Egyptian Oil strategic use and better fuel

Egyptian Oil strategic use OF better fuel

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Egyptian General

Petroleum Corporation

(EGPC)

Egyptian General

Petroleum Corporation

(EGPC)

Ministry of PetroleumMinistry of Petroleum

Public SectorCompanies

Public SectorCompanies

Investment Law Companies

Investment Law Companies

Joint Venture Companies

Joint Venture Companies

123532

EGPC Objectives Apply the International HSE High Standard Measures.Enhance Exploration Activities and Search of Extra Oil Potentialities. Optimize Oil Production and Enhance Oil Reserves development.Improve and Update Terms of Oil Agreements to Attract Investors.Satisfy Local Demands from Petroleum Products.Maximizing Petroleum Exports RevenuesUpgrade Oil Refineries Efficiency to Maximize High Quality Petroleum Products.Optimize Utilization of the Existing Infrastructure.Apply the Latest Technologies in the Oil Industries.

Introduction* The integrity of the environment is the key element in protecting the wealth of nations and their human and environmental safety reflected positively and negatively on these various forms of wealth

The burning of fuel products (especially coal and oil), one of the most important sources of air pollution

The international environmental laws, in recent years Impose pressure on the sectors of oil in the world to improve the quality of fuel used , special means of transport "light distillate (gasoline) and medium (diesel)" with a view to reducing emissions harmful to the environment in which the nitrogen oxides NOX, hydrocarbons and others CO, carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides and particulates SOX solid and lead.

In line with world attention to environmental protection in recent years, the Ministry of Petroleum , starting to reduce environmental pollution resulting from the use of fuel and petroleum products through the following means:

improving the fuel specifications to meat the international standards. build new refineries to produce cleaner fuels re-refining used oil in order to avoid the harmful use of the used oil where we established new company to collect the oil from the Egyptian market expansion in the use of natural gas as fuel which is environmentally safe instead of diesel and fuel oil.supporting the planes of the private sector to establish new refineries with high technology to get products matching with the latest EUROPEAN specification

In order to reduce environmental pollution a restricted environmental legislation has been stated, which lead to a significant evolution in the standard specifications of the various types of fuel is required with the use of means and better technology to produce cleaner fuels. Tables (1), (2) show specification of the European gasoline, as well as the most important amendments

Development of fuel specifications to meet the international standards.

Table (1) the specification for European gasolines, EN 228

Method Premium Regular

Ron Min. ISO 5164 95 Specified locally

MON Min. ISO 5163 85 Specified locally

Lead G/L max. EN 237 0.013 0.013

Benzene Vol %, max. EN 238 5 5

Sulphur % m/m, max. EN 24 260 0.05 0.05

Existent gum Mg/100 ml. max. EN 5 5 5

Copper corrosion Rating ISO 2160 CLASS 1 CLASS 1

Oxidation stability Minutes, min. ISO 7236 360 360

Density Kg/m3 ISO 3675 725 780 725 780

Water tolerance No segregation No segregation

Appearance Visual inspection

Clear and brignt Clear and bright

EURO NO.

Effective date

Properties

Lead (mg/L)

Benzene (Vol.%)

Aromatics (Vol.%)

Olefins (Vol.%)

Sulphur(ppm)

EURO 2 1-1996 13 (Max.) 5 (Max.) Not specified Not specified 500 (Max.)

EURO 3 1-2000 5 (Max.) 1 (Max.) 42 (Max.) 18 (Max.) 150 (Max.)

EURO 4 1-2005 5 (Max.) 1 (Max.) 35 (Max.) 18 (Max.) 50 (Max.)

Table (2) the most important steps in EU Gasoline fuel spec. development

Table (3) automotive diesel fuel specifications for European (CEN member)

European (CEN member) countries

Property Unit LimitsMin. Max. Min Max

Cetane number 51.0 -Cetane index 46.0 -

82046.0

Density at 15 oC Kg/m3 820 845Aromatics Vol % - -

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons % mass (m/m) - 11Di +Tri+ -

Sulphur content Mg/kg - 350 10000Flashpoint oC > 55 -

Carbon Res. (on 10% Dist. Res.) % mass (m/m) - 0.03 0.1Ash content %mass(m/m) - 0.01

Water content Mg/kg - 200Total contamination Mg/kg - 24

Copper st. corr. (3 h at 50 oC) Rating Class 1Oxidation stability G/m3 - 25

Lubricity, corrected wear scar Diameter at 60 oC

Um - 460

Viscosity at 40 oC Mm2/s 2 4.5% Recovered at 250 oC % (V/v) < 65% Recovered at 350 oC % (V/v) 85 - 85

95% point oC 360

870

0.010.1

Class 1

EGYPTIAN SPEC.

