ELECTRICITY THEFTCONTROL USING GSM AND

EMIC

ABSTRACTElectrical energy is very imperative for ever day life and a spine for the

industry. Electricity is indiscipline to our daily life with increasing need

of electricity the power theft is also increasing power theft is a problem

that continues to plague power sector across the whole country the

objective of this project is to design a system in order to avoid the

displeasure for the users from theft bill irrespective of the use of the

electricity due to theft using GSM module. In order to integrate the

1

various parts together we must first properly understand the working of

the different parts to be integrated together. A brief study is alone on the

components and the technology which we are going to use in our project.

TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO ABSTRACT 2

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 6 1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 72 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

2.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

2.1.1 ARM 7 (LPC2148) PROCESSOR 10

2.1.2 BUZZER 13

2.1.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 15

2.1.4 LCD DISPLAY (2*16 DISPLAY) 16

2.1.5 RELAY 20

2.1.6 GSM MODULE 25

2.1.7 RS 232 CABLE 28

2 .18 MAX232 IC2 30

2

2.1.9 EMIC 32

2.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTON

2.2.1 KEIL COMPILER 34

3 CIRCUT DIAGRAM 36 4 EMIC MODULE 38 5 PROGRAMS 39 5.1 PROGRAMS LOADED IN ARM7 6 APPLICATIONS 40 7 CONCLUSION 43 8 REFERENCES 44

3

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT To identify the theft of electricity from

transmission lines or from home distribution. None to monitor the over

load of usage at end user.No automatic update of load consumption

details to authority.Not reliable and robust. Electricity monitoring system

using sensors.Microcontroller based authentication.Well protected and

robust system .High-quality speech synthesis for English and Spanish

languages.Nine pre-defined voice styles comprising male, female, and

child.On-board audio power amplifier and 1/8” (3.5 mm) audio

jack.UART interfacable at 9600bps . Reading Internet-based data streams

(such as e-mails or Twitter feeds).Conveying status or sensor results from

robots, scientific equipment, or industrial machinery.Language learning

or speech aids for educational environments. order to avoid the

displeasure for the users from theft bill irrespective of the use of the

4

electricity due to theft using GSM module. In order to integrate the

various parts together we must first properly understand the working of

the different parts to be integrated together. A brief study is alone on the

components and the technology which we are going to use in our project.

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

5

FIGURE 1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED METHOD

6

CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

The proposed system requires the following components,

2.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

1. ARM 7 (LPC2148) PROCESSOR

2. BUZZER

7

3. POWER SUPPLY UNIT

4. LCD DISPLAY (2*16 DISPLAY)

5. RELAY

6. GSM MODULE

7. RS 232 CABLE

8. MAX232 IC

9. EMIC

2.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTON

1. KEIL COMPILER

2.1.1 ARM 7 (LPC2148) PROCESSOR

8

FIGURE 2.1.1 LPC 2148 BOARD

16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64

package.

8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-

chip flash program memory. 128 bit wide interface/accelerator

enables high speed 60 MHz operation.

In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-

chip boot-loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in

400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1 ms.

Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer

real-time debugging with the on-chip Real Monitor software and

high speed tracing of instruction execution.

9

One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D

converters provide a total of 6/14 analog inputs, with conversion

times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.

Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.

Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture

and four compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and

watchdog.

Low power real-time clock with independent power and

dedicated 32 kHz clock input.

Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550),

two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and

variable data length capabilities.

Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and

vector addresses.

Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a

tiny LQFP64 package.

Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins

available.

60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable

on-chip PLL with settling time of 100 μs.

