶcĶ frttĶr Ķ`Ķ yôcmj ilr kjrlnlh enu"turur. M@ι mj sĶ`fanĶanf mj$l"lr. Iu

mj$l"lhnjr mjvrjmj ëfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶcĶc mj$l"hjslcj yen fëfr. IJT vj 2@IL “Ķc mj$l"hjsl @@T

kjrlnlhlcj kôrj enmuaëf aþëþatþr. ËfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶcmfal afrfrsĶznĶa mfgf ëea M@ι “mjal

mj$l"lhmjc afycfanfcĶr.

Jhltjr Mlrjcënl Autupnfhf Mjvrjsl

Jhltjr mlrjc`lclc janjchjsl afrfrnĶnĶ$Ķ frttĶr Ķr. ËfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶcmfal mj$l"lh ëea aþëþatþr.

%jaln 0.#0. Jhltjr mlrjcënl autupnfhf mjvrjsl

2Y LTY LT JJIJII@@ 8∙∙∙

IJ L).#(L +ι8

JIIJ@@I Y )#(Y

TTL +ι+

∙8

I@ L.L ι8

)Y Y (LTT J@@@@@J +∙8




=;

Kjrlnlh Iônþ`þ lnj Autupnfhf

Jc ëea aunnfcĶnfc autupnfhf mjvrjslmlr. ËfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶ M@ι “mjc if$ĶhsĶzmĶr.

$jaln 0.%=. Kjrlnlh Iônþ`þ Mjvrj lnj Autupnfhf

9I#I

9I#III Y Y

Y Y Y

+8

@@9I#I

9I

II

TY Y

Y T

+8

JM@IIJIIIII Y )#(LTY LT ι+++8

JM@II Y )#(Y ι+>> lsj

J

JJ Y

TL 8

J@ LL ≊

)Y Y (LTT J@@@@@J +∙8

Jhltjr fa ĶhĶcĶc M@ι “mjc if$ĶhsĶz enhfsĶ cjmjclynj mjvrjmjal ëfnĶ"hf ceatfsĶ afrfrnĶmĶr.

Zykunfhf ;?

%jaln 0.#=“tjal mjvrjmj ℤ8 a 0<Y #I , ℤ8 a .<0Y 9I , ℤ8 a #2Y @ , ℤ8 a .:#Y J ,

T99T@@ 8 vj #=28ι enfrfa vjrlnhl"tlr. ]rfcslstôrþc @JT kjrlnlhlcl, @l fa ĶhĶcĶ vj

trfcslstôrmj gfr`fcfc kþ`þ gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh?

@@9I#I

9III T

Y Y

Y T

+8 T9

. 8

+8 99

<00<

0<

T.. 0#;29TTT IJIJ 8∙8∙8

hF.a .

.74;2

:#

0#L

Y

TL @

J

JJ 8

ℤ8≊8

)Y Y (LTT J@@@@@J +∙8 899 - 2.74;hF .#2 ℤa 8#0.0 T

@J@ TLR .8 82.74;hF . #0.00 T 8 ##.:: h[




=7

Kjrlijsnjhjnl M@ Ôckjrlnlhnjhj

%jaln 0.#:“tj kjrlijsnjhjnl ilr ôckjrlnlhnjhj mjvrjsl kôstjrlnhl"tlr. Kjrlijsnjhj mj jhltjr mlrjc`l klil ôckjrlnlhnjhj afrfrnĶnĶ$ĶcĶ frttĶr Ķr.

$jaln 0.%:. Kjrlijsnjhjnl M@ôckjrlnlhnjhj

2Y LTY LY LT JJIJII@@@@ 8∙∙∙∙ '

IJI@@ L#LLLL )(' +ι88+8

2Y L#TY LY L#T JIIJII@I@@ 8+ι∙∙∙+ι∙ )()(

))(( J@I

IJ@@I Y Y #Y

TTL

++ι+

∙8

2Y LTY LT JJ@J@@@@ 8∙∙∙ '

J@ LL 8'

)( J@J@@@J Y Y LTT +∙8

Zykunfhf 7?

%jaln 0.#:“tjal mjvrjmj ℤ8 a 9:2Y I

, ℤ8 a .9#Y J

, ℤ8 a 0Y @

, T#2T@@

8 vj :28ι

enfrfa vjrlnhl"tlr. ]rfcslstôrþc @JT kjrlnlhlcl, @l fa ĶhĶcĶ vj trfcslstôrmj gfr`fcfc kþ`þ

gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh?

))(( J@I

IJ@@I Y Y #Y

TTL

++ι+

∙8 8 F.

)a #.9a :#.(0a

.º8

ℤ+ℤ+ℤ

∙2092

9:2

;2#2

IJ L#L )( +ι8 8 F92.20. º:# 8#.29 hF

)a #.9a .(0hF.)( ℤ+ℤ∙8+∙8 29##2Y Y LTT J@J@@@J 8 #2-=.97 8 :.;9 T iunucur.

