Einstein and Poincar: The Physical Vacuum Edited by Valeri V. Dvoeglazov Apeiron Montreal Published by C. Roy Keys Inc. 4405, rue St-Dominique Montreal, Quebec H2W 2B2 Canada http://redshift.vif.com C. Roy Keys Inc. 2006 First Published 2006 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Einstein and Poincar : the physical vacuum / edited by Valeri V.Dvoeglazov. Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 0-9732911-3-3 1. Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955.2. Poincar, Henri, 1854-1912.3. Relativity (Physics). 4. Ether (Space)I. Dvoeglazov, Valeri V. QC173.6.E45 2006530.11092'2C2006-903323-4 Table of Contents Editorial Introduction............................................................................. i Jean-Pierre VigierInteractions of Internal Inertial and Phase Space Motions of Extended Particle Elements Moving in Diracs Real Aether Model..................................................................................... 1 M. C. DuffyThe Ether Concept in Modern Physics ............................................... 11 F. SelleriAbsolute Velocity Resolution of the Clock Paradox .......................... 35 Alexander L. Kholmetskii Empty Space-Time and the General Relativity Principle ................... 55 L.C. BarbosaTemporal Light Dispersion in Intergalactic Space ............................. 73 B.G. Sidharth The Mysterious Dark Energy.............................................................. 79 Hctor A. Mnera The Evidence for Length Contraction at the Turn of the 20th Century: Non-existent......................................................................... 87 Vladimir Onoochin and Stefan von Weber On the Size of Moving Rigid Bodies Determined from Conditions of Equilibrium of Ions in a Crystalline Lattice............... 103 Yves Pierseaux Einsteins Spherical Wavefronts versus Poincars Ellipsoidal Wavefronts...................................................................... 115 Reginald T. Cahill The Einstein Postulates: 1905-2005 A Critical Review of the Evidence...................................................................................... 129 Volodymyr Krasnoholovets The Tessellattice of Mother-Space as a Source and Generator of Matter and Physical Laws............................................ 143 Adolphe Martin Gravitation in a Gaseous Ether ......................................................... 155 D. F. Roscoe Maxwells Equations: New Light on Old Problems ......................... 163 Einstein and Poincar: the physical vacuumi edited by Valeri V. Dvoeglazov (Montreal: Apeiron 2006) Editorial Introduction This book is dedicated to significant contributions made to physics by Poincar andEinstein100yearsago[1,2](seealso[3]).AswecelebratetheInterna-tional Year of Physics, we might ask: Is Physics in good health? Everyone has hisownanswertothissimplequestion.Consequently,wedecidedtopublish thisbookundertheintriguingtitleEinsteinandPoincar:thephysicalvac-uum. The reader may be puzzled by the choice oftheme, which would seem to have been fully studied years ago. We fully sympathize with him: it was and is indeed astonishing for us that after more than 100 years of research the topic is still full of surprises. In a way, it has a life of its own. The highly respected authorsofthisvolumeappeartohaveagreedwithusinpresentingtheir thoughtful pieces of research. These are Profs. Vigier, Duffy, Selleri, Kholmet-skii,Barbosa,Sidharth,Munera,OnoochinandWeber,Pierseaux,Cahill, Krasnoholovets,MartinandRoscoe.Specialthankstothemall!Whiletheir papers speak for themselves, I feel compelled to say few words for myself. The posthumous paper by Vigier opens the volume. The unification of the gravitationalandelectromagneticinteractionsandtheDiracaetherconcept [4] have always been the main concerns of this notable scientist. His intuition is impressive indeed. The Duffy paper presents an historical review following from a compari-sonoftheoriginalLorentz-Poincar[5]andEinstein-Minkowskitraditionsto modernideas(theextensivelistofreferencessupportsourstatementmadein thepreviousparagraphs).Particularattentionhasbeengiventotherecent worksofCavalleri,DmitrievandWinterberg(vortex-spongeetherana-logue),e.g.,Ref.[6],whoforvariousreasonswerenotabletocontributeto thisvolume,andtotheconceptoftheDiracether.RecallingDiracsideas, Duffy repeats: Dirac regarded electric potential and velocity field as physially real,anideacloselyakintoVigiersworks.Moreover,Duffyseveraltimes stressesthatthephysicalvacuumisnothingmorethanthedevelopmentof the old idea of ether (...many modern theorists ... use alternative expressions, such as vacuum field, physical vacuum, or cosmological plenum rather than the obvious term). Unfortunately, there are almost no insights into the obvious re-lationsbetweentheetherconceptandtherecentlydiscovereddarkmatter and dark energy. Finally, an important point brought up by Duffy is that sev-eral theorists state that ether drift in the Michelson-Morley-Miller-type experi-ment is in principle unobservable, and suggest different experiments.The Selleri paper continues the book, a culmination of manyyears of re-search. The most attractive part for us personally is the part where he discusses the class of equivalent transformations with e1, the synchronization parameter. iiValeri V. Dvoeglazov ...Clock synchronization in inertial systems is conventional and the choice of theinvarianceoftheonewayvelocityoflightmadein[specialrelativity]is onlybasedonsimplicity,seetheEq.