The ARM7TDMI-S is a general function purpose 32-bit data register

processor, which provides great efficeiency and very small voltage

consumption. The ARM design is based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer

(RISC) method, and the opcode set and relevant decode procedure are much

easier than those of micro code Complex Instruction Set systems. This

simplicity results yielded in a big instruction throughput and impressive real-

time interrupt reply from a low and economical processor core. Pipeline

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enhanced methods are deployed so that all parts of the carry out and storage

systems can function recursively. Typically, while single instruction is being

executed, their follower is being decoded, and a third instruction is being given

to memory. The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a specific architectural

plan known as THUMB, which makes it specifically suited to high-bulk

applications with memory limitations, or applications where software density is

an problem. The key theme behind THUMB is that of a great super-reduced

assembly code set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S supports two instruction sets:

The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a specific architectural plan known

as THUMB, which makes it specifically suited to high-bulk applications with

memory limitations, or applications where software density is an problem. The

key theme behind THUMB is that of a great super-reduced assembly code set.

Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S supports two instruction sets:

The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.

A 16-bit THUMB instruction set.

The THUMB set’s 16-bit instruction length allows it to towards twice the

density of defined ARM program while regaining most of the controller

performance advantage over a common 16-bit processor using 16-bit function

registers. This is feasible because THUMB program executes on the similar 32-

bit register set as ARM program. THUMB program is able to give up to 65% of

the software size of pre-processor, and 160% of the performance of an

equivalent ARM processor related to a 16-bit storage system. The ARM7TDMI-

S controller is described in brief in the ARM7TDMI-S Datasheet that can be

found on official ARM website. This is feasible because THUMB program

executes on the similar 32-bit register set as ARM program. THUMB program

is able to give up to 65% of the software size of preprocessor and 160% of the

performance of an equivalent ARM processor related to a 16-bit storage system.

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The THUMB set’s 16-bit instruction length allows it to towards twice the

density of defined ARM program while regaining most of the controller

performance advantage over a common 16-bit processor using 16-bit function

registers. This is feasible because THUMB program executes on the similar 32-

bit register set as ARM program.

2.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM

FIGURE 2.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF ARM PROCESSOR

The pin configuration block allows particular pins of the microcontroller

to have more than one purpose. Control registers navigates the multiplexers to

allow joining between the pin and the on chip accessories. Peripherals should be

connected to the specific designated pins before to being powered up, and prior

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to any related interrupt(s) being enabled. Selection of a specific function on a

port I/O completely excludes all other true purpose else present on the same I/O.

The only partial exception from the above protocol of exclusion is the case of

inputs to the A/D module. Regardless of the purpose that is selected for the port

I/O that also hosts the A/D I/P, this A/D input can be noted at any time and

difference of the potential values on this pin will be recollected in the A/D

monitoring registers. The only partial exception from the above protocol of

exclusion is the case of inputs to the A/D module. Regardless of the purpose

that is selected for the port I/O that also hosts the A/D I/P, this A/D input can be

noted at any time and difference of the potential values on this pin will be

recollected in the A/D monitoring registers.

Peripherals should be connected to the specific designated pins before to being

powered up, and prior to any related interrupt(s) being enabled. Selection of a

specific function on a port I/O completely excludes all other true purpose else

present on the same I/O. The only partial exception from the above protocol of

exclusion is the case of inputs to the A/D module. Not concern of the purpose

that is specific for the port I/O that also hosts the A/D I/P, this A/D input can be

noted at any time and difference of the potential values on this pin will be

recollected in the A/D modules.

However, true analog values (s) can be gathered if and only if the function of an

analog input is selected. Only in this situation proper interface circuit is in

powered state in between the physical pin and the A/D module

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2.1.2 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio alerting signaling device, which may

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric.

Fig2.1.2 Buzzer

The most fashioned uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,

timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.Alarm

unit in an operation and maintenance (O&M) monitoring system informs the

bad working state of (a particular part of) the product under monitoring.

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2.1.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.2.1.3 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The AC voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which

steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired DC output. A diode

rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a

simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually

has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value

even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc

voltage changes.

Fig 2.1.4 Block diagram of power supply

TRANSFORMER

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V)

to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be

connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–

amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage

output as DC; rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

15

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as

bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite

corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive

potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at

point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At

this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass

through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL,

through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path

is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across

D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer

reverse, forward biasing 2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow

will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the

secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken

arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current

flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this

current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since

current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied

voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is

that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that

is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.