@J@ TLR .8 8#.29 hF . :.;9 T 8 :.; h[

Ôckjrlnlhnjhj Mjvrjnjrlcmj Afrfrn Ķn Ķa

- ]jrs yôcmj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ (afëfa fa ĶhĶ )2@IL sĶ`fanĶatfal gjr @#2! frtĶ"nf lalyj aftnfcĶr.

- Ifz jhltjr kjrlnlhl IJT , gjr @! if"Ķcf 9.: hT fzfnĶr

- ]rfcslstôrþc fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ, sĶ`fanĶanf frtfr.

AfrfrnĶnĶa dfatôrþ P, sĶ`fanĶa cjmjclynj ilr pfrfhjtrjmj hjymfcf kjnjc mj$l"lanla cjmjclynjaennjatôr fa ĶhĶcmf kôrþnjc mj$l"hjclc ônëþsþmþr. Ôckjrlnlhnjhj mjvrjnjrlclc tfsfr ĶhĶcmfôc`jnlanj trfcslstôrþc ι “sĶcmfal mj$l"hjnjrj afr "Ķ afrfrnĶnĶa gjmjdnjclr.




:2

Mfrnlcktec If#nfctĶ

Fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ yþasja enfc trfcslstôrnjr yþasjntl`l mjvrjnjrmj tjr`lg jmlnlr. Fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ #222`lvfr Ķcmf enfc trfcslstôrnjr hjv`uttur. Mfgf yþasja ilr afzfcë jnmj jthja lëlc %jaln 0.#4“mfkôstjrlnml$l klil lal trfcslstôrmjc enu"fc mfrnlcktec if$nfctĶ aunnfcĶnĶr. Mfrnlcktec if$nfctĶmffa Ķh afzfc`Ķ lal trfcslstôrþc fa Ķh afzfcënfr ĶcĶc ëfrpĶhĶcf j"lttlr. Iu afzfcë ;222 lnj ;2222

frfsĶcmfmĶr. Mfrnlcktec ëldtlclc klrl" jhpjmfcsĶ yþasjatlr. Mfrnlcktec if$nfctĶmfal lal trfcslstôr,kjcjnnlanj tja ilr trfcslstôr a ĶnĶd Ķcmf þrjtlnlr. Mfrnlcktec ëldtlcj ôrcja enfrfa CRC enfc 9C:027Fkôstjrlnjilnlr.

%jaln 0.#:. CRC Mfrnlcktec trfcslstôr ëldtl

#I##J LL ι8

#J9I LL 8

#I#I#99I99J L.LLL ι8ιι8ι8

9#ιι8ι

]rfcslstôrþc Fcfgtfr Enfrfa AunnfcĶnhfsĶ

]rfcslstôr fcfgtfrnfhf mjvrjnjrlcmj yfykĶc enfrfa aunnfcĶnĶr. ]rfcslstôr sfyĶsfn mjvrjnjrmj,aectren, sfyĶ`Ķ, zfhfcnfhf, vjrl l"njhj, ônëhj mjvrjnjrlcmj, rfmfr, tjnjvlzyec vi. mjvrjnjrlcmjfcfgtfr enfrfa aunnfcĶnĶr. ]rfcslstôr fcfgtfr enfrfa aunnfcĶnmĶ$Ķcmf lnjtlh vj ajslh enhfa þzjrjlal aecuhmf ëfnĶ"Ķr. !njtlh aecuhucmf mlrjc`l 2.#-#22 ℤ frfsĶcmfmĶr vj a Ķsf mjvrj afiunjmlnjilnlr. Ajslh aecuhucmf trfcslstôr fëĶa mjvrj klil mfvrfcĶr vj mlrjc`l #22-#222 HℤfrfsĶcmfmĶr. ]rfcslstôrþc fcfgtfrnfhf gĶzĶ mf ôcjhnl ilr mj$l"ajcmlr. ]rfcslstôrþc lnjtlhj vjajslhj klrhj sþrjnjrlclc tepnfhĶ # ºs `lvfr Ķcmf lsj, trfcslstôrþc ëfnĶ"filnj`j$l hfaslhuhdrjafcs d 8 # / ] 8 # HGz enur. %jaln 0.#4“mf trfcslstôrþc fcfgtfr enfrfa aunnfcĶnmĶ$Ķ ilr mjvrjvj yþa kjrlnlhlclc mj$l"lhl vjrlnhl"tlr.

%jaln 0.#4. ]rfcslstôrþc fcfgtfr enfrfa aunnfcĶnhfsĶ.