(5.1)ofhispaper.Thus,asopposedto the general opinion, the special relativity does not reject the ether; it is simply unobservablewithinthisclassoftheories.Thisisthemostimportantpoint! Next, Selleri discusses the well-known twin paradox, and Einsteins misunder-standingsinitsexplanation.Inmypersonalopinion,thetwinparadoxcanbe explained within the SRT too, provided that we agree which of the twins turns around. TheKholmetskiipaperdiscussesthequestionoftheexperimentaldistin-guishability of special relativity (SRT) [1] and Lorentz ether theories [5], since formanyyearstwoalternativephysicaltheorieswereconsideredtobe mathematicallyequivalenteachother.Thepapercontainssomestatements whicharedifficulttoagreewith(forinstance,theauthorthinksthatSRTis not, in general, a consequence of the GRP [general relativity principle]; Fitz-gerald-Lorentz contraction is not observable, etc.). However, the main idea of covariant ether theories may be quite valid (I would still suggest that the au-thornotmakeadistinctionbetweenphysicalandmeasurable,asnoone else does). L.C.BarbosatriestofindanewinterpretationoftheHubblesconstant basinghisinsightsonlightdispersionintheinterstellarether.Basedonthis idea,themodeloftheuniverseisstatic,lackingexpansion(preciselywhat Apeiron signifies). Unfortunately, the next paper by B.G. Sidharth frequently refers to previous papers by the same author. As a result, the reader must work hard to understand his paper. On the other hand, the zero-point field (ZPF) may indeedbeagoodcandidateforbothdarkmatterandether.Thus,thereader may certainly find grain of truth in it. H. Mnera then argues that no evidence of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contrac-tion exists. However, careful analysis of the Michelson-Morley-Miller (MMM) experimentandanimpressivelistofreferencesdiminishesthesignificance of any possible debatable points. I paid particular attention to the discussion of the statement:reflectionfromthemirrorsinmotionwouldnecessarilyleadtoa negative result in the MMM experiment in view of another, not very old paper [7]. V. Onoochin and S. von Weber also consider the contraction of bodies in motion.Theybelievethatcertaintermshavebeenomittedinexplanationsof the MMM experiment. Y. Pierseaux puts forward a more complex question. Is the image by the Lorentz transformation of a spherical light wave, emitted by a moving source, alsosphericalorellipsoidal?Theanswertothequestionmayhavefar-going consequences, because it is normally assumed that light propagates in any ref-erenceframewiththesamevelocityc.ItishelpfultorecallEinsteinsand Poincars viewpoints on this subject. Introductioniii TheHeadoftheSchoolofPhysicsatFlindersUniversity(Australia),R. T.Cahillstatescategorically:SotheEinsteinpostulateshavehadanenor-mous negative influence on the development of physics, and it could be argued that they have resulted essentially in a 100-year period of stagnation of physics, despitemanyotherexcitingandvaliddevelopments....Itisdifficulttoagree withhim,butitisalsodifficulttoagreewitheditorswhodonotpermitcriti-cismsoftheexplanationoftheMMMexperiment.Letusbefree,atleast,in science. SomenewconceptsareintroducedintophysicsbyV.Krasnoholovets.I shouldpointoutthatheisnotaphysicistbytraining.Weshouldbeopento considermultidisciplinarystudiesundertakenbyscientiststrainedindifferent fields. The Martin paper is written in an old-fashioned style. A gas, composed ofparticlesmovinginalldirections,isassumedtopervadetheentireUni-verse...Yetsomeoftheinsightsintorelationsbetweenthermodynamicsand gravitation would appear be useful, at least for future developments. Lastly, D. Roscoe continues the quest for the massive photon [8]. After long(andperhapsunnecessarilycomplicated)calculationsheseekstoprove that[theMaxwellfield]cannotexistinisolation, but mustalwaysbeassoci-atedwithanadditionalmassivevectorfield.Ibelievethereadercanplace somecredenceinthisstatement,asitiscloselylinkedwithmyownresearch [9]. For my part I can say the following. I agree with Duffy that it is not help-fultousealotofwordstodenotethesamethinginscience.Myownprefer-ence lies with papers on gauge fields [10] (some day I shall comment on them moreextensively).Secondly,thetheoreticalpossibilityofadditionalscalar and/or 4-vector fields in fundamental physics (the Maxwell-like electrodynam-ics) and astrophysics has been proven [11]. This is not the final word. * * * * * Therefore,inthehopeofsomesuccesswiththisbook,andinviewofthe above,weextendacallforpapersforfutureregularissuesoftheApeiron Journal. We intend to continue our policy of publishing high-quality papers on the problems of modern gauge theories, gravitation and cosmology. Inconclusion,weagainremindthereaderthatinrecentyearswehave beenabletoseethatnewbreacheshaveappearedinthefortressofmodern physics(justthinkaboutthecompatibilityofmodernSRTwithmodernas-trophysicsmore on this another time). Even though the present-day education system prepares evermore new defenders, it is inevitable that a new beautiful edifice of Physics will be built. And this is something from which we all stand to gain. Finally, we extend our special thanks to our publisher, our authors, our referees, and our friends. Bibliography [1] A. Einstein, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Ann. der Physik, 17, 891-921 (1905). ivValeri V. Dvoeglazov [2] H. Poincar, Sur la dynamique de lelectron, Comp. Rend. (Paris), 140, 1504-1508 (1905); Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo, 21, 129-75 (1906). See also the historical discussion in R. Toretti, Relativity and Geometry. (Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York, 1983).