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This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components

shown in views A and B. Assume that the same transformer is used in both

circuits. The peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in

both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak

voltage from the centre tap to either X or Y is 500 volts.

Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that

can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but

never exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In

the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified

is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output

voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the

same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage

than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

2.1.4 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,

and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a

fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The

regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of

milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli

watts to tens of watts.

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input

voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo,

from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5

to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated

voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

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2.1.5 LCD DISPLAY

Fig 2.1.5 LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-optical amplitude modulator

known as a thin, flat display peripheral composed of any number of color or

monochrome pixels sequenced in front of a light source or reflector. It is mostly

used in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very low amounts of

electric power.

Each dot of an LCD typically made of a layer of molecules structured

between transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of exchange

of which are (in many of the cases) perpendicular to one other. With no liquid

crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first layer would

be prevented by the second (crossed) polarizer.

The outer layer of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal

material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular

direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is

unidirectional rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid

crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are

made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Before

applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is

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determined by the alignment at the surfaces. In a twisted nematic device, the

surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each

other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist.

Because the liquid crystal material is birefringent, light passing through one

polarizing filter is rotated by the liquid crystal helix as it passes through the

liquid crystal layer, allowing it to pass through the second polarized filter. Half

of the incident light is absorbed by the first polarizing filter, but otherwise the

entire assembly is reasonably transparent.

When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, a torque acts to align the

liquid crystal molecules parallel to the electric field, distorting the helical

structure (this is resisted by elastic forces since the molecules are constrained at

the surfaces). This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light,

and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid

crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and

the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid

crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the

second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling

the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be

allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of

gray.

The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less

dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state.

Because of this, these devices are usually operated between crossed polarizers

such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to

variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be

operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states are

reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears blotchy,

however, because of small variations of thickness across the device.

LCD pin descriptions:

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The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is

given in the table below.

VCC, VSS, and VEE:

While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground, respectively, VEE is used for

controlling LCD contrast.

RS, Register Select:

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used

for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is

selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at

home, etc. If RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to

be displayed on the LCD.

R/W, Read/Write:

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read

information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

E, Enable:

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its

data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be

applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data

pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.

D0-D7:

The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or

read the contents of the LCD’s internal registers.

To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z,

a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.

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There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to

clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor.

Table lists the instruction command codes.

Pin

No

Name Function USE

1 Vss Ground

2 Vdd +ve Supply 5v Volts Regulated DC

3 Vee Contrast This is used to set the contrast1

4 RS Register Set Register select signal 0:Instruction register (when

writing) Busy flag & address counter (When reading)

1:Data register (when writing & reading)5 R/W Read / Write Read/write select signal “0” for writing , “1” for

reading

6 E Enable Operation (data read/write) enable

signal

7 D0 Data Bit 0

8 D1 Data Bit 1

9 D2 Data Bit 2

10 D3 Data Bit 3

11 D4 Data Bit 4

12 D5 Data Bit 5

13 D6 Data Bit 6

14 D7 Data Bit 7

15 A +4.2 for Back light Positive supply for back light if available

Table 2.1.5

We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive

information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as

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follows: if R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy taking

care of internal operations and will not accept any new information.

Note: It is recommended to check the busy flag before writing any data .

2.1.6 RELAY

A relay is an electromagnetic switch Worked by a relatively

small electric current that can made on or off a much larger electric current. The

heart of a switch is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a

temporary magnet when electricity flows through it). You can think of a this

switch as a kind of electric lever: switch it on with a tiny current and it switches

on ("leverages") some other appliance using a much bigger current.