:#

$ cvjrtjr Mjvrjsl

]rfcslstôrþc fcfgtfr enfrfa aunnfcĶnmĶ$Ķ mjvrjnjrmjc ilrl mj lcvjrtjr mjvrjslmlr. !cvjrtjr mjvrjslsfyĶsfn mjvrjnjrlc tjhjnlmlr. !cvjrtjr mjvrjslcmj klrl"j afrj mfnkf kjrlnlh uykunfcĶr. Aennjatôr lnjteprfa frfsĶcmfc fnĶcfc ëĶa Ķ" kjrlnlhl klrl" kjrlnlhlclc tjrslmlr. Klrl" kjrlnlhl 2 lajc trfcslstôr ajslhmjmlr vj ëĶa Ķ" kjrlnlhl : T“tur. Klrl" kjrlnlhl : T lajc trfcslstôr lnjtlhj klrjr vj ëĶa Ķ"kjrlnlhl 2 enur. Mjvrj trfcslstôr lnjtlhmj lajc meyhfmf ëfnĶ"f`fa "jalnmj tfsfrnfcĶr. %jaln 0.#;“mj

trfcslstôrnþ lcvjrtjr mjvrjsl lnj klrl" vj ëĶa Ķ" kjrlnlhnjrl kôstjrlnhl"tlr.

%jaln 0.#;. ]rfcslstôrnþ lcvjrtjr mjvrjsl.

Zykunfhf "2?

%jalnmj vjrlnjc mjvrjmj trfcslstôr fcfgtfr enfrfa ëfnĶ"hfatf vj ilr nfhifyĶ aectren jthjatjmlr.Klrl" kjrlnlhl 4 T lajc nfhif yfchfatfmĶr. Nfhif 9= T“tf 92 hF kjëlrhjatjmlr.

f)

Klrl" kjrlnlhl 4 T lajc trfcsltôrþc meyhfmf ëfnĶ"hfsĶ lëlc fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ cj enhfnĶmĶr5 i) Nfhifyf vjrlnjc kþë lnj trfcslstôrþc klrl" kþ`þcþ gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh ?

f) ]rfcslstôr lnjtlhmj lajc nfhif kjrlnlhl 9= T vj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ 92 hF“mlr.

F:0#22

;.24LI º8

ℤ

∙8

a

0;;92

8º

8ιF:0

hF

]rfcslstôrþc meyhfmf ëfnĶ"filnhjsl lëlc fa Ķh afzfc`Ķ jc fz 0;; enhfnĶmĶr.

i)

Nfhif kþ`þ 8 9= T x 92 hF 8 =72 h[]rfcslstôrþc klrl" kþ`þ 8 4 T x :0 º F 8 2.0#7 h[Ëea aþëþa ilr klrl" kþ`þ lnj yþaþc kþ`þ aectren jmlnhjatjmlr.




:9

]rfcslstôr Aftfnek Ilnklnjrl

]rfcslstôr aftfneknfr Ķcmf ijnlrnl ilr trfcslstôrj flt ëfnĶ"hf afrfatjrlstlanjrl, pfrfhjtrj mj$jrnjrl,afrfatjrlstla j$rlnjrl, hjafclasjn ilnklnjr vj hfaslhuh ëfnĶ"hf mj$jrnjrl vjrlnlr. Ilr mjvrjmjaunnfcĶnf`fa enfc trfcslstôrþc ôc`jnlanj hfaslhuh mj$jrnjrlcj mlaaft jmlnhjnlmlr. F"f$Ķmfal]fine 0.9“mj ilr trfcslstôrþc 9: ²@ “mjal hfaslhuh mj$jrnjrl vjrlnhl"tlr. ]finemf kjrlnlh

sjhiennjrlclc if"Ķcmfal I gfrdl tjrs yôcmjal mjvrlnhj kjrlnlhlcl tjhsln jmjr.

]fine 0.9. Ilr trfcslstôrþc 9: ²@ “mjal hfaslhuh mj$jrnjrl

2JIIT Jhltjr-tfifc kjrlnlhl 4 T

2@IIT Aennjatôr tfifc kjrlnlhl 9: T

2@JIT Aennjatôr jhltjr kjrlnlhl 92 T

hfx@L Aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ 022 hF

hfxMR ]epnfh afyĶ p #:2 h[

hfxO] Oecaslyec sĶ`fanĶ$Ķ #:2 ²@

Zykunfhf ""?

%jalnmj vjrlnjc mjvrjnjrl ]fine 0.9“mj vjrlnjc trfcslstôrþc hfaslhuh mj$jrnjrlcl aunnfcfrfa lc`jnjylclz.

Ëôzþh?

f) J-I oecaslyecu #2 T lnj tjrs autupnfchĶ"tĶr. Iu mj$jr 4 T enfc 2JIIT mj$jrlcmjc iþyþatþr.

]rfcslstôr tfgrlp enur. i) Aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ :2 hF enup hfx@L mj$jrmjc aþëþatþr. Aennjatôr-jhltjr lsj kjrlnlhl : T“tur.

]rfcslstôrmj gfr`fcfc kþë @J@ TLR .8 8 :2 hF . : T 8 9:2 h[“tĶr. Kþë hfxMR mj$jrlcmjc

iþyþa enmu$ucmfc trfcslstôr tfgrlp enur.`) Aennjatôr-tfifc frfsĶcmfal ijsnjhj kjrlnlhl 02 T“tur. 2@IIT kjrlnlhl 9: T enmu$ucmfc

trfcslstôr iezunur.m) Jhltjr-aennjatôr frfsĶcmfal kjrlnlh 9: T“tur. Iu kjrlnlh 92 T enfc

2@JIT kjrlnlhlcmjc

iþyþa enmu$ucmfc trfcslstôr iezunur.