Limits

EURO NO. Effective date Properties

Sulphur content Cetane No.

EURO 1 10-1994 0.20 Wt.% (Max.) 49 (Min.)

EURO 2 1-1996 0.05 Wt.% (Max.) 49 (Min.)

EURO 3 1-2000 350 ppm (Max.) 51 (Min.)

EURO 4 1-2005 50 ppm (Max.) 51 (Min.)

EURO 5 1-2009 10 ppm (Max.) 51 (Min.)

Table (4) the most important steps in EU Diesel fuel spec. development

Development Of The Egyptian Fuel & Solvent Specifications:

GASOLINE GAS OIL LPG HEXANE

* At The beginning of 1996 the oil sector has a very important step in this field which is the removal of lead compounds (used as an octane number enhancer ) from gasoline and replacing it by one of the oxygenated compound which is MTBE , because off the dangerous effect of lead compounds on the environment and human health especially on children since the tetra ethyl lead can cause retardness of the children, lead can also cause a harmful effect on catalytic converter In cars.

Gasoline

* In line with the global trend to reduce the environmental pollution oxygenated compound has been eliminated from our gasoline, and now our gasoline is free of any additive, this necessitated the upgrading of existing manufacturing units.

Gasoline

** Between 1st April and last Oct.

* between 1st Nov. and last Mar.

2.72.72.72.7ASTM D4851Oxygenated (% WT) ( max)

480480480480E.S.S. - 419Oxidation stability (minute) (min)

E.S.S. - 419

1111ASTM D130COPPER ST. CORR. @ 50 OC , (3 HRS) (max)

E.S.S. -220

3332ASTM D381Gum Mgm/ 100ml (max)

E.S.S. -4633

0.0130.0130.0130.013ASTM D3237Lead @ 15oC Gm/ L (max)

E.S.S. -455

95929080ASTM D2699Octane no ( research) (min)

E.S.S. -4573

0.050.050.050.05ASTM D4294Total Sulphur (max)

62(0.63)62(0.63)62(0.63)62(0.63)**Summer Kg Baskal ( Kg/cm2)

69(0.7)69(0.7)69(0.7)69(0.7)*Winter Kg Baskal ( Kg/cm2)

ASTM D323 , E.S.S. -176R.V.P @ 37.8oC Rid Method

2222Lost And Residue % Vol

200200195190Final Boiling Point

18017517016590% Distilled / Vol

12012011510550% Distilled / Vol

7070707010% Distilled / Vol.

E.S.S. -77

ASTM D86DISTILLED oC max.

ColorlessColorlessGreenRedvisualCOLOUR

E.S.S. -80

ReportedReportedReportedReportedASTM D1298* RELATIVE DENSITY @ 60/60 OF

95929080

Test limits for unleaded gasolineTEST METHODTEST

GASOLINE

EGYPTIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Diesel fuel* The maximum %wt of sulfur in diesel product

about 1% by weight* While the production of modern diesel plants

(MIDOR - AMOC) in accordance with European specification (EURO2).

* The main challenge which the petroleum sector face is how to reduce the sulphuerin diesel to meet the European specification in spite of the increase in the demand of gas oil at the Egyptian market

* Egyptian Standard Specifications For Gas Oil (16 2005) table 6

** ON 10% RESIDUE AFTER DISTILLATION .** ON 10% RESIDUE AFTER DISTILLATION .

* FOR GUIDANCE ONLY .* FOR GUIDANCE ONLY .