Fig 2.1.6 Relay

Working

When power flows through the given circuit, it operates the

electromagnet (brown), generating a magnetic field (blue) that get move

towards a contact (red) and energizes the second part of circuit . When the

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power is shut down to the switch, a spring pulls the contact back up to its

original position, switching the second circuit off again

Fig 2.1.7

This is a for instance case of a "normally open" (NO) electromagnetic

relay: the pins in the second part of circuit are not given by default, and switch

on only when a current passes through the coil of magnet field. Other

electromagnetic switching relays are "normally closed" (NC; the pins are

connected so a current passes through them by default) and switch off only

when the coil of magnet field gets energized, pulling or pushing the leads apart.

Normally open relays are the most common.

Here's another animation providing how a magnetic relay relates two

circuits as one. It's basically the same thing drawn in a slightly another way. On

the left side, there's an input circuit voltage supplied by a relay switch or a

sensor of some kind. When this circuit is powered up, it provides current to an

electromagnet that makes a metal switch closed and activates the second, output

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circuit (on the right side). The closely required small current in the input circuit

thus energizes the larger current in the output circuit:

Fig 2.1.8

1. The input circuit (black loop) is switched off and no current flows

through it until something (either a sensor or a switch closing) turns it on.

The output circuit (blue loop) is also switched off.

2. When a small current flows in the input circuit, it activates the

electromagnet (shown here as a red coil), which produces a magnetic

field all around it.

3. The energized electromagnet pulls the metal bar in the output circuit

toward it, closing the switch and allowing a much bigger current to flow

through the output circuit.

4.The output circuit operates a high-current appliance such as a lamp or an

electric motor.

2.1.7 GSM MODULE

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Fig 2.1.9

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and

operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone.

From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile

phone.

When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to

use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these

GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity,

many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS

messages.

A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or

Bluetooth connection, or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem

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capabilities. For the purpose of this document, the term GSM modem is used as

a generic term to refer to any modem that supports one or more of the protocols

in the GSM evolutionary family, including the 2.5G technologies GPRS and

EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.

A GSM modem exposes an interface that allows applications such as NowSMS

to send and receive messages over the modem interface. The mobile operator

charges for this message sending and receiving as if it was performed directly

on a mobile phone. To perform these tasks, a GSM modem must support an

“extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined in

the ETSI GSM 07.05 and and 3GPP TS 27.005 specifications.

GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS,

because a special subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. In

most parts of the world, GSM modems are a cost effective solution for receiving

SMS messages, because the sender is paying for the message delivery.

A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or

Bluetooth connection, such as the Falcom Samba 75. (Other manufacturers of

dedicated GSM modem devices include Wavecom, Multitech and iTegno.

We’ve also reviewed a number of modems on our technical support blog.) To

begin, insert a GSM SIM card into the modem and connect it to an available

USB port on your computer.

A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the

appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on

your computer. Any phone that supports the “extended AT command set” for

sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined in ETSI GSM 07.05 and/or 3GPP

TS 27.005, can be supported by the Now SMS & MMS Gateway. Note that not

all mobile phones support this modem interface.

Due to some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones, using a

dedicated GSM modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is

more of an issue with MMS messaging, where if you wish to be able to receive

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inbound MMS messages with the gateway, the modem interface on most GSM

phones will only allow you to send MMS messages. This is because the mobile

phone automatically processes received MMS message notifications without

forwarding them via the modem interface.

It should also be noted that not all phones support the modem interface for

sending and receiving SMS messages. In particular, most smart phones,

including Blackberries, iPhone, and Windows Mobile devices, do not support

this GSM modem interface for sending and receiving SMS messages at all at

all. Additionally, Nokia phones that use the S60 (Series 60) interface, which is

Symbian based, only support sending SMS messages via the modem interface,

and do not support receiving SMS via the modem interface.