:9

FNFC J]A !N! ]YFCP!P]ÔY

DJ] (Fnfc Jtalnl ]rfcslstôr) kjrlnlh aectrennu vj þë uënu ilr jnjhfcmĶr. DJ]“lc uënfr Ķ K (AfpĶ),

M (Mrflc) vj P (Afycfa) enfrfa tfcĶhnfcĶr. DJ]“lc yfpĶsĶ vj sjhienþ "jaln =.#“mj kôstjrlnhl$tlr.DJ]“njr f$f%Ķmfal klil 0 kruptf tepnfcfilnlr.

-

ODJ] (Oecaslyec DJ])- LKDJ]( AfpĶ lzenjnl DJ])

-

HEPDJ] (Hjtfn easlt yfr Ķ lnjtajc DJ])

ODJ]

IO] fa Ķh aectrennu ilr jnjhfcmĶr yfcl tfifc fa ĶhĶ lnj aennjatôr fa ĶhĶ aectren jmlnlr. DJ] lsj

kjrlnlh aectrennu ilr jnjhfcmĶr. DJ]“lc afpĶ (K) lnj afycfa (P) frfsĶcf uykunfcfc kjrlnlh lnj,

afcfnmfc (M lnj P frfsĶcmfc) kjëjc fa Ķh aectren jmlnlr. K-P uënfr Ķcf uykunfcfc kjrlnlh, afcfnmfc

kjëjc fa ĶhĶc yôcþcj mla enfc ilr jnjatrla fnfcĶ enu$turur. ODJ], C vjyf R afcfn enfilnlr. C afcfn

ODJ]“mj, afcfn C tlpl vj afpĶ R tlpl ilr hfnzjhjmlr. AfpĶmfc afcfnf ilr R-C oecaslyecu

hjv`uttur. AfpĶyf uykunfcfc kjrlnlh R-C oecaslyecucu tjrs yôcmj autupnfr vj afpĶmfc ëeaaþëþa ilr sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ kjëjr. Iu cjmjcnj DJ]“njrmj klrl$ mlrjc`l ëea yþasjatlr (∾#222 Hℤ).

K lnj P uënfr Ķcf tjrs yôcmj ilr kjrlnlh uykunfcmĶ%Ķcmf, R-C oecaslyecucmf ie$nua iônkjsl enu$ur.

Ie$nua iônkjslcmj fa Ķh tf$ĶyĶ`ĶsĶ yeatur. Ie$nua iônkjsl afcfn lëlcj me%ru kjcl$njyjrja afcfnĶc

fa Ķh kjëlrjc a ĶshĶcĶ mfrfntĶr vj afcfnĶc mlrjc`lcl frttĶr Ķr. Iu muruh "jaln =.9“mj kôstjrlnhl$tlr.AfcfnĶc mlrjc`l vj afcfnmfc kjëjc fa Ķh, KPT lnj MPT “clc decaslyecumur.

"jaln =.#. ODJ] yfpĶ vj sjhiennjrl, f) C afcfn vj i) R afcfn.

"jaln =.9. C afcfn ODJ]“lc ëfnĶ$hf prjcslil.




:0

C afcfn DJ]“tj K lnj P uënfr Ķ frfsĶcf 2 vjyf cjkftld ilr kjrlnlh, M lnj P uënfr Ķ frfsĶcf lsj pezltld

ilr kjrlnlh uykunfcĶr. AfpĶmfc afcfnf enfc R-C oecaslyecu tjrs yôcmj autupnfcĶr.

MPKPKM TTT ∙8 enmu%ucf kôrj, KMT kjrlnlhl KPT “j kôrj mfgf cjkftldtlr. Iu cjmjcnj, K lnj

M frfsĶcmfal iônkjmj tjrs yôcmj autupnfcfc R-C mlyemucuc ie$nua iônkjsl mfgf kjcl$ enur.

2TKP 8 lajc MPT kjrlnlhlclc frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj C afcfn ODJ]“tj jnmj jmlnjc afrfatjrlstla "jaln