[3] A. Logunov, On the Articles by Henri Poincar in: On the Dynamics of the Electron (Moscow U. P., 1988), also in (JINR P.D., Dubna, 1995), also in Hadronic J. 19:109-184 (1996); E. Gianetto, Henri Poincar and the Rise of Special Relativity, Hadronic J. Suppl., 10:365-433 (1995); A. A. Typakin, On the History of the Special Relativity Concept, Hadronic J. 19:185-204 (1996), V. A. Atsyukovskii, Efirnyj Veter (collection of articles) (Energoatomizdat, Moskva, 1993), http://www.atsuk.dart.ru/offline/ether wind.htm. [4] P. A. M. Dirac, Is there an ether?, Nature, 168, 906-907 (1951); Quantum Mechanics and the Aether, Sci. Mon. March, 142-146 (1954); A New Classical Theory of Electrons, Proc. Roy. Soc. A209 291-296 (1951). [5] H. Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons and its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiation Heat (Columbia U. P., New York, 1909) and (Dover, New York, 1952); the analysis is in W. A. Rodrigues Jr. and J. Tiomno, Einsteins Special Relativity Versus Lorentzs Aether Theory, CBPF-NF-018/84, Rio de Janeiro, 1984. [6] V. P. Dmitriev, Mechanical Analogy for the Wave-Particle: Helix on a Vortex Filament, Apeiron, 8, No. 2 (2001); Mechanical Interpretation of the Klein-Gordon Equation, ibid. 8, No. 3 (2001); To-wards a Mechanical Analogy of a Quantum Particle: Turbulent Advection of a Fluid Discontinuity and Schroedinger Mechanics, ibid. 7, 161-172 (2000), http://redshift.vif.com/journal archives.htm; H. Marmanis, Analogy Between the Navier-Stokes Equations and Maxwells Equations: Applica-tion to Turbulence, Phys. Fluids, 10, 1428-1437 (1998); Turbulence, Electromagnetism and Quan-tum Mechanics: A Common Perspective, in Photon: Old Problems in Light of New Ideas. Ed. V. Dvoeglazov (Nova Science Pubs., Huntington, 2000), pp. 286-296. [7] B. N. Bolotovsky and S. N. Stolyarov, Light Reflection from the Moving Mirror and Related Prob-lems, Uspehi Fiz. Nauk, 159, 155 (1989). [8] N. Cufaro Petroni and J. P. Vigier, Diracs Ether in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Found. Phys., 13, 253-286 (1983); J. P. Vigier, Evidence for Nonzero Mass Photons with a Vacuum Induced Dis-sipative Redshift Mechanism, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 18, 64-72 (1990). [9] V. V. Dvoeglazov, Antisymmetric Tensor Fields, 4-Potentials and Indefinite Metrics, Hadronic J. Suppl., 18, 239-260 (2003), physics/0402094. [10] Some authors have introduced so-called background fields instead of the vacuum or aether fields in their papers. I prefer the following: J. Barcelos-Neto and S. Rabello, Mass Generation for Gauge Fields in the Salam-Weinberg Theory Without Higgs, Z. Phys. C74:715-719 (1997); E.Harikumar and M. Sivakumar, Duality and Massive Gauge Invariant Theories, Phys. Rev. D57: 3794 (1998). [11] V. V. Dvoeglazov, Generalized Maxwell and Weyl Equations for Massless Particles, Rev. Mex. Fis. Supl. 1, 49:99-103 (2003), math-ph/0102001. V. V. Dvoeglazov Zacatecas (Mxico) December 2005. Einstein and Poincar: the physical vacuum1 edited by Valeri V. Dvoeglazov (Montreal: Apeiron 2006) Interactions of Internal Inertial and Phase Space Motions of Extended Particle Elements Moving in Diracs Real Aether Model* Jean-Pierre Vigier deceased [Universit Paris VI CNRS, L. R. M. (UMR 8540) E.R.G.A., 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France] [edited by V. V. Dvoeglazov, Universidad de Zacatecas, A.P. 636, Suc. UAZ, Zacatecas 98062, Zac., Mxico; D. Roscoe, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK] OneanalysesinthisworknewpossiblephysicalpropertiesofextendedQuan-tumparticlesconsideredtobesetsofvorticesbuilt(withtheirassociatedreal pilot waves)with a tight combination of localized holes (gravitational) and bumps (electromagnetic) propagating within a moving, real, stochastic physi-calDirac-typeaetherwithinaninfinitethree-dimensionalflat-space.Inthis model the corresponding interaction forces are mediated by new vector bosons. Introduction OneoftheunsolvedproblemsofQ.E.D.istheobservednumericalvalueof 2e c =, which relates the three constants e, , and c determined by [better: each representing, Eds.] different observed physical quantities. The most re-markable attempt to solve it is the introduction, by D. Batchelor [1] of a semi-classicalmodeltodeterminevirtualantiparticlepairs.Theaimofthepresent workistodevelopthislineofresearchwithintheframeofthenewmodelof unificationofgravitationandelectromagnetismrecentlyproposedbyVan Flandern and the author. [2] In that model spinning massive extended electrons-positrons and photons (and the elements of their pilot waves) are built with e+ and e charges rotating around a centre of mass O, on the extremities of a diameter, with velocity c.

