electric bus sustainability, cost and customer performance ... · presentation in gothenburg 1st...

Presentation in Gothenburg1st Sept. 2015 by Sven Borén

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Biogas bus (household

waste)

Biodiesel bus (RME)

Diesel bus (5% FAME)

Electric bus (1 extra

battery & 2 fast chargers)


battery & 1 fast charger)

Hybrid bus (1 extra battery)

Plug in hybrid bus

(1 extra battery & 1 fast charger)

SEK/km

Emission cost

Fast Charger

Extra battery cost

Helping maintenance

Planned maintenance

Energy cost excl. VAT

Investment cost

Electric bus sustainability, cost and customer performance in southeast Sweden

Sven Borén, Phd student @ BTH within the GreenCharge project

Source: http://www.barometern.se/kalmar/tysta-elbussar-imponerade-pa-passagerarna/Photo: Stefan Nilsson

-25%


Sustainable future Today

3 huge road (bus) traffic sustainability challenges

http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/fantasy-roto-arcade/first-down-graham-brady-wilsons-inquiring-fantasy-

minds-161129890.html

Noise

CO2

NOX

SOX

PO4

C2H2

PM

http://www.moitruongdulich.vn/en/index.php?itemid=2806

http://theallegiant.com/foreign-oil-dependency/

Oil dependency


(Börjesson et al., 2010; Gode et al., 2012)

Bus study 1: lifecycle emissions

0 500 1000

Biogas (hushållsavfall

Biodiesel (RME)

Diesel (5% FAME)

Vind-el (inkl. batteri)

Elhybrid (Diesel)

Elhybrid (Biodiesel)

Laddhybrid (Biodiesel)

0 10 20 0 1 2 3 0 200 400 0 100

Acidification (SO2 eqv. g/km)

Green House Gas (CO2 eqv. g/km)

Eutrophication (PO4 eqv. g/km)

Photochemicals (C2H2 mg/km)

Particles (mg/km)

User phase Extraction, production and distribution phase

Renewable fuels = CO2 neutral Only new renewable electricity

Plug-in hybrid (biodiesel

Electric hybrid (Biodiesel)

Electric hybrid (Diesel)

Electric (incl. battery)

Diesel (5% FAME)

Biodiesel (RME)

Biogas (housewaste)


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2

4

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8

10

12

14

16

Biogas bus (household

waste)

Biodiesel bus (RME)

Diesel bus (5% FAME)


battery & 2 fast chargers)


battery & 1 fast charger)

Hybrid bus (1 extra battery)

Plug in hybrid bus

(1 extra battery & 1 fast charger)

SEK/km

Emission cost

Fast Charger

Extra battery cost

Helping maintenance

Planned maintenance

Energy cost excl. VAT

Investment cost

Bus study 1: Total Cost of Ownership in Karlskrona (2013 - 2020)

-25% -18%-7%


Bus study 2: Field testing in 8 municipalities

Source: http://greencharge.se/aktiviteter/keolis-och-lanstrafiken-i-jonkoping-kor-nu-elbussen/Photo: Stefan Nilsson

Nov-April ‘in real life’ 2014-15:

•  Verify calculations (energy)

•  Noise, range, feedback

•  Possibilities fast charging

•  Show case and testing

Karlskrona, Kalmar, Jönköping, Borås,Lerum, Falun, Eskilstuna, Orust, Public transport authorities and Operators

Ebusco 2.0: 12 meter, 90 passengers (45 seats)311kWh battery => 300 km range


Bus studies: Electric bus benefits

•  Electric = - 25% TCO (8 years)

•  More sustainable and less pollutions if charged with new green electricity

•  Low energy use (0,96 kWh/km urban, 0,88 rural)

•  Less noise (-6 dBA during acc.)

•  ! Passengers, drivers and other stakeholders

•  Great possibilities to charging infrastructure (heavy traffic = 350-600kW, low = depots)

•  Account for operator’s risks

•  Possible to run @ many lines today


2 year electric bus project in real traffic:

?  Business model between stakeholders?  Actual risks for operators ?  Energy use throughout the whole year?  Test charging infrastructure?  …

Bus studies: Next possible step


Bus study 1: Energy use

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Biogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric Hybrid Plug-in

kWh/km

E-D phase

Use phase

-80%

Electric use 1,04 kWh/km Diesel heater excluded


Bus study 1: Total cost of ownership assumptions

Calculations according to Net Present Value

Price increase electric 6,24% per year enligt trend 10 år tillbakaPrice increase oil 6,28% per year ”-”Real interest rate 1% per year

Price electric bus 3,7 MSEKPrice diesel bus 2,4 MSEK

Maintenance electric +15% (compared to diesel)Maintenance hybrid +25% ”-”Battery change 1 within 8 years


Bus study part 2: Results energy use

•  City traffic => 0,96 kWh/km (1,04kWh/

km=300km)

•  Rural traffic @ Orust => 0,88 kWh/km

•  Mixed traffic @ Lerum => “between”


Bus study part 2: Noise

•  Passengers appreciates the silence

•  Drive-by 30, 40, 50km/h => small differences

•  “Full throttle” => much higher for diesel

•  Acceleration => - 6dBA (US data)


Bus study part 2: Passenger’s Feedback


Bus study part 2: Driver’s & stakeholders Feedback

•  77 drivers in general

•  Slow upphill (settings)

•  Non driveline related “-”: no parking brake, too powerful

brakes (settings), mirrors, only one stroller, etc

•  Better driving performance than diesel/gas busses

•  Reduce operator’s risk (technical, education)


Bus study part 2: Charging infrastructure

•  Great possibilities for fast charging (350-600 kWAC)

@ end/central stations for heavy traffic

•  Slow charging (25-100 kWAC) @ depots

•  Ensure enough grid capabilities

http://opbrid.info/gothenburg-reference-site


Mange takk!

[email protected]

see you @ www.greencharge.se

electric bus sustainability, cost and customer performance ... · presentation in gothenburg 1st...

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