=.0“tj kôstjrlnhl$tlr. F lnj I ceatfnfr Ķ frfsĶcmfal mlrjcë iônkjslcmj MPT “clc 2“mfc ltlifrjc

frttĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj Ml fa ĶhĶ MPPL mj%jrlcj afmfr frtfr. F lnj I frfsĶcmf, ie$nua iônkjslclc kjcl$nl%l

jtalnl enhfmĶ%Ķcmfc afcfnĶc mlrjc`l sfilttlr. 2TKP 8 lajc kjëjc MPPL fa ĶhĶ DJ]“lc hfaslhuh

fa ĶhĶmĶr. I ceatfsĶcmf MPT kjrlnlhl RT mj%jrlcl fnĶr. I ceatfsĶcmfc secrf, MPT kjrlnlhlclc

frtĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj Ml fa ĶhĶ mj%l$hjz. @ ceatfsĶcmfc secrf MPT kjrlnlhlclc frtĶr ĶnhfsĶ, R-C

oecaslyecucuc tjrs yôcmj mjvrlnhjslcj cjmjc enur vj Ml fa ĶhĶ gĶznf frtfr. I lnj @ ceatfnfr Ķ

frfsĶcmfal iônkjyj plc`g-edd iônkjsl mjclr. R-C oecaslyecucuc tjrs autupnfchfsĶ lnj enu$fc

ie$nua, plc`g edd iônkjslcmj afcfnĶ tĶafr vj afcfn mlrjc`lcl frtĶr Ķr. Iucf rf%hjc afcfn fa ĶhĶ

sfilt afnĶr. Fa ĶhĶc sfilt afnhfsĶcĶc cjmjcl, MPT kjrlnlhlclc afcfn mlrjc l̀cmjal frtĶ$Ķ

mjckjnjhjslmlr. MPT kjrlnlhl, afycfatfc ëĶafc jnjatrecnfr Ķc tĶafnĶ iônkjyl kjëjrja M u`ucf

unf$hfsĶcĶ sf%nfr. I ceatfsĶcmfal MPT kjrlnlhlcj RT plc`g-edd kjrlnlhl mjclr. DJ]“lc RT

mj%jrl, IO]“mj ι “cĶc afr $ĶnĶ%ĶmĶr.

"jaln =.0. 2TKP 8 lajc C afcfn ODJ]“lc afrfatjrlstla j%rlsl.

KPT vj MPT kjrlnlhnjrl mj%l$tlrlnml%lcmj, C afcfn ODJ]“tj Ml fa Ķ

hĶ

cĶ

c mj%l$lhl "jaln =.=“tjvjrlnhl$tlr. DJ]“lc ajslh iônkjslcmj KPT kjrlnlhl RT∙ “yj j$lt enur. Iu muruhmf ie$nua iônkjsl

afcfnĶ tfhfhjc tĶafr vj afcfn mlrjc`l ëea iþyþatþr. MPT kjrlnlhlclc frtĶr ĶnhfsĶ lnj (tjrs

mjvrlnhjyj afmfr) afcfnmfc fa Ķh kjëjhjz. 2TKP 8 lajc, MPT kjrlnlhl RT mj%jrlcl fnmĶ%Ķcmf

DJ]“lc fa ĶhĶ MPPL mj%jrlcl fnĶr. Iu jscfmf K lnj M uënfr Ķ frfsĶcmfal R-C oecaslyecu, RT∙

kjrlnlhl lnj tjrs yôcmj autupnfcĶr vj K lnj M frfsĶcmfal ie$nua iônkjsl afcfnĶ tĶafr. RKM TT ∙8

muruhu plc`g-edd iônkjslclc if$nfckĶ`ĶmĶr. KPT cjkftld ilr kjrlnlh vj MPT kjrlnlhl RT

mj%jrlcmjc aþëþa lajc RKM TT ∙8 $frtĶ sf%nfcmĶ%Ķcmf, K-M frfsĶcmfal afcfn tĶafcĶr vj plc`g

edd iônkjslcmj ëfnĶ$hf kjrëjanj$lr. Iu muruhmf MPT aþëþa enmu%ucmfc Ml fa ĶhĶ mf MPPL “tjc

aþëþatþr. MPT “lc plc`g edd mj%jrl KPR)R(MP TTT +8 $janlcmj gjsfpnfcĶr. "jaln =.= vj =.:“tj

DJ]“lc afrfatjrlstla j%rlnjrl vj ëfnĶ$hf iônkjnjrl kôstjrlnhl$tlr.




:=

"jaln =.=. C afcfn ODJ]“lc afrfatjrlstla j%rlnjrl.

"jaln =.:. C afcfn ODJ]“lc ëfnĶ$hf iônkjnjrl.




::

Zykunfhf 6?

"jalnmj vjrlnjc DJ]“tj T7TR 8 vj

hF#9LMPP 8 “mlr.

f)

KPT kjrlnlhl ‐: T lsj, plc`g-edd“uc if$nfmĶ

%Ķ

MPT kjrlnlhlcl iunucuz.

i) MMT kjrlnlhl #9 T, MPT plc`g- edd kjrlnlhlcmjc

iþyþa vj afpĶ u`u teprf%f if%nĶ lsj ML fa ĶhĶcĶ

gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

`) KPT kjrlnlhl ‐ #2 T lajc ML fa ĶhĶ cj enur 5

Ëôzþh ?

f) KPR)R(MP TTT +8 8 7 + (-:) 8 0 T

i)

2TKP 8 vj MPT plc`g- edd kjrlnlhlcmjc iþyþa lsj, ML 8 MPPL 8 #9 hF enur.

`)

ODJ] ajslhmjmlr vj 2LM 8 enur.