44.344.3(MIN)(MIN)ASTM ASTM DD4868 , E.S.S. 4868 , E.S.S. -- 420420MJ/KGMJ/KGGROSS CALORIFIC VALUEGROSS CALORIFIC VALUE

DIV.1DIV.1(MAX)(MAX)ASTM ASTM DD130, E.S.S. 130, E.S.S. -- 419419COPPER ST. CORR. @ 100 COPPER ST. CORR. @ 100 OOC , (3 HRS)C , (3 HRS)

4646(MIN)(MIN)ASTM ASTM DD47374737CETANE INDEXCETANE INDEX

NILNIL(MAX)(MAX)IPIP 182, E.S.S. 182, E.S.S. -- 8282INORGANIC ACIDS & BASESINORGANIC ACIDS & BASES

8585(MIN)(MIN)ASTM ASTM DD86, E,S.S. 86, E,S.S. --7777% VOL.% VOL.DISTILLED @ 350 DISTILLED @ 350 OOCC

11(MAX)(MAX)ASTM ASTM DD2622, E.S.S. 2622, E.S.S. --178178% WT.% WT.TOTAL SULPHURTOTAL SULPHUR

0.10 **0.10 **(MAX)(MAX)ASTM ASTM DD189, E.S.S. 189, E.S.S. --8383% WT.% WT.** CONRADSON CARBON** CONRADSON CARBON

0.010.01(MAX)(MAX)ASTM ASTM DD482, E.S.S. 482, E.S.S. --8181% WT.% WT.ASH CONTENTASH CONTENT

0.10.1(MAX)(MAX)ASTM ASTM DD2709 , E.S.S. 2709 , E.S.S. --15981598% VOL.% VOL.WATER & SEDIMENTSWATER & SEDIMENTS

1515(MAX)(MAX)CC-- FOR : JUN.,JUL. AUG.,SEP.FOR : JUN.,JUL. AUG.,SEP.

99(MAX)(MAX)BB-- FOR : APR., MAY, OCT.,NOV.FOR : APR., MAY, OCT.,NOV.

33(MAX)(MAX)AA-- FOR : DEC.,JAN.,FEB.,MAR.FOR : DEC.,JAN.,FEB.,MAR.

ASTM ASTM DD97 , E.S.S. 97 , E.S.S. --7979OOCCPOUR POINTPOUR POINT

4343(MAX)(MAX)

3030(MIN)(MIN)IPIP--70 , E.S.S. 70 , E.S.S. --158158SEC.SEC.VISCOSITY VISCOSITY R 1R 1 @ 40 @ 40 OOCC

77(MAX)(MAX)

1.61.6(MIN)(MIN)ASTM ASTM DD445, E.S.S. 445, E.S.S. --13901390CSTCSTVISCOSITY VISCOSITY KINEMATICKINEMATIC @ 40 @ 40 OOCC

5555(MIN)(MIN)ASTM ASTM DD93, E.S.S. 93, E.S.S. --177177OOCCFLASH POINT (P.M.C.)FLASH POINT (P.M.C.)

44(MAX)(MAX)ASTM ASTM DD15001500COLOUR (COLOUR (ASTM)ASTM)

0.870 *0.870 *(MAX)(MAX)

0.820 *0.820 *(MIN)(MIN)ASTM ASTM DD1298, E.S.S. 1298, E.S.S. --8080* RELATIVE DENSITY @ 60/60 * RELATIVE DENSITY @ 60/60 OOFF

RESULTSRESULTSTEST METHODTEST METHODTESTTEST

GAS OIL (16 GAS OIL (16 2005 )2005 )

EGYPTIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR EGYPTIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

Butane MixtureLPG Or Liquefied Commercial Propane

Butadiene is a harmfull compound, The present of Butadiene in LPG mixture can depend on the nature of crude and the technology of refining , where reducing the percentage of it is now one of the important target for human sake, as we can see the Egyptian standard specifications of liquefied commercial propane butane mixture put maximum limits in its spec. 0.5% VOL.

* FOR GUIDANCE ONLY .

0.5(MAX)ASTM D2163

VOL%DIENES CONTENT

95% EVAPORATION MAX 2.2(MAX)ASTM D1837OC

TEMPERATURE OF

NILVISUALFREE WATER

11800(MIN)CALCULATEDK CAL./KGGROSS CALORIFIC VALUE

NILIP103% MASSHYDROGEN SULPHIDE

0.003 0.008IP272% MASSMERCAPTAN SULFUR

No. 1(MAX)ASTM D1838COPPER ST. CORR.

