electricity generation and consumption

7/31/2019 Electricity Generation and Consumption

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ENERGY RESOURCES,

ELECTRICITY GENERATION

ANDCONSUMPTION


2/16

ENERGY GLOBALIZATION

When a Brazilian brews her morning coffee today, she is

likely to use electricity from a power plant in Uruguay that

runs on natural gas from Argentina provided by a Chilean

company. She drives to work in a Ford fueled with

Venezuelan gasoline, and her Canadian-owned factory may

soon be powered by a 2,000 mile natural gas pipeline fromBolivia

Mack McLarty, former White House advisor


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THE FUTURE OF ENERGY

By the year 2020, energy consumption by the Developing

World is expected to surpass that of the Industrialized World.

What forms of energy will these countries be consuming

cheap, dirty coal or clean natural gasand where will the

supplies come from? Will this shift lead to competitionbotheconomic and politicalfor access to supplies? Can these

countries pay for the energy and supporting infrastructure,

such as power-generating plants, or will the Industrialized

World have to help out with funds and with technology

transfers? If not, the divide between North and South

becomes wider.


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THE FUTURE OF ENERGY

The coming years will see important shifts among the kinds

of fuel consumed. The relative share of oil declines as do the

shares of coal and nuclear. Natural gas is the only form of

primary energy to gain both in absolute and relative terms,

clearly reflecting its reputation as a clean-burning fuel,

especially in power generation. The relative share ofrenewables holds its own.

What happens to all the energy consumed worldwide? A

surprising 38% is burned to generate electricity, 18% goes to

fuel transportation, as does more than half the oil consumed.

Electricity is the most rapidly growing form of energy use

during the years up to 2020 at least. This growth will be

concentrated in the developing countries, where electricity

use will more than double.


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WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY* CONSUMPTION

INCREASED BY 2.4% IN 2006

*primary energy comprises commercially traded fuels only. Whilst they are important in many countries, fuels such as wood, peat and animal wasteare excluded since they are documented unreliably in terms of consumption statistics. Also excluded are wind, geothermal and solar power generation.


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REGIONAL PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN

2006


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THE FUTURE OF PRIMARY ENERGY

Oil trends

European dependence on Gulf oil will remain significant

Asian dependence on Gulf oil will expand dramatically

US oil imports will continue to grow

Natural gas trends

Natural gas is the fastest growing primary energy source

Its use is to double, by 2020

But this growth requires major infrastructure investments

The US will become more reliant on imported natural gas

Russia, today providing 26% of the natural gas that Europeconsumes, looks forward to expand its share

Coal trends

The US is the major player, leading the world in coal reserves andChina is the dominant producer and consumer. More than 55% of thecoal consumed worldwide is for electricity generation, this willcontinue to be the basis for future growth in coal use.


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IN 2006, WORLD NUCLEAR GENERATION INCREASED BY

1.4% WITH NUCLEARPOWER PLANTS GENERATING

2,808 TERAWATT HOURS (TWH) OF ELECTRICITY, THE

HIGHEST NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION EVER

CountryNuclear energy consumption, 2006

(million tones oil equivalent)

USA 187.5

France 102.1

Japan 68.6

Germany 37.9

Russia 35.4

Total 635.5

Source: BP Statistical Energy Review, 2007


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The nuclear future is not at all promising. Nuclear power presently

accounts for 16% of worldwide electricity generation. But by the 2020

that contribution is expected to decline to just 10%.