ODJ]“lc ]rfcsdjr Afrfatjrlstl"l

C afcfn DJ]“tj KPT kjrlnlhl, 2 lnj - pT frfsĶcmf mj%l$tlrlnjrja ML fa ĶhĶ aectren jmlnlr. R afcfn

DJ]“tj lsj ML fa ĶhĶcĶc aectrenu lëlc KPT kjrlnlhl 2 lnj pT frfsĶcmf mj%l$tlrlnlr. Ajslhmjal

KPT mj%jrlcj )edd (KPT mf mjclr. )edd (KPT lnj pT hutnfa mj%jr enfrfa ilrilrlcj j$lttlr.

Aftfneknfr Ķc ëe%ucmf sfmj`j )edd (KPT mj%jrl vjrlnlr. Iu mj%jr #2 cF klil ëea aþëþa ilr fa Ķhmf

tfcĶhnfcĶr. KPT kjrlnlhl lnj ML fa ĶhĶ frfsĶcmfal lnl$al f$f%Ķmfal j$ltnlatj vjrlnhl$tlr. Iu j$ltnl%j

kôrj, KPT kjrlnlhl lnj ML fa ĶhĶ frfsĶcmfal lnl$al, yfcl trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%l pfrfienla ilr

mj%l$lh kôstjrlr. C afcfn DJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%l "jaln =.4“mf kôstjrlnhl$tlr.

9

)edd (KP

KPMPPM

T

T#LL

∙8

)edd (KPKP TT 8 ⇙ 2LM 8

2TKP 8 ⇙ MPPM LL 8

"jaln =.4. C afcfn ODJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%l.

Zykunfhf 9?

C afcfn ilr ODJ]“tj T7T )edd (KP ∙8 vj hF#2LMPP 8 “mlr. T4-vjT=-9T,-T,2TKP 8 lëlc

Ml fa ĶhĶcĶ gjsfpnfyfrfa trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%lcl ëlzlclz.




:4

Ëôzþh?

2TKP 8 ⇙ hF#2LL MPPM 88

T7TKP ∙8 ⇙ 2LM 8

9

)edd (KP

KPMPPM

T

T#LL

∙8

T9TKP ∙8 ⇙ hF7-

9--#hF 49:.:#2L

9

M 8

8

T=TKP ∙8 ⇙ hF7-

=--#hF :.9#2L

9

M 8

8

T4TKP ∙8 ⇙ hF7-

4--#hF 49:.2#2L

9

M 8

8

! njrl \ôc Kjël " ! njtajcnl # l

DJ]“mj lnjrl yôc kjël$ lnjtajcnl%l hk , MPT kjrlnlhl sfilt lajc, ML fa ĶhĶcmfal mj%l$lhlc KPT

kjrlnlhlcmjal mj%l$lhj erfcĶ enfrfa tfcĶhnfcĶr. DJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%l nlcjjr enhfmĶ%Ķ lëlc

hk ëfnĶ$hf ceatfsĶcf if%nĶ enfrfa mj%l$lr. "jaln =.;“mj dfranĶ ëfnĶ$hf ceatfnfr Ķcmf hk “lc

iunuchfsĶ kôstjrlnhl$tlr.

"jaln =.;. C afcfn ODJ]“tj dfranĶ ëfnĶ$hf ceatfnfr Ķcmfal hk .

KPT 8 2 lajc hk mj%jrl 2hk enfrfa tfcĶhnfcĶr. Gjrgfckl ilr ceatfmfal hk mj%jrl, 2hk “f kôrj

f$f%Ķmfal j$ltnlanj gjsfpnfcĶr.

∙8

)edd (KP

KP2hh

T

T#kk

Zykunfhf 0?

T7T )edd (KP ∙8 , hF92LMPP 8 vj s=222k 2h º8 enfc ODJ]“lc T-=8KPT lëlc lnjrl yôc

kjël$ lnjtajcnl%lcl iunucuz

Ëôzþh?

sº8

∙∙

∙8

∙8 9222

=

7#=222

T

T#kk

)edd (KP

KP2hh




:;

ODJ]“lc autupnfchfsĶ

ODJ]“mj autupnfhfcĶc fhf`Ķ uykuc ilr KPT kjrlnlhl lnj lstjclnjc ML fa ĶhĶcĶ sf%nfhfatĶr.

"jaln =.7 ODJ]“lc autupnfchfsĶ.

KT kjrlnlhl sĶzĶctĶ fa ĶhĶ ëea aþëþa

enmu%ucmfc 2 afiun jmlnlr.

PMPKKP Y L2TTT ∙8∙8

PMKP Y LT ∙8

MMMMM Y LTT ∙8

PMMP TTT ∙8

PMP Y LT 8

)Y Y (LTT PMMMMMP +∙8

Zykunfhf =?

"jaln =.7“mj vjrlnjc mjvrjmj ℤ8 a #Y M , ℤ8 :22Y P , T#2TMM 8 vj hF:LM 8 enfrfa

vjrlnhl$tlr. MPT vj KPT “yl gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh?