* Some pages may be missing from the manuscript. We have tried to preserve the text as close to the original manuscript as possible. Editors may agree or may disagree with the authors statements and calculations. (Eds.) The numbering of bibliographic entries has been corrected in some places to make it consecutive. (Eds.) For a recent review of composite models of vector bosons, see V.V. Dvoeglazov, Speculations on the Neutrino Theory of Light, Annales de la Fondation de Louis de Broglie, 24, No. 1-4, pp. 111-128 (1999); physics/9807013, (Eds.) 2Jean-Pierre Vigier In photons both charges are attracted by strong spin-orbit and spin-spin gravita-tional forces. To unify gravitation and electromagnetism, two models have been devel-oped which differ in basic respects. I.Thefirst(byEinsteinetal.[5]considersmatterandfieldsasdensities within a single curved Riemannian space-time with torsion, etc. II.Thesecond(byLorentz[6])considersthemastwodifferenttypesofper-turbationscontainingclosedregions(vortices,etc.)withinternalmotions, both moving in an external medium (the aether) which moves in an infinite three-dimensional space. In both cases the problem is to unify macroscopic and microscopic gravi-tational and electromagnetic forces, and to relate them to the observed quantum microscopic(nuclear)forces[4]interpretedintheCopenhagenorthede-Broglie-Bohm framework.Inthis work (since this hasnot been done until now inEinsteins line or research) we shall explore Lorentzs point of view only. As will be discussed in thenextsectionsofthiswork,wewilldealwithsomepossiblepredictionsof Lorentzs model, which rests on the following assumptions. a)Theaetherisarealcontinuouschaoticmediummovinginaninfi-nite flat three-dimensional space. b)Ithasvariablelocalproperties,i.e.,density,velocity,etc.,andcan carry localized metastable moving bumps and holes endowed with in-ternal motions. c)Suchlocaldensityholesandbumpscanbeassociatedwithbasic gravitationalandelectromagneticelements.Theycanmovetogether (sincetheyarerelatedbythesurroundingaetherfluid)andthusare part of the collective waves piloting different types of solitons defined by average properties satisfying special relativity theory. d)In Lorentzs point of view,* the aether can be associated [with] a spe-cific average Lorentz frame 0 in space (in which it is isotropic on av-erage). e)One can attribute to each (aether-built) observer [corresponding, Eds.] aether-builtmeasuringdevices,performing[better:whichperform, Eds.] real measurements with rods and clocks associated with variable Weyl units relating neighbouring aether elements. Their measurement (results) are thus different from the real space-time, intervals of the flat aether-carryingGalileanspace.TheyarelocallydefinedbytheLor-entz-WeyllawsofSpecialRelativity.Thesetransformationscorre-spondto aether-builtobservingsystem,i.e.,local 0 transforma-tions.