2.1.8 RS 232 CABLE

RS-232 is a standard communication protocol for linking computer and its

peripheral devices to allow serial data exchange. In simple terms RS232 defines

the voltage for the path used for data exchange between the devices. It specifies

common voltage and signal level, common pin wire configuration and

minimum, amount of control signals. As mentioned above this standard was

designed with specification for electromechanically teletypewriter and modem

system and did not define elements such as character encoding, framing of

characters, error detection protocols etc that are essential features when data

transfer takes place between a computer and a printer. Without which it could

not be adopted to transfer data between a computer and a printer. To overcome

this problem a single integrated circuit called as UART known as universal

asynchronous receiver/transmitter is used in conjunction with RS232.

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Fig 2.1.10

RS232 logic and voltage levels

Data circuits Control circuits Voltage

0 (space) Asserted +3 to +15 V

1 (mark) Disserted -15 to -3 V

This is how the entire arrangement works.

It is clear from this figure that UART, line drivers and RS232 are three separate

parts in the system each having its own characteristic features. UART and line

drivers are the parts in RS232 to enhance quality of system during serial data

exchange.

A standard definition was given by EIA to define RS232 as “an interface

between Data terminal equipment and Data communication equipment”. A

typical RS232 system is shown below. DTE-A DTE stands for data terminal

equipment is an end instrument that convert user information into signals or

reconverts the receive signal. It is a functional unit of station that serves as data

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source or data sink and provides for communication control function according

to the link protocol. A male connector is used in DTE and has pin out

configuration.

2.1.9 MAX232 IC

The MAX232 is an IC, first developed in 1987 by Maxim Integrated

Products, that transforms signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals related

for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual

driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers gives RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single

+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it

important for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any

supply outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as voltage supply design does not need to

be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

The receivers lowers RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to

standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.8V, and a

typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.

It is support full to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a

MAX232 IC gets a TTL level to convert, it changes TTL logic 0 to between

+3.3 and +15.5 V, and changes TTL logic 1 to between -3.3 to -15.5 V, and vice

versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you

realize that the RS232 bit transmission voltages at a certain logic state are

opposite from the RS232 control line supply at the same logic state. To clarify

the matter, see the table below. For more information, see RS-232 voltage

levels.

RS232 line type and logic level RS232 TTL voltage to/from

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voltage MAX232

Data transmission (Rx/Tx) logic 0 +3 V to

+15 V

0 V

Data transmission (Rx/Tx) logic 1 -3 V to

-15 V

5 V

Control signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR)

logic 0

-3 V to

-15 V

5 V

Control signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR)

logic 1

+3 V to

+15 V

0 V

Table 2.1.11

Max232 is needed while interface GPS, GSM, WIFI, EMIC, RFID and many

more for logic operation conversion purpose

2.1.9EMIC2 TEXT-TO-SPEECH

Introduction:022222

The Emic-2 was designed by Parallax in conjunction with Grand Idea

Studio to make voice synthesis a total no-brainer. Simply connect the Emic-2 to

a 5VDC power supply, connect a speaker to the speaker output (or 1/8"

headphone jack) and send it a stream of serial text at 9600bps. The module

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contains all of the smarts necessary to parse the text into phonemes and then

generate natural sounding speech; all your controller has to do is send serial

strings.

The command set for the module is entirely comprised of ASCII-based

printable characters and allows you to change languages (English or Spanish),

change between 9 different voices, and even control speech parameters on the

fly. The module also communicates back to your system so you can get settings,

version information and even “finished speaking” flags back from the board.

Fig 2.1.13

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Fig 2.1.14

Features:

High-quality speech synthesis for English and Spanish languages

Nine pre-defined voice styles comprising male, female, and child

Dynamic control of speech and voice characteristics, including pitch,

speaking rate, and word emphasis

Industry-standard DEC talk text-to-speech synthesizer engine (5.0.E1)

On-board audio power amplifier and 1/8” (3.5 mm) audio jack

Single row, 6-pin, 0.1” header for easy connection to a host system

Key Specifications:

32

Power requirements: +5 VDC, 30 mA idle, 46-220 mA active (depending

on speech parameters and output load)