T:22hF x :.9:Y LT PMP 8ℤ88

2TK 8 enmu%ucf kôrj,T:.9TTT PKKP ∙8∙8 iunucur.

T:a #hF x: -T 8ℤ8∙8 #2Y LTT MMMMM

T9.:T9.:-T 88∙8 :TTT PMMP iunucur.

Zykunfhf :?

T#2T )edd (KP ∙8 , hF9:LMPP 8 enfc C afcfn ODJ]“tj T:TKP ∙8 “tur. PY mlrjc`lclc

mj%jrlcl gjsfpnfyĶ

cĶ

z.

Ëôzþh?

9

)edd (KP

KPMPPM

T

T#LL

∙8 hF

#2-

:--#hF 9:.49:

9

8

8

PKKP TTT ∙8

2TK 8 enmu%ucf kôrj,

PMKP Y LT ∙8

ℤ888 hF

T722

9:.4

:

L

TY

M

KPs iunucur.




:7

HEPDJ] (Hjtfn Easlt \frĶ !njtajc DJ])

HEPDJ]“mj afpĶ lnj afcfn frfsĶcmf ODJ]“mjal klil ilr R-C oecaslyecu yeatur. HEPDJ]“lc

afpĶsĶ slnlsyuh mleaslt (PlE9) tfifafsĶ lnj afcfnmfc lzenj jmlnhl$tlr. !al tjhjn HEPDJ]

hjv`uttur.

- MJ HEPDJ]

-

J HEPDJ]

MJ HEPDJ]

MJ HEPDJ]“lc tjhjn yfpĶsĶ "jaln =.<“mf kôstjrlnhl$tlr. MJ HEPDJ]“tj M vj P fntafthfc

hfnzjhj þzjrlcj afta Ķnfcfrfa, afpĶyf aeh$u enfc mfr ilr afcfn lnj ilrilrlcj if%nfchĶ$tĶr. MJ

HEPDJ] C afcfn vj R afcfn enfilnlr. Iurfmf sfmj`j C afcfnnĶ MJ HEPDJ] lc`jnjcj`jatlr. R

afcfnnĶ MJ HEPDJ]“tj kjrlnlh yôcnjrl tjrstlr dfaft ëfnĶ$hf prjcslpnjrl fycĶmĶr.

"jaln =.< MJ HEPDJ]“lc tjhjn yfpĶ vj sjhienþ f) C afcfn vj i) R afcfn.

AfpĶ afcfnmfc lzenj enmu%u lëlc afpĶyf cjkftld vjyf pezltld kjrlnlh uykunfcfilnlr. MJ HEPDJ]

afpĶsĶcf cjkftld kjrlnlh uykunfcĶrsf Fzfnthf (Mjpnjtlec), pezltld kjrlnlh uykunfcĶrsf FrttĶrhf

(Jcgf`jhjct) hemucmf ëfnĶ$Ķr. MJ HEPDJ]“tj afpĶ vj afcfn ilr afpfsltjclc lal pfrfnjn pnfafsĶ

vj PlE9 tfifafsĶ ilr mljnjatrla hfnzjhj klilmlr.

"jaln =.#2. C afcfn MJ HEPDJ]“lc ëfnĶ$hfsĶ.




:<

Cjkftld ilr afpĶ kjrlnlhl uykunfcmĶ%Ķcmf, R hfnzjhjslcmjal mjnlanjr C afcfnf me%ru ëjalnlr vj

jnjatrecnfr afcfnmfc uzfanf$Ķr. Iu jnjatrecnfr Ķc yjrlcj pezltld lyecnfr enu$ur vj C afcfnmfal

sjrijst jnjatrecnfr fzfnĶr. Iu muruhmf afcfn mlrjc`l frtfr vj afcfn fa ĶhĶ fzfnĶr ("jaln =.#2(f) ).

Rezltld ilr afpĶ kjrlnlhl uykunfcmĶ%Ķcmf, jnjatrecnfr afcfnf me%ru ëjalnlr vj R hfnzjhjslcmjal

mjnlanjr uzfanf$tĶr ĶnĶr. Iôynj`j afcfnmf mfgf ëea sjrijst jnjatrec enur. Iu muruhmf afcfn mlrjc`l

fzfnĶr vj afcfn fa ĶhĶ frtfr ("jaln =.#2(i) ).

MJ HEPDJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%l "jaln =.##“mj kôstjrlnhl$tlr.

"jaln =.##. C vj R afcfn MJ HEPDJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstlanjrl.