* We note that since Mach proposed to use the distant galaxies as a basic reference frame, this re-lates him (indirectly) to this point of view. Internal Inertial and Phase Space Motions of Extended Particle Elements3 1.Aether interpretation of particle inertia In the case of electrons (or positrons), one can evaluate the contribution of the extendedchargeseinextendedparticlemodelsand[ofthe]surroundingex-tended gravitational wave element. This has already been done in recent work by Klyushin [3] in an Electron Dynamic aether which we shall first briefly dis-cuss. Klyushin starts from an extension of the usual electromagnetic relation of the point-like charge* F ma qV = +

(2) whereqistheelectronschargeandVitsvelocity.Heintroduces,inthesur-roundingaether,itsinertialresistanceintheform[3]1/0c,where0isthe aethers density, i.e., the dielectric constant. He thus writes for the forceF

on an isolated electron 22qV VF ma qVc= +

(3) where Vis a unit vector in the direction of the velocityV

. In scalar form, for a projection of (2), one has 22dV F qV qV Vdt m m mc= +

(4) Witha F q =

, b = 1, and 2 p V c =

, relation (3) reduces to 2dV qa b V p Vdt m = + +

(5) [This is a vector equation which can be solved component-wise: thus, for each component on the rhs, Eds.] which, [satisfies] for20 00 a bV pV + + [the equa-tion] has solutions (w.r.t. V) satisfying 0 02V tV tdV qdta bV pV m=+ + (6) If 20 00 a bV pV + + = [foreveryrhscomponent,Eds.],[then]thestraightline V = V0 is a solution [of (5), Eds.]. These solutions of (6) are real if 21 0Fq c

(7) They conserve 0V

so that an electron moving with average velocity 0V

with re-spect to external space will preserve that velocity. When0 F =

, [then] [it is] the centre of masss velocityV

, i.e.,

* The system of units in which the dimension of qV is equal to the dimension of the force is not de-fined (Eds.) Obviously, it is not yet in scalar form. See below. It would be better to write: This latter equa-tion can be expressed as 4Jean-Pierre Vigier ( ) ( ){ }010 0 022 expc VVV c V t t q m = +

(8) which decreases exponentially. If V0 = t0 = 0, the solution of relation (5) becomes: 22 exp 1 11 2 2 21 exp 1 1 1qFF tqcmVqF F Fq tqc qc qcm = + + +

(9) whenF

isgivenaspeed2 U F q = .ThespeedV

ofthechargeispropor-tionaltoU[andhasanasymptoticlimit,asttendsto,of (1 V U V c =

), Eds.] The time gained from 0 to U is thus also the time of the accelerated electron movement. Relation (9) thus implies that 20FUq= =

(10) when V c =

, i.e.,2F q U c = = . Onecanalsohave1 2F qc