Communication: asynchronous 9600 bps serial

Operating temperature: -20 to +70 °C (-4 to +158 °F)

Dimensions: 1.25” W x 1.5” L x 0.37” H (3.17 W x 3.81 L x 0.94 H cm)

2.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

2.2.1 KEIL COMPILER

Keil Software publishes one of the most complete development tool

suites for 8051 software, which is used throughout industry. For development of

C code, their Developer's Kit product includes their C51 compiler, as well as an

integrated 8051 simulator for debugging. A demonstration version of this

product is available on their website, but it includes several limitations

The C programming language was designed for computers, though, and

not embedded systems. It does not support direct access to registers, nor does it

allow for the reading and setting of single bits, two very important requirements

for 8051 software. In addition, most software developers are accustomed to

writing programs that will by executed by an operating system, which provides

system calls the program may use to access the hardware. However, much code

for the 8051 is written for direct use on the processor, without an operating

system. To support this, the Keil compiler has added several extensions to the C

language to replace what might have normally been implemented in a system

call, such as the connecting of interrupt handlers.

The purpose of this manual is to further explain the limitations of the Keil

compiler, the modifications it has made to the C language, and how to account

for these in developing software for the 8051 microcontroller.

3.CIRCUT DIAGRAM.

33

Fig 3.1

4 .EMIC MODULE

Block Diagram:

34

Fig 4.1

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 4.2

For audio output, a connection needs to be made to either SP+/SP- or the 1/8"

audio jack. Audio quality may be affected if both outputs are used at the same

time.

5. PROGRAM LOADED IN ARM7.

#include <lpc214x.h>#include <stdio.h>#include "UART.h"

#define ESC 0x1B#define DONE 0x80000000#define START 0x01000000#define PRESET 0x00230600

35

#define RELAY 16

void lcd_initialize(void);void lcd_cmd(unsigned char);void lcd_data(unsigned char);const unsigned char cmd[4] = {0x38,0x0c,0x06,0x01}; //lcd commandsunsigned char Temp[10],mems[10],HB[10],Hum[10];void delay(int);

void lcd_initialize(void){

int i;for(i=0;i<4;i++){

IOCLR0 = 0x00FF0000;lcd_cmd(cmd[i]);delay(3);

}

}

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char data){

IOCLR0 = 0x00FF0000;IOSET0 = data << 16;IOCLR1 |= 0x100000; //RSIOCLR1 |= 0x200000; //RWIOSET1 |= 0x400000; //ENdelay(3);IOCLR1 |= 0x400000; //EN

}

void lcd_data(unsigned char data){

IOCLR0 = 0x00FF0000;IOSET0 = data << 16;IOSET1 |= 0x100000; //RSIOCLR1 |= 0x200000; //RWIOSET1 |= 0x400000; //ENdelay(3);IOCLR1 |= 0x400000; //EN

}

void printLCD (unsigned char *p, unsigned char pos){

unsigned int n;lcd_cmd (pos);n=0;while (*(p+n) != '\0'){

lcd_data (*(p+n));n++;

}

}/*----------------------------------< Serial Initialization >------------------------------*/void serial_init(void){ PINSEL0 = 0x05; /* Enable RxD0 and TxD0 */

36

U0LCR = 0x83; /* 8 bits, no Parity, 1 Stop bit */ U0DLL = 195; /* 9600 Baud Rate @ 12MHz VPB Clock */ U0LCR = 0x03; /* DLAB = 0 */ U0IER = 0x03; /*Enable Interrupt Register */}

//------------------------//Delay Routine start here//------------------------void delay(int n){

int i,j;for(i=0;i<n;i++){

for(j=0;j<0x5000;j++){;}

}}

int main(void){

unsigned long val[4],T;//,G;unsigned int ADC_CH,i=0;