J HEPDJ]

J HEPDJ]“lc yfpĶ vj sjhienþ "jaln =.#9“mj kôstjrlnhl$tlr. Iu HEPDJ]“tj dlzlasjn ilr afcfn

yeatur. C afcfn J HEPDJ]“tj afpĶyf uykunfcfc kjrlnlh j$la mj%jrlcmj, PlE9 tfifafsĶcf aeh$uenfc R hfnzjhjslcmj lc`j ilr cjkftld yþa tfifafsĶ vj ilr afcfn enu$turur. J$la kjrlnlhlclc fntĶcmf

ilr afcfn enu$hfz. AfpĶ afycfa frfsĶcmfal pezltld kjrlnlh frttĶr ĶnmĶ%Ķcmf afcfnf mfgf ëea

jnjatrec ëjalnlr vj afcfnĶc lnjtajcnl%l frtfr. C afcfn J HEPDJ]“lc ëfnĶ$hf prjcslil "jaln =.#0“tj

kôstjrlnhl$tlr.

(f) (i)

"jaln =.#9 J HEPDJ]“lc tjhjn yfpĶ vj sjhienþ f) R afcfn vj i) R afcfn.

J HEPDJ] yfncĶz afcfn frttĶrhf lnj aunnfcĶnĶr. C afcfnnĶ ilr J HEPDJ] pezltld afpĶ afycfakjrlnlhl lnj ëfnĶ$Ķr. R afcfnnĶ tþrþcmj lsj cjkftld afpĶ afycfa kjrlnlhl kjrjalr. "jaln =.#=“tj

kôstjrlnml%l klil J HEPDJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%lcmj 2TKP 8 lajc ilr fa Ķh kjëhjz. \fcl




42

J HEPDJ]“tj, ODJ] vj MJ HEPDJ]“tjal klil MPPL pfrfhjtrjsl yeatur. KPT kjrlnlhl )tg(KPT

j$la kjrlnlhlcj unf$fcf afmfr ML fa ĶhĶ sĶd ĶrmĶr. J HEPDJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstl%lclc j$ltnl%l

f$f%Ķmf vjrlnhl$tlr. HEPDJ]“lc A sfiltl KPT “clc ijnlrnl ilr mj%jrl lëlc vjrlnjc )ec(ML fa ĶhĶ

lëlc aftfnekmf vjrlnlr.

Q X9)tg(KPM TA L ∙8 KPT

"jaln =.#0. C afcfn J HEPDJ]“lc ëfnĶ$hfsĶ.

"jaln =.#=. C vj R afcfn J HEPDJ]“lc trfcsdjr afrfatjrlstlanjrl.

Zykunfhf ? 4

T#2TKP 8 lëlc )ec(ML 80 hF enfc J HEPDJ]“lc T)( :T tgKP 8 vjrlnhl$tlr. T7TKP 8 lëlc

ML fa ĶhĶcĶ gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

Ëôzþh?

9

99)(

)(ThF /.

T

hF

:)-(#2

hF

XQ#92

9:

00

TT

LA

9tgKPKP

ecM 888∙

8

A sfiltl aunnfcĶnfrfa T7TKP 8 lëlc ML fa ĶhĶ gjsfpnfcĶr.

Q X9)tg(KPM TA L ∙8 KPT 82.#9 x ( 7 ‐ : )9 8 #.27 hF




Zykunfhf ? ;

\fcmf vjrlnjc MJ HEPDJ] autupnfhf

mjvrjslcmj ML fa ĶhĶcĶ vj MPT kjrlnlhlcl

gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

T)( 7T edd KP ∙8 , hF#9LMPP 8

T#7TMM 8 , ℤ8 422Y M , ℤ8 H#2Y K

Ëôzþh?

2TKP 8 enmu%ucmfc MPPM LL 8 enur.

MMPPMMMP Y LTT ∙8 $janlcmj gjsfpnfcĶr

. MPPM LL 8 8#9 hF

MMPPMMMP Y LTT ∙8 8 #7 ‐ #9hF x 422 Hℤ 8 #2.7 T

Zykunfhf ? 7

\fcmf vjrlnjc Kjrlijsnjhjnl J HEPDJ] autupnfhf

mjvrjslcmj KPT kjrlnlhl ônëþ fnjtl lnj 7.: T enfrfa

ônëþnþyer. Mjvrjmj ML fa ĶhĶcĶ gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

T)( 0T tgKP 8

T#:TMM 8 , ℤ8 a :Y M , ℤ8 H:2Y K

Ëôzþh?

Kjrlijsnjhjnl mjvrjmj afpĶ fa ĶhĶ sĶd Ķr afiun jmlnlr.

8MP

TKP

T 8 7.: enur.

ℤ∙

8∙

8a

.

:

:7#:

Y

TTL

M

MPMMM enur.

Zykunfhf ? <

\fcmf vjrlnjc kjrlnlh iônþ`þnþ J HEPDJ]

autupnfhf mjvrjslcmj vjTMP KPT kjrlnlhnjrlcl

gjsfpnfyĶcĶz.

)ec(ML 80 hF B T#2TKP 8

T)(

:TtgKP 8

T9=TMM 8

ℤ8 a #2Y # , ℤ8 a #:Y 9 , ℤ8 a #Y M

Ëôzþh?

Ta

=#=9=#:

TY

T MM9

KP 8ℤ

88

elektronik ii - yıldız teknik Üniversitesi - analog elektronik

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