IP161 10(MAX)

ASTM D1267

KG/CM2 (g)VAPOUR PRESSURE @ 50 OC

* 0.58(MAX)ASTM D2598* RELATIVE DENSITY @ 60/60 OF

RESULTSTEST METHODTEST

LIQUIFIED COMMERCIAL PROPANE BUTANE MIXTURE

figure out for the Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene is a simple conjugateddiene. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. When the word butadiene is used, most of the time it refers to 1,3-butadiene.The name butadiene can also refer to the isomer, 1,2-butadiene, which is a cumulated diene. However, this allene is difficult to prepare and has no industrial significance.

figure out for the Butadiene

H2 C=CHHC=C H21,3-Butadiene is often referred to simply as butadiene. However, the general term butadiene includes both the common industrial chemical 1,3-Butadiene and 1,2-Butadiene, a contaminant in some industrial processes. Physical characteristics of 1,3-Butadiene are shown below.

figure out for the Butadiene

Extreme fire hazard.Flammable

Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, and benzene, not soluble in water.Solubility

@68F: 0.62Specific Gravity

@69.8F: 1,840 mm HgVapor Pressure

24F / -164FBoiling/Melting Point

54.1Molecular Weight

Colorless gas that has a mild gasoline-like odor.Physical Description

Physical Characteristics of 1,3-Butadiene

Hazards Of Butadiene:The health effects caused by exposure to 1,3-Butadiene can be split into two categories: acute and chronic. Acute exposures can further be split into low and high doses. Acute low exposures may cause irritation to the eyes, throat, nose, and lungs. Frostbite may also occur with skin exposure. Acute high exposures may cause damage to the central nervous system or cause symptoms such as distorted blurred vision, vertigo, general tiredness, decreased blood pressure, headache, nausea, decreased pulse rate, and fainting. Chronic effects caused by exposure to 1,3-Butadiene are controversial. Several human epidemiological studies have shown an increase in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, due to the small numbers of cancers and confounding factors such as smoking, and simultaneous exposure to benzene and styrene, a true causal relationship cannot be established.

Hazards Of Butadiene

Experiments involving chronic exposures to mice and rats have shown a strong causal relationship between 1,3-Butadiene exposure and cancer. Animal studies have also shown reproductive and developmental problems. Based on human and animal studies, the EPA has classified 1,3-Butadiene as a known human carcinogen. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has given 1,3-Butadiene a rating of A2, suspected human carcinogen.

HexaneHexane

CH3CH3--CH2CH2--CH2CH2--CH2CH2--CH2CH2--CH3CH3 Hexane is an Hexane is an alkanealkane hydrocarbonhydrocarbon with the with the

chemical formulachemical formula CH3(CH2)4CH3 or C6H14. The CH3(CH2)4CH3 or C6H14. The "hex" prefix refers to its six carbons, while the "hex" prefix refers to its six carbons, while the ""aneane" ending indicates that its carbons are " ending indicates that its carbons are connected by single bonds. Hexane connected by single bonds. Hexane isomersisomers are are largely uncreative, and are frequently used as an largely uncreative, and are frequently used as an inert solvent in organic reactions because they inert solvent in organic reactions because they are very nonare very non--polar. They are also common polar. They are also common constituents of constituents of gasolinegasoline and glues used for shoes, and glues used for shoes, leather products, and roofing. Additionally, it is leather products, and roofing. Additionally, it is used in solvents to extract oils for cooking and as used in solvents to extract oils for cooking and as a cleansing agent for shoe, furniture and textile a cleansing agent for shoe, furniture and textile manufacturing. In laboratories, hexane is used to manufacturing. In laboratories, hexane is used to extract extract oiloil and and greasegrease from water and soil.from water and soil.

HexaneHexane

Hexane has five Hexane has five isomersisomers:: Hexane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, a straight chain of six Hexane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, a straight chain of six

carbon atoms. carbon atoms. 22--MethylpentaneMethylpentane ((IsohexaneIsohexane), CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, a ), CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, a

fivefive--carbon chain with one methyl branch on the Second. carbon chain with one methyl branch on the Second. 33--MethylpentaneMethylpentane, CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, a five, CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3, a five--carbon carbon

chain with one methyl branch on the third. chain with one methyl branch on the third. 2,32,3--DimethylbutaneDimethylbutane, CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, a four, CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3, a four--

carbon chain with one methyl branch on the second and carbon chain with one methyl branch on the second and third. third.