PINSEL0 = 0x00000005; //Enable RXD0 and TXD0PINSEL1 |= 0x01 << 24; //Enable ADC0.1PINSEL1 |= 0x01 << 26; //Enable ADC0.2PINSEL1 |= 0x01 << 28; //Enable ADC0.3PINSEL1 |= 0x01 << 18; //Enable ADC0.4VPBDIV = 0x02; //Set the cclk to 30 MhzAD0CR = 0x00250602; //ADC configuration bits CLK = 9clks/8Bit |

BURST=1 | CLKDIV = 0x06AD0CR |= 0x01000000; //start ADC now

//serial initializationUART1_Init(9600);UART0_Init(9600);U0IER = 1;VICIntSelect = 0<<6; //UART0 ('0' -

irq '1'-fiq)VICVectCntl0 = 0x020 | 6; //VIC slot enabledVICIntEnable = 0x00000040; //Enable UART0 Interrupt

ADC_CH = 1;

IODIR1 |= 1 << RELAY; //Configure P0.16 Output

IOSET1 |= 1 << RELAY;

IODIR0 |= 0xff << 16;IODIR1 |= 0xf << 20;

lcd_initialize();printLCD(" ENERGY ",0x80);printLCD(" MANAGEMENT ",0xC0);delay(25);

lcd_cmd(0x01);

37

while(1){

while (ADC_CH <4){

do{

val[ADC_CH] = AD0GDR; // Read A/D Data Register

} while ((val[ADC_CH] & 0x80000000) == 0); //Wait for

the conversion to completeval[ADC_CH] = ((val[ADC_CH] >> 6) & 0x03FF);ADC_CH++; delay(10);AD0CR = PRESET | (1<<ADC_CH);AD0CR |= START;

}

//load valueT = (AD0DR1 >> 6) & 0x03FF; delay(5);

if(T > 4){

printLCD(" POWER THEFT ",0x80);UART1_PutS("POWER THEFT\n\r");delay(100);UART0_PutS("AT+CMGS=\"+919944783967\"\r");delay(100); // msg

numberUART0_PutS("Power Theft");delay(1000);UART0_PutC(0x1a);delay(1000);

}else{

printLCD(" ",0x80);}

if(ADC_CH > 3/*The number of channels used in PS-ARMDPK*/){

ADC_CH = 1;AD0CR = PRESET | (1<<ADC_CH);AD0CR |= START;

} } }

6.APPLICATIONS

Reading Internet-based data streams (such as e-mails or Twitter feeds)

Conveying status or sensor results from robots, scientific equipment,

or industrial machinery

Language learning or speech aids for educational environments

38

7.CONCLUSION

Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been

eveloped In it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed

carefully, thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using

highly advanced IC’s with the help of growing technology, the project has been

successfully implemented. Thus the paper has been successfully designed and

tested.

39

8.REFERENCES

[1] Yujun Bao and Xiaoyan Jiang, “Design of electric Energy Meter for

long-distance data information transfers which based upon GPRS”,

ISA2009. International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and

Applications,2009

[2] Ashna.K and Sudhish N George, "GSM based automatic energy meter

reading system" IEEE 2013.

[3] B.O.Omijeh and 2G.I.Ighalo” Modeling of GSM-Based Energy

40

Recharge Scheme for Prepaid Meter”- IOSR Journal of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEE), 2013

[4] Sudarshan K. Valluru ” Design and Assemble of Low Cost Prepaid

Smart Card Energy Meter – A Novel Design”- International Journal on

Electrical Engineering and Informatics,March 2014

[5] R. Dhananjayan and E. Shanthi”Smart Energy Meter with Instant Billing

and Payment”-International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer

and Communication Engineering March 2014

[6] Subhasis Kar,Sayantan Dutta,Anusree Sarkar and Sougata Das

“Rechargeable Prepaid Energy Meter Based On SMS Technology”International

Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology

(IJEIT)April 2014.

[7] Sai Kiran Ellenki,Srikanth Reddy G and Srikanth Chan “Advanced

Smart Energy Metering System for Developing Countries”International

Journal Of Scientific Research And Education,2014

41