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RENEWABLE ENERGY

There is no universally accepted definition of renewable energy but it isgenerally agreed that it includes energy derived from natural processes that

do not involve the consumption of exhaustible resources such as fossil fuelsand uranium A large share of renewable energy is non-commercial in the sense that its

production and consumption do not involve a market transaction. Energythat is not commercially traded typically consists of combustible renewablesand renewable waste, including firewood, charcoal, crop residues andanimal waste. This source of energy is especially important in emerging

economies and accounts for the vast majority of the worlds renewableenergy use In electricity generation, renewables remain the third most important source

of energy after coal and gas, providing 18% of total electricity in 2004.Hydropower is the most important constituent among renewable sources ofelectricity. It accounts for almost 90% of total electricity generated fromrenewable sources and 16% of total electricity generation. Geothermal,

wind and solar electricity generation combined, account for approximately1% of global electricity generation. Despite the generally low share of geothermal, wind and solar electricity

generation, these sources contributed a significant share to the growth inelectricity generation in many OECD countries. Over the past five years,renewable sources accounted for 10% of the growth of electricity generationin Germany and 6% in the EU-25.


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Country Hydroelectricity consumption,2006

(million tones oil equivalent)

China 94.3

Canada 79.3

Brazil 79.2

USA 65.9

Russia 39.6

Total 688.1



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The massive Three Gorges Damon the Yangzi (Chang) River aboveYichang in Hubei Province underconstruction in 2003. This is the

worlds largest-ever hydroelectricproject, yielding its first powersupplies in 2003 with capacityexpanding until the entire project isat full production in 2009.


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Installed wind power generation capacity has tripled over the last five years.Over the last decade the average annual rate of growth was close to 30%

Germany remained the worlds largest wind power market with an installedcapacity of around 20.6 GW at the end of 2006, followed by the US and

Spain with an installed capacity base of 11.6 GW. Germany has a 28%share of total installed capacity, and the US and Spain follow with 16%share each

Wind is a significant source of electricity in Denmark, Spain and Germany.Denmark generates 14% of its total electricity from wind sources, Spain 9%and Germany 5%. Among developing countries, wind was an important

source of electricity in India, contributing around 1% to total electricitygeneration. Globally, wind generated electricity is still less than 1% of totalelectricity generation

New additions in wind power generation capacity in 2006 are in: USA,Germany, India, Spain, China, France


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Solar energy is used in two main ways: to make electricity (photovoltaics)and to heat water (solar thermal). The photovoltaic (PV) application is thelarger of the two and data are also more readily available

As with wind, installed PV capacity has increased dramatically over the lastdecade. The increase was more than 18 fold, albeit from a much lower basethan wind capacity

Installed PV capacity base is concentrated in a relatively small number ofcountries. Between them, Japan, Germany and the US accounted for 90%of installed capacity in the PVPS member countries at the end of 2005. Theshare of these three countries has been increasing steadily over the pastdecade

Installed capacity in the IEA Photovoltaic Power System Program (PVPS)

member countries increased by 1,094 megawatts (MW) to reach more than3,700 MW at the end of 2005. 58% of this growth was in Germany, 26%was in Japan and 9% came from the US. The fastest growth over the pastdecade was in Germany (55%), Japan (42%) and in the UK (40%)

Germany surpassed Japan in terms of solar power generating capacity in2005.


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The main driver behind the growth in 2006 was the 190 megawattsgenerating capacity expansion in Iceland. El Salvador, Italy and Turkey alsoexpanded generating capacity in 2006

Trend growth has been modest, averaging 3% per year over the pastdecade. Slow growth resulted in a stagnating share of geothermal energy intotal power generation of approximately 0.3%

The US leads the world in installed geothermal power capacity. Most of theUS geothermal capacity is concentrated in California, making it the largestproducer of geothermal electricity in the world, and satisfying 6% of itselectricity demand

In El Salvador it accounts for a quarter of all electricity generation and in thePhilippines and Kenya approximately one fifth of electricity is generatedfrom geothermal sources. Among industrialized economies geothermal

electricity generation is significant in Iceland (around 20% of total electricitygeneration) and New Zealand (7% of total electricity generation)


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ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Country Electricity generation, 2006(Terawatt-hours)

USA 4254.0

China 2834.4

Japan 1150.3

Russia 992.5

India 726.7

Total 19027.7


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