2,22,2--DimethylbutaneDimethylbutane(neohexane) , CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3, a (neohexane) , CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3, a fourfour--carbon chain with two methyl branches on the secondcarbon chain with two methyl branches on the second

HexaneHexane

Hexane is produced by the Hexane is produced by the refiningrefining of of crude oilcrude oil. The exact . The exact composition of the fraction depends largely on the source of composition of the fraction depends largely on the source of the oil (crude or reformed) and the constraints of the the oil (crude or reformed) and the constraints of the refining. The industrial product (usually around 50% by refining. The industrial product (usually around 50% by weight of the straightweight of the straight--chain isomer) is the fraction boiling chain isomer) is the fraction boiling at 65at 657070 CC..

One of the components of the hexane extracted from crude One of the components of the hexane extracted from crude oil is benzole which has high carcinogenic effect, EGPC oil is benzole which has high carcinogenic effect, EGPC through its cothrough its co--operation with The Egyptian General operation with The Egyptian General Corporation For Standard And Quality succeeded to Corporation For Standard And Quality succeeded to decrease the percentage of benzole from 300 PPM to 50 decrease the percentage of benzole from 300 PPM to 50 PPM in the Egyptian standard spec of Hexane. PPM in the Egyptian standard spec of Hexane.

0.004- 360 400 NANOMETER

0.004 0.02 - 300 359 NANOMETER

0.02 0.03 - 290 299 NANOMETER

0.03 0.04 - 280 289 NANOMETER

@ WAVE LENGTH

ULTRA VIOLET ABSORPTION

25(MIN)KAURI BUTANOL

30(MIN)COLOUR SAYBOLT

5(MAX)PPM WT.SULPHUR CONTENT

50(MAX)PPM WT.AROMATICS

DIV.1(MAX)COPPER ST. CORR. @ 50 OC , (3 HRS)

NEGATIVEDOCTOR TEST

NEUTRALACIDITY OF RESIDUE AFTER DISTILLATION

0.5(MAX)MG/100 MLRESIDUE AFTER DISTILLATION

68(MAX)OC.F.B.P.

64(MIN)OCI.B.P. OC

DISTILLATION:

0.67 0.68GM/MLDENSITY @ 15OC

RESULTSTEST

HEXANE (1515 / 2007)

EGYPTIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

benzole

Benzene, or benzol, is an organic chemical compound and a known carcinogen with the molecular formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated PhH. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point. Because it is a known carcinogen, its use as an additive in gasoline is now limited, but it is an important industrial solvent and precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber, and dyes. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, and may be synthesized from other compounds present in petroleum

Benzole

Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature. It has a sweet odor and is highly flammable. Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly. Its vapor is heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas. Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on top of water.

Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly. For example, it can cause bone marrow not to produce enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia. Also, it can damage the immune system by changing blood levels of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.

Physical prosperities of benzole

120Octane no (RON)

80.1 C, 353 K, 176 FBoiling point

5.5 C, 279 K, 42 FMelting point

0.8786 g/cm, liquidDensity

Colorless liquidAppearance

78.11 g mol1Molar mass

C6H6Molecular formula

Benzole

Vomiting, Irritation of the stomach ,Dizziness ,Sleepiness ,Convulsions ,Rapid or irregular heartbeat , Death (at very high levels). If a person vomits because of swallowing foods or beverages containing benzene, the vomit could be sucked into the lungs and cause breathing problems and coughing. Direct exposure of the eyes, skin, or lungs to benzene can cause tissue injury and irritation. Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to benzene. Long-term health effects of exposure to benzene. The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood. (Long-term exposure means exposure of a year or more.) Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia.

Eating foods or drinking beverages containing high levels of benzene can cause the following symptoms within minutes to several hours:

BenzoleIt can also cause excessive bleeding and can affect the immune system, increasing the chance for infection. Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for many months had irregular menstrual periods and adecrease in the size of their ovaries. It is not known whether benzene exposure affects the developing fetus in pregnant women or fertility in men. Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that benzene causes cancer in humans. Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, cancer of the blood-forming organs.

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